All Hands Naval Bulletin - Jan 1944

8/4/2019 All Hands Naval Bulletin - Jan 1944

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RUAERU OF/NFORMAT/ONBULLE l / N

TANUARY 1944 .- NUMBER 322REAR ADMIRAL RANDALL JACOBS, USNT he Chief of Naval Personnel

REAR ADMIRAL L. E. DENFELD, USNThe Assistant Chie f o f N aval Personnel

Table of ContentsPage

Gett ing Back to Civilian Life. . . . . . . . . . 2Souvenir Collecting, Ltd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6An LST Goes Jap Hu nt ing .. . . . . . . . . . . . SWill to Die Wins Gilberts. . . . . . . . . . . . ; 9Tarawa: 4 Pages of Pictures. . . . . . . . . . . 12Th e Salute . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Th e Sara Challenges Truk . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Your $10,000 Piece of Paper. . . . . . . . . . . . 26A Nazi U-Boat Fights Back. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28How to Beat Old Man Wint er. . . . . . . . . . . 29Train ing Tip : Getting Away from theShip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Dismember Japan-A Jo b for the Navy 32Bodyguard of the Merchant Marine. . . . . 34Editorial . . . . .. .. . ..... ....... . . 36Letters to the Ed itor. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 36News of the Month. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Letter from Home. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43The War at Sea (Communiques) . . . . . . . . 41A Navy Bibl iography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Malay: Shor t List of Words and Phrases. . 53What is Your Naval I. Q.? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Decorations and Citations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 58BuPers Bulletin Board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2

This magazine is published monthly inWashington, D. C., by the Bureau of NavalPersonnel for the information and interest ofthe Naval Service as a whole. By BuPers Cir-cular Letter 162-43, distribution is to be ef-fected to allow all hands easy access to eachissue. All activities should keep the Bureauinformed of how many copies are required.All original material herein may be reprintedI as desired.I I 1IASS THIS COPY ALONGAFTERYOU HAVE READ IT


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GE INLooking Forward to theDay of Demobilization,BuPers is PlanningFastest, Fairest Way

IBY THE EDITOR - -Last month BuPers began tackling:headan the problem of how, at wars!end,the Navys no-longer-needed per-. sonnel will be returned to civilian life.This should not-emphatically not-*be taken as an indication that the war!is as good as over. It is, rather, the.tip-off that the job of demobilization,is a tough one and the sooner theplanning


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considering what the veterans willhave just been doing for their coun-try.Second, the millions of returningveterans will represent a very sizeablegroup in the national economy-andwhat happens to these veterans willvery definitely influence the nation asa whole. Prope r demobilization cansave a lot of headaches, bad demobili-zation can cause more than wenaspirin manufacturers would care tothink about.What the problems seem t o boildown to is this:What is the fastest and fairest wayof getting the men home to their ad-vantage and in the common interestof the people of the nation?That problem is by no means easyto solve.The f a s t es t way, of course, is sim-ply t o say that on the day of peace,all ships will head for this continent,

be given discharge papers andsome money and told they are herebycivilians again.

There are a few troubles with that,however:Crews cannot be pulled off indis-criminately. Ships will stil l have tobe manned for the continuing Navy,and figuring out a fair-and efficient-way of releasing men and sti ll keep-ing the Navy in fighting trim is nosmall problem.Even worse, from the veteranspoint of view, is that if everyone weredischarged at th e sam e time, th e effecton the job situation would be disas-trous. There just wouldnt be enoughwork available to go around.

So it will be bettek to find anotherfastest way tha t will not let the vet-erans-or the Navy-down. It wontbe as fast as the other way, but itwill wear a lot better; what waitingthe men will have to do will be worthit to them.Similarly, t he fairest way would beto discharge everyone at the sametime-but the trouble with th at is ex-actly the same as the trouble withthe fastest way.Yet if some men are to be dis-charged before others, which should itbe-the men who have been in longestand seen the most hazardous duty, orthe men who have the most depend-ents, or the men who have jobs avail-able immediately, or those who areplanning to resume their education?

