Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice Hampton Roads

Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice

Hampton Roads Region, VirginiaChesapeake

HamptonNewport News

NorfolkPortsmouth

Suffolk Virginia Beach

Updated November 2011Mullin & Lonergan Associates, Inc.

Hampton Roads Region of Virginia Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice

June 2011 Page i

HAMPTON ROADS REGION OF VIRGINIA ANALYSIS OF IMPEDIMENTS TO FAIR HOUSING CHOICE

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 B. The Westchester County, NY Case .......................................................................... 1 C. Fair Housing Choice ................................................................................................. 2 D. The Federal Fair Housing Act ................................................................................... 4

i. What housing is covered? ........................................................................................... 4 ii. What does the Fair Housing Act prohibit? ................................................................... 4 iii. Additional Protections for the Disabled ....................................................................... 5 iv. Significant Recent Changes ........................................................................................ 5 v. Requirements for New Buildings ................................................................................. 6 vi. Housing Opportunities for Families ............................................................................. 6

E. Virginia Human Rights Act ........................................................................................ 7 F. Newport News Fair Housing Ordinance ................................................................... 9 G. Methodology ............................................................................................................ 11

i. Use of Census Data .................................................................................................. 12 ii. Other Data Sources Used ......................................................................................... 12 iii. Areas of Racial or Ethnic Concentration ................................................................... 12

H. Development of the Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing ............................... 13 i. Lead Agency ............................................................................................................. 13 ii. Agency Consultation ................................................................................................. 13

I. The Relationship between Fair Housing and Affordable Housing .......................... 13

2. HAMPTON ROADS REGIONAL PROFILE ......................................... 15 A. Demographic Profile ............................................................................................... 15

i. Population Trends ..................................................................................................... 15 ii. Areas of Racial and Ethnic Minority Concentration ................................................... 18 iii. Residential Segregation Patterns ............................................................................. 20 iv. Race/Ethnicity and Income ....................................................................................... 21 v. Concentrations of LMI Persons ................................................................................. 23 vi. Disability and Income ................................................................................................ 25 vii. Familial Status and Income ....................................................................................... 26 viii. Ancestry and Income ................................................................................................ 27 ix. Persons with Limited English Proficiency .................................................................. 29 x. Protected Class Status and Unemployment ............................................................. 30

B. Housing Market ....................................................................................................... 31 i. Housing Inventory ..................................................................................................... 31 ii. Types of Housing Units ............................................................................................. 31 iii. Foreclosure Trends ................................................................................................... 32 iv. Protected Class Status and Home Ownership .......................................................... 34 v. The Tendency of the Protected Classes to Live in Larger Households .................... 35 vi. Cost of Housing ........................................................................................................ 36

C. Review of Private Sector Practices ......................................................................... 41 i. Mortgage Lending Practices ..................................................................................... 41 ii. High-Cost Lending Practices .................................................................................... 45

D. Review of Public Sector Policies ............................................................................. 47 i. Public Housing and Section 8 Programs................................................................... 47

E. Evaluation of Current Fair Housing Profile ............................................................. 49 i. Existence of Fair Housing Complaints ...................................................................... 49 ii. Patterns and Trends in Fair Housing Complaints ..................................................... 50 iii. Existence of Fair Housing Discrimination .................................................................. 51 iv. Determination of Unlawful Segregation ..................................................................... 51


June 2011 Page ii

3. CITY OF CHESAPEAKE ................................................................ 52 A. Historical Residential Settlement Patterns .............................................................. 52 B. Demographic Profile ............................................................................................... 52

i. Population Trends ..................................................................................................... 52 ii. Areas of Racial and Ethnic Minority Concentration ................................................... 54 iii. Residential Segregation Patterns ............................................................................. 56 iv. Race/Ethnicity and Income ....................................................................................... 58 v. Concentrations of LMI Persons ................................................................................. 60 vi. Disability and Income ................................................................................................ 62 vii. Familial Status and Income ....................................................................................... 62 viii. Ancestry and Income ................................................................................................ 63 ix. Protected Class Status and Unemployment ............................................................. 65

C. Housing Market ....................................................................................................... 66 i. Housing Inventory ..................................................................................................... 66 ii. Types of Housing Units ............................................................................................. 68 iii. Foreclosure Trends ................................................................................................... 69 iv. Protected Class Status and Home Ownership .......................................................... 70 v. The Tendency of the Protected Classes to Live in Larger Households .................... 71 vi. Cost of Housing ........................................................................................................ 73 vii. Protected Class Status and Housing Problems ........................................................ 77

D. Review of Private Sector Practices ......................................................................... 77 i. Mortgage Lending Practices ..................................................................................... 77 ii. High-Cost Lending Practices .................................................................................... 84

E. Review of Public Sector Policies ............................................................................. 87 i. Public Housing .......................................................................................................... 87 ii. Investment of Federal Entitlement Funds ................................................................. 95 iii. Appointed Boards and Commissions ........................................................................ 98 iv. Language Access Plan for Persons with Limited English Proficiency ....................... 99 v. Zoning Regulations ................................................................................................. 100

F. Evaluation of Current Fair Housing Profile ........................................................... 105 i. Existence of Fair Housing Complaints .................................................................... 105 ii. Patterns and Trends in Fair Housing Complaints ................................................... 106 iii. Existence of Fair Housing Discrimination ................................................................ 106 iv. Determination of Unlawful Segregation ................................................................... 106

G. Assessment of Current Fair Housing Programs and Activities ............................. 106 i. Progress since the 2003 AI ..................................................................................... 106 ii. Current Fair Housing Programs and Activities ........................................................ 109

H. Summary of General Observations....................................................................... 110 I. Potential Impediments and Recommendations .................................................... 113

i. Public Sector ........................................................................................................... 113 ii. Private Sector ......................................................................................................... 117

