CHAPTER

NINE-

The Mandan are a Native American people living in North Dakota. They are enrolled in the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. About half of the Mandan still reside in the area of the reservation; the rest reside around the United States and in Canada.

The Mandan historically lived along the banks of the Missouri River and two of its tributaries—the Heart and Knife Rivers—in present-day North and South Dakota. Speakers of Mandan, a Siouan language, developed a settled, agrarian culture. They established permanent villages featuring large, round, earth lodges, some 40 feet (12 m) in diameter, surrounding a central plaza. While the bison was key to the daily life of the Mandan, they also farmed and actively traded goods with other Great Plains tribes.

North American Communities From Coast to Coast

New Nation

City of New York 60,000 in 1800

Philadelphia had 70,000 in Population

Baltimore had a population of 26,000

Boston had a population of 26,000 people.

Washington only had 3,000 people it was made the capital of the United States to compromise for helping South

America grew from 3.5 million to 5.3 million. Growth was greatest in the trans Appalachian West, region that already had 100,000

To the North: British North America and Russian America

The promyshlenniki (from the Russian промышленность, literally "a trade of business") were Russian and native Siberian contract workers drawn largely from the State serf and townsman class who engaged in the maritime fur trade in Siberia and Alaska in the 1790s. Although not all fur hunters (many were sailors, carpenters, and craftsmen), they were the backbone of Russian trading operations in Alaska. By the early 1820s, when the share system was abandoned and replaced by salaries, their status remained in name only; they became employees of the Russian-American Company and their duties and activities became increasingly less involved in the fur-gathering activities of the Company

To the West and South: The Spanish Empire, Haiti, and the Caribbean

Spain posed the greatest threat to the United States because it possessed most of North and South America. Mexico had 200,000 people. There were tensions with indigenous people and the Spanish rule. Despite Spain’s desire to seal its territory from commerce with other nations a brisk but legal trade in otter skins, hides and other goods developed between the United States and California after the first American ship the Lelia Bird arrived as a commercial ship.

This Lelia Bird was a “clipper ship”

A clipper was a very fast sailing ship of the middle third of the 19th century. They were fast, yacht like vessels, with three masts and a square rig. They were generally narrow for their length, could carry limited bulk freight, small by later 19th century standards, and had a large total sail area. Clipper ships were mostly constructed in British and American shipyards, though France, Brazil, the Netherlands and other nations also produced some. Clippers sailed all over the world, primarily on the trade routes between the United Kingdom and its colonies in the east, in trans-Atlantic trade, and the New York-to-San Francisco route round Cape Horn during the California Gold Rush. Dutch clippers were built beginning in the 1850s for the tea trade and passenger service to Java.

The boom years of the clipper ship era began in 1843 as a result of a growing demand for a more rapid delivery of tea from China. It continued under the stimulating influence of the discovery of gold in California and Australia in 1848 and 1851, and ended with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869

St. Louis was founded by trader Pierre Laclede in 1763. By 1800 the town had few than a thousand residents three-quarters of whom were officials tried to supervise that trade from their offices and towns. Other French traders needed more opportunity to trade.

New Orleans was a trade center for the French and the United States this is the Mississippi

American traders were making inroads on Spanish held territory along the Mississippi River as well. New Orleans acquired by Spain from France at the end of the Seven Years War in 1763 was becoming a thriving international port. In 1801 it shipped more than $3 million worth of goods. Every year, a greater proportion of products for the distance up the Mississippi River. The Pinckney Treaty 1795 with Spain guaranteed American free navigation of the Mississippi River. Americans were uncomfortably aware that the city’s crucial location at the Mississippi Valley Region

Trans-Appalachia

After the battle of Fallen Timbers broke Indian resistance in 1794 Cincinnati became the point of departure for immigrants arriving by the Ohio River on their way to settle the interior of the Old Northwest; Ohio, Indian and Illinois. In 1800 Cincinnati had tripled in size confirming it was a commercial city of the west,

Cincinnati became a great trade center. It was called the Queen of the Mississippi or the “Queen City”.