Figuring that one out can occupythe time of anyone who cares t o con-sider it. No doubt even those who willhave been in the Navy the shortesttime would agree that the fairestthing to do is to release the men firstwho have served the longest. Yet such

me n as tool-makers were prevented.from entering the service until latebecause their skills were needed inproducing the mate rial s of war-andthese same men will be the first onesneeded t o retool the pla nts f or civilianproduction again. If they arent avail-able, and if the plants dont get re-tooled, there wont be jobs for theother veterans.In the same way, with the Ameri-cans regard for the family, the de-pendency consideration is a strong one.Yet, again, this same considerationmea nt tha t in many instances the menwith t he most dependents were t he lastones to come into the service. Shouldthey be the first ones out, irrespectiveof the longer service of other menand irrespective of whether they arethe first ones needed in the post-wareconomy ?Heres another: the American has ahigh respect fo r education-and naval


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service has demonstrated its impor-tance. Thousands upon thousands ofmen interrupted their studies to fightfor their country. Shouldnt they getback to their books as quickly as pos-sible, since they wont be getting anyyounger and especially since they willbe one group which will not place ajolting s tra in on the job situation? Yes-but. Most o f them are young, andwithout dependents; should they gobefore the older mne whose familiesneed them?Those are by no means all of thearguments. They only indicate the be-ginning of the problem.Yet the Navy is determined t o finda way which will be the fairest-con-sidering all the angles-from thestandpoin t of the men themselves, away which the men are willing t o con-sider fair and which at the same timemeets the requirements of the nationaleconomy.And, of course, a way which willmeet the needs of the continuingNavy.

Men who have been servingin theNavy will realize the necessity ofmaint aining a t highest efficiency wh abever size Navy public policy deter-mines is necessary to the safety ofthe nation after the war. Some skillswill be required, others may not. Suchconsiderations as dependency andlength of service will have to beweighed against the Navys continuingneed for each mans particular skill.Indeed, it is possible that the wordweighed may provide a solution t othe problem-that a formula will havet o be devised which will give aweighted answer to each mansclaim t o priori ty of release. A manwho has served a long period, whohas dependents and who happens t ohave a skill no longer urgently re-quired, might add up t o enough pointson a grading system to indicate thathe should be relieved ear ly. On theother hand, a skill urgently neededeither by the Navy o r in post-war con-version might be assigned so many

points that it would outweigh all otheconsiderations and alone be the detemining factor.of the possibilities. No one presum

mind.

to the fundamental questions ofsize of the continuing Navy forsecGrity of the nation, and the oro f demobilization. These are some ofthe practical problems:To keep the Navy functioning,right men t o retain must be foundtrained.To release unneeded men, schedand procedures f o r the order ofcharge must be set up and the

chanics of effect ing these procedmust be installed.These are administrative probl


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rans will return

A s war brokeoff from the past, maybe the

o b than the last one.s require better men

And there inevitably will be a wait-ing period, whether long or short, formany veterans before they return tocivil life. They will have milita ry du-ties in that period-but the y will alsohave time for training in preparationfor those better jobs.To meet that opportunity, the Navyhas already set up an in-service spare-time training faeility-the EducationalServices program (Bulletin, July1943) . This program makes availablenow courses on almost any desiredsubject. As demobilization indicatesspecial training fields, these willdoubtless be emphasized and expanded.Men who want to prepare them-selves for better jobs will have everyopportunity.

In addition, factual counseling ma-terial wiIl have to be gathered and-made available to prmpeetive civilians-straight dope on wha t jobs ar e open,what kind of training and aptitudesthey require, everything that will beuseful to a man in determining w h a t

he shauld study and train himself for.Another service to these men willbe the providing of information abouttheir privileges as veterans, and theprivileges available to their depend-ents.Other problems-and other a n s y r s--doubtless will develop. What turnsthe war may take, what demands apost-war' World m ay make upon theNavy are still very open questions,and all demobilization answers hingeB ut to the one question which canbe answered, the answer is plain: theNavy intends to do every$hing withinits power and cognizance*to effect de-mobilization, when the 4ime comes,with as much speed and 5egard for itspersonnel as cam possib!y. be achieved.That is what the pli$ning is all abcht.( N e x t m o n t h : . W h a t . b en e fi tsnow ava&zble to men d;mobil$y

Wor l d Kar II? @ow ;1'sjsIELchdemobili-

upon them. In


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Official OW1 photographO K A Y : Captured enemy he lmets -Germans le f t .thesebehind in Tunis ia--are leg i t imate souvenirs .

n -Offlcial U. S. Marine Corps photographF O R B I D D E N : But you cunt send home explosives ,su ch as t h e i ve J a p b om b s f ou nd on Guadalcanal.