J. Signature Page for the City of Chesapeake ......................................................... 119

4. CITY OF HAMPTON ................................................................... 120 A. Historical Residential Settlement Patterns ............................................................ 120 B. Demographic Profile ............................................................................................. 121

i. Population Trends ................................................................................................... 121 ii. Areas of Racial and Ethnic Minority Concentration ................................................. 122 iii. Residential Segregation Patterns ........................................................................... 124 iv. Race/Ethnicity and Income ..................................................................................... 126 v. Concentrations of LMI Persons ............................................................................... 127 vi. Disability and Income .............................................................................................. 129 vii. Familial Status and Income ..................................................................................... 130 viii. Ancestry and Income .............................................................................................. 131 ix. Protected Class Status and Unemployment ........................................................... 133

C. Housing Market ..................................................................................................... 134 i. Housing Inventory ................................................................................................... 134 ii. Types of Housing Units ........................................................................................... 135


June 2011 Page iii

iii. Foreclosure Trends ................................................................................................. 136 iv. Protected Class Status and Homeownership .......................................................... 137 v. The Tendency of the Protected Classes to Live in Larger Households .................. 139 vi. Cost of Housing ...................................................................................................... 140 vii. Protected Class Status and Housing Problems ...................................................... 144

D. Review of Private Sector Policies ......................................................................... 145 i. Mortgage Lending Practices ................................................................................... 145 ii. High-Cost Lending Practices .................................................................................. 152

E. Review of Public Sector Policies ........................................................................... 154 i. Public Housing ........................................................................................................ 154 ii. Investment of Entitlement Funds ............................................................................ 162 iii. Appointed Boards and Commissions ...................................................................... 164 iv. Limited Access Plan Persons with Limited English Proficiency .............................. 166 v. Zoning ..................................................................................................................... 166





J. Signature Page for the City of Hampton ............................................................... 185

5. CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS.......................................................... 186 A. Historical Residential Settlement Patterns ............................................................ 186 B. Demographic Profile ............................................................................................. 186


C. Housing Market ..................................................................................................... 199 i. Housing Inventory ................................................................................................... 199 ii. Types of Housing Units ........................................................................................... 201 iii. Foreclosure Trends ................................................................................................. 202 iv. Protected Class Status and Homeownership .......................................................... 204 v. The Tendency of the Protected Classes to Live in Larger Households .................. 206 vi. Cost of Housing ...................................................................................................... 207 vii. Protected Class Status and Housing Problems ...................................................... 210

D. Review of Private Sector Practices ....................................................................... 211 i. Mortgage Lending Practices ................................................................................... 211 ii. High-Cost Lending .................................................................................................. 218

E. Review of Public Sector Policies ........................................................................... 221 i. Public Housing ........................................................................................................ 221 ii. Investment of Entitlement Funds ............................................................................ 230 iii. Appointed Boards and Commissions ...................................................................... 232 iv. Language Access Plan for Persons with Limited English Proficiency ..................... 233 v. Zoning ..................................................................................................................... 234

F. Evaluation of Current Fair Housing Profile ........................................................... 240 i. Existence of Fair Housing Complaints .................................................................... 241


June 2011 Page iv

ii. Patterns and Trends in Fair Housing Complaints ................................................... 241 iii. Existence of Fair Housing Discrimination ................................................................ 241 iv. Determination of Unlawful Segregation ................................................................... 241

G. Assessment of Current Fair Housing Programs and Activities ............................. 242 i. Progress since the 2003 AI and Current Fair Housing Programs and Activities ..... 242



J. Signature Page for the City of Newport News ...................................................... 254

6. CITY OF NORFOLK .................................................................... 255 A. Historical Residential Settlement Patterns ............................................................ 255 B. Demographic Profile ............................................................................................. 255


C. Housing Market ..................................................................................................... 268 i. Housing Inventory ................................................................................................... 268 ii. Types of Housing Units ........................................................................................... 269 iii. Foreclosure Trends ................................................................................................. 269 iv. Protected Class Status and Homeownership .......................................................... 271 v. The Tendency of the Protected Classes to Live in Larger Households .................. 272 vi. Cost of Housing ...................................................................................................... 273 vii. Protected Class Status and Housing Problems ...................................................... 277

D. Review of Private Sector Policies ......................................................................... 278 i. Mortgage Lending Practices ................................................................................... 278 ii. High-Cost Lending .................................................................................................. 284

E. Review of Public Sector Policies ........................................................................... 287 i. Public Housing ........................................................................................................ 287 ii. Investment of Entitlement Funds ............................................................................ 295 iii. Appointed Boards and Commissions ...................................................................... 297 iv. Language Access Plan for Persons with Limited English Proficiency ..................... 298 v. Zoning ..................................................................................................................... 298





J. Signature Page for the City of Norfolk .................................................................. 315

7. CITY OF PORTSMOUTH .............................................................. 316 A. Historical Residential Settlement Patterns ............................................................ 316 B. Demographic Profile ............................................................................................. 316


June 2011 Page v


C. Housing Market ..................................................................................................... 329 i. Housing Inventory ................................................................................................... 329 ii. Types of Housing Units ........................................................................................... 330 iii. Foreclosure Trends ................................................................................................. 331 iv. Protected Class Status and Home Ownership ........................................................ 332 v. The Tendency of the Protected Classes to Live in Larger Households .................. 333 vi. Cost of Housing ...................................................................................................... 335 vii. Protected Class Status and Housing Problems ...................................................... 338

D. Review of Private Sector Practices ....................................................................... 339 i. Mortgage Lending Practices ................................................................................... 339 ii. High-Cost Lending .................................................................................................. 345

E. Review of Public Sector Practices ........................................................................ 347 i. Public Housing ........................................................................................................ 347 ii. Investment of Entitlement Funds ............................................................................ 357 iii. Appointed Boards and Commissions ...................................................................... 360 iv. Language Access Plan for Persons with Limited English Proficiency ..................... 361 v. Zoning ..................................................................................................................... 361


G. Assessment of Current Fair Housing Programs and Activities ............................. 367 i. Progress since 2003 AI and Current Fair Housing Activities and Programs ........... 367



J. Signature Page for the City of Portsmouth ........................................................... 375

8. CITY OF SUFFOLK .................................................................... 376 A. Demographic Profile ............................................................................................. 376