A National Economy

A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.[2] The fibers are processed into clothing or other cotton goods, and any undamaged seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil and meal.

Although simple handheld roller gins have been used in India and other countries since at least 500 AD,[3] the first modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793, and patented in 1794. It used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through, while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams. Whitney's gin revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States, but also led to the growth of slavery in the American South as the demand for cotton workers rapidly increased. The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of the American Civil War.[4] Modern automated cotton gins use multiple powered cleaning cylinders and saws, and offer far higher productivity than their hand-powered tool.

Neutral Shipping at War

In 1800 the United States was predominantly rural and agricultural. According to the census 94 of 100 Americans lived in communities of fewer than 2500 and four of five families famed the land. Farming families followed centuries old traditions of wrong with hand tools and draft animals producing most of their own food and fiber. Crops were grown for subsistence rather than for sale Commodities such as whiskey and hogs provided a small and irregular cash incomes or items for barter. As late as 1820 only 20% of the produce of American farm was consumed outside the local community.

The Empress of China (AKA "Chinese Queen") was a three-masted, square-rigged sailing ship of 360 tons,[2] initially built in 1783 for service as a privateer.[3] After the Treaty of Paris brought a formal end to the American Revolutionary War, the vessel was refitted for commercial purposes . It became the first American ship to sail from the newly independent United States to China, opening what is known today as the Old China Trade and transporting the first official representative of the American government to Canton.

Columbia Rediviva (commonly known as the Columbia) was a privately owned ship under the command of John Kendrick, along with Captain Robert Gray, best known for going to the Pacific Northwest for the maritime fur trade. The "Rediviva" (Latin "revived") was added to her name upon a rebuilding in 1787. Since Columbia was privately owned, she did not carry the prefix designation "USS".

Jefferson’s Presidency

The Jefferson Presidency

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 8.1 The Presidential Election 1800

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is perhaps the most complex and controversial neurological disorder because each person with autism is different from the other. People with autism do not have learning disability but lack a lot of other skills which are needed for leading a fulfilling life in a society. Characteristic features of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) include lack of socializing skills, repetition of some action or behavior, coordination problems and strong visual skills. ASD was not known until the 20th century, but researchers suspect that a lot of geniuses in the past could have suffered from the disorder. Here are six influential people with autism you will be surprised to know

1. Albert Einstein: Although scientists are yet to understand the complete neurological pathways and the underlying mechanism of autism, researches at Cambridge University suggest that Noble Laureate Albert Einstein could have suffered Asperger’s syndrome. Ioan James in the article ‘Singular Scientists’ that was published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, mentions that Einstein displayed a lot of signs of autism. He has been described a lonely and dreamy child who had difficulty in making friends. He lacked social skills, was obsessed and forgetful when he was young.

2. Issac Newton: Baron-Cohen, the head of the autism research centre at Cambridge, suggested that along with Einstein, Sir Issac Newton also showed signs of autism. Newton barely spoke, was sensitive to criticism, rarely made intimate friends and was extremely jealous. Researchers believe that such people are very impatient with others who have a slow intellectual and grasping power, which is why they choose to be isolated.

3. Thomas Jefferson: Thomas Jefferson, revolutionary leader and 3rd president of the United States, also joins the list of historic autistic achievers. There have been a lot of speculations regarding neurosis displayed by Jefferson. In a review of the book ‘The ADHD-Autism Connection: A Step Toward More Accurate Diagnosis and Effective Treatments,’ by Diane M. Kennedy, Thomas Jefferson’s name has been mentioned in the list of influential people in the past who showed symptoms that can be attributed to autism. A clear direction to this speculation is provided in the book ‘Diagnosing Jefferson: Evidence of a Condition That Guided His Beliefs, Behavior, and Personal Associations,’ by Norm Ledgin which describes Jefferson as an aloof person who had speech difficulties and sensitivity to loud noise.

4. Michelangelo di Ludovico Buonarroti: Michelangelo was one of the greatest artists of the ancient era, whose versatility and creativity was evident through his sculptures, paintings and poems. A study by Arshad M and Fitzgerald M presented evidence that Michelangelo indeed showed symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome. He was a loner because of his poor social interests and lack of communication skills. He worked single-mindedly and was totally obsessed with his masterpieces. The study also mentions that his obsessive nature was completely unaffected by his medical problems.

