- 1. The United States Looks Overseas1853-1915
2. Eyes on the Pacific 3. Opening Japan to Trade U.S. Merchants
were eager to trade w/ Japan Japan Had blocked outside trade &
barred foreigners from entering or leaving country for 250 years
1853 U.S. warship commanded by Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed
into Tokyo Bay Presented Japanese w/ a Presidential letter calling
for trading rights to Americans Japanese were amazed by U.S.
warship & its guns 1854 Perry returned to Japan & signed a
treaty opening Japan for trade Japan also recognized their weakness
w/ Perry visit Set out to transform Japan into an industrial nation
that could compete in modern world 4. Purchasing Alaska 1867 Alaska
purchased from Russia for $7.2 million Alaska was viewed as a
stepping stone for trade w/ Asia & the Pacific Increased the
area of the U.S. by almost 1/5 Purchase was opposed by many
Americans Was a frozen wasteland Views changed when gold was
discovered in 1897 5. The Expansionist Mood Until late 1800s
Americans followed George Washingtons advice to steer clear of
permanent alliances Isolationism policy followed Avoiding
involvement in other countries affairs European nations undertook
policy of imperialism during this time Building empires by imposing
political & economic control over peoples around the world Late
1800s New spirit of expansionism Arguments for increased
involvement in world affairs Promoting economic growth &
spreading American values New view of history also encouraged
expansionism 6. The Turner Thesis 1893 Frederick Jackson Turner
Thesis: western frontier had defined American history, built
individualism & democratic values Conclusion: And now, four
centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred
years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and
with its going has closed the first period of American history. Few
historians accept his thesis Idea of a closing frontier influenced
expansionists like Theodore Roosevelt Overseas expansion was the
new frontier Would help renew nations vitality & strength 7.
Promoting Economic Growth U.S. Powerful industrial economy Produced
more than would be bought in U.S. Nervous that expanding European
empire would close global markets & access to raw materials
Alfred T. Mahan Expansionist support Naval captain & author
U.S. prosperity depended on trade Key was a strong navy to control
worlds sea lanes, protecting U.S. access to foreign markets 8.
Spreading American Values Late 1800s Americans Believed Anglo-Saxon
race was superior American had divine duty to spread Christian
values &western civilization around the world 9. Gaining
Footholds in the Pacific Pacific Islands Essential for expanding
trade & U.S. influence Rivalry for Samoa U.S. Steamships Co.
& Navy wanted to set up coaling stations Britain & Germany
also wanted Samoa 1889 Warships from 3 countries were sent to Samoa
Typhoon struck & destroyed most of the warships 1899 U.S. &
Germany divided the islands of Samoa People of Samoa had no say in
the matter 10. Interest in Hawaii Location between Asia & U.S.
Could serve as U.S. military outpost 1st people Came by canoe from
other Pacific islands in 600s 1778 Captain James Cook arrived 1820
1st American missionaries arrived To convert Hawaiians to
Christianity Later other Americans acquired land & set up
plantations Sugar industry As it grew so did power of American
planters 1887 American planters forced Hawaiian king Kalakaua to
accept a new constitution that gave them great influence 1891
Kalakaua died & was succeeded by his sister Liliuokalani She
was a strong advocate for Hawaiian independence & refused to
recognize the1887 constitution Wanted to restore power of monarchy
& reduce foreign influence 11. Annexing Hawaii 1893 American
planters organized an uprising w/o U.S. govt consultation they had
50 U.S. Marines overthrow the queen & set up a pro-American
govt Annex proposal was rejected by President GroverCleveland
Revolt was illegal & not supported by Hawaiian people William
McKinley, Clevelands successor supportedannexation & a treaty
to do so July 7, 1898 Congress voted to make Hawaii a territory of
the U.S. 12. Carving up China Later 1800s China just finished an
unsuccessful war European powers & Japan seeing Chinas weakness
forced Chinese empire to grant them land & trading rights
Divided China into spheres of influence Areas where another nation
has economic & political control 13. Open Door Policy U.S.