3ouvenlr Lollecting, LtdThe Green Light Is On for BattlefieldMementos-If You Observe &e Rules

When Johnny comes rolling home itwont be in a Volbwagen. But dontthink i t hasnt been tried-and withnear success. It has.A guy in uniform succeeded in get-ting a captured German jeep in NorthAfrica. Then he drove-it down to thedock, aboard a ship and stowed it,awa y. He even drove it down the gang -plank at a n east coast American port.But thats as f a r as he got. Navy au-thorities took it away from him, butfast.And then theres t he st ory of th enand grenades.Not so long ago two sailors broughtseveral h. g.s aboard their ship. Theyhid them aboard-in th e officers ac-commodations. And the h. g.s were ofthe Hve variety. Very live:But the story isnt funny.An officer moved some blankets andone of t he hand grenades hit the deck.Result: four persons hospitalized with

Theres also the story of the anti-aircraft ammunition. Its not tragicbu t it could have been. And its hap -pened more than once.During the usual postal inspection of

, lacerations of the eyes and arms.

packages mailed into the Unite d States,inspectors found some antiaircraft am-munition. All they needed was thegun to make things go boom.Enough matches to start fires thatcould have leveled New York, SanFrancisco and Waukegan have beenintercepted in mail f rom t he boys over-seas.Scra tch a n American and you finda souvenir hunter. Thats all right.The Naby doesnt mind. All the Navywants is a little judgment exercised.8 .

OfRcial U. S. Coast Guard photographAXI S MEDALS : Th e s e we r e o b -ta ined from enemy pr isoners in North Afr ica in exchamge for~ Amer ican c igare t tes .-.

In order to keep your souvenirs, lendan ?ye to this recent directive:Naval personnel returning to theUnited States from theaters of opera-tion may be permitted to bring backsmall items of enemy equipment EX-CEPTING name plates, items whichcontain any explosive, and such otheritems whose usefulness t o the serviceor whose value as critical material out-weighs their value a s trophies . . .Naval personnel in the theaters ofoperation may be permitted to ma:lsmall items of enemy equipme$ EX-CEPTING articles listed above, in-flammables, and firearms capable ofbeing concealed on the person, t ofriends or relatives in the UnitedStates.Mate, that doesnt mean hand gren-ades, live ammunition or matches, evenif t hey do have Tojos or Adolphs s i gnatures scrawled on them.And i t doesn t mean cap twedwalkie-talkie sets either. Thats beentried, too. Its a nice idea to be able t ocarry on a conversation with the girlfriend after the old man kicks youout. You could do just that with awalkie-talkie. Bu t radio and fir


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Official U S . S a v y photographAn L S T , her b o w g u n ready for ac t ion , un loads in t h e S o l o m o n s , ~ c e n e f th e a d v e n tu r e r e c o u n te d b e lo w .A n U T Goes Jap Hunting

Landing Ship Shoots Down Seven Planes,Six Within Few Hours at Vella LaVellaAn LST is usually considered a

squat, sluggish ferry, plying the car-goes of war to amphibious fronts-asoft touch for enemy bombers.Seven Jap pilots, who made the mis-take of so considering them, are nowwith the ir ancestors, and a certain LSTproudly displays seven Rising Sun em-blems on her bridge. Many destroyershave fewer planes to their credit.This LST posted the first RisingSun emblem one day last July, offRendova Island. I t \vas a long-rangeshot at a lone Ja p bomber. She col-lected the other six emblems withina few hours one tense August dayduring the initial -4llied landing o nVella La Vella Island.General quarters rang out an hourbefore dawn and the crew, wide awakefor hours, rolled out of bunks, fullyclothed, and headed for batt le st ations.Th e LST ground open the huge doorsin her bow that allow a landing rampto descend. Lieut. James C. Respess,Jr., USNR, executive officer, set out forshore in a small boat.Meanwhile, a gropp of J ap divebombers, fighters and medium-levelbombers were waiting in the sun, re-connoitering their intended victims-three LSTs, five escort vessels andsome small boats.

A s the Jap planes dived simultane-ously, the crew of our Jap-huntingLS T opened fire. Lead poured intoone bombers fuselage as it releasedtwo bombs that straddled the LSTs

bow. A third bomb landed slightlyahead, spraying shrapnel and wound-ing a hospital corpsman.Pulling o u t of its dive, the Japbomber wavered. At it flew over thehead of Lieutenant Respess in hissmall boat, he got a few rounds oflow-caliber machine-gun fire into itsbelly. A thin column of smoke markedthe planes end. Victim No. 2 .Next came a low - flying Zero.Tracers knocked a fragment o f f it sfuselage, larger pieces from its tailassembly. A sister ship finished it off.After that the sky cleared of J a pplanes and the crew could draw along breath and grab a few sand-wiches. The captain, Lieut. Joseph M.Fabre, U S X R , a New Orleans researchaccountant in civil life, eased his shipas close as possible to the beach. Twobulldozers wallowed ashore. One packeddirt and rubble solidly out to theships ramp. The othe r cleared a pathinto the jungle. Cargo began to moveashore, then passengers.Then eight dive bombers and escort-in g Zeros zoomed in for attac k. Thebombers split into three groups, eachgroup attacking an LST. They over-shot their mark antl their bombs hitthe beach. A bow gun on this LST

The remaining bombers flew out ofsight over a ritlge, but seven Zerosswung back for a final strafing party.As the Zeros reached the LST theystarted climbing, exposing their silverundersides. Every gun on the LSTwas pouring out lead. A stem gunaccounted for Victim No. 5.