5. Charles Darwin: Known for his immense contribution to the theory of evolution, Charles Darwin had an intriguing behaviour which was brought into the limelight by Prof Michael Fitzgerald. In his research, Fitzgerald offers several facts suggesting that Darwin could have been an autistic. His self-loving nature, avoidance of direct communication, unique way of thinking and looking at things that have been mentioned in biographies and literature clearly indicates that he was autistic.

6. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Mozart was a remarkable composer of his times and probably the greatest musician the world has ever known. He was genius as a child and focused only on music since the age of five years. There are a number of reports that linked Mozart’s behaviour with multiple neurological disorders including Tourette’s syndrome and Asperger’s syndrome. His obsession with his thoughts and inanimate objects, repetition of certain movements, unusual facial expressions and erratic mood swings typically indicated that he could have been autistic.

Republican Agrarianism

An 1800 campaign banner

Jefferson was not worried about the Malthus Theory. He believed that through agriculture and expansion to the west American can feed its people.

Jefferson’s policies of “republic of virtue”. Jefferson proposed a program of “simplicity and frugality”. He proposed to cut all internal taxes, to reduce the size of the army from 4,000 to 2,500 men, the navy from 25 ships to 7 and the government staff and to eliminate the entire national debt inherited from the Federals. He kept all these promises even the last although the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 cost the Treasury 15% MILLION. This diminishment of government was a key matter of republican principle to Jefferson. Jefferson’s yeoman famer was to be self governing citizen, the federal government must not be large or powerful. His cost cutting measures.

Jefferson’ inauguration: “a wise and frugal government which shall restrain men from injuring one another shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits.”

Jefferson’s Government

As federal policymakers gear up to battle over federal spending and the budget sequester this Fall, it is interesting to consider past efforts at restraint. President Calvin Coolidge, for example, held the federal budget down to about $3 billion seven years in a row, while cutting taxes and bringing the federal debt down from $22 billion to $17 billion.

President Thomas Jefferson pursued his own rough sequester, and substantially reduced the federal debt that had accumulated under the Federalists. In a 1799 letter to Elbridge Gerry, Jefferson said “I am for a government rigorously frugal and simple, applying all the possible savings of the public revenue to the discharge of the national debt.” Jefferson more or less followed through over his two terms. He kept total federal spending at about $9 to $10 billion, although his downsizing efforts were thrown off by various contingencies.

Figure 1 shows the basic story. Federal spending rose substantially under Presidents George Washington and John Adams, but then flattened under Jefferson between 1801 and 1809. Federal debt fell from $83 million in 1801 to $57 million in 1809. The drop in debt was impressive, especially considering that the government swallowed $13 million of added debt during that period from the Louisiana purchase. The success of Jefferson—and his Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin—in reducing debt stemmed not from cuts to overall spending, but from simply ensuring that revenue increases from a growing economy went toward paying down the debt rather than expanding the government.

Jefferson attempted to eliminate the national debt because of his wish for small government. Jefferson believed that the nation did not need to carry a line of debt in order to build foreign credit, a policy that Hamilton vigorously advocated while in the Washington cabinet. Jefferson repealed many Federalist taxes including the tax that prompted the Whiskey Rebellion which was made up of many Republican supporters. Jefferson believed that the federal government was able to operate exclusively on customs revenue and need no direct taxation. While initially successful, this policy would later prove disastrous when trade to the United States was interrupted by the Napoleonic Wars between Great Britain and France.

Jefferson also decreased the size of the military, which he believed was an unnecessary drain on the resources of the republic. Much of the federalist navy that was created under the Adams administration was scrapped. When Federalists criticized this policy as leaving the nation vulnerable to foreign attack, Jefferson responded that he believed citizen soldiers would arise to defend the country in case of attack, much as they did during the American Revolution.

