All Hands Naval Bulletin - Oct 1944

8/3/2019 All Hands Naval Bulletin - Oct 1944

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Official U. S. Navy photograph

UT of the naval war in the Pacific0 a new star has recently risen:Task Force 58, a fleet unit conceivedspecifically t o meet the demands pecu-liar t o the war against Japan. Thisgreat task force, the most powerful inthe world and made up of the finestfighting ships ever built, is a closely co -ordinated near-perfect combination ofmany types of combatant ships, eachcalculated to do a specific job but allworking together t o accomplish oneobjective-the defeat of the enemywherever he may be found.Task Force 58 steamed in the van-guard, clearing the way, as U. s.forces se t out for the invasion of Sai-pan; its battleships, aircraft carriersand other warships carrying such un-precedented offensive and defensivepower tha t the men of the force weremore than willing to tangle with theJapanese Grand Fleet itself if theenemy cared t o risk it in battle.Following close behind the mightytask force, and supported by its air-craft and firepower, were the vesselsof the amphibious fleet th at were toland the men, guns, tanks and equip-ment to drive the Japs from theirSaipan defenses, so perilously close toJapan itself. These vessels rangedfrom the LST, the tank-landing shipwhich is capable of transporting tanksand other heavy equipment across thePacific, to small rubber boats especi-ally designed for scouting operationsand commando-type attacks.The types of c ra ft had been chosenafter careful study of the beaches to

The Answer Is the Story of BuShipsAnd Its Fusion of Naval ExperienceW ith American Ingenuity and Effort

be attacked and the Japanese defenses. ation have seen shipbuilding recordsIncluded were amphibian tanks, c shattered so frequently and so vio-ble of climbing over the coral r lently that previous conceptions ofknown to protect the beaches of building periods fo r naval vessels havepan, and many other special craft . become as obsolete as the Roman gal-Bringing up the rear was a large ley. It is as a result of the perform-carrier-protected tra in of provisioning ance of this bureau and its multitudeships and auxiliary vessels calculated of . contractors and subcontractors,to keep the warships in fighting tri m both shipbuilding and industrial, tha tand battle readiness a t all times. -the United States can today boast theHow successfully the mission aga ins t mightiest fleet in the history of theSaipan was accomplismatter of public kn abil ity of the Bureau of Shipsstory of the ships th at made*; his tcr produce the special types of shipsachievement possible, and the men and required fo r the various naval opera-women who built them, is not so well- tions of the war results from a carefulknown. fusion of the experience of years ofThe design, construction and main- naval ship construction, the skill oftenance of all these vessels, from the highly trained specialists, the finest ofmost powerful battleship to the smal- equipment and the consolidated effortslest lifeboat, is the responsibility of of American industry.the Bureau of Ships. Headed by Rear The Design Branch of BuShips isAdmiral E. L. Cochrane, USN, BuShips responsible for the effective primaryis the newest, yet the larges t of the utilization of th is experience, knowl-Navy Departments seven bureaus. It edge, equipment and industrial co-is responsible for the expenditure of operation. When the Chief of Navalapproximately 35 $ out of every dollar Operations and the Secre tary of thenow being spent by the Navy. Navy direct the bureau to construct aCreated in June of 1940 by the con- vessel embracing certain specifiedsolidation of the old Bureau of Con- characterist ics, i t is the Design Branchstruction and Repair and the Bureau tha t prepares the preliminary ship de-of Engineering, its four years of oper- signs for submission to the General, -Page 2


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Board and CNO for approval. Whenthese designs are given final approval,contract plans are also developed bythe Design Branch or by one of Bu-Ships design agents, and detailedworking plans are thereafter draftedby a design agent or by the shipbuild-ing contractor himself, or by one ofthe navy yards.The importance of ship-design workis apt to be overlooked by the casualobserver in the light of the more spec-tacular achievements of the actualconstruction work. For the launchingof a majestic battleship completelyovershadows the thousands of man-hours spent in drafting designs andthe tons of paper required fo r theplans to which the dreadnaught wasbuilt-a modern batt leship, fo r ex-ample, requiring approximately 10 000individual working plans, and about40 tons of blueprints.Yet the significance of those canhardly be exaggerated; for not onlythe speedy construction of the ship,but its successful performance in bat-tle as well, ultimately hinges upon theexcellence of the ships design. Andit is toward accomplishment of super-lative design for the Navys shipsthat the Design Branch has bent itsefforts during the past four years.In this period the Design Branchhas not only developed basic designsfor a dozen or more entirely new ships,such as the 45,000-ton battleship ofthe Iowa class, the large cruiser ofthe Alaska class, the destroyer escort,the 2,200-ton destroyer and a varietyof landing craft, but i t has also ac-complished sitbstantial design modifi-cations on scores of other types.

In all this design work use is madeof a vast wealth of battle experience.Actual warfare has been the labora-tory of this war for the discovery anddevelopment of new equipment andtechniques. For this reason war dam-age reports from all fighting frontsare always promptly forwarded toBuShips and there assigned to thebureaus naval architects and marineengineers for study ahd research inorder t o insure prompt translation ofthe bitter lessons of war into improve-ments on the Navys new ships.Models of batt le-damaged ships arebuilt so that sections that have beendemonstrated to be vulnerable canundergo specific testing. For instance,models of the ships crippled at PearlHarbor were attacked again and againby miniature bombs and torpedoes inmodel-basin tanks. T e c h h c i a n swatched through glass walls, and spe-cial cameras recorded the effect ofunderwater and air explosions onvarious new types of blisters and pro-tective armament. Thus the attackultimately furnished information whichhas resulted in extemive improve-ments in underwater protection.Loss of the carrier Lexington in theBattle of the Coral Sea furnished thedata from which BuShips was able to

IJuly 407 D e c 4 1I J a n 42I Jan.431 a 0 ~ 1 . ~ 4 3I Jan.44 ,

I~ept .143-h 3,200,068

Navy Adds 65,000 VesselsOf A ll Types in Five YearsSince the beginning of hostilitiesin Europe-five years ago 1 Sep-tember-the Navy has added almost65,000 vessels of all types to thefleet, it was announced last monthby Secretary of the Navy Forrestal.The United States, for the first timein its history, has become the great-est naval power on earth. Nearly36% of the total tonnage increaserepresents combatant ships, 29%auxiliaries and 22% landing craft.During this five-year period theNavys air force multiplied 20 times,with a total of 57,600 planes acceptedfrom manufacturers. In the next 12months the Navy has scheduled fordelivery over 30,000 planes, 93% ofthem combat types.Production of ordnance materialhas also expanded immensely. Themonthly production rate of torpedoes

is now approximately 40 times the1939 average; depth charges are pro-duced at a monthly rate 60 timesgreater than five years ago. Overdevise new methods fo r reducing gaso-line fire and explosion hazards onboard ships, as well as new methods offire fighting. Coral Sea, together withother bat tle experiences, also served topoint out vital needs, t o meet whichnaval technicians have developed im-proved stowage methods for gasoline,fuel and ammunition, new non-inflam-mable paints and a special fireproofingtreatment for mattresses and othershipboard equipment.Battle reports have also served topoint the way to increasing the strik-ing power of naval ships by eliminat-ing many items which were formerlystandard shipboard equipment. State-room furniture and doors, topsidelight ing and much miscellaneous equip-ment have been discarded. Even theships boats have been almost com-pletely eliminated.Everything saved by the eliminationof non-essentials has been turned tothe concentration and improvement ofthe ships basic safety and fightingstrength. The close-in ant i-a ircr aftbat tery fire of some battl ships hasbeen increased 600% as a result. Thefirepower of one class of ca rrier hasbeen increased nearly 110% over car-

125,000 1.1-inch, 20-mm. and 40-mm.antiaircraft guns have been built.Ammunition produced for these gunstotals over a billion rounds.For every person- serving in theNavy, Marine Corps and Coast Guardin September 1939 there are over 24today. Combined strength has grown,from 152,086 officers and enlistedpersonnel to 3,717,000.Congress, during the five years,authorized the Navy to spend over$118,000,000,000. Commitments nowamount t o over $91,000,000,000. Ex-penditures to liquidate these com-mitments have amounted t o nearly$65,000,000,000.The expenditures remaining em-phasize the point that the Navy pro-gram is only a little more than halffinished. Planned operations are de-pendent upon the speed with whichassault troop and cargo ships areobtained. These ships are the Navysmost urgent need. Also needed ar evast quantities of bombardment am-munition, 40-mm. antiaircraft gunsand numerous special devices tomake certain the final defeat of t heenemy.riers in service prior to Pearl Harbor.An example of the value of replac-ing non-essentials was seen in thechanges made in the uss Boise. AS aresul t of added firepower, tha t cruiseraveraged almost one round of six-inchprojectiles per second for a 27-minuteperiod in the battle of Cape Esperance.The Americans have a new secretweapon . . . a six-inch machine gun,radioed the shaken Japs after an en-gagement with another of our ships,the light cruiser Helena, in the bom-bardment of Kolombangara.As the shipbuilding program hasprogressed it has from time t o timebeen found necessary t o redesign cer-tain pieces of equipment to meet thetremendous stress placed upon themby battle conditions. For example,early in the war it was found thatelectric circuit breakers were fre-quently opened by shocks receivedduring battle. Intensive study wasmade of this problem, and, as a re-sult, our ships are now equipped withcircuit breakers which will not beopened by shock at crucial moments.Again, battle reports disclosed thatelectric cable was a potential con-veyor of wa ter from the flooded com-