Jerry Holland, Slc, U S N R , got an-other Zero in his sights, saw it burstinto flames and crash in the water.Allied fighters returning from adogfight arrived then and pounced onth e remaining Zeros. They downedone antl drove a nother -toward Lar -sons gun. He accounted for i t, hissecond and No. 7 for his ship.

By nightfall the last piece of equip-ment hadbeen unloaded and the LSTbacked off and rejoined the convoy.During the night there were four morebombing attacks. On the second, sixbombs fell close t o the LST. On thethird, two bombs straddled the bo\v.One plane came do\vn to 150 feet ,andtracers ripped the ships si des , andbounced off the deck.At 0625 the .next morning th e guncrews finally left their posts, after 24hours of almost constant action, with-out relief and with very little food.

V I

got a full magazine into one bomber,. You know, said a freckled crewslicing it nearly in two. No. 3 ! member, who is raising three babyA few seconds lat er Chester Larson, chicks in a box on the fantail, I usedBMlc, USNR, got the range of anothe r to sort of apologize fo r this old tub.bomber with the starb oard gun. He Duty in her wasnt like being in aripped tracers into its belly until it carrier or a tin can. But aft er Vellaplunged into the sea. Victim No. 4. LaVella. . . .


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Oltlci 1 1 IJ 8 3Liiino COII)\ ~ r h o t o r r p hMarines-one prepa red t o dig in as well as shoot-dash across beach on Ta raw a to take airport t h e r e .

Will to DieWins the Gilberts76-Hour Battle for Pacific Atolls IsBloodiest in Marine Corps Historv

Makin taken.These two words, flashed a t 1113 on23 November 1943, officially signaledthe end of the fight for T arawa , Makinand dbemama. They closed the bloodi-est and bitterest struggle in the longh i s t o r y o f t h e>Imine Corps- 6hours of ba ttle suchas toughened Army,Navy and Marinefighters had neverbefore experienced.They were an epi-taph for more th ana thousand lives ex-pended in takingthe Gilbert .Islands ,an area not half aslarge as New York

Vice AdmiralSpru n e

City. Bu t they were two words whichstabbed straight at the hear t of Japa n.The Gilberts are a string of coralatolls 2,081 miles from Pearl Harbor,the base of the vast U:S. fleet whichbore down on them. A mere 166 squaremiles of sand and rock scatterea over500 miles of blue Central Pacific, theynevertheless formed the Japs easternPeriphery which must be dented and

broken to open a straight road t o Tokyoand to remove a supply line threat toour own South Pacific forces. The Gil-berts are small in everything but im-portance.The prologue t o the conquest of theGilberts was spoken by Admiral Chester

W . Nimitz on Armistice Day. Thetime to str ike ha s come, he said. Wesee a new victory.Two days later heavy bombers wereblasting and raking J a p strongholds inthe Gilberts and the more distant Mar-shah. For six days they maintainedthis incessant bombardment, and on thesixth day planes from Navy carriersjoined the assault. That was 19 Novem-ber. The following dawn found the in-vading fleet poised off the coral atolls.Here, in t he g ra y dawn of 20 Novem-

ber, was the greatest U . S. war fleetever assembled in the Pacific and, pos-sibly, ever assembled anywhere . It ha drendezvoused from secret bases. I tcarried veterans secretly and speciallytrained f or jungle and tropical warfare .It had the support of a smashing airforce of more than 1,000 planes. Itsintegrated forces were commanded by

tough, specialists t o whom Japs antltheir tactics \yere no strangers.In command of the ent ire campaignw a s V i c e A d m i r a l R a y m o n d A .Spruance, USS, hero and victor ofMidway. Rear Admiral Richmond K .Turner, u s s , directed the Navy am-

phibious forces and Vice Admiral J . H.Hoover, USK, commanded the accom-panying aircraft. The Xrmys 27th In -fantry, with a year of Hawaiiarlrehearsal behind it, was under thccommand of 3Iaj. Gen. Ralph C. Smi h.USA. Naj. Gen. Holland McT. Smith,U S M C , marine expert in amphibiouswarfare, was in charge of the marineamphibians and Maj. Gen. Julian C.Smith, U S M C , headed the toughenedMarine Corps Second Division.

