American Imperialism and American Imperialism and ProgressivismProgressivism

1890-19121890-1912

Michael Quiñoneswww.socialstudiesguy.com

What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism?► Root word is Root word is EmpireEmpire..► An empire is a powerful An empire is a powerful

nation with powerful nation with powerful leadership that seeks to leadership that seeks to acquire and control weaker acquire and control weaker nations.nations.

► Sometimes the more Sometimes the more powerful nations allow the powerful nations allow the weaker nations to rule weaker nations to rule themselves [ex. Ancient themselves [ex. Ancient Rome].Rome].

► Most of the time the Empire Most of the time the Empire assimilates the weaker assimilates the weaker nation into the Empire and nation into the Empire and forces it into submission forces it into submission [ex. Soviet Union].[ex. Soviet Union].

American “Imperialism”American “Imperialism”► Some Americans believed it was the Some Americans believed it was the

U.S. government’s duty to save U.S. government’s duty to save foreign countries from themselves foreign countries from themselves [religiously and economically]. [religiously and economically].

► Reverend Josiah StrongReverend Josiah Strong preached that “we must preached that “we must Christianize them,” by spreading Christianize them,” by spreading our values to the “backward” our values to the “backward” people of the world.people of the world.

► Former U.S. Navy officer Former U.S. Navy officer Alfred Alfred MahanMahan believed the U.S. should believed the U.S. should build and maintain a powerful navy build and maintain a powerful navy to assert world dominance. Mahan to assert world dominance. Mahan gave many examples of world gave many examples of world powers who used such a tactic. powers who used such a tactic.

► Despite the above mentioned Despite the above mentioned reasons many people believed the reasons many people believed the principal reason for U.S. imperialism principal reason for U.S. imperialism was was expansion of U.S. marketsexpansion of U.S. markets for sale of finished goods and for sale of finished goods and acquisition of natural resources.acquisition of natural resources.

Alfred Mahan

James G. Blaine’s Big Sister PolicyJames G. Blaine’s Big Sister Policy► Blaine was U.S. Secretary of Blaine was U.S. Secretary of

State [for the second time] State [for the second time] from 1889-1892.from 1889-1892.

► He wanted the U.S. to He wanted the U.S. to “rally” Latin American “rally” Latin American countries to the side of the countries to the side of the United States.United States.

► Acting as a “Big Sister” the Acting as a “Big Sister” the U.S. could open up markets U.S. could open up markets to buy cheap goods and sell to buy cheap goods and sell finished goods to them.finished goods to them.

► Big Businesses in the U.S. Big Businesses in the U.S. would benefit.would benefit.

Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani ► In the Far East in the Pacific Ocean region the Hawaiian Islands were In the Far East in the Pacific Ocean region the Hawaiian Islands were

close enough to be reached by the U.S. rather quickly by steam ship.close enough to be reached by the U.S. rather quickly by steam ship.

► American settlers and planters [large farm holders] wanted Hawaii American settlers and planters [large farm holders] wanted Hawaii annexed into the United States.annexed into the United States.

► Hawaii’s queen did not agree with total U.S. control. However, U.S. Hawaii’s queen did not agree with total U.S. control. However, U.S. military forces supported the U.S. business actions and Hawaii military forces supported the U.S. business actions and Hawaii became a U.S. controlled territory [became last U.S. state in 1959].became a U.S. controlled territory [became last U.S. state in 1959].

USS MaineUSS Maine► A U.S. warship sent to Havana Harbor in Cuba to protect U.S. A U.S. warship sent to Havana Harbor in Cuba to protect U.S.

interests in 1898.interests in 1898.► Cuba at the time was a Spanish possession.Cuba at the time was a Spanish possession.► There was tension between the U.S. and Spain because Spain held There was tension between the U.S. and Spain because Spain held

territories within the United States’ sphere of influence.territories within the United States’ sphere of influence.► Aboard the USS Maine were tons of explosives that were not Aboard the USS Maine were tons of explosives that were not

tightly guarded or secured.tightly guarded or secured.► A huge explosion occurred killing at least 266 U.S. personnel.A huge explosion occurred killing at least 266 U.S. personnel.► U.S. U.S. newspaper articles speculated that Spain had sunk the ship. The that Spain had sunk the ship. The

U.S. declared war on Spain and defeated her within 113 days.U.S. declared war on Spain and defeated her within 113 days.