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placements, as well as ship-repairunits manned by technically trainedpersonnel capable of performing battle-damage repair and on-the-spot salvage.Salvage, a function closely relatedto maintenance, takes on added sig-nificance in wartime. Not only doessalvage work radically increase, but inmany instances the salvage jobs haveto be handled by the same group thatdoes repair work. This requires care-fu l and efficient training of personneland, starting with Pearl Harbor, suchtraining h as been going at top speed.The salvage program, at the begin-ning of the war, expanded tremen-dously. Salvage vessels were acquiredby building o r by conversion. Equip-ment was procured and stocked a t de-pots and bases throughout areas wherea need was most likely to develop and,most important, an intensive programwis instituted to provide or traincompetent ship-salvage officers andenlisted men. This tra ining activitywas centered at Pier 88, New York.Hundreds of calls for salvage as-sistance have been answered, not onlyfrom the war zones, but fr om off t hecoasts of Greenland, Alaska, centralAmerica and Brazil, resulting in therecovery of over $600,000,000 worthof shipping. In addition, numerousdisabled vessels have been temporarilyrepaired to enable them to reach port,many sunken planes have been recov-ered and numerous underwater men-aces to navigation, including wreckedships, demolished or removed.One of the recent oiitstanding sal-vage jobs done by BuShips was therefloating of the ss El Estero, a fullyloaded munitions ship scuttled andcompletely submerged off Bayonne,N. J., to avoid possibility of explosionresulting from fire aboard. Membersof the Coast Guard boarded the burn-ing ship at its pier and took it out tosea, where it was scuttled, avertinga major maritime disaster. BuShipsdivers then went to work and refloatedthe El Estero, salvaging thousands ofdollars worth of munitions.BuShips directed raising the ussLafayette, burned at Pier 88, NewYork. This job, from the standpointof the size of the ship, was the larges tsingle salvage job ever undertaken.Salvage operations at Pearl Harborafter 7 Dec. 1941 were also in chargeof BuShips. Though the attack cameat a time when development of sal-vage facilities was in its preliminarystages, a considerable amount ofequipment had been assembled and anumber of salvage experts were avail-able on the mainland. These weretransported to Pearl Harbor by planeor fast ship to supplement facilitiesalready available and an organizationwas developed to undertake t he largestsalvage project in history.Within six months, the sunken bat-tleships Nevada, California and WestVirginia, the destroyer Shaw and thefloating drydock YFD-2 had been re-

floated. Thi s was followed by the sal-vage of the minelayer Oglala, removalof the machinery and equipment fromthe destroyers Cassin and Downes andpartial salvage of the old battleshipsOklahoma and Arizona and the targetship Utah.Considerable research in the devel-opment of new salvage and divingequipment has been made by BuShips.The heavy standard deep-sea divingdress has remained essentially un-changed. However, to meet specialrequirements, a lightweight suit anda variety of diving masks have beendeveloped, as well as a secret self-contained diving outfit which allows adiver underwater to swim, walk oroperate unattended and invisible fromthe surface. Great strides have beenmade in underwater cu tting and weld-ing methods.Another responsibility of BuShipswill be a program for the laying-upof naval vessels in the immediate post-war era. The bureau is in the processof establishing such a program inorder to avoid the tragic and whole-sale deterioration of combatant andmerchant vessels following the last war.Among the principal features ofthis program is a plan whereby theinteriors of naval ships are to be de-humidified and preservatives appliedto the part s of the ships exposed tothe elements. The object is the pro-tection of the ships, thei r equipmentand certain semi-perishable storesfrom deterioration, so that they mayremain laid-up for years, serviced onlyby a skeleton maintenance crew, andyet be capable of moving off to sea

on short notice. Successful accom-plishment of the laying-up programwill insure retention in cold storageof the worlds most powerful fleet.Such, then, is the job of the Bureauof Ships-the job of designing, con-structing and maintaining all themany and varied types of naval ves-sels needed by our Navy to fight aworld-wide war. To meet the growingneeds of such a program BuShips it-self has grown, until today it is thelarges t bureau of the Navy. Threeyears ago the bureau was staffed by150 officers and 1,200 civilian employ-ees. Today, in Washington alone, ithas more than 5,000 officers, enlistedpersonnel and civilians.What the future will require in theway of new fighting ships and equip-ment is, of course, unknown; for theneeds of the war change with each newstrategic development. When the sub-marine threat was at its peak, thedemand was for antisubmarine ves-sels, and the destroyer escort vesseland auxiliary aircraft carrier were de-veloped. When the necessity foramphibious operations became appa-rent, landing craft of various typeswere developed. The challenge of thecoral reefs of th e Pacific was met bythe amphibian tractors.

And in the future, unquestionably,new needs will arise and challengingdemands will be made on the Navysnaval architects and marine engineers.Whatever may be those needs anddemands, past performance guaranteesthat BuShips will meet them withships that will carry out their assign-ments-ships truly fit to fight.

Offic ia l U. S. Navy photographSALVAGE: Divers work on waterfilled b ull. More than 600 mill ion dol-

Page 7lars worth of shipping bas been saved by recovery operations.


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15,000 of these recordings a month.In addition to these, it also gets asizeable backlog of packages from theArmy. The Army transcription pack-age, aimed largely at radio stationsashore, consists of 84 records, or 42hours. These ar e supplied t o a chainof about 20 0 stations all over theworld-some Army-owned, some com-ercially owned, a couple Navy-owned.Each package goes the rounds ofa particular circuit, usually consistingof about five regular standard-wavestations.Since the records are good fo r 100playings, theres still plenty of lifein them after they finish their Armycircuit. They ar e the n repacked f o rNavy units at sea. So , between theNavys own 15,000 recordings and thisextra backlog picked up f rom theArmy, a large batch of radio re-cordings is now wending its way to-ward the fleet regularly.Among the more popular AFRSprograms is Command Performance,the first program to be produced ex-clusively for the armed forces. A ser-vicemans request to hear Carole Lan-Requests from ServiceiBring Many Stars to

dis sigh-to hear Jascha Heiletz andJack Benny in a fiddle duet-to he arLana Turner fry a steak-all are an-swered on Command Performance.Top fan-mail puller, though, is GZJive , a quarter-hour Six-times-%-weekshow tha t fea tures hot music frbni hegreatest swing bands in America :Harry James, Tommy Dorsey, CountBask, Duke Ellington, Artie ShatY,Fred Waring, Cab Calloway, LouisAmstrong, Benny Goodman and 0th-erg, The bands play reqtlests sent inby servicemen.Another top program in popularityis Mail Call, a variety extravanganzafeaturing the stage, screefi and radiopersonalit ies requested by the menoverseas. Other famil iar shows ar eGI Jouvnal, for which servicemen allover the world submit gags, poemsand stories; Personal Album, whichfeatures their favorite singing stars;Front Line Theatre, dramatizations ofBroadway shows; Hymns from Home,which is just that; Jubilee, an all-Negro show on which a typical line-upmight be: Louis Armstrong and hisband, singer Lena Horne, dancer Bill

Robinson, pianist Art Tatum, come-dian Rochester, etc.; and Are Youb Gef i im? , a quiz program testing theServicemans knowledge.Origidally an Army operation, AF-RS invited the Navy to participateearlier this year, a nd a Navy unit hasaccordingly been se t up a t Los An-gets (PuPers Circ. Ltr. 236-44, NDB1 ept. 1944, 44-1001). Distribution ofAFRS transcriptions to naval forcesafloat and beyond the continental lim-its of the U.S. is handled, for thePacific, by Commander, SubordinateCommand, Service Forces, Pacific, andfor the Atlantic by Commander, Ser-vice Forces, Atlantic. Administrativeand operational control is under theSpecial Services Division of BuPers.A large number of turntables havealready been made available for dis-tribution through the Service Forces.It is anticipated that within the nearfuture dual-speed 33% an d 78 RPMmachines will be carried in stock inat least one naval supply depot oneach coast, and as soon as these ma-chines become available notificationwill be given to the fleet.,

nen OverseasAFRS Mike

DU O, SWEET: Nelson Eddy and DU O, SOUR: Danny Kaye winces PIN-U P EDITOR : Betty Grable,Jeanette M acDo nald sing re- at rMail Call rehearsal as Jack as guest editor of GI Journal,quests sent in t o M ail Call. Benny massacres T h e Bee. answers overseas m ail by radio.

Photographs by Armed Forces Radio ServiceIF GIs WANT a tr io m ade @P of s i@ a tr a, V d e e a dGloria De Haueta, Mail Call obliges, SHORT SNORTERS compare bills when D r , Wasselljoins program with Joan Blondell, James Melton .

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O N SEA: Proudly paimtimg his de-, stroyers score agaimt a l a p fo rce .this searnam chalks up 5 ememyFlames, a destroyer amd a cruiser.

IN T H E AI R: Scoreboard of a car-rier tells toll of its planes am?gums-1 43 laps . (O m bridge, Vic eAdmirals Mitscher, McCailz) .Producing FightingOfficial U. S. Navy photouraphs

AND BELOW: Back t o its Arcticpor t afte r a Pacific patrol, U . S .sub shows cleam sweep: 3 Japwarships, 2 merchant ships.MenNavys Success, Says Secretary, Is Result of Training Program,The Effectiveness of Which the Enemy Has Learned to His Cost

Building the worlds biggestfleet (see page 2) was only part ofthe job of mking America themightiest mzual power in all his-tory. An equally important partwas to man that fleet with trainedpersonnel. Th e following state-ment on the Nauys training taskand achievements, containing manyfigures not preuiously announced,was issued last month by Secretaryof the Navy James Forrestal.During the past fiscal year endingJune 30,1944, the Navy trained 1,303,-55 4 personnel, manning 4,063 new ves-sels-or 11 ships each day-plus morethan 20,000 landing craft and keepingpace with the Naval Air Arm whichdoubled the number of planes on hand.The magnitude of the Navys train-ing task stems from the necessity ofmanning the worlds greatest naval

force predominantly with men whohave had no previous seagoing experi-ence. Of a total of 2,987,311 person-nel in the Navy on June 30 , less tha n12 per cent were in the service priorto Pearl Harbor and 2,478,002 or ap-proximately 83 percent are membersof the Naval Reserve.In addition t o continuing the exten-sive training of personnel now in theservice, the Navy will be required, inthe current fiscal year, to train ap-proximately 600,000 new personnelwho are expected to be drawn intothe service from civilian life by June30, 1945. The collapse of Germanywill result in no curtailment of theNavys training program. The con-tinued successful prosecution of thewar against Japan will require, ac-cording t o present estimates, that thePage 10

Navy continue to expand until itreaches a strength of 3,389,000 byJune 30, 1945.The complexity of the Navys train-ing activities is reflected in the factthat new personnel must be trained t o

proficiency in more than 450 enlistedspecialties and petty officer ratingswhich are indispensable to man, fightand maintain the highly complicatedmechanism of a modern Navy.The measure of the Navys trainingaccomplishment depends upon whethermen are ready and trained to man theships and planes as they come off theways and out of the factories. Theevidence of success lies in the fa ctth at no vessel or uni t has been delayedin commissioning through lack oftrained personnel. In two and one-half years the Navy has trained thegreatest citizen naval force in history.And it has produced seasoned reservepersonnel with extensive combat ex-perience.