Thomas Jefferson

The Financial Debate

Pierre-Charles L’Enfant’s 1791 plan for Washington

Pierre-Charles L’Enfant was an architecture for the new city of Washington. He used principles of Paris.

This sampler was made by Peggy Castleman

An Independent Judiciary

Jefferson in Power

Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government.

The case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams but whose commission was not subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force the new Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents. The Court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, found firstly that Madison's refusal to deliver the commission was both illegal and remediable. Nonetheless, the Court stopped short of compelling Madison (by writ of mandamus) to hand over Marbury's commission, instead holding that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that enabled Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional, since it purported to extend the Court's original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established. The petition was therefore defeated.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson in Power

Lewis and Clark

Incorporating Louisiana

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3Ox6vGteek

A page from William Clark’s journal of the Lewisand Clark expedition

There was great loyalty towards Lewis and Clark. Lewis stated he would not go on expedition if Clark did not go.

Incorporating Louisiana

Jefferson in Power

The Louisiana Purchase

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 8.2 The Louisiana Purchase

New Orleans in 1803, at the time of the Louisiana Purchase.

Texas and the Struggle for Mexican Independence

Claiborne moved to New Orleans and oversaw the transfer of Louisiana to U.S. control after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Local French and Spanish inhabitants saw it for what it was, i.e., a military occupation[11] which they resented, quoting in their remonstrance and meetings that they were no more than conquered subjects who had not been consulted.[12] He governed what would become the State of Louisiana, then termed the "Territory of Orleans", during its period as a United States territory from 1804 through 1812.Relations with Louisiana's Créole population were initially rather strained: Claiborne was young, inexperienced and unsure of himself, and on his arrival spoke no French. French elite were initially alarmed when Claiborne retained the services of the militia of free people of color, which had served with considerable distinction during the preceding forty-year Spanish rule. Claiborne bestowed a ceremonial flag and 'colors' on the battalion, a fact which would enmesh him in a duel held in the Spanish territory, near the current Houmas House plantation, three years later with his arch-enemy Daniel Clark, June 8, 1807, in which the Governor was shot through one thigh with the bullet ending in the other.[13] Claiborne gradually gained the confidence of the French elite, saw the territory take in Francophone refugees from the Haitian Revolution, and was Governor during an event reported as a slave revolt in the area around La Place.In 1805, Claiborne appointed Alexander Fulton, the founder of Alexandria, as the coroner of Rapides Parish.[14]An event widely reported to be the largest slave revolt in American history, the 1811 German Coast Uprising, occurred while he was Governor. However, the American government, over which he presided, had little participation in its suppression. The "parish" courts, dominated by French planters, imposed convictions and sentencing of those slaves who survived. The U.S. military forces had arrived too late to either capture the slaves, or to prevent their "slaughter" at the hands of the local militia, i.e., the white residents up and down the Mississippi river. Claiborne himself had written at least twice to the parish courts to request that they refer cases to him for executive pardon, or clemency, rather than the wholesale death sentences which were being handed down. The only known beneficiaries of his pardon were Theodore and Henry; however, no records exist that Claiborne refused any other pardon requests from this event

Sir, New-Orleans, April 5th. 1808.

The "Civil Code" alluded to in my last letter, is nothing more, than a "Digest of the Civil Laws now in force in this Territory". This work will be of infinite service to the Magistrate and the Citizen: Heretofore a knowledge of the Laws, by which we were governed, was extremely confined; The Lawyers who avowed themselves to be civilians, told the Judges what the Law was, and the Citizens in the most common transactions of life, needed the aid of Council, But this state of insecurity and uncertainty will for the future be in a great measure removed.

I see much to admire in the Civil Law; but there are some principles, which ought to yield to the common Law Doctrine; Indeed it has with me been a favorite policy to assimilate as much as possible the Laws & usages of this Territory, to those of the States generally; but the work of innovation, cannot be pursued hastily, nor could it be prosecuted to advantage or with safety until the existing Laws were fully presented to our view.