American American JingoismJingoism► Emboldened by American war Emboldened by American war

hawks and sensationalist hawks and sensationalist newspapers America became newspapers America became more aggressive militarilymore aggressive militarily..

► America entered into a policy of America entered into a policy of jingoismjingoism that stressed U.S. that stressed U.S. military power and territorial military power and territorial expansion abroad.expansion abroad.

► The immediate result was the The immediate result was the acquisition of acquisition of Puerto RicoPuerto Rico, , CubaCuba, , GuamGuam and the and the PhilippinesPhilippines from the from the Spanish-Spanish-American WarAmerican War..

► What’s the problem with this What’s the problem with this policy?policy?

► The U.S. will have more enemies The U.S. will have more enemies and envious competitorsand envious competitors

The Teller Amendment and CubaThe Teller Amendment and Cuba► President McKinley sought authority [War Message] from President McKinley sought authority [War Message] from

Congress to attack Spain as revenge for the USS Maine.Congress to attack Spain as revenge for the USS Maine.► Senator Senator TellerTeller of Colorado added an amendment to the war of Colorado added an amendment to the war

declaration that would forbid the U.S. from establishing a declaration that would forbid the U.S. from establishing a permanent colony in Cuba.permanent colony in Cuba.

► Cuba would be liberated and allowed to be an independent Cuba would be liberated and allowed to be an independent nation.nation.

The Rough RidersThe Rough Riders► Due to the destruction and low morale created by the U.S. Civil War the U.S. Due to the destruction and low morale created by the U.S. Civil War the U.S.

Military [especially the army] had very low numbers.Military [especially the army] had very low numbers.► In order to field a force able to battle Spain in the so-called In order to field a force able to battle Spain in the so-called Spanish-American Spanish-American

WarWar more than 1,000 volunteers were called to duty by President McKinley. more than 1,000 volunteers were called to duty by President McKinley.► Former NYC police commissioner and state legislator Theodore Roosevelt was Former NYC police commissioner and state legislator Theodore Roosevelt was

selected as second in command of the 1selected as second in command of the 1stst Cavalry Brigade. Cavalry Brigade.

Teddy Roosevelt

The Rough RidersThe Rough Riders► Many of the soldiers were very Many of the soldiers were very

experienced.experienced.

► Veterans of the U.S. Civil War and Veterans of the U.S. Civil War and Western Indian Wars were eager Western Indian Wars were eager to see action in Cuba.to see action in Cuba.

► The group included gamblers, The group included gamblers, army veterans, hunters, Buffalo army veterans, hunters, Buffalo soldiers, Native-Americans and soldiers, Native-Americans and college students.college students.

► Within weeks of their arrival in Within weeks of their arrival in Cuba the Rough Riders were Cuba the Rough Riders were triumphant in key battles triumphant in key battles including the famous and including the famous and decisive decisive Battle of San Juan Battle of San Juan HillHill..

► Their exploits enabled the U.S. to Their exploits enabled the U.S. to defeat Spain and liberate Cuba. defeat Spain and liberate Cuba.

Lt. Colonel Roosevelt

CubaCuba► Cuban citizens had long fought Cuban citizens had long fought

against Spanish rule of the island against Spanish rule of the island nation.nation.

► Many Cuban émigrés fled to the Many Cuban émigrés fled to the United States and received sympathy United States and received sympathy and support. The poet Jose Marti was and support. The poet Jose Marti was also wary of U.S. control of the island.also wary of U.S. control of the island.