The training of the Navy of 1944has been achieved by a great expan-sion of the Naval training establish-ment, the channeling of ap titude bycareful selection and classification ofpreviously acquired civilian skills andabilities, standardized curricula, p r y -tical instruction, the use of trainingaids, and intensified team training ofgroups ashore prior t o duty afloat andabroad.Prior to the inception of the Navysintensive shipbuilding program in1940, the Navy had in operation atraining establishment which consistedof approximately 75 schools with anaverage attendance of 10,000 person-

nel. In addition the Navy operatedtwo air training schools with an at-tendance of 865 men which producedan average of 35 0 pilots a year.The Navy now has a total of 94 7schools with a daily average attend-ance of 303,000 personnel.Up to the end of 1943-44 fiscal year,of this number 13 6 were basic and ad-vanced air training schools with anaverage attendance of 35,000 and amonthly output of 1,700. It is esti-mated that the Navy spends close to$30,000 on the training of each Navalaviator who is in training for 18 to2 4 months.The Navys schools for training of-ficers and officer candidates fall intotwo groups.

1. Six Naval Reserve MidshipmensSchools have .sent a total of 41,689deck and engineering officers to dutyassignments throughout the Naval es-tablishment. These schools, establishedsince 1940 fo r the training of officercandidates from civil life and from theenlisted ranks, are the Navys prin-cipal source of young, seagoing officersand 95 per cent of their graduates areserving at sea.2. With the knowledge that Se-lective Service would in time sharplydiminish or eliminate the supply ofyoung men between the ages of 18and 21 years upon which the Navywould have to depend for additionalofficer candidates, the Navy on July1, 1943, instituted the Navy CollegeProgram (V-12) for the preliminarytraining of young officer candidates.At this time the Navy College Pro-gram (V-12) is operating 26 4 units at


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20 2 colleges and universities and hasa current attendance of 65,000 officercandidates. Since the establishment ofthe V-12 program, it has deliveredmore than 23,000 qualified officer can-didates to the Reserve MidshipmensSchools, Supply Corps Schools andMarine Officer Candidates Schools. Inaddition to this number, 2,600 officerswere commissioned directly from.Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps,now a part of the V-12 program, andthe medical and dental schools havesupplied the Navy with 1,400 doctorsand dentists.Of the Navys training schools, 310ar e devoted to the instruction of en-listed personnel. These schools alsofall into two groups.1. Recruit training-or boottraining-is provided to new enlistedmen at seven of these training activi-ties which have a total attendance of219,387 and which in the past yearpassed 1,046,912 into service o r intoadvanced enlisted training schools.2. For the purpose of providingadvanced instruction for enlisted spec-ialists, 305 of these schools are main-tained with an average capacity of168,482 men and an output last yearof 383,689 specialists.

During peacetime an average offour years was required to train apetty officer, third class. A young of-ficer was not usually assigned to takea deck watch under way until he hadspent two years at sea following hisfour years at the Naval Academy.Today, by the utilization of civilianskills and by intensification of train-ing, petty officers, third class, are sentto specialized duty as early as sevenmonths after their first enlistment,and young officers stand watch in thevessels fo r which they have been qual-ified in an average time of six months.By the continuation of training at seait has been possible to develop sea-soned veteran personnel in a matter ofmonths rather than years.

Since Naval Reserve personnel mustbe essentially specialists the Navysmethod of classification and selectionis of p rimary importance to a highlygeared training program. A series oftests, based upon the type of duty tobe performed in the Navy, is ,given toeach recruit to determine his generalclassification, abilities, aptitudes,. andan y knowledge of specific work.Through a system of personal inter-views these tests are supplemented byconsider ing the background and exper-ience of the individual so that thespecial qualifications of each recruitmay be evaluated. This information,indexed and recorded, is used in estab-lishing quotas for th e detail of men t oservice schools or t o any other dutyfor which they seem best qualified.Class work study and workshop orlaboratory application at trainingschools is in all cases augmented bythe extensive use of tra ining aids suchas posters, graphs, fiamphlets, mod-

els, photographs, strip films, record-ings, and motion pictures. The wideuse the Navy has made of tra iningaids is reflected in the figures on mo-tion pictures and s tri p films. The Navyhas used more than 5,000 separatefilm subjects and has distributed morethan 1,000,000 prints of photographicfilm. Most of the principal classes ofnaval vessels carry extensive librariesof basic training motion picture andst ri p films-in the case of a majorcombatant ship as many as 500 sepa-ra te titles-and instruction by use ofthese films continues until the vesselenters combat. Visual education isused to establish basic doctrine in suchnew fields as amphibious warfare, t ostandardize procedure and to savetra ining time-in some cases between25 per cent and 50 per cent-by visualpresentation of complicated mechan-isms and processes. The Navy con-sider s motion pictures an- invaluableaid, rathe r than a substitute, for train-ing.

To give crews actual experience inshipboard and combat conditions with-out unduly drawing combatant vesselsand equipment from the war zones,elaborate models, simulated battle con-ditions on typical beachheads, specialdevices for surface and air navigationand hundreds of ,other aids a re em-ployed.The magnitude of the shipbuildingprogram, and the urgent need forcrews with maximum team trainingbefore going to sea made advisablethe establishment in January 1943 ofoperational a n d precommissioningtraining activities, a developmentunique in Naval instruction methods.Instead of sending officers and menalready skilled in a specialty directlyto sea after preliminary training atofficers and ,enlisted service schools,naval personnel are assigned to trainas teams ashore a t operational andprecommissioning training activities.

Prior to the commissioning of a newvessel the new crew is assembled andbecomes a ships organization on land.Composed of a nucleus of experiencedpersonnel drawn from the fleet andthe remaining personnel direct fromtraining schools with no previous seaor combat experience, the men of thecrew live together and in all respectsoperate together as if in fact theywere at sea. As members of teamswho will later serve together incombat, officers and men ar e given ad -vanced training in the scores of spe-cialties required t o master the com-plicated mechanism of th e modernnaval vessel. It is the responsibilityof the veteran personnel to bring thenew men, lately from indoctrinationand training schools, quickly to thehigh point of efficient team operationwhich conditions in action require. Asa result, when assigned t o their newvessel, members of the crew possessfar more practical training as fight-ing units than was possible under pre-vious methods of instruction ashore.. At the outset of its program tobuild the greatest fleet in history theNavy had had no previous experiencet o indicate whether it was possible inlimited time to train t o expert pro-ficiency the large number of civilianreserves necessary to man the greatnew sea and air force. But the jobis being done. The trained compe-tence of Naval officers and men afloatand their ability to learn quickly andto work and fight together with skilland courage are reflected in the com-mendatory reports of commanding of-ficers. Their quality is being demon-strated in combat. The Ja ps know it.The success of the Navy in the warto date is a direct result of the highst at e of tra ining of its officers andmen. The Navys training system ha snot only taught naval skill but in agreater accomplishment has producedseasoned fighting men.

Off ic ia l U. S. Navy photographTH E GREAT EST citizen lzaval forc e in h istory has been trained in 21/2Page 11

years. Above: men a d Wa ves l ine ap for Captailzs inspectiolz.


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the planes and attack was given. AirGroup 24, operating from a small car-rier, had four Avengers available; therest were out on other missions.The four planes joined other air-cr af t and flew to the enemy. Sightingth e Japs, the f our planes from Group24 dived in formation on a large car-rier-battleship force which was as yetuntouched by other attacking planes.The four planes went in alone, with-

out benefit of fighters o r divebomberst o divert the Japs. They were greetedby a n intense antiaircraft barrage.One of the fo ur planes became sep-arated from the formation in a cloud-bank. The other three picked out anaircraft carrier of the Hayataka classand headed fo r it-fanning out to ap-proach the target from three differentquadrants so that, no matter whichway the carrier turned, she couldntavoid the torpedoes.Enemy fire tore into one of the Av-engers , breaking off part of a wingand sett ing fire to the fuselage. Thegunner and radioman bailed out. Thepilot continued toward the target andunloaded his torpedo in perfect posi-tion for a hit.The other two planes came in fastand also dropped their torpedoes. Un-derwater explosions and la rge columnsof smoke followed.Meanwhile, the gunner and theradioman who had bailed out floateddown in the middle of the J ap fleet.They shot a t us all of the way down,said the gunner later, but luckily weonly had a thousand feet to fall.In the water, the pair was nearlyrun down by a battleship. They sawviolent explosions when the torpedoesfrom their squadron struck home.Later they saw the carrier down bythe bow t o such a degree that the pro-pellers were visible. They were pickedup the next day by a U. S. rescueplane.. The fourth TBF, he one that hadbecome separated from the othersearly in the battle, went on to launchits torpedo at a small enemy carrierwith unobserved results. It then ranout of gas and landed in the water.The pilot and crewmen took to lifera ft s and were rescued nex t day.Only one of the planes was able toget back and land on the small U. S.carr ier. Another came down on thewater nearby without loss of person-nel. The pilot whose crewmen bailedout is listed as missing in action. ** * *To the pilots of Air Group 16 theair battle for Saipan will always beknown as the Marianas TurkeyShoot. Japanese planes dropped SO