Ahead of these veteran and seasonedfighters lay a group of coral-and-sal1djuttings hemmed by shallow reefs, atno point rising more than 12 feet abovesea level. Against the massed forcesbearing down on them they appearedinsignificant. Yet one admiral, study-ing them in the distance, prophesied toa correspondent :There is the hardest nut any naval


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o r military commander has ever beenordered to crack.At 0500 on 20 November the skyabove Makin and Tarawa lit up like aholocaust as the big naval guns laiddown their first barrage. Betio, a tinywinding strip which encompasses ap-proximately one square mile, was thetarget of 1,000 ons of aer ial bombs and1,500 tons of naval shellfire. Along th eshores great fires burst hundreds offeet into the air.Marines and soldiers scrambled downthe landing nets. The first wave ofHiggins boats turned and headed forthe beaches. It was broad daylight .Almost immediately, invasion planswent awry as a sudden shift of winduncovered the already shallow reefs.The heavy landing cra ft hun g on thesecoral traps. Only a few of the firstwave made shore. Others turned backand hurriedly travsfer red their loads t osmall er, steel-bottomed craf t.Weve got t o get more m a n, boatofficers told the troops 1,000 feet fromthe beach. Go on and walk it fromhere.The men jumped into neck-deepwater and struggled toward their be-leaguered comrades on the beach. Thelandings were t o be made on foot and inthe face of machine-gun fire. As eachstruggling man emerged into shallowerand shallower wat er he became a biggerand bigger target for snipers andmachine-gunners.During the entire first day the as-sault battalions were cut to ribbons. Itmeant almost certain death to venturebeyond the 100-yard-long beachheadand its ret aining wall, but several hun-dred marines had attempted it by night-fall. By tha t time they held threebeachheads, the deepest being 70 yardsinland. Offshore, the nava l precisionbarrage laid down projectiles 50 yardsfrom its own forces. blastinn the Jam

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N A U T I C A L M I L E S

Maj. Gen. Julian Smith and his entirestaff had been blown from their boat bya near miss. Rescued by an amphibioustractor , they made the beach and thr ewthemselves down beside a grimy, red-eyed marine. The marine turned hishead.Guadalcanal was a picnic, he saidsimply.

That night two marines stayed onwatch f or every marine who managedshor t, fitful sleep periods. Morningbrouzh t one of t he most grisly sigh ts in.. -back literallv inch hv inch. the memory of man.Story Behind Some OfWars Best PhotographsAn order from Admiral Chester w.Nimitz to Pacific fleet commands t oprovide all practicable cooperation toreporters and photographers assignedto the Pacific wa r theat ers resulted l as tmonth in almost immediate transmis-sion of dramati c photographs and newsstories from the Gilberts.The Office of Wa r Information joinedthe national press in hailing the Gil-berts pictures and eyewitness reportsas knockouts. Both the public andHollywood technicians agri.ed that the

movie sequences of the flghting werethe equal of Russ ian films and theBritish and American North Africanwar films.A dramatic sample of the results ofAdmiral Nimitzs order appears on thefour pages 12-15.

NONUTI: .k,aT A P E T E U E A

M a r i ne phot ogra phe rs on Ta ra w a : C orp .O b i e R. N e w c o m b ( left) , f o rme r C l e v e -land Plain D e s l e r phot ogra phe r , a ndC o r p . Raymond M a t j a r i c , fo r m e r N e wYork Ci t y f ree - lance photograp her, wereamong the profess iona ls who coveredthe Gi lberts invas ion.

5

PIBEMAMjj ; l(

BERU5 ~ N U K U N A U2*pO N O TO A

T ~ M ~ N AARORAI80 -ut daylight also brought reinforce-ments. Tank s were landed. The planesagain str afed and bombed. The navalbarr age reopened. Artillery got ashoreand laid down a pattern covering vir-

tually every inch of the Jap positions.Still the Japs return fire continued.Sighed one marine officer:Youve got to hand it to their engi-neers. Theyve got some damn goodmen working f or them.These fortifications had stood upunder aerial bombs, naval barrage,point-blank tank Are and land artillery.Th e Japs had overrun these atollssoon after Pearl Harbor, giving themalmost 23 months to forti fy them. Theirfortifications, which withstood a com-bination naval-air bombardment total-ing more tons of explosives tha n hadbeen dropped in a ny single raid on Ber-lin, had been strategically and thor-oughly construc ted. They consisted, forthe most pa rt , of blockhouses, pillboxesand deep foxholes in the coral base.Some of the blockhouses, relates acorrespondent, had concrete walls fivefeet thick. These were reinforced withsteel rails an d fu rt he r anchored to palm !trees with t ru nk s eight feetin diameter.Our tanks would roll right up to thetiny openings and fire into them pointblank. Half-t racs stuck their machine-gun nozzles into the same slits andopened up.By 1300 on 21 November the J ap s onTara wa were beginning to crack. Theirsnipers were being blasted out of thetrees. Fro m one pillbox a J ap emergedand ra n toward the rear. A marinewith a flame thrower t urned him into ahuman torch.