► 4 years after its liberation from Spain 4 years after its liberation from Spain the United States granted Cuba its the United States granted Cuba its independence.independence.

► The Platt Amendment passed by The Platt Amendment passed by Congress in 1901 allowed the U.S. to Congress in 1901 allowed the U.S. to maintain a naval base at Guantanamo maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.Bay.

Cuban Revolutionary Jose Marti

Enter T.R.Enter T.R. [Theodore Roosevelt] [Theodore Roosevelt]► After his exploits as Rough Rider, After his exploits as Rough Rider,

NYS legislator, author, explorer, NYS legislator, author, explorer, big game hunter, NYC Police big game hunter, NYC Police Commissioner and governor of Commissioner and governor of NYS he was selected as NYS he was selected as McKinley’s running mate in 1900.McKinley’s running mate in 1900.

► McKinley was assassinated on McKinley was assassinated on September 14, 1901 elevating September 14, 1901 elevating Roosevelt to president of the Roosevelt to president of the United States.United States.

► Immediately after Roosevelt Immediately after Roosevelt became president the became president the international image of the United international image of the United States changed. Roosevelt States changed. Roosevelt introduced the concept of introduced the concept of Big Big Stick Diplomacy.Stick Diplomacy.

Big Stick DiplomacyBig Stick Diplomacy► To assert and maintain control of the American sphere of influence President To assert and maintain control of the American sphere of influence President

Teddy Roosevelt used what he called Big Stick Diplomacy.Teddy Roosevelt used what he called Big Stick Diplomacy.► His motto [borrowed from ad old African proverb was “speak softly and carry His motto [borrowed from ad old African proverb was “speak softly and carry

a big stick.”]a big stick.”]► The metaphor was meant to clearly state his intent to carry out a foreign The metaphor was meant to clearly state his intent to carry out a foreign

policy based on strong military action when needed to support U.S. interests. policy based on strong military action when needed to support U.S. interests. Echoing Alfred Mahan’s opinion that a strong navy would aid this mission the Echoing Alfred Mahan’s opinion that a strong navy would aid this mission the U.S. Navy was essential to projecting U.S. power.U.S. Navy was essential to projecting U.S. power.

Focus GroupsFocus Groups

► Assemble into groups of no more than 4 students.Assemble into groups of no more than 4 students.

► Elect a group leader and time keeper.Elect a group leader and time keeper.

► As a group take 7-8 minutes to decide which 3-4 As a group take 7-8 minutes to decide which 3-4 questions or issues your group will discuss. Spend questions or issues your group will discuss. Spend about 6-7 minutes on each question or issue your group about 6-7 minutes on each question or issue your group decides to raise.decides to raise.

► Time keeper will make sure the time limits are followed.Time keeper will make sure the time limits are followed.

► Group leader will make sure group members stay Group leader will make sure group members stay “focused” and stick to the questions, issues and that “focused” and stick to the questions, issues and that each group member takes turns.each group member takes turns.

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal► The Panama Canal was completed The Panama Canal was completed

after a long and dangerous 10 year after a long and dangerous 10 year construction.construction.

► France had earlier failed miserably in France had earlier failed miserably in its attempt to build the Canal.its attempt to build the Canal.

► Many people died during the long, Many people died during the long, tedious and dangerous construction.tedious and dangerous construction.

► THE PURPOSE OF THE CANAL WAS TO THE PURPOSE OF THE CANAL WAS TO ENSURE THAT ENSURE THAT MARKETSMARKETS IN SOUTH IN SOUTH AMERICA AND ASIA WOULD BE AMERICA AND ASIA WOULD BE OPENED TO THE UNITED STATES.OPENED TO THE UNITED STATES.

► The Panama Canal shortened The Panama Canal shortened shipping time and distance between shipping time and distance between the U.S. and Latin America as well as the U.S. and Latin America as well as Asia.Asia.