fast, they say, that some of the enemyPilots became panicky and parachutedfrom their planes before Navy flyerscould shoot them down.Officers of the returned group tel lof Ens. Edward G. Wendorf, USNR,Page 14

who joined a flight of enemy planes,discovered his mistake and had toshoot his way out. In doing so hebrought down tw o Zeros.They reeall, too, the adventures ofLt. (jg) Clyde L. Brown, USNR,who found his plane on fire during anattack on Guam. The blaze becameso intense that his rear gunner wasforced to climb out of the cockpit andride the plane piggy back until they

could land in the water 1,500 yardsoff the island. Shore batteries imme-diately began firing on them, but aNavy scout plane hazarded the bar-rage to land and rescue them.The pilot of the rescue plane laterproved to be a former flight studentof Lieutenant Browns.* * *It was during the raid on Truk on16 February that the Grumman Av-enger torpedo plane from Air Group5 piloted by Ens. L. E. Benson, USNR,was jumped by three Jap fighter

planes.William J. Moak, AMMZc,USNR, asmanning the turret of the TBF, des-perately tryi ng to ward off J ap planes.The enemy fighters made 15 passesat the lone Avenger. On the secondtry, gunfire struck the side of Moaksturret, spewing glass and metal splin-ters over him, wounding him in theright arm and side of his face andtemporarily blinding his right eye.Ensign Benson immediately divedthe plane to near water level. His

evasive action was so violent thatMoaks ammunition was thrown outof its boxes. Meanwhile the ammuni-tion feed of the gun kept jamming.Moak could fire only by holding theammunition with his good arm andfiring with the wounded one. Still theJaps kept diving.Moak fired whenever his gun wouldwork and, just as a Jap was passingoverhead, scored a hit. He didnt havetime to see the results of his marks-manship, however, because he sawsmoke coming from his own plane.Quickly he climbed down from the tur-ret and discovered that another Japshell had torn a two-foot hole in thefuselage. It had started a fire andmortally wounded the radioman. Moakpulled the wounded man out of thefire, beat out the flames and returnedto his turret to fire more blasts at theenemy.. Twice more returned to the smok-ing fuselage to try and quell the re-curring fire. Once the .30-cal. am-munition for the tunnel gun began toexplode from the heat. With his barehands Moak pulled out the explodingcartridges. He shoved all of the burn-ing material out through a hole andwent back to his gun.Ensign Benson finally brought theplane back to his carrier 2nd madea crash landing. As he and the gun-ner stepped onto the deck the pilotcalled Moak aside and said:Bill, I jus t wanted to tell you, th atJap you hit went down in the drinkand you scared the others off.

Official U. S. N a v y p h o t o g r a p hPILOTS A N D AZRCREWMEN of Air Group 24s torpedo,squadron posebeside TB F after Battle of Eastern Philippines, in which they torpe-doed a Jap carrier. Inset photograph is of pilot m issing in actiolz. Oneaircrewman, slightly wounded in the attack, is Bot shown,


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istructeded in theagainstd on the

&on received5 October, di-two cruisersMassachusetts,led vessels, SO


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examined, discussed and correctedby the Naval Committee.Th at pa rt of Adams rules whichconstitutes the penal code of the Navyhe obtained from An Act . . . relat-ing to the Government of his Majes-tys Ships, Vessels, and Forces bySea, passed by the British Parlia-ment in 1749. In adapting the Britishcode, however, he made it less strip-gent.The rest of Adams rules are, withminor changes and omissions, chieflytaken from the Regulations and In-structions Relating t o His MajestysService at Sea, of 1772.Although the existence of these ruleshas been known and their wordinghas remained evident in the NavyRegs of today, no actual copy of theoriginal has been available in theNavy Department.The search for an original copystarted in strange enough fashion. Itwas brought about by an inquiry froma man in Philadelphia who was wri ting

a novel about one of the early navalcaptains . When his question was for-warded t o the Office of Naval Recordsand Library, and an officer started tolook up an original copy of the Rules,it was found that none existed in theNavy Department.The search then led to the big mainsources of such material-to the Li-brar y of Congress, the New YorkPublic Library, the library of theNaval Academy. No copies there. TheUnion Catalogue of the Library ofCongress, which lists the holdings ofall major libraries, did not include theRules among known holdings.Bibliographies were tried, for thesenot only list known publications buttell where at least one copy may befound. Although many bibliographieslisted the Rules, none of them in-dicated where a copy could be found.The search next led to the semi-private libraries specializing in navalmaterial and early American historicalliterature, as these are a source of

rare publications unobtainable eke-where.From there on the search widened,and letters were addressed from timeto time to booksellers throughout thecountry, inquiring if they possessed acopy or had heard anything of thepossible whereabouts of the publica-tion.Long shot though this may haveseemed, it did eventually lead to thefinal clue. A bookseller in a smallConnecticut town replied that he hadhad such a copy, but that it was nowin the possession of the Yale Uni-versity Library.Communication with Yale quicklyverified the location of the book there,and with Yales permission and co-operation the Navy Department wasable to have the pages photographedso that facsimile reprints might bemade. A limited edition of these hasbeen issued by the Naval HistoricalFoundation, and the INFORMATIOBULLETINS lates fo r thi s ar ticle havebeen made from the same photographs.

( 7 )and i t fuch other times as may appear to make it neceffary toprepare for engagement, the Captain hall order all things i nhis lhip in a proper potlure for fight, and hall in his own per-ion, and according to his duty, heart on and encourage the in-ferior officers and men to fight couragioufly, and not to behavethemfelves feintly or cry for quarters on pain of fuch punifi-ment as the offence ha ll appear to deferve for his neglea.ART, 27. Any Captain or other officer, mariner or others,who hall bafely defert their duty or itation in the h i p and runaway while the enemy is in fight, or in time of attion, or en-tice others to do io, hall M e r death or fuch other puniflimentas a court-martial h a l l inflit%ART. 28 . No perfon i n or belonging to the hi p ihdl utterany words of fedition and mutiny, nor endeavour to make anymutinous affemblies upon any pretence whatfoever upon fuchpenalty as a court-martial hall infliA.ART. 29. Any oficer, feaman or marine, who hall beginto excite, cauk, or join in any mutiny or fedition in the fliipto which he belongs on any pretence whatfoever, ha ll fuflcrdeath or fuch other punihment as a court-martial hall dire&ART. 30. None hall prefurne to quarrel with, or itrilte hisfupcrior officer, on pain of fuch puniihment as court-martialha ll order to be nflified.ART. 3 I. If any perfon ha ll a prehend he has juR caubof complifint, he ha ll quietly anldecently make the fameknown to his fuperior officer, or to the Captain, as the cafe mayrequire, who will take care that juRice be done him.

ART. 32. There hall be no quarreling or fighting betweenh i p mates on board any lhip belonging to the Thirteen UnitedColonies, nor ha ll there be ufed any reproachful or pkovokinfpeeches tending to make quarrels and diRurbance on pain oimprifonmeiit, and fuch other punihment as a court-martialfhall think proper to infli&ART. 33 . If any perfon hall fleep upon his watch, or ne-gligently perform the duty wliich (hall be enjoined him to do,or forfakc his Ration, he hall fuffer fuch punihment as a court-martial hall think proper to inBi&, according to the nature ofhL offence.ART. 34. All murder-fliall be punilhed with death.ART. 35. All robbery and theft ha ll be punihed at thedifcretion of a court-martial.ART. 36. Any Mafin at Arms who ihall refufe to rereiwfuch prifoncr or prifoncrs as hall be committed t o hi: E ~ J I $ Z ,

5

Some early echoes of Rocks artd Skoalspunishment altd court-martial, Note thePage 20

~

( 8 )or having receivcd them; hall fu&r him or them to efcape, cdifinifs them without orders for fo doing, lha l l fuffer in his ortheir :?ead, as a court-martial hall order and dire&.ART. 37 . T h e Captain, officers and others i lral lde theirutniolt endzavsurs to deteCt, apprehend and bring to punifh-anent, 211 offenders, and h all at all times rtadily aGR the offi-cers appointed for that purpole in the difchargeof their duty onpain of their being proceeded againlt, and punihed by a court-martial at difcredon.ART. 38 . All other faults, diforders and mifdemcanorswhich h a l l be committed on board any fiip belonging to theThirteen United Colonies, and which are not herein mention.cd, hall he punilhet accordingto the laws and cuRoms in fuchcafes ufed at fea.ART. 39. A court martial fiall confit? of at lean threeCaptains and three hrfi Lieutenants, with three Captains andthree f i rR Lieutenants of marines, if there hall be io many ofthe marines then prefent, and the eldeR Captain hal l prefide.ARI. 40. All Tea officers of the fame denomination h al ltake ank of the officers f the marina..Art. 41. Every member o i a court-martial ha ll take thr fol-lowing oath, vjz, 6 Y3o fwear 0 that you will, well and truly try and impartially determine the caufc of the piiLmer npw to be tried according to the rules of the navy of the United Colonies; fo hAp you God.Which oath hall be duly admininered by the Pretident to theother menibers, and the Prefident h a l l himfelf be fworn by thoofficer in the fdid court next in rank.ART. 42. All witneffes, b e h e hey may be permitted togiveevidence, hall take the fol!owing oath, viz. You fwear, th e6 evidenceyou h a l l give in the caufenow n hearing, hall be6 the whole truth and nothing but the truth; fo help youGod.ART. 3. T he ientence of a court martial fur any capita1off:nce &all not be put in execution until i t b confirmed bytheCommanOer i n Chief of the fleet, and it hall be the dutyof he Preficient of every court-martial to tranfmit to the Cam*maider in Chief every fentence which fhaEl be given, with ifummary of the evidence and p r m d i n g s h o r n by the firitQpport ni ty.ART- 44. The Commander in C h i d o f th e Beet for -the&ne being, ihdl have power tupardon and remirrs yM a c ecf dexh that fliall be given in confequeaceof a r f the rfemmentioaed articles.

cas be discovered in these provisions forfamil iar wording of the oath in Article 42.