I have no late Intelligence from Washington. The Fort Stoddard Mail often fails, and the earliest information is generally conveyed hither by water. I have thought, that if two or three Pilot Boat Schooners were employed in the conveyance of Letters between New-Orleans and the Atlantic Ports, that intelligence would pass and repass with great expedition; A Pilot Boat Schooner for instance with a tolerable wind might perform the voyage from Balize to Charleston in seven or eight days, and to Norfolk in twelve or thirteen.

Parties for and against Mr. Clark in this City are becoming violent. A news-paper war is raging. His Disposition against General W. has given rise to much severe an’im adversion on Mr. Clark’s general character and conduct. I have the honor to be Sir, with great respect,

William C. C. Claiborne

With Claiborne’s full support Louisiana adopted a legal code in 1808 that was based on French Civil Law rather than English common law. This was not a small concession. French law differed from English law in many fundamental respects such as in family property communal versus male ownership, in inheritance forced heirship versus free disposal and even in contracts.

Napoleon brought turmoil to all of Mexico. In 1808 having invaded Spain he installed is brother Joseph Bonaparte as king forcing Spain's king Charles IV to renounce his throne. Fir the next years as warfare convulsed Spain, the countries long prized Mexico. Two revolts occurred in Mexico 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo and 1813 Father Mose Morelos were suppressed by the royalists who executed both revolutionary leaders

Father Morelas rebel with Mexico’s freedom

Bernardo Gutierrez invaded Texas and captured San Antonio assassinated Manuel Salcedo and declared Texas independent.

Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America

By 1805 Napoleon had conquered most of Europe but Britain was the victor at the Battle of Trafalgar. Trafalgar meant England controlled the seas .Beginning in 1805 the British targeted the American re-export trade between the Caribbean and France by seizing American ships that were bringing French West Indian goods to Europe. Angry Americans viewed these seizures as violations of their rights as shippers of a neutral nation

Trafalgar Square in England Honoring England’s Naval Victory over Napoleon

British Naval ships treated their sailors poorly. Many British Sailors deserted their ships and went to American ships. There were 25,000 English men on American ships which were around a total of 100,000. Soon the British were stopping American merchant vessels and removing any suspect sailor as going AWOL. At least 6,000 American citizens suffered forced impressment from 1803 to 1812

British over took any American trade with French. Angry Americans views these seizures as violations of their rights of Freedom of the Seas

The Seas were controlled by England; America had problems with Sea Trade in the World

In 1807 impressment turned bloody when the British ship Leopard stopped the American ship Chesapeake in American territorial waters and demanded to search for deserters. When the American refused the Leopard opened fire killing three men and removing four deserters.

The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair was a naval engagement that occurred off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on 22 June 1807, between the British warship HMS Leopard and American frigate USS Chesapeake, when the crew of the Leopard pursued, attacked and boarded the American frigate looking for deserters from the Royal Navy.[1] The Chesapeake was caught unprepared and after a short battle involving broadsides from the Leopard, her commander, James Barron, surrendered his vessel to the British after firing only one shot. Four crew members were removed from the American vessel and were tried for desertion, one of whom was subsequently hanged. The Chesapeake was allowed to return home where James Barron was court martialed and suspended from command.

The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair created uproar among Americans and strident calls for war with Great Britain, but these quickly subsided. President Thomas Jefferson initially attempted to use this widespread bellicosity to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter. The United States Congress backed away from armed conflict when British envoys showed no contrition for the Chesapeake affair and delivered proclamations reaffirming impressment. Jefferson's political failure to coerce Great Britain led him towards economic warfare: the Embargo of 180

Embargo Act

Jefferson in Power

The Embargo

Madison and Pressure for War

O-Grab-Me

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTaAfzDQU8U

Madison and the Failure of “Peaceable Coercion”

Macon’s Bill #2 was an unsuccessful attempt to prohibit trade with Britain and Frances unless they ceased their hostile treat of United states shipping. Frustration with the ineffectiveness of government policy mounted.