B. Housing Market ..................................................................................................... 388 i. Housing Inventory ................................................................................................... 388 ii. Types of Housing Units ........................................................................................... 388 iii. Foreclosure Trends ................................................................................................. 389 iv. Relationship between Protected Class Status and Home Ownership ..................... 390 v. The Tendency of the Protected Classes to Live in Larger Households .................. 391 vi. Cost of Housing ...................................................................................................... 393 vii. The Relationship between Protected Class Status and Housing Problems ............ 397

C. Review of Private Sector Practices ....................................................................... 398


June 2011 Page vi

i. Mortgage Lending Practices ................................................................................... 398 ii. High-Cost Lending Practices .................................................................................. 405

D. Review of Public Sector Practices ........................................................................ 407 i. Public Housing ........................................................................................................ 407 ii. Investment of Entitlement Funds ............................................................................ 416 iii. Appointed Boards and Commissions ...................................................................... 418 iv. Language Access Plan for Persons with Limited English Proficiency ..................... 419 v. Zoning ..................................................................................................................... 419

E. Evaluation of Current Fair Housing Profile ........................................................... 424 i. Existence of Fair Housing Complaints .................................................................... 424 ii. Patterns and Trends in Fair Housing Complaints ................................................... 425 iii. Existence of Fair Housing Discrimination ................................................................ 425 iv. Determination of Unlawful Segregation ................................................................... 425

F. Assessment of Current Fair Housing Programs and Activities ............................. 425 i. Progress since 2003 AI and Current Programs and Activities ................................ 425

G. Summary of General Observations....................................................................... 426 H. Potential Impediments and Recommendations .................................................... 429


I. Signature Page for the City of Suffolk ................................................................... 433

9. CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH .......................................................... 434 A. Demographic Profile ............................................................................................. 434

i. Population Trends ................................................................................................... 434 ii. Areas of Racial and Ethnic Minority Concentration ................................................. 435 iii. Residential Segregation Patterns ........................................................................... 439 iv. Race/Ethnicity and Income ..................................................................................... 442 v. Concentrations of LMI Persons ............................................................................... 443 vi. Disability and Income .............................................................................................. 447 vii. Familial Status and Income ..................................................................................... 447 viii. Ancestry and Income .............................................................................................. 448 ix. The Relationship between Protected Class Status and Unemployment ................. 450

B. Housing Market ..................................................................................................... 451 i. Housing Inventory ................................................................................................... 451 ii. Types of Housing Units ........................................................................................... 453 iii. Foreclosure Trends ................................................................................................. 454 iv. The Relationship between Protected Class Status and Homeownership ............... 456 v. The Tendency of the Protected Classes to Live in Larger Households .................. 457 vi. Cost of Housing ...................................................................................................... 458 vii. The Relationship between Protected Class Status and Housing Problems ............ 462

C. Review of Private Sector Practices ....................................................................... 463 i. Mortgage Lending Practices ................................................................................... 463 ii. High-Cost Lending .................................................................................................. 469

D. Review of Public Sector Practices ........................................................................ 471 i. Public Housing ........................................................................................................ 471 ii. Investment of Entitlement Funds ............................................................................ 476 iii. Appointed Boards and Commissions ...................................................................... 479 iv. Language Access Plan for Persons with Limited English Proficiency ..................... 481 v. Zoning ..................................................................................................................... 481

E. Evaluation of Current Fair Housing Profile ........................................................... 486 i. Existence of Fair Housing Complaints .................................................................... 486 ii. Patterns and Trends in Fair Housing Complaints ................................................... 487 iii. Existence of Fair Housing Discrimination ................................................................ 487 iv. Determination of Unlawful Segregation ................................................................... 487

F. Assessment of Current Fair Housing Programs and Activities ............................. 487 i. Progress since the 2003 AI and Current Fair Housing Programs and Activities ..... 487

G. Summary of General Observations....................................................................... 491 H. Potential Impediments and Recommendations .................................................... 495


June 2011 Page vii


I. Signature Page for the City of Virginia Beach ...................................................... 500

10. REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................... 501 A. Housing Mobility .................................................................................................... 501 B. Accessibility of Residential Stock .......................................................................... 503

i. Private Housing Stock ............................................................................................. 503 ii. Endependence Center, Inc. .................................................................................... 504

C. State of Virginia Qualified Allocation Plan (QAP) ................................................. 507 D. Taxes .................................................................................................................... 512 E. Public Transit ........................................................................................................ 513

i. Destinations and Routes ......................................................................................... 515 ii. Accessibility ............................................................................................................ 516

F. Newspaper Advertising ......................................................................................... 516 G. Testing .................................................................................................................. 517

i. Racial Audit ............................................................................................................. 517 ii. Accessibility Audit ................................................................................................... 518

H. Hampton Roads Community Housing Resource Board ....................................... 519 i. Progress since the 2003 AI ..................................................................................... 520 ii. Current Fair Housing Programs and Activities ........................................................ 522

I. Summary of General Fair Housing Observations ................................................. 523 J. Potential Impediments to Fair Housing Choice ..................................................... 526 K. Potential Impediments and Recommendations .................................................... 530 L. Signature Page for the Cities of Hampton Roads ................................................. 533

11. APPENDIX A: STAKEHOLDERS INVITED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE AI PROCESS .......................................................................................... 534