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bF


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~ I d l l U L

F RANK. V.licandent

MARYT. NoWILLIAM s.

NORMAN 1SocialisiREPI

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a mile and a half beyond the Districtof Columbia line. From this smoothplotting sheet the final chart is even-tual ly developed. Some survey shipshave all the necessary equipment, in-cluding color presses, to turn out com-plete charts, although the size of thepresses and the supply of paper whichmay be carried are limited.Mariners have been sending innavigational data to HO for the last114 years. Since it was organized in1830, HO has received more than 10,-000,000 reports from ships throughoutthe world. One nava l vessel, in 50passages across the North Atlantic,turned in 35,976 soundings.Each of these reports, which in-clude soundings, wind and current di-rections, weather, floating derelicts,the latitudes and iongitudes at whichthey were recorded o r observed andcountless other bits of information ofimportance to mariners, is carefullyanalyzed and checked with availableinformation, if any. Then new char tsare printed o r the data added to al-ready prepared charts to bring themup to date. If of sufficient import-ance, the new information is immedi-ately sent out to ships at sea.Because of the constant flow of newinformation which comes into HO, anentire section is now engaged in keep-ing the thousands of charts on handcurrent. This work is all done byhand. Charts are printed in smallquantities (about 2,500 of each atpresent, compared with 250 to 50 0 inpeacetime); so the job of bringingeach up to date before it is sent outto a ship is not impossibly difficult.Cha rts a re also constantly correctedduring the time they are being drawn,as additional dat a is received, even u pto a few minutes before they are puton the printing presses, which operate24 hours a day. If importan t new in-formation comes in between the print-

ing and distribution of a set of charts,the entire lo t may be corrected by hand.No nation can survey all partsof the world and, while all oceanshave been charted to some extent, atremendous amount of work remainst o be done. Because of this each na-tion has felt at liberty to use materialon charts produced by other coun-tries, giving due credit in the legendst o the authority furnishing the infor-mation. HO charts compiled fromGerman o r Japanese charts carry acredit line giving the governments ofthese nations as the sources.The various nations of the world-before the sta rt of the war and withsome exceptions - onstantly ex-changed hydrographic informationthrough the International Hydro-graphic Bureau in Monaco. Conse-quently, most countries, both enemyand Allied, have fairly accurate mapsand charts of most sea areas and someland areas.Japan lost most of its hydrographiccharts in the great earthquake andfire that followed in that country in1923. At the request of the Japa-nese government, the United States,through HO, gave that nation a com-plete set of its hydrographic charts,covering most of the world. As a re-sult many of the charts being used byJapa n today are from U. S. sources.While information secured fromother nations of the world in peace--time may be considered very reliable,that which comes from enemy sourcesduring war must be used with greatcare.Somewhere in Germany there is acartographer that the Army wouldlike t o meet. He put the altitude fig-ures on' flight charts the Nazis madewhen they had a network of airlinesin South America. They were verygood charts, with lots of detail andplenty of a ltitude data on one of the

Official U. S. Navy photouraphFINISHED CHARTS in storage are corrected by hamd as soon as anyPage 26

additional data is received, I

most mountainous areas in the world.Bu t the altitude figures were extremelydifficult to figure out. Fo r while abouthalf of the figures were accurate downto the l ast meter, the re st were delib-erate ly falsified.The tremendous expansion of navalaviation has added to the responsibili-ties of HO. In the pre-airplane eraHO was primarily concerned withcharts showing only the coastlines and

outlying water areas. With the growthof naval aviation HO moved the areasshown on its charts farther andfar-th er inland. This was necessary both toprovide pilots with correct land chartsand to aid battleships in getting anaccurate range when they pulIed upoffshore to bombard enemy installa-tions inland along coastlines.Because most land areas still to becharted ar e enemy-held, spotter planesare called upon to do much of the pre-liminary work, and the tri-metrogonmethod of developing flight charts

from aerial photographs is more ex-tensively used than ever before.Three aerial cameras, which makesimultaneous exposures of area sreaching f rom horizon to horizon, ar eattached to a spot ter plane. Such aplane can photograph 20,000 squaremiles of land in three .hours. Perhaps4,000 o r 5,000 photographs of onearea are used in the process of de-veloping a single chart.These photographs are rushed t oHO, where in the highly technicalphotogrammetry section they arepainstakingly studied. The photos ar elaid out in proper sequence on a largetable, and bit by bit such informationas enemy ai r fields, gun emplacements,ammunition and supply depots, airstrips and the general typography ofthe area is outlined. This informa-tion, in a series of technical steps, isthen transposed onto easily readcharts. If HO has any additional data,this too is incorporated. The chartsare then rushed back to the fleet foruse. in bombing a ttacks and invasions.Charts for the invasion of the Ma-rianas were largely developed from

aerial photographs.When the Marines landed on Tuladin the Solomons 7 Aug. 1942, surveyships immediately went to work.Within a short time a series of fivefield charts of the entire area hadbeen developed and rushed by planeto HO, where they were combined andworked into a single, comprehensivechart. In less tha n four weeks thecomplete charts were in use by thefleet.Knowledge gained under battle con-ditions has brought about changes incolors used on charts.It was found that red, yellow andorange tints, under red night lightsused on board ships and planes, be-came invisible. Land areas hithe rtoshown in buff were changed to l ightgray. Orange has been changed to


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The Army Air Forces has a navy,too-a fleet of small, speedy crashboats from 27 to 104 feet in lengththat specialize in rescuing flyersforced down on the water.Operated independently by the AAF,these rescue boats are based nearArmy air bases at home and abroadwherever a base is situated near alarge body of water. It has beenfound, for some mysterious reason,that fledgling pilots invariably makeforced landings on water if there isany in sight.Prior to 1941 each air base set upits own rescue service, using whateverboats and personnel were available.Because personnel qualified to handlethe crash boats were constantly beingtransferred, the Army Air Forces de-cided to establish the Emergency Res-cue Service.

The AAF now has its ow n boatschool, at Gulfport, Miss., whencetrained rescue ,personnel a re sent t othe combat theaters. Every man en-tering the school, commissioned or en-listed, is given the basic 12-week indi-vidual and six-week unit trainingcourse. At th e end of 12 weeks thespecialists are organized into crews ofapproximately 13 men. Here the fu-ture mates, engineers, oilers, deckhands, radio operators an d boatswain'smates begin to learn their assign-ments.Officers chuckle about the firstcruise made in the Gulf of Mexico bya crew just out of the school. Onenight, while about 200 miles out in thegulf, a mysterious light which blinkedoff and on was sighted. While theship slowly circles the light at a safe

distance, the skipper got out his text-book and tried to figure out what todo next. Crewmen were certa in it waseither a U-boat o r the Schamhors t ,an d in either case they wanted to openup with their 50-caliber machineguns.On board was a very unpopularlieutenant. He was as mystified asthe crew about the blinking light.Suddenly this lieutenant saw a wakeheading str aig ht for the ship. Shout-ing, "Torpedo, torpedo," he dived headfirst down the hatch. The torpedoproved to be a porpoise which ap-proached the ship, then gracefullydived under the hull. What the lightwas no one ever discovered, but there-af te r the cry of "torpedo" went upwhenever the lieutenant approached.He soon asked f o r a transfer.There are many different types ofArmy crash boats, including theswamp glider, designed for use inmarshy areas. This glider ha s a spe-cial airplane propeller which enablesher to skid safely over the top ofmarshes. The 85- and 104-foot boatsar e intended for seagoing rescue work,the smaller ones for inland lakes andwaterways. The 85-footerl is aboutthe size of the Navy PT-boat and ha sa speed of 40 to 42 miles an hour. Itis powered with two Packards and twoChrysler cruising motors. In appear-ance it resembles the Navy's 63-footcrash boat.

Latest addition to the EmergencyRescue Service's fleet is the air-bornelife boat. This is a 27-foot boat,equipped with two 5-HP engines,which can be dropped from the air bya B-17 or B-29. The boat is hooked to

J ?u ""II I". A" l .VY"Y .A"* aw-.".supported by three &-foot parachutes.These life boats are completelyequipped with emergency food, medi-cal supplies, etc., and even have sails.One already ha s been sailed across theGulf of Mexico. La rge enough to ac-commodate an entire bomber crew,the boats have a cruising radius offrom 400 t o 500 miles.On board an 85-foot crash boat arecomfortable quarters for the crew of13, a galley equipped with an electricstove and refrigerator, a sick baystaffed by a medical technician. Ship-to-shore, ship-to-ship and ship-to-planecommunication equipment keeps it inconstant touch with the base, search-ing airc raft and other rescue craft.Each member of the crew has a jobto perform when a rescue is made.The vessel proceeds to the scene atfull speed and maneuvers into posi-tion. The crew is on the alert at res-cue stations and, in hostile waters, thegunners stand at battle stations. Res-cue nets, rubber suits, crash tools, as-bestos suits, fire-fighting equipmentand a small dinghy with an outboardmotor are available f o r use. The in-jured are moved in special-type lit-ters t o the dispensary where thesurgical technician gives first aid.I n addition to playing the role ofGood Samaritan to pilots in distress,these are fight ing ships, too. Theycarry enough armament to protectthemselves against attack from air-craft, and they also pack a punch foruse under certain other conditions incombat areas.Newspapers recently carr ied a storyabout a 40-foot AAF crash boat thatventured f a r out into the choppySouth Atlantic and rescued the entire71-man crew of a torpedoed Americanmerchant ship after they had beenadrif t from nine to 10 days.The crew of six volunteered for th emission after an Army pilot had spot-ted one of the four life boats. Afternearly two days of searching thecrash boat pulled alongside the firstlife boat and took 19 survivorsaboard. Seventy miles away she foundtwo more life boats and took them intow. Afte r taking these survivorsback to base, she returned to thescene the next day and picked up thelast boat load of survivors.