Macon's Bill Number 2,[1] which became law in the United States on May 14, 1810, was intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain and France (for three months). If either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon American shipping, the United States would end trade with the other, unless that other country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well.[2]

Napoleon immediately saw a chance to exploit this bill in order to further his Continental Plan, a form of economic warfare he believed would destroy Britain's economy. A message was sent to the United States, stating the rights of the American merchant ships as neutral carriers would be recognized. President James Madison, a staunch opponent of the bill, grudgingly accepted Napoleon's offer. However, Napoleon had no intention of ever following through on his promise, and Madison soon realized this as well, ignoring the French promise. The British were still highly offended by the agreement and threatened force, thus motivating Napoleon to withdraw altogether. Still, the damage had been done and soon the U.S. and Britain were entangled in the War of 1812 due to the continued harassment of American ships and escalated tensions between the United States and the nations of Europe.[2]

A general consensus among historians is that this bill was effectively useless, as it was quickly seen that the European economies played upon the weaknesses this bill created. As a result, the bill's parameters were never enforced, due to Madison's correct interpretation of France's deviation. Macon's Bill Number 2 responded to the ineffectiveness of the Non-Intercourse Act (1809) and the Embargo Act before it

A Contradictory Indian Policy

The United States faced their conflicts beside the British and French over neutral shipping rights. In the West the powerful Indian nations of the Ohio Valley were determined to resist the wave of expansion that had carried thousands of white settlers onto their lands. North of the Ohio River lived the Northwest Confederation of the Shawnees, Delaware's, Miami's, Potawomis and several smaller tribes. To the south of the Ohio were the Five Southern Tribes, the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks and the Seminoles.

After the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson offered traditionalist Indian groups new lands west of the Mississippi River, where they could live undisturbed by white settlers. Jefferson failed to consider the pace of westward expansion. Less than twenty years later, Missouri the first trans- Mississippi state was admitted to the Union. Western Indians like the Mandan who had seemed so remote were threatened by westward expansion

The Shawnees a seminomadic hunting and farming tribe of the Ohio Valley had resisted white settlement in Kentucky and Ohio since the 1750’s Anthony Wayne’s decisive defeat of the Indian confederacy led by Little Turtle at Fallen Timbers continued to pressure Indians and left the Shawnee’s divided.

The "Second War of Independence"The Indian Response

Tecumseh’s Vision

Chief Tecumseh

Tenskwatawa[pronunciation?], (also called Tenskatawa, Tenskwatawah, Tensquatawa or Lalawethika) (March 1768 – November 1836) was a Native American religious and political leader of the Shawnee tribe, known as The Prophet or the Shawnee Prophet. He was the brother of Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnee. He was originally given the name Lalawethika (He Makes a Loud Noise or The Noise Maker). He denounced Americans as children of the devil and mobilized the Indians in the Midwest to fight them, but his movement was defeated in the War of 1812 when his brother was killed, and he went to the area now known as Argentine, Kansas

The Prophet brother to Tecumseh

In November 1811 Tecumseh was still recruiting among the southern tribes. Harrison marched to the pan-Indian village of Tippecanoe with 1000 soldiers. The 600 to 700 Indian warriors a the town urged on by the Prophet Tenskwatawa attacked Harrison's forces before dawn on November 7 hoping to surprise them. The attack failed and the battle that followed the American inflicted about 150 Indian casualties while sustaining about as many themselves. Although Harrison claimed victory, the truth was far different.

William Harrison used his superficial victory at Tippecanoe as a Presidential slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” for the 1840 Presidential Campaign.

Tecumseh- Shawnee military leader.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nRIQVNUI4I

War of 1812

War Hawks

THE WAR HAWKS OF 1812

This colorful image from around the time of the War

The term "War Hawk" was coined by the prominent Virginia Congressman John Randolph of Roanoke, a staunch opponent of entry into the war, created the term "War Hawk". There was, therefore, never any "official" roster of War Hawks; as historian Donald Hickey notes, "Scholars differ over who (if anyone) ought to be classified as a War Hawk."[4] One scholar believes the term "no longer seems appropriate."[5] However, most historians use the term to describe about a dozen members of the Twelfth Congress. The leader of this group was Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was another notable War Hawk. Both of these men became major players in American politics for decades. Other men traditionally identified as War Hawks include Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky, William Lowndes of South Carolina, Langdon Cheves of South Carolina, Felix Grundy of Tennessee, and William W. Bibb of Georgia.[3]

The older members of the Party, led by United States President James Madison and Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin, unsuccessfully tried to defeat the War Hawks movement; they felt that the United States was unprepared for war

The "Second War of Independence"The War of 1812

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 8.3 The War of 1812.