The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary

► Roosevelt built onto the Roosevelt built onto the foreign policy established by foreign policy established by President Monroe.President Monroe.

► The The Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine asserted the U.S. would asserted the U.S. would respond militarily if respond militarily if European powers interfered European powers interfered in the Caribbean and Latin in the Caribbean and Latin America.America.

► Roosevelt added that the Roosevelt added that the U.S. would intervene by U.S. would intervene by force, if necessary, into the force, if necessary, into the affairs of Caribbean nations affairs of Caribbean nations if they could not pay debts if they could not pay debts or posed a threat to U.S. or posed a threat to U.S. interests. interests.

Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907► In order to satisfy the In order to satisfy the

desires of nativists in desires of nativists in California the U.S. and California the U.S. and Japan agreed to cease Japan agreed to cease Japanese immigration to Japanese immigration to the U.S.the U.S.

► This policy was intended to This policy was intended to soothe tensions between soothe tensions between the 2 nations.the 2 nations.

► In exchange the U.S. would In exchange the U.S. would guarantee favorable trade guarantee favorable trade with Japan.with Japan.

ProgressivismProgressivism► Root word of progressivism is Root word of progressivism is ProgressProgress..► At the turn of the 20At the turn of the 20thth Century many concerned Americans Century many concerned Americans

wanted to reform “monopoly, corruption, inefficiency and wanted to reform “monopoly, corruption, inefficiency and social injustice.”social injustice.”

► By using the power of government the lives of United States By using the power of government the lives of United States citizens and new immigrants could be improved.citizens and new immigrants could be improved.

► Improving the everyday lives of people in the United States Improving the everyday lives of people in the United States was seen as was seen as ProgressProgress. .

The so-called The so-called ProgressiveProgressive AmendmentsAmendments

►From 1913-1920 Progressive pressed for the From 1913-1920 Progressive pressed for the passage of changes to the U.S. Constitution.passage of changes to the U.S. Constitution.

►1616thth Amendment Amendment-Income tax-Income tax

►1717thth Amendment Amendment-Popular election of U.S. -Popular election of U.S. SenatorsSenators

►1818thth Amendment Amendment--Prohibition of alcoholProhibition of alcohol

In order to increase the amount of revenue [money coming in] to the federal government the U.S. Congress created the federal income tax.

The U.S. Constitution was amended to give the federal government the right to collect a portion of citizens’ incomes in 1913.

The wealthiest Americans paid the highest percentage of income tax.

The money was used to fund federal government programs to improve the lives of citizens.

As this image indicates the federal government “shakes” money out its citizens through income taxation.

In 1913 the U.S. Constitution was amended again to give citizens the power to elect U.S. Senators by direct vote.

Before 1913 U.S. Senators were chosen by the state legislatures of each state.

Most U.S. Senators got their positions from the ruling political party and the appointment was usually patronage [a political favor].

One of the most courageous and aggressive leaders of the temperance movement was Carrie A. Nation.

She was born to slave owners in Kentucky and later moved to the Midwest [Texas and Kansas].

She was very religious and thought alcohol consumption to be evil.

She often would enter saloons and sing hymns to convince drinkers to stop consuming alcohol.

One night, according to Nation, she ha a “vision” from God that she should hatchet saloons to the ground.

Nation became famous for vandalizing saloons to protest alcohol consumption.

In 1919 the 18th Amendment was passed to prohibit the manufacture, possession and consumption of alcohol.

The Temperance movement was successful at making America “dry.” The Volstead Act was a law passed to make specific the methods of

enforcing the 18th Amendment. Organized crime figures in major cities such as Chicago and New

York like Al Capone made millions of dollars making and selling “bootleg” liquor.

People drank liquor secretly in places called speak easies [secret bars].

In 1920 women in the United States were finally granted suffrage.

Suffrage is the right of a citizen to vote.

