Introduction to Animal Introduction to Animal ScienceScience

Animal Contributions Animal Contributions

to to

Human NeedsHuman Needs

Animal ContributionsAnimal Contributions

Food – Clothing – Livelihood – Pleasure – Food – Clothing – Livelihood – Pleasure – Work – Health Products – By-productsWork – Health Products – By-products

50% of farm income is derived from the 50% of farm income is derived from the sales of livestock and related productssales of livestock and related products

When the opportunity exists …., most When the opportunity exists …., most humans consume both plant and animal humans consume both plant and animal products --- Meat is almost always products --- Meat is almost always consumed in quantity when available!consumed in quantity when available!

First and foremost, ……. we are caretakers and First and foremost, ……. we are caretakers and beneficiaries of animals and livestock productionbeneficiaries of animals and livestock production

Factors of Livestock ProductionFactors of Livestock Production

GeneticsGeneticsNutritionNutritionHealthHealthManagementManagement

Livestock ProductionLivestock Production

The most The most important factor important factor of animal of animal production is the production is the conversion of conversion of feed into food feed into food (proteins)(proteins)

Sources of the World’s ProteinSources of the World’s Proteinby Speciesby Species

FishFish 38 %38 % PorkPork 23 %23 % BeefBeef 23 %23 % PoultryPoultry 12 %12 % LambLamb 3 % 3 % GoatGoat .8% .8% BuffaloBuffalo .6% .6% HorseHorse .4% .4%

Feed Conversion EfficiencyFeed Conversion Efficiency

Animal ProductAnimal Product ProteinProtein EnergyEnergyEggsEggs 26%26% 18%18%MilkMilk 25%25% 17%17%Chicken meatChicken meat 23%23% 11%11%Turkey meatTurkey meat 22%22% 9% 9%PorkPork 14%14% 14%14%BeefBeef 6% 6% 3% 3%LambLamb 5% 5% 2% 2%

U S / Capita Consumption of Red U S / Capita Consumption of Red Meat & PoultryMeat & Poultry

YearYear BeefBeef PorkPork LambLamb VealVeal ChickenChicken TurkeyTurkey TotalTotal

19701970 84.484.4 55.455.4 2.92.9 2.52.5 40.140.1 12.012.0 197.3197.3

19801980 76.476.4 56.856.8 1.41.4 1.51.5 47.447.4 14.414.4 197.9197.9

19901990 67.567.5 49.449.4 1.41.4 1.11.1 60.660.6 17.617.6 197.6197.6

20002000 67.567.5 52.552.5 1.11.1 .7.7 77.477.4 18.018.0 217.2217.2

20012001 66.066.0 50.050.0 1.11.1 .6.6 76.276.2 18.018.0 211.9211.9

20022002 67.567.5 51.351.3 1.21.2 .6.6 80.180.1 18.118.1 219.1219.1

20032003 64.864.8 51.651.6 1.11.1 .6.6 81.181.1 18.218.2 217.4217.4

20042004 65.865.8 50.950.9 1.11.1 .5.5 84.584.5 18.418.4 221.2221.2

Share of Sales ($) at Retail Meat CaseShare of Sales ($) at Retail Meat Case

BeefBeef 40%40% PoultryPoultry 23%23% Packaged Cold CutsPackaged Cold Cuts 09%09% PorkPork 07%07% Cooked SausageCooked Sausage 06%06% Hot DogsHot Dogs 04%04% Cured HamCured Ham 04%04% BaconBacon 04%04% LambLamb 01%01% VealVeal 01%01% Uncooked SausageUncooked Sausage 01%01%

Animal HusbandryAnimal Husbandry““the care & management of livestock”the care & management of livestock”

Two major groups of domesticated animalsTwo major groups of domesticated animals MammalsMammals – animals that grow hair and produce milk – animals that grow hair and produce milk

for their youngfor their young AvesAves – animals that grow feathers, lay eggs, have no – animals that grow feathers, lay eggs, have no

teeth and no diaphragmteeth and no diaphragm Both of these groups of animals areBoth of these groups of animals are “ “HomeothermicHomeothermic” ”

– – they have the ability to maintain a constant body they have the ability to maintain a constant body temperature and are warm bloodedtemperature and are warm blooded

Management of the animals environmentManagement of the animals environment is extremely is extremely important for profitable livestock production!important for profitable livestock production!