John Calhoun of South Carolina was a War Hawk

As a result of Jefferson economizing the American army and navy were small an weak. In contrast the British fresh from almost ten years of Napoleonic Wars were skilled in fighting. At sea the British navy quickly established a strong blockade, harassing coastal shipping along the Atlantic seaboard and attacking coastal settlements at will. In the Most Humiliating attack the British burned Washington in the summer of 1814 forcing the President and Dolly Madison to flee.

The Campaigns against the Northern and Southern Indians

Fort Dearborne was Chicago in 1812 this fort and Detroit were capture by British and Indians.

Americans surrender at Ft. Detroit to British and Indians

William H. Harrison defeated British at Battle of Thames. Tecumseh died in battle. Harrison also retook Detroit

The reenactment of Admiral Perry’s victory in his ship the Lawrence against Captain Barclay of England

Victories with Admiral Perry at the Put-In-Bay Lake Erie Theatre were critical for America’s victory for 1812 War.

The Burning of Washington in 1814 was an attack during the War of 1812 between British forces and those of the United States of America. On August 24, 1814, after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington City and set fire to many public buildings, including the White House and the Capitol, as well as other facilities of the U.S. government.[3] The British commander's orders to burn only public buildings and strict discipline among the British troops are credited with preserving the city's private buildings. The attack was in part a retaliation to American actions in the Raid on Port Dover.

Throughout the history of the United States, the U.K. is the only country to have ever burned the White House or Washington, D.C., and this was the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power captured and occupied the United States capital.

The Taking of the City of Washington.

Ft. Mc Henry (Baltimore) did not fall to the pressure of English control. This is were we have the famous Star Spangle Banner song.

This was the USS Constitution. This frigate was know as “old Ironsides” destroy two British men of war. The Gurriere and the Java.

Andrew Jackson, American soldier and statesman, 7th president of the United States (b at Waxhaw, SC, 15 Mar 1767; d Nashville, Ten, at 8 Jun 1845). Andrew Jackson was a distinguished general of the War of 1812 and his conduct, particularly at the Battle of New Orleans (1815), established him as a national hero. The fiery Jackson would turn that heroic status into a successful and controversial career in politics when he became the president of the United States

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (also known as Tohopeka, Cholocco Litabixbee or The Horseshoe), was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under Major General Andrew Jackson[2] defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War

The lid of a chest decorated with scenes fromthe War of 1812.

Ending the War: The Hartford Convention and the Treaty of Ghent

The Treaty of Ghent (8 Stat. 218), signed on December 24, 1814 in the Flemish city of Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum — that is, it restored the borders of the two countries to the line before the commencement of hostilities.[1] The Treaty was ratified by Parliament on December 30, 1814 and signed into law by the Prince Regent (the future King George IV). Because of the era's lack of telecommunications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States. An American army under Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815 . The Treaty of Ghent was not in effect until it was ratified by the U.S. Senate unanimously on February 18, 1

Signing of Treaty of Ghent

Treaty of Ghent: Like the war itself the treaty was inconclusive. The major issues of impressment and neutral rights were not mentioned but the British did agree to evacuate their western posts and late in the negotiations they abandoned their insistence on a buffer state for neutral Indian peoples in the Northwest. Andrew Jackson’s victory at New Orleans allowed Americans to believe that they had defeated the British. It would be more accurate to say that by not losing the war America and ended their own feelings of colonial dependence.