Activists such as Susan B. Anthony protested for years and lobbied the U.S Congress to add an amendment to the Constitution granting suffrage.

The 19th Amendment gave women in the United States suffrage equality.

Jacob Riis and his PhotosJacob Riis and his Photos► Jacob RiisJacob Riis was an immigrant from Denmark. was an immigrant from Denmark.

► He was a photo-journalist [photographer He was a photo-journalist [photographer who told stories with photos] for New York who told stories with photos] for New York City newspapers.City newspapers.

► He told thousands of photos showing how He told thousands of photos showing how immigrants lived in immigrants lived in squalorsqualor [horrible [horrible poverty], and unsafe/unsanitary poverty], and unsafe/unsanitary conditions.conditions.

► In 1890 he published a collection of his In 1890 he published a collection of his photos titled photos titled How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives showing how the poorest of the urban poor showing how the poorest of the urban poor lived. Americans were outraged!lived. Americans were outraged!

Muck and MuckrakersMuck and Muckrakers► MuckMuck is another word for dirt, slime is another word for dirt, slime

and filth.and filth.► During the late Gilded Age and During the late Gilded Age and

expansion of industrialization expansion of industrialization courageous journalists wrote scathing, courageous journalists wrote scathing, stinging rebukes of certain businesses.stinging rebukes of certain businesses.

► These writers were said to stir up These writers were said to stir up muck or dirt by exposing corruption or muck or dirt by exposing corruption or injustice. injustice.

► Ida Tarbell a journalist [reporter] Ida Tarbell a journalist [reporter] writer based out of New York wrote writer based out of New York wrote dozens of investigative reports about dozens of investigative reports about the tactics of the Standard Oil the tactics of the Standard Oil Company.Company.

► Her newspaper was threatened with Her newspaper was threatened with lawsuits several times but due to good lawsuits several times but due to good fact checking no lawsuits were ever fact checking no lawsuits were ever successful.successful.

► Many people believed the stories were Many people believed the stories were instrumental in the passage of the instrumental in the passage of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Sherman Anti-Trust Act that broke that broke up the oil trust.up the oil trust.

Muck and MuckrakersMuck and Muckrakers► Novelist Novelist Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair, another , another

muckraker, wrote about the muckraker, wrote about the scandalously organized meat scandalously organized meat packing industry.packing industry.

► His best selling book His best selling book The JungleThe Jungle detailed how unsafe working detailed how unsafe working conditions in the meat packing conditions in the meat packing industry that burdened mostly industry that burdened mostly immigrant workers.immigrant workers.

► His tales of extremely poor His tales of extremely poor sanitation conditions threatened the sanitation conditions threatened the lives of consumers who ate lives of consumers who ate products often housed among products often housed among rodents, roaches and other vermin.rodents, roaches and other vermin.

► As a result, shortly after the novel As a result, shortly after the novel was released, the FDA [Food and was released, the FDA [Food and Drug Administration] was founded Drug Administration] was founded to protect food safety.to protect food safety.

Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act Congress passed an anti-monopoly federal law to control the power Congress passed an anti-monopoly federal law to control the power

of trusts controlled by powerful oil, steel and railroad companies.of trusts controlled by powerful oil, steel and railroad companies.

The law was aimed at reducing anti-competitive practices of The law was aimed at reducing anti-competitive practices of business [eliminating business competition].business [eliminating business competition].

Enforcement of the law eventually resulted in the break up of Enforcement of the law eventually resulted in the break up of Standard Oil Company.Standard Oil Company.

Theodore Roosevelt and the Square DealTheodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal► President Theodore Roosevelt was outraged by President Theodore Roosevelt was outraged by The Jungle.The Jungle.► Roosevelt ordered review of all major business industries and wanted to Roosevelt ordered review of all major business industries and wanted to

install tighter government control to prevent abuse by install tighter government control to prevent abuse by Big BusinessBig Business..► Roosevelt’s solution was to unveil a domestic policy called the Roosevelt’s solution was to unveil a domestic policy called the Square Square

Deal Deal predicated on predicated on environmental conservationenvironmental conservation, , consumer consumer protectionprotection and and trust bustingtrust busting..

