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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
www.transportlearning.net
FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Carlos Sousa
AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency
of Almada
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
www.transportlearning.net
SUMMARY
1. Workings of a Fuel Cell
2. Production, transport and storage of Hydrogen
3. Some proposal from the manufacturers
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL
Exhaust
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL
Main characteristics
• Each cell: 0.5 – 1 V
• Intensity: 0.3 – 1 A cm2
• Power: 0.3 – 0.5 W/cm2
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL
Example: 2 x 100 cells ( 40 cm x 40 cm)
2 x (100 x 0.7) x (40 x 40 x 0.375) = 2 x (70 V x 640 A) = 84 kW (114 CV)
Ballard 900
107 CV
72 kg
34 x 24 x 75 cm
Volume 61 L
1,3 kW / L
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL
15 to 35% 30 to +50%
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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Fuel Cell for a passengers bus,MAN
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE• Cost:
• 400 €/kW (7 x price of a conventional engine)
• Complete Cell: € 20 000,00 (engine € 3 000,00)
• Reliability
• Response to transient regimens
• Problems with low temperatures (below 0 ºC)
• H2 contamination
• Vehicle Adaptation
• Needs Hydrogen (production, transport and storage)!!
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
www.transportlearning.net
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
www.transportlearning.net
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
www.transportlearning.net
PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H2
1. “Industrial” Production
• electrolysis of water? Natural gas? Oil refinery?
• Renewable sources
• Distribution network? (does not exist!)
• Cost, Investments
• Safety and social acceptance
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H2
2. Decentralized Production (at the filling station)
• From what? (electrolysis of water? Natural gas? Other)
• Cost of the equipment
• Safety and social acceptance
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H2
Regardless of the place of production (filling station or industrial plant)
• Filling system
• Security
• Filling time
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H2
Storage on board…
• Compressed gas @ 300 bar? (very low density)
• Liquid at –253 ºC? (high evaporation, low density)
• Solid matrix? (weight/volume ratio)
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H2
3. Onboard production with a reformer
• From natural gas, methanol, ethanol?
• Petrol?
• Problems
• System efficiency
• Cost
• Technology
• Emissions – Does not solve the “Carbon Problem”
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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Necar 5 e Jeep Commander (2000; CH3OH)Necar 4 (1999)
Necar 1 (1994)
Necar 3 (1997; CH3OH)
Necar 2 (1996)
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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Opel Hydrogen 1
• Liquid H2 (75 Litres; 5 kg H2)
• Stack with 200 cells (59/27/50 cm)
- 150 – 200 V; 90 kW/ 122 CV
- 68 kg
• Auxiliary Batery
• Weight: 1575 kg
• 0-100 km/h – 16 s
• Max. Speed: 140 km/h
• Range: 400 km
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
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DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS - CUTE
• Clean Urban Transport for Europe, CUTE
• Demonstration project to test and evaluate the operational performance of Hydrogen buses for public transport
• 10 European cities (Barcelona, Madrid, London, Hamburg, Luxemburg, Estocolmo, Amsterdam, Stutgart, Stockholm, Porto)
• 3 Daimler-Chrysler buses per city
• Different methods for Hydrogen production(Renewables - hydropower, natural gas, refinery)
• Evaluation of costs, infrastructure, life cycle,emissions, etc.
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Thank you for your attention!