The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. American combatants, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, prevented an invading British Army, commanded by General Edward Pakenham, and Royal Navy, commanded by Admiral Alexander Cochrane, from seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814, but hostilities would continue in Louisiana until January 18 when the last of the British forces had retreated, finally putting an end to the Battle of New Orleans

The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the debate.[1]

The convention discussed removing the three-fifths compromise which gave slave states more power in Congress and requiring a two-thirds super majority in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and laws restricting trade. The Federalists also discussed their grievances with the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo of 1807. However, weeks after the convention's end, news of Major General Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast, discrediting and disgracing the Federalists, resulting in their elimination as a major national political force

Defining the Boundaries

Another Westward Surge

Land Act of 1820 Congress set the price of land at $1.25 an acre the minimum purchase at eighty acres in contrast to the 640 acres in 1785 and a down payment of $100 in cash. This was the most liberal and law yet passed in American history but the cash requirements still favored speculators who had more cash than most small farmers.

Moses Cleaveland (January 29, 1754 – November 16, 1806) was a lawyer, politician, soldier, and surveyor from Connecticut who founded the U.S. city of Cleveland, Ohio, while surveying the Western Reserve in 1796.

The Election of 1816 and the Era of Good Feeling

The American System, originally called "The American Way", was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture."[1] Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the “American System”.

In 1816 Congress Chartered the Second Bank of the United States for twenty years. The Bank was a private institution supported by some of the nations wealthiest men with whom the government cooperated. Located in Philadelphia the bank had capital of $35 million of which the government contributed $7 million. The bank was expected to provide the large scale financing that the smaller state banks could not handle and create a strong national currency. Yet there were special interest groups that benefited from a National Bank.

National Road Investment was the American System.

Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams

Between 1794 and 1811, Adams served as Minister to the Netherlands, Germany, and Russia, where he persuaded Czar Alexander to allow American ships to trade in Russian ports. In 1814, he led the U.S. peace commissioners in five months of negotiations for the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812.

In 1817, President James Monroe made Adams his Secretary of State. Serving in that position until 1825, Adams played a crucial role in creating the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European nations not to meddle in the affairs of the Americas. He also negotiated agreements that guaranteed U.S. fishing rights off the Canadian coast, established a section of the U.S.–Canadian border, and transferred Florida from Spain to the United States.

The Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Panic of 1819

The illusionary asset or bubble which caused the 1819 panic was land speculation. The value of land rose too high too quickly and created value which was not true.

Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States[1] followed by a general collapse of the American Economy persisting through 1821.[2][3] The Panic announced the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe[4] toward a dynamic economy, increasingly characterized by the financial and industrial imperatives of laissez-faire capitalism.[5]

Though driven by global market adjustments in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars,[6] the severity of the downturn was compounded by excessive speculation in public lands,[7] fueled by the unrestrained issue of paper money from banks and business concerns.[8]

The Second Bank of the United States (BUS), itself deeply enmeshed in these inflationary practices,[9] sought to compensate for its laxness in regulating the state bank credit market by initiating a sharp curtailment in loans by its western branches, beginning in 1818.[10] Failing to provide metallic currency when presented with their own bank notes by the BUS, the state-chartered banks began foreclosing on the heavily mortgaged farms and business properties they had financed.[11] The ensuing financial panic, in conjunction with a sudden recovery in European agricultural production in 1817[12] led to widespread bankruptcies and mass unemployment.[13]

The financial disaster and depression provoked popular resentment against banking and business enterprise,[14] and a general belief that federal government economic policy was fundamentally flawed.[15] Americans, many for the first time, became politically engaged so as to defend their local economic interests.[16]

The New Republicans and their American System [17] – tariff protection, internal improvements and the BUS – were exposed to sharp criticism, eliciting a vigorous defense.[18]

This widespread discontent would be mobilized by Democratic-Republicans in alliance with Old Republicans, and a return to the Jeffersonian principles of limited government, strict construction of the Constitution and Southern preeminence.[19] The Panic of 1819 marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings[20] and the rise of Jacksonian nation.

An early American coin, bearing an image of libertyand the word itself

Missouri Compromise 1820

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

American Art, Press and Culture 1800-1820

A print shop in the early republic.

The bombardment of Baltimore’s Fort

Venerate the Plough

An engraving from The Lady’s Magazine

Infant Liberty Nursed by Mother Mob

The Providential Detection