June 2011 Page viii

Index of Tables and Figures Figure 1-1 Protection for Members of the Protected Classes ........................................................ 11 Figure 2-1 Regional Population Trends, 1960-2008 ...................................................................... 16 Figure 2-2 Regional Population Trends, 1960-2008 ...................................................................... 16 Figure 2-3 Regional Population Trends by Race, 1990-2009 ........................................................ 17 Figure 2-4 Changes in the Racial/Ethnic Characteristics of the Regional Population, 1990-2009 18 Figure 2-5 Virginia Municipal Dissimilarity Index Rankings, 2000 ................................................. 21 Figure 2-6 Median Household Income & Poverty Rates by Race/Ethnicity by Municipality, 2008 22 Figure 2-7 Regional Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ............................................. 23 Figure 2-8 Regional Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ............................................. 23 Figure 2-9 Low and Moderate Income Persons by Municipality, 2009 .......................................... 24 Figure 2-10 Persons with Disabilities by Municipality, 2008 .......................................................... 25 Figure 2-11 Poverty Rates by Disability by Municipality, 2008 ...................................................... 26 Figure 2-12 Regional Household Trends, 1990-2008 .................................................................... 27 Figure 2-13 Foreign-Born Residents by Municipality, 2008 ........................................................... 28 Figure 2-14 Families with Children Living in Poverty by Municipality, 2008 .................................. 28 Figure 2-15 Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English, 2008 .................................. 29 Figure 2-16 Civilian Labor Force, 2008 .......................................................................................... 30 Figure 2-17 Trends in Total Housing Units, 1990-2009 ................................................................. 31 Figure 2-18 Trends in Housing Units in Structures, 2000 .............................................................. 32 Figure 2-19 Estimated Residential Foreclosure Rankings by Municipality, January 2007 – June 2008 ................................................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 2-20 Home Ownership by Race and Ethnicity of Householder by Municipality, 2000 ........ 35 Figure 2-21 Families with Three or More Persons, 2000 ............................................................... 35 Figure 2-22 Housing Units by Number of Bedrooms, 2000 ........................................................... 36 Figure 2-23 Regional Trends in Housing Value, Rent and Income, 1990-2008 ............................ 37 Figure 2-24 Loss of Affordable Rental Housing Units, 2000-2008 ................................................. 38 Figure 2-25 Housing Market Sales Trends across Hampton Roads, 2000-2008 .......................... 40 Figure 2-26 Number of Housing Units Sold in Hampton Roads, 2000-2008 ................................. 40 Figure 2-27 Median Sales Price Trends in Hampton Roads, 2000-2008 ...................................... 40 Figure 2-28 Denials by Race and Ethnicity in Hampton Roads, 2007-2008 .................................. 42 Figure 2-29 Denials by Income, 2007-2008 ................................................................................... 43 Figure 2-30 Denials by Race for Lower Income Applicants in Hampton Roads, 2007-2008 ......... 44 Figure 2-31 Denials by Race for Upper Income Applicants in Hampton Roads, 2007-2008 ......... 44 Figure 2-32 High-Cost Mortgage Loans by Race and Ethnicity in Hampton Roads, 2007-2008 ... 46 Figure 2-33 Public Housing Waiting Lists in Hampton Roads, 2009 ............................................. 48 Figure 2-34 Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Waiting Lists in Hampton Roads, 2009 ............. 48 Figure 2-35 Resolution of Housing Discrimination Complaints Filed in Hampton Roads, 2004-2009 ................................................................................................................................................ 50 Figure 2-36 Bases for Housing Discrimination Complaints Filed in Hampton Roads, 2004-2009 . 50 Figure 3-1 Population Trends, 1990-2008 ..................................................................................... 53 Figure 3-2 Changes in the Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of the Population, 1990-2008 ........ 54 Figure 3-3 Census Tract Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 ...................................... 55


June 2011 Page ix

Figure 3-4 Virginia Municipal Dissimilarity Index Rankings, 2000 ................................................. 57 Figure 3-5 Chesapeake Dissimilarity Indices, 2000 ....................................................................... 58 Figure 3-6 Median Household Income and Poverty Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2000 ..................... 59 Figure 3-7 Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ............................................................. 59 Figure 3-8 Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ............................................................. 59 Figure 3-9 Low and Moderate Income Persons, 2009 ................................................................... 61 Figure 3-10 Female-Headed Households and Households with Children, 1990-2008 .................. 63 Figure 3-11 Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English, 2008 .................................. 65 Figure 3-12 Civilian Labor Force, 2008 .......................................................................................... 66 Figure 3-13 Trends in Total Housing Units, 1990-2009 ................................................................. 67 Figure 3-14 Trends in Housing Units in Structures, 2000 .............................................................. 68 Figure 3-15 Estimated Residential Foreclosure Rates by Census Tract, January 2007 – June 2008 ................................................................................................................................................ 69 Figure 3-16 Home Ownership by Race and Ethnicity of Householder, 2000 ................................. 71 Figure 3-17 Families with Three or More Persons, 2000 ............................................................... 72 Figure 3-18 Housing Units by Number of Bedrooms, 2000 ........................................................... 72 Figure 3-19 Trends in Housing Value, Rent and Income, 1990-2008 ............................................ 73 Figure 3-20 Loss of Affordable Rental Housing Units, 2000-2008 ................................................. 74 Figure 3-21 Housing Market Sales Trends, 2000-2008 ................................................................. 75 Figure 3-22 Number of Housing Units Sold, 2000-2008 ................................................................ 76 Figure 3-23 Median Sales Price Trends, 2000-2008 ..................................................................... 76 Figure 3-24 Lower Income Households with Housing Problems, 2000 ......................................... 77 Figure 3-25 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2007-2008 ...................... 78 Figure 3-26 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2008 ............................... 80 Figure 3-27 Denials by Race and Ethnicity, 2007-2008 ................................................................. 82 Figure 3-28 Denials by Income, 2007-2008 ................................................................................... 82 Figure 3-29 Denials by Race for Lower Income Applicants, 2007-2008 ........................................ 83 Figure 3-30 Denials by Race for Upper Income Applicants, 2007-2008 ........................................ 83 Figure 3-31 High-Cost Lending by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 2007-2008 .................................. 86 Figure 3-32 Characteristics of Public Housing Households and Waiting List Applicants, 2009 .... 88 Figure 3-33 Characteristics of Section 8 Voucher Holders and Waiting List Applicants, 2009 ...... 89 Figure 3-34 Composition of Appointed Boards and Commissions, 2010 ...................................... 99 Figure 4-1 Population Trends, 1990-2008 ................................................................................... 121 Figure 4-2 Changes in the Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of the Population, 1990-2008 ...... 122 Figure 4-3 Census Tract Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 .................................... 123 Figure 4-4 Virginia Municipal Dissimilarity Index Rankings, 2000 ............................................... 125 Figure 4-5 Hampton Dissimilarity Indices, 2000 ........................................................................... 126 Figure 4-6 Median Household Income and Poverty Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2008 ................... 126 Figure 4-7 Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ........................................................... 127 Figure 4-8 Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ........................................................... 127 Figure 4-9 Low and Moderate Income Persons, 2009 ................................................................. 129 Figure 4-10 Female-Headed Households and Households with Children, 1990-2008 ................ 131 Figure 4-11 Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English, 2008 ................................ 132 Figure 4-12 Civilian Labor Force, 2008 ........................................................................................ 134 Figure 4-13 Trends in Total Housing Units, 1990-2009 ............................................................... 135