► Many citizens doubted he could control the immense power of Many citizens doubted he could control the immense power of companies such as U.S. Steel and Standard Oil.companies such as U.S. Steel and Standard Oil.

► Many new anti-trust regulations were passed during and after his Many new anti-trust regulations were passed during and after his administration and millions of acres of forest were saved by national administration and millions of acres of forest were saved by national parks.parks.

Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 Pennsylvania coal miners had been extremely tired of working 12-Pennsylvania coal miners had been extremely tired of working 12-

18 hour days for what they believed were low wages [salary/pay].18 hour days for what they believed were low wages [salary/pay]. The coal miners formed a The coal miners formed a labor unionlabor union called the called the United Mine United Mine

Workers of AmericaWorkers of America.. The miners went out on strike in 1902 for the 3The miners went out on strike in 1902 for the 3rdrd time in 4 years. time in 4 years. President Roosevelt was worried that winter coal shortages would President Roosevelt was worried that winter coal shortages would

affect too many cities.affect too many cities. The federal government intervened to end the strike by granting a The federal government intervened to end the strike by granting a

pay raise to miners, shorter work days and higher coal prices for pay raise to miners, shorter work days and higher coal prices for mining companies.mining companies.

Northern Securities Co. vs. United States

• Landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that forced the owners of major railroad companies to break up their railroad trust [monopoly].

• The breaking of the railroad trusts was another important example of progressive federal government reforms.

• By this action another American business monopoly was broken up by the U.S. government.

Federal law passed as part of President Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal to reform the United States domestically [at home].

In 1903 Railroad companies were forbidden from paying rebates [partial cash refunds] to Oil, Cattle and Steel trusts.

Remember that a trust is a company that is powerful because it has a monopoly. These trusts forced railroads to give them cheaper transport rates than smaller companies. This was bad for competition because Big Business received an unfair advantage.

This law was a strengthened version of the earlier progressive law called the Interstate Commerce Act which limited the power of states to control trade between different states.

MANN ACT

In 1910, Congress

passed this law that prohibited

any interstate and international

transportation of a woman for

immoral [anti-religious]

purposes, mainly prostitution.

This law was another example

of government's growing

concern on moral issues such as

the 18th amendment, but this

law could not protect women

who were sexually assaulted in

homes and workplaces.

This act corrected some weaknesses of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by outlawing such

practices such as price discrimination and interlocking directorates [a business that has

managers that work for different companies and can help control different types of

markets], or management of two or more competing companies by the same

executive. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 was enacted in the United States to add

further substance to the U.S. antitrust law government agents by seeking to prevent

anticompetitive practices at the beginning. That regime started with the 

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful

to consumers (monopolies, cartels, and trusts). The Clayton act specified particular

prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme, the exemptions [exceptions].

Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy► Roosevelt decided Roosevelt decided not to runnot to run for re- for re-

election in 1908.election in 1908.

► His protégé William Howard Taft won His protégé William Howard Taft won the 1908 election.the 1908 election.

► Taft decided to maintain U.S. foreign Taft decided to maintain U.S. foreign policy influence over foreign policy influence over foreign countries by countries by using financial using financial resources resources to bribe, loan or “prop to bribe, loan or “prop up” failing Caribbean nations.up” failing Caribbean nations.

► The use of military force was The use of military force was minimized compared to the Monroe minimized compared to the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary.Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary.

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson► Elected president of the United Elected president of the United

States in 1912 after the one term States in 1912 after the one term failure of Republican William failure of Republican William Howard Taft.Howard Taft.

► He was a well known and influential He was a well known and influential professor and president at the professor and president at the prestigious Princeton University.prestigious Princeton University.