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&He was dead, said a marine, be-renthe bullets in his own cartridgeIt stopped exploding.Marine machine-gunners ferreted out&les and pillboxes, cha rging intoe Jap fire and emptying their guns.rafing planes beat the f a p s back andspersed their wedges and groups.,ngalore torpedoes were found effec-le on some blockhouses; on others,ttles of kerosene were thrown anden fired by flame throwers.BY midafternoon af the 21st thetion turned into a vicious, avenginganhunt. The Tarawa J ap s were beingowded back onto Betio, the curvingral strip on which they had their,luable airfield. Many of them tri ed toade and swim t o other small isletsId jutt ings. They were picked off oner one.Meanwhile, less opposition had beenund on Makin and Abemama, theher two Jap-occupied atolls. Thereas fight ing on each, and Makin ac tu-ly was the last to be cleared, largelycause of the J aps hit-and-hide jungl ectics.On Makin during the night of 22ovember, the Japs we re at last annihi-ted when they attempted a series ofeird suicide counterattacks.We are convinced that they werepunk-drunk or crazy, one wounded3utenant told correspondents. Firstley sent a delegation of villagers toi and we let them through. The vil-gers w5re terror stricken but theyaimed nobody was behind them. We?ard sounds and challenged. A grou p Jap officers and men came towardle, holding their swords high aboveieir heads in an at tit ude of su rrende r.We advanced carefully toward them.hey were singing and shouting likeladmen. They kept coming. So did we.s the officer who led them drew neare lunged and brought hi s sword downt my head. I threw up my arm , whichas cut, and the force of the blow car-led the tip of his sword t o the groundnd into my foot. One of my men shot

N o w To Await Zero HourHow does a marine spend his timeen route t o an invasion and whilewaiting zero hour? Master Techni-cal Sergeant Jim G. Lucas, marinecombat correspondent, whiled awaythe hours prior to th e Gilbert l and-ings as follows :(1) Played 215 consecutive g&esof gin rummy; ( 2 ) bought andsmoked six car tons of cigarettes andone box of cigars ; ( 3 ) dra nk 93 cupsof hot coffee; (4) submitted to onecrew haircut; ( 5 ) washed the samePair of socks and same set of under-Wear 11 times; ( 6 ) read one pockethistory of the United States; ( 7 )read two religious essays; (8) read19 mystery stories, and (9) spent anaverage of 18 out of every 24 hourstalking and thinking about home.

THE SMITHS GO TO TOWNThe Japs were officially and painfu lly introduced to Americas most popu-lous family-the Smiths-when th ree majo r generals bea ring tha t name ledtheir forces in the invasion of T ar aw a and Makin. Meet the Smiths:

Maj. Gen. HollandMcTieyre Smith, USMC,commanded the Marinelanding operations. HisFirst Marine Divisionspent almost the entireyear of 1940 seizingCaribbean beachheadsand training in junglefighting. An Alabamanwith 38 years experi-ence in the tropics andaboard warships, he wasawarded the Croix deG u e r r e a n d P u r p l eHeart af te r the last war,the Distinguished Ser-vice Medal in this one.

Maj. Gen. Ju li an Con-s t a b l e S m i t h , USMC,commanded the SecondMarine Division. He isa crack rifle shot andskeet shooter with 35years marine service inthe tropics, aboard ship,and in Europe. Awardedthe Navy Cross aft er theNicaraguan campaignof 1930-33, GeneralSmith is a Marylanderw i t h s e v e r a l y e a r s study of a m p h i b i o u sm e t h o d s a t M a r i n eCorps training centersand in the field.

Maj. Gen. Ralph Cor-bett Smith, USA, pre-pared his 27th Divisionfor jungle and tropicalfighting with more tha na years training onOahu, Hawaii. He de-veloped a system ofcombat teams whichallows small units tofight ind i v id ua l ly . AColoradan, he joined theNational Guard in 1916a s a priva te a nd finishedthe war as a major. Heholds the Silver Starwith Oak Leaf Clusterand the Purple Heart.

him squarely between the eyes. H e wasdeader than a mackerel. So were all therest, in a minute or two.By the morning of 23 November allresistance had ceased on Betio andTarawa. Abemama had offered onlyslight resistance. Th at same morningGen. Ralph Smith flashed his Makintaken message to Admiral Turner.The Gilberts were ours again.They were ours, but a t a cost: in the76 hours of f ight ing our forces lost 1,092men, one death every four minutes. Inaddition, 2,680 wer e wounded. Thiscasualty list will be further enlargedwhen loss of life aboard th e uss LiscortieBay, escort carrier sunk by torpedoduring the landings, is cornput&.Despite our high price, however, theJa p losses were fa r greater. More than4,000 Japs were annihilated on theatolls.And though the atolls a re tiny speckson a large map, the ir importanee to theNavys future course against Japancannot be overemphasized.