June 2011 Page x

Figure 4-14 Trends in Housing Units in Structures, 2000 ............................................................ 136 Figure 4-15 Estimated Residential Foreclosure Rates by Census Tract, January 2007 – June 2008 .............................................................................................................................................. 137 Figure 4-16 Home Ownership by Race and Ethnicity of Householder, 2000 ............................... 138 Figure 4-17 Families with Three or More Persons, 2000 ............................................................. 139 Figure 4-18 Housing Units by Number of Bedrooms, 2000 ......................................................... 140 Figure 4-19 Trends in Housing Value, Rent and Income, 1990-2008 .......................................... 141 Figure 4-20 Loss of Affordable Rental Housing Units, 2000-2008 ............................................... 141 Figure 4-21 Housing Market Sales Trends, 2000-2008 ............................................................... 143 Figure 4-22 Number of Housing Units Sold, 2000-2008 .............................................................. 143 Figure 4-23 Median Sales Price Trends, 2000-2008 ................................................................... 144 Figure 4-24 Lower Income Households with Housing Problems, 2000 ....................................... 144 Figure 4-25 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2007-2008 .................... 146 Figure 4-26 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2008 ............................. 147 Figure 4-27 Denials by Race and Ethnicity .................................................................................. 149 Figure 4-28 Denials by Income, 2007-2008 ................................................................................. 149 Figure 4-29 Denials by Race for Lower Income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 150 Figure 4-30 Denials by Race for Upper Income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 150 Figure 4-31 High-Cost Lending by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 2008 ......................................... 153 Figure 4-32 Characteristics of Public Housing Households & Section 8 Voucher Holders, 2009 155 Figure 5-1 Population Trends, 1990-2008 ................................................................................... 187 Figure 5-2 Changes in the Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of the Population, 1990-2008 ...... 187 Figure 5-3 Census Tract Population by Race and Ethnicity, 2009 .............................................. 189 Figure 5-4 Virginia Municipal Dissimilarity Index Rankings, 2000 ............................................... 191 Figure 5-5 Newport News Dissimilarity Indices, 2000 .................................................................. 192 Figure 5-6 Median Household Income and Poverty Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2008 ................... 193 Figure 5-7 Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ........................................................... 193 Figure 5-8 Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ........................................................... 193 Figure 5-9 Low and Moderate Income Persons, 2009 ................................................................. 195 Figure 5-10 Female-Headed Households and Households with Children, 1990-2008 ................ 197 Figure 5-11 Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English, 2008 ................................ 198 Figure 5-12 Civilian Labor Force, 2008 ........................................................................................ 199 Figure 5-13 Trends in Total Housing Units, 1990-2009 ............................................................... 201 Figure 5-14 Trends in Housing Units in Structures, 2000 ............................................................ 202 Figure 5-15 Estimated Residential Foreclosure Rates by Census Tract, January 2007 – June 2008 .............................................................................................................................................. 203 Figure 5-16 Home Ownership by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 ........................................................ 205 Figure 5-17 Families with Three or More Persons, 2000 ............................................................. 206 Figure 5-18 Housing Units by Number of Bedrooms, 2000 ......................................................... 206 Figure 5-19 Trends in Housing Value, Rent and Income, 1990-2008 .......................................... 207 Figure 5-20 Loss of Affordable Rental Housing Units, 2000-2008 ............................................... 208 Figure 5-21 Housing Market Sales Trends, 2000-2008 ............................................................... 209 Figure 5-22 Number of Housing Units Sold, 2000-2008 .............................................................. 210 Figure 5-23 Median Sales Price Trends, 2000-2008 ................................................................... 210 Figure 5-24 Lower Income Households with Housing Problems, 2000 ....................................... 211


June 2011 Page xi

Figure 5-25 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2007-2008 .................... 212 Figure 5-26 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2008 ............................. 214 Figure 5-27 Denials by Race and Ethnicity, 2007-2008 ............................................................... 216 Figure 5-28 Denials by Income, 2007-2008 ................................................................................. 216 Figure 5-29 Denials by Race for Lower Income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 217 Figure 5-30 Denials by Race for Upper Income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 217 Figure 5-31 High-Cost Lending by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 2007-2008 ................................ 219 Figure 5-32 Characteristics of Public Housing Households and Waiting List Applicants, 2009 .. 222 Figure 5-33 Characteristics of Section 8 Voucher Holders and Waiting List Applicants, 2009 .... 223 Figure 5-34 Gender and Racial Composition of Appointed Boards and Commissions, 2011 ..... 233 Figure 6-1 Population Trends, 1990-2008 ................................................................................... 255 Figure 6-2 Changes in the Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of the Population, 1990-2008 ...... 256 Figure 6-3 Census Tract Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 .................................... 257 Figure 6-4 Virginia Municipal Dissimilarity Index Rankings, 2000 ............................................... 259 Figure 6-5 Norfolk Dissimilarity Indices, 2000 .............................................................................. 260 Figure 6-6 Median Household Income and Poverty Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2008 ................... 261 Figure 6-7 Household Income Distribution by Race and Ethnicity, 2008 ..................................... 261 Figure 6-8 Household Income Distribution by Race and Ethnicity, 2008 ..................................... 261 Figure 6-9 Low and Moderate Income Persons, 2009 ................................................................. 263 Figure 6-10 Female-headed Households and Households with Children, 1990-2008 ................ 265 Figure 6-11 Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English, 2008 ................................ 266 Figure 6-12 Civilian Labor Force, 2008 ........................................................................................ 267 Figure 6-13 Trends in Total Housing Units, 1990-2009 ............................................................... 268 Figure 6-14 Trends in Housing Units in Structures, 2000 ............................................................ 269 Figure 6-15 Estimated Residential Foreclosure Rates by Census Tract, January 2007 – June 2008 .............................................................................................................................................. 270 Figure 6-16 Home Ownership by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 ........................................................ 272 Figure 6-17 Families with Three or More Persons, 2000 ............................................................. 273 Figure 6-18 Housing Units by Number of Bedrooms, 2000 ......................................................... 273 Figure 6-19 Trends in Housing Value, Rent and Income, 1990-2008 .......................................... 274 Figure 6-20 Loss of Affordable Rental Housing Units, 2000-2008 ............................................... 274 Figure 6-21 Housing Market Sales Trends, 2000-2008 ............................................................... 276 Figure 6-22 Number of Housing Units Sold, 2000-2008 .............................................................. 276 Figure 6-23 Median Sales Price Trends, 2000-2008 ................................................................... 277 Figure 6-24 Lower Income Households with Housing Problems, 2000 ....................................... 278 Figure 6-25 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2007-2008 .................... 279 Figure 6-26 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2008 ............................. 280 Figure 6-27 Denials by Race and Ethnicity, 2007-2008 ............................................................... 282 Figure 6-28 Denials by Income, 2007-2008 ................................................................................. 282 Figure 6-29 Denials by Race for Lower income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 283 Figure 6-30 Denials by Race for Upper income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 283 Figure 6-31 High-Cost Lending by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 2007-2008 ................................ 285 Figure 6-32 Characteristics of Public Housing Households and Waiting List Applicants ............ 288 Figure 6-33 Characteristics of Section 8 Voucher Holders and Waiting List Applicants, 2009 .... 289 Figure 7-1 Population Trends – 1990-2008 ................................................................................. 317