excluded from initialdividing of China Feared to be excluded from
the China trade 1899 U.S. Secretary of Sate John Hay issued to
other powers Called for open door in China Wanted the guarantee for
all nations to be able to trade w/ China on an equal basis Response
was quick, mostly saying neither yes or no Hay publicly announced
the Open Door Policy had been accepted 14. Boxer Rebellion Many
Chinese resented foreign influences Secret society, Righteous and
Harmonious Fists, was formed Called Boxers by Europeans 1900 Boxers
rebelled to expel foreigners Back by Chinese govt they attacked
& killed westerners & Chinese Christians Churches were
burned & homes of foreigners Outside powers, including U.S.,
sent 18,000 troops w/ modern weapons in Freed trapped foreigners,
crushed the rebellion, looted the capital, & killed thousands
of Chinese 15. The Open Door Again Secretary Hay feared Boxer
rebellion would causepowers to seize more Chinese territory Issued
2nd Open Door note Repeated principle of open trade & made
strongerstatement about American intentions to preserve trade China
should remain one country & not be broken up 16. The
Spanish-American War 17. War Clouds Loom Cuba Under Spanish rule
since 1492 Discontent w/ Spanish harsh rule 1868 Cuban uprising
began, but put down 10 years later 18. Rebellion in Cuba 1895 Cuban
uprising Spanish began reconcentration policy Forced movement of
large numbers of people into detentioncamps for military or
political reasons Food was scarce & sanitation poor 200,000
died Cuban exiles in U.S. Led by Jose Marti Urged U.S. to help
rebels 19. Americans React Americans were sympathetic to Cuban
rebels Urged U.S. govt to help oust Spain Others for economic
reasons Safeguard U.S. investments in Cuba ($50 million invested in
Cuban sugar & riceplantations, railroads, & iron mines)
President Cleveland Ignored calls for intervention William McKinley
Became President in 1897 Also ignored calls for intervention New
York press Loudest supporters of intervention William Randolph
Hearst Rival of Joseph Pulitzer Worked for New York Journal Used
sensational stories & headlines Both Pulitzer & Hearst
focused their attention on Cuba in their writings 20. Remember the
Maine 1898 Fighting broke out in Havana, Cuba McKinley ordered
battleship Maine to Havana harbor to protect American lives &
pr0perty February 15 @ 9:40 p.m. Great explosion sank the Maine
& killed 260 men Cause unknown to this day Press & public
blamed Spain; demanded revenge 21. The U.S. Goes to War McKinley
Favored peace @ 1st War would disrupt U.S. economy Gave in to
public pressure April 11, 1898 Asked Congress to declare war on
Spain 9 days later they did 22. Surprise in the Philippines 1st
great battle not fought in Cuba Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Theodore Roosevelt Eager to expand U.S. naval power After Maine
sunk, ordered Commodore George Dewey (head of Pacific fleet) to
move ships to Philippines May 1 Dewey & small fleet of American
warships sunk entire Spanish squadron at Manila Bay No American
ship or life was lost 23. Fall of Manila Filipinos Also revolting
against Spain Emilio Aguinaldo Rebel leader Enlisted by Dewey to
seize Manila U.S. quickly gained control of Philippines Aguinaldo
was major help Overlooked that he was fighting for Philippine
independence Soon he would be fighting the U.S. 24. War in the
Caribbean Santiago & Sea Main place fighting took place
American ground forces arrived in June Poorly trained &
equipped, eager to fight though Rough Riders Led by Theodore
Roosevelt Best known unit July 1st led his men on a successful
charge up San Juan Hill Most celebrated event of war Americans
black & white fought in Santiago U.S. ships trapped Spanish
fleet in Santiago Tried to escape & was destroyed by U.S.;
24,000 surrendered two weeks later U.S. troops invaded Puerto Rico
next Quickly brought under U.S. control 25. An American Empire
December 1898 Spain & U.S. signed peace treaty Spain: accepted
Cuban independence U.S. : acquired Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam,
& Wake Paid Spain $20 million 26. Debating the Treaty Angry
debate followed treaty signing Taking colonies violated principle
of the Declaration of Independence Also brought risk of future wars
Expansionists: gave U.S. important bases & providednew business
opportunities Duty to spread the ideas of democratic government
Treaty ratified on February 6, 1899 U.S. now had overseas empire
27. Governing Cuba & Puerto Rico U.S. new Caribbean power Cuba
did not gain independence sought Forced to sign Platt Amendment in
1902 Limited Cubas power to make treaties or borrow money &
gave U.S. rightto intervene in Cuban affairs U.S. could also have
naval base @ Guantanamo Bay Cuba was made a protectorate of the
U.S. An independent country whose policies are controlled by an
outsidepower Foraker Act of 1900 Set up govt in Puerto Rico w/ U.S.