Control of th e Gilberts does much toclear our supply lines to the SouthwestPacific. Also, it places u s within directstriking distance of the Jap-mandatedMarshalls and Carolines. When theMarshalls fall, we shall be standingover the Jap bastion of Truk. And theconquest of Tr uk will in effect drive the

Japs back to home waters, open a s u p -ply line to China, and clear the entireSouth Pacific of the enemy.The Gilberts will be used more profit-ably by our forces. The J a p strate gy,as exhibited time and again, is to cap-.ture such outposts and then fortifythem in an attempt to make each onea miniature Gibraltar. Under Alliedstrategy, such outposts are used asbases for striking aircraft and for land-based air protection for naval actions.And most milita ry students believe t ha tfrom now until victory the Pacific warwill be largely naval.

( Continued on Page 5 0 )

VeteransMany Navy men who formed thecrews of transports which deliveredthe marines and soldiers to Torawaknow what they mean when they saytheyre fighting a global war. Some

of these bluejackets have taken partin the North African, Sicilian andItal ian landings.Their ships were rushed half wayaround th e world to pick up marinesat their bases and ca rr y them acrossthe equator to the Gilberts. .Pare 11


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'Loaded with g u n s a nd a m m u n i t i o n , m a ri n e s w a d e 500yards thr ou gh surf as barges unlo ad offshore.. - -7. - - -- . -

Marines crouch behind debris as t h e i r d i v e b o m b e r sarrive. In the background i s a n a m p h i b i o u s t r a c t o rused in the assault.

With a n ti a ir c ra ft g u n s s e u r c h k g t h e s k y , - la n di n gbarges churn back t o transports fo r reinf orcements .

A m m u n i t i o n is hast i ly unloaded from a j ee p w h i c h h asj u s t c o m e t h r o u g h t h e s h a l l o w w a t e r t o t h e b e a c h.

P i t c h i n g for U n c l e S a m , a m a r in e t h r o w s a s t r i k e a t aJ a p p i l l b o x . H i s b u d d y , t i re d a nd d i r t y , pa u se s f o r ad r i n k . Offlcial G . S. Marine Corps photogrnp11s


16/76

E x p os in g t h e m s e k e s t o en em y fi re, mar ines swa rm ouera heavi ly for t i f i ed p i l lbox t o r o u t out Japs.

J a p in background s t i l l has his t o e h o o k e d t o r ipet r i gger . Bo th k i l l ed t hemse l ves w h e n cornered .

Ja p pr i soners are forced t o w a l k in stooped posi t ionst o prev ent a surpri se a t tack or dash fo r f reedo m.Page 14

W h e n Ja ps in th i s shel ter re fused surrender dema nd byma rine at entrance , grenades ended the i r res is tance .

T h e s e l a p s f e l l in a ready -made sha l l ow grave w henM a r i n e m a c h i n e - g u n f ir e fin aU y m o w e d t h e m d o w n .

A f t e r t h e ba tt le : Bod i es and w reckage fl oa t a l ong t hebattered shorel ine. OfRcial U. S. Marine Corps photographs


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This l a p plan: strafed landingparties before bezng brought do w n.

Rifle. upen ded in the sand supportsflask of plasma fo r wound ed mar ine.

Official U. S. Marine Corps photographsMarines attend shipbomd funeral ofa buddy buried at sea.AT RIGHT: S tars a d t ri pe s wdtueover shel l -b las ted Tarawa fromsevered royal palm.

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Eveytbing is SimpbAbout It-Exept Its Histo, and RubsOn the deck of a ship, two menpassed each other-a sea man and anadmiral. Both saluted : the seamansaluted the admiral, and the admiial.saluted the seaman. Even on a citystreet, they would have exchangedsalutes.Why?They were both acknowledging theirc o m m o n bond and the admiralssalute was just as much a mark ofiespect and of comradeship as wasthat of the seaman.In that little contrast in ranks issummed up a lot of the philosophybehind one of the oldest traditions inthe Navy, and one of the mos t para-doxical.For nothing could be a more inter-esting study in contrasts than thesalute itself, a gesture you makeevery day, yet, for a common gesture,one with a very uncommon story.) It is purely a military custom-yetderived largely from a civilian one.) It is American in spirit-but wepicked it up from the British.) It is used by the Navy-but it s ori-gin is Army.b l t is rendered by naval personnelo n l y when covered-but it s previoususage was essentially an uncovering.) It is now a symbol of smart disci-pline-but was or iginal ly condemnedas a slovenly gesture.b It is the democratic sign of com-radeship among all military men-butit got its first great impetus from aQueen.)Its form is authorized from above-but revolutionized from below.) It is regarded as the province solelyof mil itary men-yet one of the mainreasons for its interest today is thegre at influx of civilians into the arme( lforces.