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Figure 7-2 Changes in the Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of the Population, 1990-2008 ...... 317 Figure 7-3 Census Tract Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 .................................... 319 Figure 7-4 Virginia Municipal Dissimilarity Index Rankings, 2000 ............................................... 321 Figure 7-5 Portsmouth Dissimilarity Indices, 2000 ....................................................................... 322 Figure 7-6 Median Household Income and Poverty Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2008 ................... 323 Figure 7-7 Household Income Distribution by Race and Ethnicity, 2008 ..................................... 323 Figure 7-8 Household Income Distribution by Race and Ethnicity, 2008 ..................................... 323 Figure 7-9 Low and Moderate Income Persons, 2009 ................................................................. 325 Figure 7-10 Female-Headed Households and Households with Children, 1990-2008 ................ 327 Figure 7-11 Civilian Labor Force, 2008 ........................................................................................ 328 Figure 7-12 Trends in Housing Inventory, 1990-2008 .................................................................. 329 Figure 7-13 Trends in Housing Units in Structures, 2000 ............................................................ 330 Figure 7-14 Estimated Residential Foreclosure Rankings by Census Tract, January 2007 – June 2008 .............................................................................................................................................. 331 Figure 7-15 Home Ownership by Race and Ethnicity of Householder, 2000 ............................... 333 Figure 7-16 Families with Three or More Persons, 2000 ............................................................. 334 Figure 7-17 Housing Units by Number of Bedrooms, 2000 ......................................................... 334 Figure 7-18 Trends in Housing Value, Rent, and Income, 1990-2008 ......................................... 335 Figure 7-19 Loss of Affordable Rental Housing Units, 2000-2008 ............................................... 335 Figure 7-20 Housing Market Sales Trends, 2000-2008 ............................................................... 337 Figure 7-21 Number of Housing Units Sold, 2000-2008 .............................................................. 338 Figure 7-22 Median Sales Price Trends, 2000-2008 ................................................................... 338 Figure 7-23 Lower Income Households with Housing Problems, 2000 ....................................... 339 Figure 7-24 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2007-2008 .................... 340 Figure 7-25 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2008 ............................. 341 Figure 7-26 Denials by Race and Ethnicity, 2007-2008 ............................................................... 343 Figure 7-27 Denials by Income, 2007-2008 ................................................................................. 343 Figure 7-28 Denials by Race for Lower income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 344 Figure 7-29 Denials by Race for Upper income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 344 Figure 7-30 High-Cost Lending by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 2007-2008 ................................ 346 Figure 8-1 Population Trends, 1990-2008 ................................................................................... 376 Figure 8-2 Changes in the Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of the Population, 1990-2008 ...... 377 Figure 8-3 Census Tract Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 .................................... 378 Figure 8-4 Virginia Municipal Dissimilarity Index Rankings, 2000 ............................................... 379 Figure 8-5 Suffolk Dissimilarity Indices, 2000 .............................................................................. 380 Figure 8-6 Median Household Income and Poverty Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2000 ................... 381 Figure 8-7 Household Income Distribution by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 ..................................... 382 Figure 8-8 Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ........................................................... 383 Figure 8-9 Low and Moderate Income Persons, 2009 ................................................................. 384 Figure 8-10 Female-headed Households and Households with Children .................................... 386 Figure 8-11 Civilian Labor Force, 2008 ........................................................................................ 387 Figure 8-12 Trends in the Housing Inventory, 1990-2009 ............................................................ 388 Figure 8-13 Trends in the Housing Units in Structures, 2000 ...................................................... 389 Figure 8-14 Estimated Residential Foreclosure Rankings by Municipality, January 2007 – June 2008 .............................................................................................................................................. 390