U. S. Livestock StatisticsU. S. Livestock Statistics

Beef CattleBeef Cattle 98 M head 98 M head $72.0 B$72.0 BSwineSwine 60 M head 60 M head $ 4.5 B$ 4.5 BBroilersBroilers 441 M head441 M head $ 1.0 B$ 1.0 BSheepSheep 6.7 M head 6.7 M head $ .6 B$ .6 B

Production AdvancementProduction Advancement% Improvement 1925- 2000% Improvement 1925- 2000

BeefBeefWt. marketed / cow 220 to 540 = +240%Wt. marketed / cow 220 to 540 = +240%

DairyDairyMilk produced / cow 4189 to 16,400 = +391%Milk produced / cow 4189 to 16,400 = +391%

SwineSwineWt. marketed / sow 1,600 to 4,590 = +287%Wt. marketed / sow 1,600 to 4,590 = +287%

BroilersBroilersFeed / lb. gain 4.0 to 1.9 = - 2.10%Feed / lb. gain 4.0 to 1.9 = - 2.10%

Livestock ExportsLivestock Exports

World Trade – essential to the economic World Trade – essential to the economic well-being of U.S. livestock producerswell-being of U.S. livestock producersMajor products of economic significance are:Major products of economic significance are:

Cattle hidesCattle hidesBeef meatBeef meatFat / TallowFat / TallowPork products & meatPork products & meatDairy ProductsDairy ProductsLives cattle & swineLives cattle & swine

Producers must understand consumer Producers must understand consumer preferences for the food they eat ……preferences for the food they eat ……

Consumer TrendsConsumer Trends Convenience is a mustConvenience is a must Meals “just in time”Meals “just in time” Food as an emotional Food as an emotional

elementelement Expectation of high Expectation of high

availability at all times availability at all times of the yearof the year

Diet is upgraded as Diet is upgraded as income risesincome rises

Consumer TrendsConsumer Trends Quality is multifaceted: Quality is multifaceted:

style, taste, image, style, taste, image, freshness, freshness, packaging, etc.packaging, etc.

Value-added foods in Value-added foods in highest demandhighest demand

Consumers are losing Consumers are losing culinary skillsculinary skills

Quick-fix dietsQuick-fix diets Expectation for a safe Expectation for a safe

food supply chainfood supply chain

U.S. Livestock NumbersU.S. Livestock Numbers1920 to present1920 to present

What has happened to livestock numbers What has happened to livestock numbers and production over the past 100 years?and production over the past 100 years?

Beef cattle –Beef cattle –Swine –Swine –Dairy cattle –Dairy cattle –Sheep –Sheep –Broilers –Broilers –Laying Hens - Laying Hens -

Beef Cattle ProductionBeef Cattle Production

Cow numbers have been upward with Cow numbers have been upward with peaks and valleys in 10 year cyclespeaks and valleys in 10 year cyclesCow numbers were highest in 1976 Cow numbers were highest in 1976 Nearing highs now as cow numbers build up Nearing highs now as cow numbers build up

2004-2007 (western draught may temper #s)2004-2007 (western draught may temper #s)Production has been supported by heavier Production has been supported by heavier

carcassescarcassesFat content of carcass is biggest problemFat content of carcass is biggest problemMarbling & Tenderness are current issuesMarbling & Tenderness are current issues

Dairy CattleDairy Cattle

Cow numbers were steadily lower Cow numbers were steadily lower between 1945 and 2000 with cow between 1945 and 2000 with cow numbers down 65%, but milk production numbers down 65%, but milk production slightly higherslightly higher

Cow numbers increasing in highly Cow numbers increasing in highly integrated business unitsintegrated business units

Increased use of bio-technologyIncreased use of bio-technology

SheepSheep

Ewe numbers down dramatically by more Ewe numbers down dramatically by more than 80%than 80%Development of synthetic textilesDevelopment of synthetic textilesComplicated management of productionComplicated management of productionLower demand for lamb and muttonLower demand for lamb and mutton

SwineSwine

Steady production with significant Steady production with significant fluctuations in numbers of pigs / year and fluctuations in numbers of pigs / year and resulting price swingsresulting price swings85% decrease in swine producers85% decrease in swine producers Integration of swine enterprisesIntegration of swine enterprisesManure management and land use tied to Manure management and land use tied to

swine production growthswine production growthExcellent return on investment over the yearsExcellent return on investment over the years

Laying HensLaying Hens

Laying Hens sharp decline in number of Laying Hens sharp decline in number of hens and eggs between 1970 and 2000hens and eggs between 1970 and 2000Cholesterol scareCholesterol scare

Current expansion of hens due to Current expansion of hens due to increased population in U.S.increased population in U.S.Understanding of cholesterol problemsUnderstanding of cholesterol problemsEthnic demand / Mc Egg ……… demandEthnic demand / Mc Egg ……… demandTremendous production efficiency Tremendous production efficiency

improvementimprovement

Broilers & TurkeysBroilers & Turkeys

Tremendous increase in productionTremendous increase in production100 times100 timesTotally integrated productionTotally integrated productionExcellent demand for productExcellent demand for productWatch for bird flu??????Watch for bird flu??????