appointed governor Limited self-rule U.S. developed Puerto Ricos
economy & educational system 1917 were made citizens of the
U.S. Many still wanted to be free from outside control 28. Revolt
in the Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo Renewed Filipinos fight for
independence 3 year war followed 4,000 American &
20,000Filipinos were killed 1901 Aguinaldo wascaptured &
fightingcame to an end 1946 Philippines gainedindependence 29. The
U.S. & Latin America 30. Linking the Oceans During
Spanish-American war Took naval ships too long to sail around South
America Faster Way? Canal across Central America President Theodore
Roosevelt was determined to build thatcanal Would improve global
shipping Easier for navy to defend the nations new overseas empire
31. Choosing a Site Isthmus of Panama 50 miles wide Perfect place
for canal 1902 Panama was province of Colombia Roosevelt offered
Columbia $10 million in cash & $250,000yearly in rent to allow
U.S. to build canal Some opposed Give U.S. permanent control over
stretch of land & land was worth more money Govt held out for
more money; Roosevelt was impatient & did not want to lose time
in bargaining 32. Revolt in Panama Roosevelt Plan Knew Panamanians
disliked Colombia Secretly let them know U.S. would help them claim
independence Panamanians would reap rewards of canal November 3,
1903 U.S. gunboats waited in harbor to provide support U.S. marines
landed to prevent Colombian troops from reaching Panama City
Americans criticized Roosevelts gunboat diplomacy 33. U.S.
recognized independent Republic of Panama 3 days later a Frenchman
acting for Panama signed a treaty Gave U.S. Permanent use &
control of 10 mile wide zone U.S. paid $10 million plus $250,000
yearly rent 34. The Panama Canal 1904 U.S. began building canal
Fighting Disease 1st obstacle was malaria & yellow fever Worked
could not start until these were controlled William C. Gorgas U.S.
expert on tropical diseases Took challenge of fighting diseases
Carlos Juan Finlay Cuban doctor Discovered a certain type of
mosquito transmitted diseases Ronald Ross English doctor Found
another type of mosquito that transmitted diseases William Gorgas
ordered workers to clear brush & drain swamps weremosquitoes
lived 1906 Gorgas wiped out yellow fever & reduced malaria 35.
The Big Ditch 3 Construction Tasks Cut through a mountain Dam a
river Erect the canals giant locks Big Challenge Digging Gaillard
Cut 9 mile ditch through the mountains Thousands worked under
extreme temps & rainstorms & constantmudslides Engineers
& supervisors were from U.S. Laborers were West Indians of
African descent 6,000 lost their lives during construction Work on
canal finished 6 months early August 15, 1914 Panama Canal opened
36. Wielding a Big Stick in LatinAmerica Roosevelt wanted the world
to know that if diplomacy failed U.S. would not hesitate to use
military force to protect its interests Big Stick Policy 37.
Roosevelt CorollaryBig Stick Policy Applied in Latin America U.S.
was leader in Western Hemisphere Wanted to prevent European nations
from becoming too powerful in the region 1904 European nations
Considered using force to collect overdue debts from Dominican
Republic Roosevelt announced new policy Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine Corollary: logical extension of a doctrine or
proposition Theory When U.S. neighbors got in disputes U.S. had
right to exercisean international police power to restore order
Marines sent in to Dominican Republic & took over countrys
finances 38. Dollar Diplomacy William Howard Taft Dollar Diplomacy:
policy based on the idea thateconomic tie were the best way to
expand Americaninfluence Want U.S. bankers & businesses to
invest in Asia & LatinAmerica Led to more military
interventions Nicaragua, Haiti, & Honduras Latin Americans
resents U.S. involvement 39. Relations With Mexico Woodrow Wilson
Became President in 1913 Own foreign relation ideas Aim to support
& nurture democracy 1st test of policy was w/ Mexico Mexico
Overthrew dictator Porfirio Diaz Violent revolution followed until
1917 Wilson followed watchful waiting policy 1914 U.S. sailors who
went ashore were arrested in Mexico Later released w/ apology
Wilson sent navy to occupy port of Veracruz 100 Mexicans died ;
U.S. & Mexico close to war; peace talks cooled tempers 40.
Francisco Pancho Villa Mexican rebel general 1916 rebels crossed
into New Mexico Raided & burned town of Columbus, killing 18
Americans Mexican president allowed U.S. pursue Villa into Mexico
General John J. Pershing led thousands of soldiers acrossthe border
11 months later they withdrew w/o capturing Villa