► During the crowded 1912 election During the crowded 1912 election he received 41% of the popular he received 41% of the popular vote among 5 candidates.vote among 5 candidates.

► The Electoral College gave him a The Electoral College gave him a majority enabling him to secure the majority enabling him to secure the presidency against the incumbent presidency against the incumbent Taft and former president Teddy Taft and former president Teddy Roosevelt. Roosevelt.

► After he was elected president he After he was elected president he continued progressive policies such continued progressive policies such as reducing tariffs.as reducing tariffs.

The Bull-Moose CampaignThe Bull-Moose Campaign► Teddy Roosevelt after sitting out the Teddy Roosevelt after sitting out the

1908 presidential campaign hated 1908 presidential campaign hated what Taft had done to the Republican what Taft had done to the Republican party and the U.S.party and the U.S.

► Roosevelt could not wrest the Roosevelt could not wrest the Republican nomination but ran as a Republican nomination but ran as a Progressive party candidate to Progressive party candidate to promote reform.promote reform.

► His platform was based on tighter His platform was based on tighter federal regulation to control powerful federal regulation to control powerful truststrusts..

► Monopolies run by Morgan, Monopolies run by Morgan, Rockefeller and Carnegie needed to Rockefeller and Carnegie needed to be be bustedbusted up according to up according to Roosevelt.Roosevelt.

► The progressive party got its nick The progressive party got its nick name Bull-Moose because of a quote name Bull-Moose because of a quote from Roosevelt saying he was as “fit from Roosevelt saying he was as “fit as a moose” after being shot by a as a moose” after being shot by a would be assassin giving a speech in would be assassin giving a speech in Milwaukee.Milwaukee.

Wilson and ReformWilson and Reform► Throughout Wilson’s entire first Throughout Wilson’s entire first

term he was berated in the press term he was berated in the press by Roosevelt for not being tough by Roosevelt for not being tough on on Big BusinessBig Business..

► In response to criticism from the In response to criticism from the former president he fought to former president he fought to lower lower tariffstariffs that decreased that decreased competition from cheaper foreign competition from cheaper foreign goods and enabled U.S. businesses goods and enabled U.S. businesses to make enormous profits at the to make enormous profits at the expense of U.S. consumers.expense of U.S. consumers.

► Wilson also Wilson also reversedreversed the U.S. the U.S. reliance on Dollar diplomacy.reliance on Dollar diplomacy.

► In doing so Wilson made enemies In doing so Wilson made enemies of large U.S. banks who made of large U.S. banks who made fortunes lending money to foreign fortunes lending money to foreign countries.countries.

Wilson’s PoliciesWilson’s Policies► Wilson was more flexible in his foreign policy than Roosevelt.Wilson was more flexible in his foreign policy than Roosevelt.► He pushed for freedom for the Philippines with the He pushed for freedom for the Philippines with the Jones Act Jones Act which allowed for which allowed for

independence as soon they developed a stable government [1946].independence as soon they developed a stable government [1946].► However, he sent troops to Haiti in 1916 to stabilize political unrest.However, he sent troops to Haiti in 1916 to stabilize political unrest.► His most controversial policy wasHis most controversial policy was isolationismisolationism which stressed a stance of non- which stressed a stance of non-

involvement in European wars.involvement in European wars.► After German aggression against France and England many people in Europe called for After German aggression against France and England many people in Europe called for

U.S. entrance into the unfolding Great War [World War I].U.S. entrance into the unfolding Great War [World War I].► The ocean liner The ocean liner R.M.S. LusitaniaR.M.S. Lusitania was sunk by a German u-boat in May of 1915 testing was sunk by a German u-boat in May of 1915 testing

his isolationist stance after more than 100 Americans were killed. Many Americans his isolationist stance after more than 100 Americans were killed. Many Americans called for revenge. The U.S. did not immediately enter the War after this event.called for revenge. The U.S. did not immediately enter the War after this event.

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