The Livestock Industry In the The Livestock Industry In the State of IowaState of Iowa

Significant Economic Impact……….Significant Economic Impact……….A major source of Jobs -- 166,000 totalA major source of Jobs -- 166,000 total

Jobs related to livestock productionJobs related to livestock production110,000 jobs @ $25,000 avg. salary110,000 jobs @ $25,000 avg. salary

Jobs related to livestock processingJobs related to livestock processing56,000 jobs @ $29,000 avg. salary56,000 jobs @ $29,000 avg. salary

Livestock marketing represents ~ 50% of Livestock marketing represents ~ 50% of net farm incomenet farm income

Economic ActivityEconomic Activity

The The 70’s70’s saw a shift to crop production saw a shift to crop productionThe The 80’s80’s saw difficult financial times saw difficult financial timesThe The 90’s90’s saw a reinvestment in livestock saw a reinvestment in livestock

facilities & adoption of new technologiesfacilities & adoption of new technologiesThe The 00’s00’s have seen concentration of have seen concentration of

livestock ownership, new methods of livestock ownership, new methods of business involvement, and increased business involvement, and increased public involvement and concern over all public involvement and concern over all phases of productionphases of production

Focus on Value-added……Focus on Value-added……

Production – free-range, organic, animal Production – free-range, organic, animal friendly, out-door, family farm, etc.friendly, out-door, family farm, etc.

Processing – new products, quick fix, enhanced Processing – new products, quick fix, enhanced nutrient content, branded products, etc.nutrient content, branded products, etc.

Iowa has a dominant 25% market share of hogs, Iowa has a dominant 25% market share of hogs, is the leader in egg production, has many small is the leader in egg production, has many small beef cow/calf operations, and tremendous beef cow/calf operations, and tremendous capacity for fed beef production.capacity for fed beef production.

Livestock OperationsLivestock Operations

Large contributors of State Income Large contributors of State Income through taxesthrough taxesNearly $200 million in state tax revenuesNearly $200 million in state tax revenuesLarge property tax baseLarge property tax base12% of job and related income taxes12% of job and related income taxes

Gross Receipts, Income & JobsGross Receipts, Income & Jobs

Gross $Gross $ Employ-Employ-ment $ment $

Net $Net $ JobsJobs

All All LivestockLivestock

$500 M$500 M $40 M$40 M $60 M$60 M 70,00070,000

CattleCattle $210 M$210 M $15 M$15 M $24 M$24 M 16,00016,000

HogsHogs $300 M$300 M $20 M$20 M $34 M$34 M 28,00028,000

DairyDairy $ 50 M$ 50 M $ 3 M$ 3 M $11 M$11 M 6,5006,500

Meat Meat PackingPacking

$700 M$700 M $43 M$43 M $80 M$80 M 23,00023,000

Will Meat Exports Increase??Will Meat Exports Increase??

Increased per capita consumption of red meatIncreased per capita consumption of red meat Increasing populationIncreasing population Improved global economiesImproved global economies World’s fastest growing markets require meat World’s fastest growing markets require meat

from exporting countries to be free of deadly from exporting countries to be free of deadly viruses causing foot & mouth and …..viruses causing foot & mouth and ….. Exports currently add ~ $3.00 / cwt to hog price and Exports currently add ~ $3.00 / cwt to hog price and

more than $10.00 / cwt for cattlemore than $10.00 / cwt for cattle

Livestock Production In IowaLivestock Production In Iowa

Advantages –Advantages –Abundance of feed grainsAbundance of feed grainsAvailable laborAvailable laborAvailable managementAvailable managementLower ration costsLower ration costsHighly productive land resourcesHighly productive land resourcesWorker productivity is very highWorker productivity is very high

Livestock Production In IowaLivestock Production In Iowa

Disadvantages / needs:Disadvantages / needs:Adopt technology to improve efficiencyAdopt technology to improve efficiencyLacks leadershipLacks leadershipPublic does not support expansion policies for Public does not support expansion policies for

livestock productionlivestock productionShort on market expertiseShort on market expertiseEnvironmental regulations are quite protectiveEnvironmental regulations are quite protectiveProperty taxation is highProperty taxation is high