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Position of fallen plane is plo2 i l l radio t he inform ation t c tted by officers, w h o2 rescue craft.

eight mi nut es of t h e first alarm. P B Y m ay direct boatto crash or come do wn o n water t o pick up surviuors. Blimp and PBY pass .near one another in search3 or survivors of plan e forced d o w n at sea.

Off i c ia l U. S. Navy photographsPBY latzds for pickup-usual ly made by boat ,7 occasionally by blim p lowering harness to raft .Safe on raft , suruiuors wait to be picked up.6 Smoke bomb and seawater dye mark positiotz,Page 33- -1


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New Books in Ships LibrariesThe following books have been pur-chased recently fo r distribution to theserwce. Not all titles will be suppliedto each unit; rather it is the practiceof BuPers to distribute different titlesto small units operating in the samearea to encourage the exchange ofbooks. A unit is always free to re-quest from the Bureau individualtitles of particular interest.

and Martin Johnson covered the Solo-mons in search of photographs of canni-bals.PEOPLE rr Lawrence Dwieht Smith.COUNTERFEITING : CRIME AGAINST TH EMethods of counterfeiters an3 the flghtof th e Secret Service aga ins t them, withcase histories of some of the outstand-ing artists in the fleld.EAST Y SOUTHWESTv Christouher La-Farge.of the South Paciflc flghting men.Fictionalized -repo rts o? the lifeEAST F MALTA. WEST O F SUEZ by B art i-meus. Nav al action in the Mediter-ranean from 1939, when the Britishfought alone against terriflc odds, to thefall of Tripoli in 1943, when Allied con-trol of the Mediterranean was assured.PA_CIFIC_WORLDdited by Fairfleld Osborn.

In Lighter Vein ANNA AND THE KING OF SIAM .by Mar-gar et Landon. Oriental court life in, th e

to the royal children and concubines,and se cretary and consultant to theKing of Siam.CHASINGHE BOWHEADy H. H. Bodflsh.Captain Hartson H. Bodflsh mastermarin er from Ma rth as Vineya;d recallsthe seafaring days when whaleden flrstventured north of the Aleutians.DICTIONARYF SERVICE LANG y Pa rkKeniiall. Ent erta inin e deflnitions of the_.current crop of servic2 slang.by P V P lanta . This book plus inter-est ahdan harmonica are all YOU need

HOW TO MAKEMUSICON TH E HARMONICAto -s ta rt your musical career.RUNYAN LA CARTEby Damon Runyan.Twelve-course dinner with Runyonsdaffy dolls and goofy guys. Flycasting, surf casting and trolling PIUStime-tested dope on tack le and bait-a

STRIPEDASS by 0. H. P. Rodman.book for the salt-water flsherman.

Solid StuffBRIDE N THE SOLUMONSy Osa Johnson.Fighting fronts of today recalled in theday s of exploratory travel when Os a

New Books in theArmed Services Edition

Thirty-two new titles are publishedeach month in the Editions for theArmed Services. Comment concern-ing them will be appreciated byBuPers. The titles currently beingdistributed t o all ships in commissionand to shore based activities outsidethe United States are:K- 1-Day, THIS SIMIANWORLDK- 2-Marauis. IHE OLD SOAKK- 3-LondOn, TK- 4-Stern TH EK- 5-Branh. THK- 6-Kantor, TIK- ?-Wilder. BcK- 8-Rhodes, SK- 9-HemingwaK-10-Bright. TI

PEOPLE ON OUR SIDE by Edg ar Snow.First-ra te reporting from India Russiaand China by one of our best informedcorrespondents.A fiFhpageant of life in the Chinese citieswhere East and West agreed to meeteives the backeround of relations be-

TREATY ORTSy Hallett Abend.

fween whites a


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-- . -.._than on(vice whdate of


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Onhave a Isize, am


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T H E M0 \1T H S NEW S Americans Inuade G erman y;N e w Pacif ic Landings CarrvThe

v .,PER.IOD 21 AUGUST THROUGH 20 SEPTEMBER Allies Close t o PhilippinesWar

As Allied armies hammered the Sieg-fried Line last month and dropped anairbone army beyond it in Holland,U. S. amphibious forces struck simul-taneously at two islands just 250 milessouth and 560 miles east of the Philip-

fieldwasin thNimi5.500out.near'Mari- 3 -

pines.Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, USN,Commander-in-Chief, U. S. PacificFleet, sent his forces ashore on PeleliuIsland in the Palau group, 531 milesfrom Davao. Site of the best J ap air-in the Palaus, Peleliu probablythe most heavily defended islande group; a fter four days Admiraltz announced that more thanI of the defenders had been wipedU . S. Army troops, landed onby Angaur Island two days afterines stormed ashore on Peleliu,also made ranid arogress againstI-- Llighter opposition.

The Palau Islands haportant Japanese strosoned by an estimatedTheir strategic importphasized by Admiral

ve.been an im-nghold, garri-40,000 troops.ance was em-Nimitz, whonm nt ar l nrrt t h o t t h o a o ; o n ~ a n f P s l n m

provide a base from which to stranglecommunications between Japan andher conquered territories in New Gui-ne a and the Dutch Eas t Indies.Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Alliedcommander in the Southwest Pacificarea, effected complete surprise inlanding his forces the same day onMorotai Island in the northern par t ofthe Halmahera group. Only 10 Japswere on the beach when A rmy assaulttroops swarmed ashore. The Jap a-nese apparently had expected a land-ing in the Halmaheras, but had pre-pared for it and built up theirstrength on a lower part of theislands. Pitoe airstr ip, the major ob-

jective on Morotai, was quickly taken,and control of the island was secureda few hours a ft er the landing..General MacArthur said that seiz-ur e of this island group penetrates theHalmahera-Philippine line and im-perils enemy conquests t o th e south bythreat of envelopment. It cuts off andisolates the enemy garrison in theEast Indies, estimated at 200,000 men,and severs the vital oil supply line t othe Japanese mainland.That General MacArthur will leadAllied forces in the impending re-con-quest of the Philippines was revealed18 September by Admiral Nimitz, whoannounced that it will be the Navy's

5 6 7 8 9 1011nes t o the Southt o block our inva- - - _ _ -- _ _ - -


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rieet paveHalmaheriattacks onsmash at 1ashore. Cplanes striseabornesinking orous S1Ze.S Aplanes iTheir nment wa52-ship ITwo cforce so iback toshot dov

nn th e viuAdayJaPsitiorger.Foarmatonsn l v T r

xamirai w iiiiam r . naisey ~ r .j a wnen ne arrivea on me L a n . Drub- r rom m e oum, benerai r a x n sentd the way fo r the Palau and sels, capital of Belgium, and Luxem- columns of his U. S. 7th Army racingt landings with a series of bourg, capital of the duchy of the nor th to join General Pattons 3dthe Philippines and a final same name, were freed by the British Army and cut off one of the few re-.alau before the troops went 2nd and the U. S. 1st Armies. maining avenues of escape for Ger-In 9 September his carri er The Red Army captured Bucharest mans still in France. This junctionIck at Mindanao in the first on 31 August, swept on to take Sofia, was effected on 11 September.attack on the Philippines, an d by 20 September was driving on On the lef t flank the Canadian 1s tdamaging 89 ships of vari- Belgrade and Budapest. Germans still and British 2d Armies swept along the

. _.___nd categories, destroying 68 held Warsaw but it wa s threa tened by Channel coast. The British tookand wrecking five airfields. a renewed Russian drive. Amiens, center of the robot bombnost spectacular accomplish- The greate r pa rt of France had launching activity, while the Cana-s the destruction of an entire been liberated and the battle for Ger- dians took Ostend and Dieppe. Thenconvoy. many was rapidly drawing to a climax they moved toward Holland and werelays la ter Admiral Halseys as Hitlers armies fled in confusion attempting to clear the Schelde estu-ftened up Palau , then moved toward the doubtful safe ty of the a ry and open the ports of Flushingin 156 planes, destroyed 277 Pattons U. S. 3d Army had chased The Siegfried Line was breached in_ _ _ ___round, sank 40 more ships and the Germans 700 miles-probably the several places nea r Aachen as theJamstged 43 others. During the six- most rapid advance in military annals. U.S. 1st Army moved toward Colognerampage in the Philippines 601 His motorized columns slashed ahead through a country of small Germanplanes were destroyed. Air oppo- so fa st that the Nazis never could tell fa rm s and well-kept little forests.

1 and antia ircra ft fire were mea- where the fro nt was from hour to The crowning blow fell on 17 Sep-hour. When supply lines could not tember when an Allied airborne army,r the invasion of the P alaus an keep pace, gasoline was dropped to ad- estimated by the enemy at 20,000 men,Ida estimated a t close to 2,000,000 vance units by parachute. When Gen- was landed in Holland. Hard -hittingwas assembled, and the prelimi- era1 Pat ton finally ra n off the map armored forces of the Briti sh 2d ArmyA . u L J bombardment totaled more than as he neared th e German frontier, soon joined with the airborne troops1,350 tons of shells, including 9,000 tons of maps were dropped to him and the combined forces drove towardrockets fired at beach defenses by from planes. Rotterdam and Amsterdam.

n.

the central Philippines and Siegfried Line. In 37 days General an d Antwerp to Allied shipping.