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Figure 8-15 Home Ownership by Race and Ethnicity of Householder, 2000 ............................... 391 Figure 8-16 Families with Three or More Persons, 2000 ............................................................. 392 Figure 8-17 Housing Units by Number of Bedrooms, 2000 ......................................................... 392 Figure 8-18 Housing Units by Number of Bedrooms by Census Tract, 2000 .............................. 393 Figure 8-19 Trends in Housing Value, Rent and Income, 1990-2008 .......................................... 394 Figure 8-20 Loss of Affordable Rental Housing Units, 2000-2008 ............................................... 394 Figure 8-21 Housing Market Sales Trends, 2000-2008 ............................................................... 396 Figure 8-22 Number of Housing Units Sold, 2000-2008 .............................................................. 396 Figure 8-23 Median Sales Price Trends, 2000-2008 ................................................................... 397 Figure 8-24 Lower Income Households with Housing Problems, 2000 ....................................... 398 Figure 8-25 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2007-2008 .................... 399 Figure 8-26 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2008 ............................. 400 Figure 8-27 Denials by Race and Ethnicity, 2007-2008 ............................................................... 402 Figure 8-28 Denials by Income .................................................................................................... 402 Figure 8-29 Denials by Race for Lower income Applicants ......................................................... 403 Figure 8-30 Denials by Race for Upper income Applicants ......................................................... 403 Figure 8-31 High-Cost Lending by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 2007-2008 ................................ 406 Figure 8-32 Characteristics of Public Housing Households and Waiting List Applicants, 2009 .. 408 Figure 8-33 Characteristics of Section 8 HCV Households and Waiting List Applicants, 2009 ... 409 Figure 9-1 Population Trends, 1990-2008 ................................................................................... 434 Figure 9-2 Changes in the Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of the Population, 1990-2008 ...... 435 Figure 9-3 Census Tract Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, Current Areas of Concentration, 2009 ..................................................................................................................... 436 Figure 9-4 Census Tract Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, Revised Areas of Concentration, 2009 ..................................................................................................................... 438 Figure 9-5 Virginia Municipal Dissimilarity Index Rankings, 2000 ............................................... 441 Figure 9-6 Virginia Beach Dissimilarity Indices, 2000 .................................................................. 441 Figure 9-7 Median Household Income and Poverty Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 2008 ................... 442 Figure 9-8 Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ........................................................... 443 Figure 9-9 Household Income Distribution by Race, 2008 ........................................................... 443 Figure 9-10 Low and Moderate Income Persons, 2009 ............................................................... 445 Figure 9-11 Female-Headed Households and Households with Children ................................... 448 Figure 9-12 Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English, 2008 ................................ 449 Figure 9-13 Civilian Labor Force, 2008 ........................................................................................ 450 Figure 9-14 Trends in Total Housing Units, 1990-2009 ............................................................... 451 Figure 9-15 Trends in Housing Units in Structures, 2000 ............................................................ 454 Figure 9-16 Estimated Residential Foreclosure Rankings by Census Tract, January 2007 – June 2008 .............................................................................................................................................. 455 Figure 9-17 Home Ownership by Race and Ethnicity of Householder, 2000 ............................... 457 Figure 9-18 Families with Three or More Persons, 2000 ............................................................. 458 Figure 9-19 Housing Units by Number of Bedrooms, 2000 ......................................................... 458 Figure 9-20 Trends in Housing Value, Rent and Income, 1990-2008 .......................................... 459 Figure 9-21 Loss of Affordable Rental Housing Units, 2000-2008 ............................................... 459 Figure 9-22 Housing Market Sales Trends, 2000-2010 ............................................................... 461 Figure 9-23 Number of Housing Units Sold, 2000-2010 .............................................................. 461 Figure 9-24 Median Sales Price Trends, 2000-2010 ................................................................... 462


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Figure 9-25 Lower Income Households with Housing Problems, 2000 ....................................... 463 Figure 9-26 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2007-2008 .................... 464 Figure 9-27 Summary Report Based on Action Taken Mortgage Data, 2008 ............................. 465 Figure 9-28 Denials by Race and Ethnicity, 2007-2008 ............................................................... 467 Figure 9-29 Denials by Income, 2007-2008 ................................................................................. 467 Figure 9-30 Denials by Race for Lower Income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 468 Figure 9-31 Denials by Race for Upper Income Applicants, 2007-2008 ...................................... 468 Figure 9-32 High-Cost Lending by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 2007-2008 ................................ 471 Figure 9-33 Characteristics of Section 8 Voucher Holders and Waiting List Applicants, 2009 .... 472 Figure 10-1 VHDA LIHTC QAP Pools, 2010 ................................................................................ 508 Figure 10-2 VHDA LIHTC QAP Selected Application Criteria...................................................... 509 Figure 10-3 Monthly Tax Payments by Municipality, FY 2009-2010 ............................................ 513 Figure 10-4 Percent of Transit-Dependent Households by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 ................ 514 Figure 10-5 Modes of Transportation to Work, 2000 ................................................................... 514 Figure 10-6 Use of Public Transportation to Work by Municipality, 2000 .................................... 515


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1. INTRODUCTION A. Introduction The seven HUD entitlement cities in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia have collaborated to prepare an Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice to satisfy requirements of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, as amended. This Act requires that each community receiving Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) funds certifies to HUD that it will affirmatively further fair housing. The Hampton Roads Region includes the seven cities of Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk and Virginia Beach.

Communities receiving CDBG entitlement funds are required to:

Examine and attempt to alleviate housing discrimination within their jurisdiction Promote fair housing choice for all persons Provide opportunities for all persons to reside in any given housing development,

regardless of race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin Promote housing that is accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities, and Comply with the non-discrimination requirements of the Fair Housing Act.

These requirements can be achieved through the preparation of an Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice.

The Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice (AI) is a review of a jurisdiction’s laws, regulations, and administrative policies, procedures, and practices affecting the location, availability, and accessibility of housing, as well as an assessment of conditions, both public and private, affecting fair housing choice. The policies, procedures and practices of public housing authorities within the region were also analyzed. The public housing authorities participating in the AI will be responsible for addressing any fair housing issues identified in their respective programs.

B. The Westchester County, NY Case In August 2009, Westchester County, NY settled a fair housing lawsuit brought against the County by the Anti-Discrimination Center of Metro New York, Inc. The outcome of this lawsuit has relevance to entitlement cities such as those in Hampton Roads.

This $180 million lawsuit filed in April 2006 charged that Westchester County failed to fulfill its obligation to affirmatively further fair housing and ensure non-discrimination in its programs. Westchester County is an Urban County entitlement under HUD’s CDBG and HOME Programs. As a condition of federal funding, all such HUD entitlements certify to HUD each year that they will conduct their entitlement programs in a non-discriminatory manner that affirmatively furthers fair housing in accordance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the federal Fair Housing Act. In making this certification, Westchester County was required to identify impediments to fair housing choice, take action to overcome those impediments, and to maintain records of its analysis and actions.