-4

4

LCIS.In the European theater, meanwhile,capitals of five countries were liber-ated o r captured in the Allied squeezefrom the east and west. Paris citizensrose from the underground as Alliedtroops approached and announced thecity liberated on 23 August; fightingraged in the streets for two more

Chateau Thierry, Soissons, Verdunand other familiar French townswhich American doughboys fought forin World War I were overrun withscarcely a struggle. General Eisen-hower announced on 25 August thatGerman losses since D-day were morethan 400,000, including 200,000 pris-oners. By 18 September the ba g ofCASUALTY FIGURES

Casualties among naval personnel through 20 September totaled62,811. Total since 7 Dec. 1941:Dead Wou,nded Mins.Eno* Prisoaers* Total-. . -U. S. N a v y . . . .. . . 1 7 ,1 2 9 7 ,9 0 1 8 ,4 1 5 2 ,5 2 3 3 6 , 9 6 8

U. S. Marine Corps.. 7 ,5 8 4 1 5 , 7 0 5 8 5 4 1 , 9 4 3 2 6 , 0 8 6U. S. Coast Guard.. 3 5 6 1 7 5 2 2 6 0 7 5 7_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~Total ...... ... 2 5 ,0 6 9 2 3 ,7 8 1 9 ,4 9 5 4 ,4 6 6 6 2 ,8 1 1* A number of personnel now carried in the missing status undoubtedly areprisoners of war not yet officially reported as such.

With these powerful armies pound-in g at the west wall, Lt. Gen. KurtDittmar, Nazi radio commentator, toldthe German people: It is the defici-ency of means that places success outof ou r reach. We ar e beaten by theweapons we have forged.On the other side of the Reich, theRussian drive against Warsaw wasslowed down while the Reds concen-trated on cleaning up the Balkans.Rumania announced on 23 Augustthat she was joining the Allies in thewar against Germany, and two dayslater Bulgaria asked the U.S. andBritain for surrender terms. TheRussians plowed ahead through Hun-garian - annexed Transylvania, cap-tured Ploesti and the surrounding oilfields and reached Bucharest the fol-lowing day.The Finns reached a n armisticewith Russia on 4 September and

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agreed to expel all German troops bythe 15th. Nazi troops began leavingbut burned Finnish homes as theywithdrew. There were clashes betweenFinnish and German troops which de-veloped into a virtual state of war.Charging that Bulgaria was assist-ing the Nazis, Russia declared war onher former Slavic friend. Bulgariaimmediately sued for peace, and de-clared war on Germany to show hergood intentions.After advancing to the border ofYugoslavia and joing forces with Mar-shal Tito, powerful Red Army forcesresumed their offensives against War-saw and Riga. R-ussian patro lscrossed into East Prussia on 11 Sep-tember, the same day that Americanforces were entering the Reich fromthe west.To the south in Italy, the British8th Army breached the Gothic Line inthree places and advanced past Pisa.The U. S. 5th Army captured Pratoand Pistoia, but General Kesselring'ssoldiers were fighting fanatically tohold their defense line.From bases in China B-29 Super-fortresses paid two more visits to Jap -anese industral targets. On 21 Augustthey attacked Kyushu, Jap home isl-and, guided to the target by fires stillburning from a previous raid. Fo urof the big bombers were lost; 40 J a paircraft were destroyed o r damaged.On 8 September a large force ofB-29s dumped tons of explosives onAnshan, important iron and steel cen-ter in southern Manchuria. Onebomber failed to return from thismission. -In the Burma theater Chinese forcesmade contact with those of GeneralStillwell, and the capture of Lunglingopened a potential overland supplyroad from India to Tengchung.However, the Japs were drivingdown the Hunan-Kwangsi railway,and a n advance of 100 miles morewould cut China in two. They cap-tured the U. s. air base at Linglingand the seaport of Wenchow, and bythe 20th were only 62 miles from an-other important U. S. base a t Kweilin.U. S. subs reported sinking 74 moreJap ships in the Pacific, including fourdestroyers and three other combatantvessels. The Navy Department alsoannounced that the submarines uSSRobalo , uss G udge on and uss Flierwere lost.

A compilation of Japanese shippinglosses disclosed that U. S. sea and airforces have sunk 2,031 of those vesselssince Pearl Harbor, not counting about2,000 barges, river boats and lessercraft. The Jap s have lost three bat-tleships, seven carriers, 60 cruisers,152 destroyers, 15 submarines and 93miscellaneous fighting ships.U-boat activities in the Atlanticsank to the lowest ebb of the war asGerman submarine bases in Francewere captured and the remaining subsforced into the North Sea.At Quebec, President Roosevelt andPrime Minister Churchill met withtheir military leaders, for the 10thtime during the war, to discuss plansfor the final crushing blow againstGermany and a unified campaignagainst Japan. As Mr. Churchill re-marked on his arrival at the confer-ence: "Victory is everywhere."

Avenger springs aloft with assistance of four 330-horsepower jet units.Navy Now Has JetUnits To Aid PlanesIn TakeoffThe.Navy is now prepared to usejet-assisted takeoff for both carrierplanes and flying boats. The jet pro-pulsion thrust reduces takeoff runsand increases plane loads.Jet units, cylinders full of a solidpropellent, are fastened to the fuse-lage of a plane and ignited by anelectrically controlled spark plug.Each unit delivers thrust equivalentto about 330 horsepower, which isavailable throughout the takeoffperiod.Using these units, a Navy fightercan cut its takeoff run in half. Thismeans that carriers can use more oftheir deck space for planes and getmore planes, more heavily loaded,into the air sooner. Land-based Navyand Marine fighters can use smallisland airstrips safely.The Navy's big flying boats willfind JATO (jet-assisted takeoff) ex-tremely useful, too. With four, sixo r eight JATO units, used in salvo orin a series, a flying boat can greatlyincrease its payload and still takeoff in the limited ar ea of Pacificisland lagoons.The Navy started its jet-assistedtakeoff experimental program more

than three years ago at the NavalEngineering Experiment Station, An-napolis, Md., under the supervisionof Capt. Calvin M. Bolster, USN. Thefirst small jet units were built by theCalifornia Ins titu te of Technology,and the first flight test was made Qn1 March 1943 by Capt. William L.Gore, USMC. While still a Marine pri-vate, first class, Captain Gore hadbelieved enough in the jet-assistedtakeoff to spend his own money onexperiments.Five units were installed on aWildcat fighter, in which he taxiedto the runway and flicked the switchesth at fired the JATO units. Therewas a loud, shrill noise, like steamescaping from a dozen high pressureboilers, and the Wildcat shot into theair on a column of white smoke. Itwas by far the quickest takeoff thatplane had ever made.Comdr. Leroy C. Simpler, USN,former c om ma nd e r of FightingSquadron 5, made the first jet-as-sisted takeoff from a carrier with thesame plane on 18 March 1943. Againthe speed of takeoff amazed pilots.Meanwhile, in 1942, the Navy hadlet contracts for fu rthe r experimentaldevelopment to the Aerojet Engineer-in g Corp. of Pasadena, Calif., whichwent to work on a more powerfulunit. By Ju ne 1943 the power of theunits had been increased five timestheir former value and, followinghighly successful tests, orders wereplaced for quantity production.

Official U. S. Navy photographsCorsair equipped with iet units roars down carrier deck for takeoff.Page '39


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a truck at Campoddy Village, Me.;ca t at the Naval, .Idaho,. motheredident Prince, greatLittle Creek, Va.,unnamed goat was.+r\ o+ o- M A C

QUONSET CHAPELbuilt on Eniwetok

Official U. S. Navy photograph.: Newest thing in church architecture i s this cathedralin the Marshalls.

and sky around the British Isles thatan American cargo ship was able t osail through the English Channel andIrish Sea recently without an escort.The ss Ephraim Brevard made thevoyage alone accidentally when shefailed, through a misunderstanding,t o rendezvous with her convoy. Not asingle U-boat or German plane wasencountered.A new powdered salt water soap,developed particularly for use in shipslaundries, is now included in standardstocks a t all Navy Yards. It will alsobe available at advance bases withina short time. The soap will enableship laundries to use salt water in-stead of fresh water, thus conservingcritical supplies, and will clean clothesmore rapidly without injuring fabrics.For years the Navy has issued saltwater soap in bar form for use bysailors but it is not adaptable for usein laundry machines. The new prod-uct was developed by BuShips.

Ships & StationsOn the desk of Lt. (j g) Rex L.Christensen, (ChC) USNR, Mormon

chaplain a t NTC,. Far ragut , Idaho, isan object that is almost bound t omake a caller feel at home. Its acookie jar. The ja r, in the fo rm of amedieval monk- and inscribed ThouShalt Not Steal, was the gift of twolady visitors who decided the office

needed a touch of home. From 75 t o100 men a day call on the chaplainand the steady supply of home-madecookies sent from all sections of thecountry never gets stale.Howard W. Pingree, PhM3c, USNR,on duty at the Na-8 val Hospital, NTC,Farragut , I d a h 0 ,killed a 2-lb., 14-in. t r o u t whileskipping stones onLake Pend Oreille.Pingree had five

e Newest editions to fire-fighting fa-cilities at NAS, Corpus Christi, Texas,is a red jeep for Fire Chief J. H.Rowan, ACOM, USN (Ret.). The jeepspearheads the Fire Departments at-tacks on fires and the hazards whichproduce them. Equipment for extin-guishing small blazes is carriedaboard.Frances Sims, PhMSc, Naval Hos-pital, San Diego, Calif., attended thelaunching of the uss Hocking as aspectator and ended up as sponsor ofthe 455-foot, 10,500-ton combat trans-port. She was chosen when an em-ployee of the shipbuilding companywho had won the right in a drawingt o pick the sponsor couldnt locate hiswife or daughter in time.