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In its lawsuit, the Center alleged that the County made a false claim when it certified to HUD that the County would affirmatively further fair housing because its AI did not analyze how its placement of affordable housing affected segregation and racial diversity and it failed to inform municipalities receiving CDBG funds of their obligation to consider the needs of persons living outside their communities. The Center concluded that the County assisted the development of affordable housing units in lower income communities and that as a result, it increased the pattern of racial segregation in Westchester County. At issue in this case was not whether Westchester County created affordable housing. In fact, since 1998, the County had spent over $50 million in federal and state funds to aid in the construction of 1,370 affordable rental units and another 334 affordable owner units. It was the geographic location of the affordable housing units that were created within the County that was the critical factor in the lawsuit.

Faced with the threat of losing the $180 million lawsuit and being cut off from another $30 million in HUD funding, Westchester County agreed to a settlement with HUD and the Anti-Discrimination Center of Metro New York. Under the terms of the settlement, the County will pay $21.6 million to HUD in non-federal funds. These funds will be deposited in the County’s HUD account and used to build new affordable housing units in specified census tracts with populations of less than 3% Black and 7% Hispanic residents. An additional $11 million will be paid to HUD, the Center and its counsel. The County will add $30 million to its capital budget to build affordable housing in non-impacted (i.e., primarily White) areas.

The significance of this legal settlement for all HUD entitlements throughout the U.S. is clear. First, the requirement to affirmatively further fair housing applies to all aspects of municipal government, not just HUD programs. Second, the lawsuit confirms that an entitlement community has an obligation to ensure that each sub-recipient of CDBG and HOME funds affirmatively furthers fair housing. When an entitlement makes this pledge to HUD, it is making the promise not just in its own right but also on behalf of the sub-recipients to whom it allocates funds. Finally, an entitlement must take action to eliminate barriers to fair housing wherever they may exist in the city or county.

Although the focus of the Westchester County case is an urban county entitlement, there are clear implications for entitlement cities as well. For example, an entitlement community should be expanding fair housing choice for members of the protected classes outside of impacted areas (i.e., areas of concentration of minorities and LMI persons). This circumstance should be causing entitlements to understand there is a careful balance to maintain between revitalization of LMI neighborhoods and creating new affordable housing opportunities outside of these areas. These implications inform the AI’s context of analysis for the CDBG and HOME programs administered by the seven Hampton Roads cities.

C. Fair Housing Choice Equal and free access to residential housing (housing choice) is fundamental to meeting essential needs and pursuing personal, educational, employment or other goals. Because housing choice is so critical, fair housing is a goal that government, public officials and private citizens must achieve if equality of opportunity is to become a reality.


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Under federal law, fair housing choice is defined as the ability of persons, regardless of race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin, of similar income levels to have available to them the same housing choices. Persons who are protected from discrimination by fair housing laws are referred to as members of the protected classes.

This Analysis encompasses the following six areas related to fair housing choice:

The sale or rental of dwellings (public and private) The provision of financing assistance for dwellings Public policies and actions affecting the approval of sites and other building

requirements used in the approval process for the construction of publicly assisted housing

The administrative policies concerning community development and housing activities, which affect opportunities of minority households to select housing inside or outside areas of minority or ethnic concentration, and

Where there is a determination of unlawful segregation or other housing discrimination by a court or a finding of noncompliance by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) regarding assisted housing in a recipient's jurisdiction, an analysis of the actions which could be taken by the recipient to remedy the discriminatory condition, including actions involving the expenditure of funds made available under 24 CFR Part 570 (i.e., the CDBG program regulations).

As federal entitlement communities, the seven cities in the Hampton Roads Region have specific fair housing planning responsibilities. These include:

Conducting an Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice Developing actions to overcome the effects of identified impediments to fair

housing, and Maintaining records to support the cities’ initiatives to affirmatively further fair

housing.

HUD interprets these three certifying elements to include:

Analyzing housing discrimination in a jurisdiction and working toward its elimination

Promoting fair housing choice for all people Providing racially and ethnically inclusive patterns of housing occupancy Promoting housing that is physically accessible to, and usable by, all people,

particularly individuals with disabilities, and Fostering compliance with the nondiscrimination provisions of the Fair Housing

Act.

This Analysis will:

Evaluate population, household, income and housing characteristics by protected classes in each of the seven cities and across the region

Evaluate public and private sector policies that impact fair housing choice


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Identify blatant or de facto impediments to fair housing choice, where any may exist, and

Recommend specific strategies to overcome the effects of any identified impediments.

HUD defines an impediment to fair housing choice as any actions, omissions, or decisions that restrict, or have the effect of restricting, the availability of housing choices, based on race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin.

This Analysis serves as the basis for fair housing planning, provides essential information to policy makers, administrative staff, housing providers, lenders, and fair housing advocates, and assists in building public support for fair housing efforts. The elected governmental bodies are expected to review and approve the analysis and use it for direction, leadership, and resources for future fair housing planning.

The analysis will serve as a baseline for progress against which implementation efforts will be judged and recorded.

D. The Federal Fair Housing Act

i. What housing is covered? The federal Fair Housing Act covers most housing. In some circumstances, the Act exempts owner-occupied buildings with no more than four units, single family housing sold or rented without the use of a broker, and housing operated by organizations and private clubs that limit occupancy to members.

ii. What does the Fair Housing Act prohibit?

a. In the Sale and Rental of Housing No one may take any of the following actions based on race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status or national origin:

Refuse to rent or sell housing Refuse to negotiate for housing Make housing unavailable Deny a dwelling Set different terms, conditions or privileges for the sale or rental

of a dwelling Provide different housing services or facilities Falsely deny that housing is available for inspection, sale, or

rental For profit, persuade owners to sell or rent (blockbusting), or Deny anyone access to or membership in a facility or service

(such as a multiple listing service) related to the sale or rental of housing.

Hampton Roa

Documents

Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice Hampton Roads