_.- __. -is- mascot of t he locai CBMTJ;Brownie, curly-tailed pup at NAS,Quonset Point, R. I., goes daily to theships service store for a dish of icecreain.A veteran of almost three decadesof Navy service, the ussMelville nowhas the job of helping to keep in re-pai r the fleet of sh ips th at shuttlemen and supplies from the BritishIsles to the Allied armies in France.A former destroyer tender, the Mel-

ville is now a jack of all ships,performing services ranging fromnecessary repairs to a spud peeleron an LST to the casting of springbearings for a transport. Her job logshows 9,879 hours of work aboardvessels during June. The Melvillealso acts as station ship, her boatmentouring the harbor to ga the r informa-tion, while on board a man may gethis hair cut, have his teeth fixed orge t a new uniform. One of her proud-est moments came when her gunnersjoined in a heavy antiairc raft barrageand shared in shooting down a Naziraid er.For lack of a better name its calledthe Overhead Reading Device, andthats just what it is. The ORD (seebelow) enables a patient to read abook, even turning the pages, whileremaining flat on his back. It wasdeveloped by the civilian librarian andtwo pharmacists mates with the help

of a carpenter, at the Naval Hospital,Gong Beach, Calif. Constructed ofwood with Plexi glass inserted withinthe frame as a holder for the book,the device can be easily attached toany bed post and can be turned outof the way when not in use.Page 42


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MBERRC Fleet press re-Navy search planewhile on a routineL in the Volcanotttacked an enemy10 small cargo ves-. One cargo vessel' damaged by straf-?arch plane on theank a sampan nearMarianas was at -August. In thesewas done to enemyother defense in -Are, bombing and


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Seventy-two tons of bombs were droppedon Truk by Liberators of the 7th AAF

I - -...-lsses upr yosses.ightne hasmy con-iled by1 cut offin the2 0 0 , 0 0 0nd 19thver theiainland?d lightGerman


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the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing. Meager 2. These actions have not been an-antiaircraft Are was encountered. communique.ounced,in any previous Navy Departm entA single sear ch plane of Flee t Air Wing2 strafed and damaged two enemy sail- Navy Defiartment Commulzique N o . 545oats at Lemotrek Island, east of WOleai. The submarine u s s Flzer was lost inI'eCent operation s again st the enemy.on 14 September. Another se arch plane ofFleet Air Wing 2 on routine patrol nearIwo Jima on 14 September sighted two 9 TFhn .rnv+ bi.. ,.e .,-A .-.,.*",1.


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him in waging a determined war onhostile submarines. He was instru-mental in furnishing effective supportfor our convoys and vital war ship-ping during offensive operations.kcap t . E lmer P. Abernethy, USN,Washington, D. C.: As executive offi-cer of the uss President Jackson from7 August 1942 to 30 June 1943, hemade many trips to the forward areato deliver reinforcements t o the Amer-ican garrison at Guadalcanal. Despitefrequent engagements with hostileplanes and submarines, he aided hiscommanding officer in bringing theship through without damage.* Commodore Lee P. Johnson, US N(Ret), Concord, N. C.: I n charge oftraining activit ies of the AmphibiousForce, Atlantic Fleet, during theperiod prior to the invasion of Sicily,he displayed leadership and initiativein coordinating the Army and Navyunits under his command in prepara-tion for the attack.Capt. Allan R. McCann, uSN, NorthAdams, Mass.: As a submarine squad-ron commander in the Southwest Pa-cific, he demonstrated exceptional abil-ity and untiring devotion to duty, in-spiring the officers and men under hiscommand to the successful completionWarrant Officer TweedGets Legion of Merit

The Legion of Merit ha s beenawarded Radio Electrician GeorgeR. Tweed, USN, who eluded Japa-nese on Guam for 31 months untilrescued on 10 July 1944 by a U. S.destroyer (INFORMATIONULLETIN,September 1944, p. 9 ) .With the aid of friendly natives,he managed to subsist on the Jap-occupied island and t o obtain muchvaluable information regarding theoccupatioh forces. Ingeniously at-trac ting the attention of the de-stroyer, operating two miles offshore, he signaled messages bysemaphore t o reveal that a Japa-nese battery of six-inch guns con-cealed on Adelup Point remainedundamaged.

After being rescued, Mr. Tweedfurnished information which madea vital contribution t o the recap-ture of G u m . Since his rescue hehas been promoted from radiomanfirst class to warrant rank.

Official U. S. Navy photographDIRECTED SUB OPERATIONS: RearAdmiral John H . Brown Jr., U S N , ofMiddletown, Del., has been awardedthe Legion of Merit for distinguishedand meritorious service as commanderof a submarine squadron from 6 J u l y1942 to 18 November 1943. Duringthis period his subs sank 72 ships anddamaged 54.

armored equipment with great skilland determination. During the follow-ing 30 dags his craft participated con-tinuously in unloading and salvageoperations while subjected to shellfireand frequent aerial bombing attacks.*Clifton M. Duckworth, CCM, USCG,Western Port, Md.: When the USCGCCampbel l was severely damaged asthe result of an attack upon an enemyvessel, he skillfully shored and rein-forced the bulkheads, making it possi-ble for the vessel to be towed 800miles to port. He also succeeded inconstructing a crib from a limited andinadequate supply of lumber on boardthe cutter.

of dangerous and vital missions. Assenior officer, he relieved his taskforce commander of many details andassisted in establishing the efficientoperation of units.*Comdr. Alexander S. Heyward Jr.,USN, Edisto Island, S. C.: As com-manding officer of a patrol squadron,he established an anti-sub patrol atPort Lyautey, French Morocco, andcourageously led his squadron on num-erous hazardous missions during thefollowing two months. He contributedimmeasurably to the securit of U. S.naval forces and shipping luring thecapture and occupation of FrenchMorocco.*Comdr. John A. Moreno, USN,Washington, D. C.: As leader of il.patrol squadron during the occupationof the airport a t Por t Lyautey, FrenchMorocco, he organized and establisheda base for antisubmarine patrol, pro-vided for the billeting and subsistenceof personnel and the operation andprotection of the airfield there. Hemaintained such effective vigilanceover the enemy-infested waters thatour forces escaped without damagethroughout the entire period.* Lt. Comdr. Frank D. Schwartz, USN,Wichita, Kan. : As commanding officerof a warship during the landing op-erations& Lae, Saidor, Arawe andCape Glducrester, and as commanderof a transport division at Hyane har-bor and Hollandia, he exercised soundjudgment, initiative and leadership.At Hyane harbor, his forces werecompelled t o make numerous trips be-tween the transports and the beachand, although subjected to intensemachine-gun fire, effected the landingof all troops and equipment with a

*Lt. Comdr. (then Lieut.) Norvell G.Ward, USN, Indian Head, Md.: As ex-ecutive officer of a submarine whichwas damaged at Cavite Navy Yardduring the early phase of the currentwar, he assisted his commanding offi-cer in directing fire-fighting activities.For five days, under persistent air at-tacks, he worked tirelessly to repairdamage and get the sub ready forsea. By his outstanding ability innavigating strange, confined enemywaters, he contributed directly to thesinking or damaging of many Japa-nese ships and to bringing the sub-marine safely to port.

Mobster ( F l e e t H o s p i t a l , No. 109)A simfile salute i s sufficient,son.

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barges, shore installations and a valu- possible the capture of a Mitsubishiable station a t Cape St. George before fighte r which provided new and in-his plane was badly damaged. He valuable information on this type ofmade a skillful water landing with no enemy aircraft.DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS power from either engine, bringing hisfour crew members down to safety, al-* Lt* Comdr* Thomas Davies, USN, though he himself was fatally injuredCleveland, Ohio: As a bomber pilot on in the landing.an anti-submarine Sweep, he sighted * Lt. (jg) Duane J. Kenney, USNR,a bold depth-bomb attack and defied ing his team of four fighters Overintense antiaircraft fire to force the Truk on 29 April 1944 as escort *Lt. Comdr. Richard R. Smith, USCG,sub gun crew to abandon her guns. fo r torpedo bombers, he a New London, Conn.: While supervisingA second deDth bomb exploded on the ,.-L -..----I -_-- .-+-- the rescue of personnel from a strand-a surfaced U-boat. He Pressed home Chicago, 111. (missing in action): Lead- NAVY AND MARINE CORPS MEDAL

suDmarines aecK, compieung ILY ue-struction.*Lt . Comdr. Robert C. Millard, USN,Mamaroneck. N. Y.: Sighting a sur-faced U-boat, he dived-low-and re-leased depth charges before the sub'sdeck crew could fire a single shot.Explosions just aft of the conningtower drove the submarine beneaththe sea, leaving wooden splinters andmen swimming in oil slick as evidencethat the vessel had been severely dam-aged or destroyed.*Lieut. James E. Bridges, USNR,Brinson, Ga. (miss ing in action) : Inan attack on Japanese shipping inTruk harbor, he maneuvered his shipskillfully, dove t o a perilously low al-titude and scored a direct hit whichexploded an ammunition ship.*Lieut. Joseph E. Butler, USNR, Ir-winton, Ga. : As assistant operationsofficer and pilot of a divebomber oper-ating in the Solomons from 15 May t o5 October 1943, he completed numerousbombing and photographic missionsagainst strongly defended positions.On 11 September he volunteered todirect rescue operations of a ilot shotdown in Japanese-controllei watersand, under most difficult conditions,obtained bearings which resulted inhis fescue.ALieut. Robert H: Higley, USNR,Kansas City, Mo. (missing in action):Separated from the other planes ofhis squadron during an attack on Jap-anese surface forces at Rabaul on 11November 1943, he valiantly pressedhome his attack against a heavy war-ship despite violent fighter oppositionand severe an tiairc raft fire from shorebatteries

Documents

All Hands Naval Bulletin - Oct 1944