-411 of which makes t he s alute some-thing that is apparently a lot morefundamental than just raising yourright hand o r having a sort of reflesaction at the elbow.In Amei-ica the military salute isthe right and privilege of some 10,-000,000 men and women in the armedservices. Most of them know n ~ o s t fthe answers, but there are still plentyof points that theyre not quite sureabout. ( Y o u might test yourself onthe 20-question quiz on pages 18-19.)As a matter of fact, even thoughthey may know some of the basic

Consider:

Jrules, many do not know wh?j theyfolpw the custom of saluting.WHY salute?

. In one way, the answer t o the ques-tion is as simple as the answer t owhy we all wear uniforms: a militaryorganization functions efficiently o n l yas a unit, antl anything which helpsbring all the personnel together, togive them a common bond antl anidentifying symbol, is a unifying in-fluence to be nurtured i n the best in-ter est of the service. That s whyever,t/one salutes: a salute is a com-mon identifying symbol, the uniformof the spirit of a niititary man, as ityere, in the same way that clothingis the uniform of his body.The fact that i t is a simple andobvious gesture-and one which de-pends not upon paraphernalia but onthe plain, warming fact that militarymen (and women, now,) are meeting-makes it unique among militarygestures. It s very simplicity hasmade it such a symbol that it as-sumes a great importance.

There is a great deal wrapped upin that simple gesture. It means, Ian1 a member of a great militaryorganization, and p v o u d to be amember of it. I am therefore happyto indicate my membership b y giv-ing the. accepted sign-the salu te.Furthermore, I ani glad to acknowl-edge a blood-brother i n my organiza-tion; I know we have a job t o (l otogether, and I respect him for hispart in doing it even as he respectsme for my part in doing it. In otherwords, its the high sign.So, quite the opposite of somefeeling that the salute is a sign ofinferiority, the salute is rather anaffirmation of the importance of ullmembers of the organization.Two o f the best proofs that thisis s o are these facp: first, that nomatter how low in-rank a man maybe who salutes, his salute is requiredto be returned, no matter hdw highin rank the other may be.And even more telling is the sec-ond: if you are being disciplined andare a prisoner, you may not salute.You have to be worthy of member-ship in the military orga.nization be-fore you can be accepted by theothers in it, as the salute indicates.All this being meant by a salute,the emphasis upon it no longer seems

,


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W f C U L T I W K M W WlTH W L T Iunwarranted. It does not hurt to bereminded of pride and loyalty to onesown-the reaffirmation of it constant lyis a st imulus to the spirit of the wholeorganization.If, that is, the salute is properlyunderstood.Yet, since there are those who donot understand, and who quite wronglypresume the salute t o be an acknowl-edgment of submissien, it has become(most paradoxically) necessary to con-sider failure to salute a mark of m-subordination. The man who does notsalute is saying that he refuses t orespect higher authority-even thoughthe salute itself (if he only knew it! ). snt concerned with that question atall, except th at a s a mat ter of cour-tesy the junior salutes first.T h e S alu te in W a r t i m eWar has brought a tremendousnumber of reserves into the Navy, s omuch so that today approximately88 per cent of the Navy is made up ofmen who were, before June 1941,civilians. Fami liar with the know-how of business, industry, finance,home-town living, it would be onlynatural if they assumed the Navywould swin g over to the ir way of do-ing things-since theyre in such amajority. Yet there is of course goodreason for the normal Navy way notbeing the civilian way-naval prob-lems and responsibilities are unique;the Navys standard is always topquality in every respect, and its meansof achieving that quality are consid-ered and proven. In wartime, tha treason incr eas es in importance; qual-ity is all-important-and althoughreserves are obviously not fullytrained when they enter active duty,they must quickly l ear n to matchNavy standards-or else jeopardizethe quality of the Navy. Any trend ,therefore, to drop saluting because itnow amounts t o near-civilians in uni-Dnnn 1 9

form saluting other near-civilians inuniform would miss the point: thesalute meaning what it does, theseare just the people who need thesalute as a , constant reminder thatthey are now in a military service.And that is necessary as one moreway of maintaining the quality of theNavy.There is no denying, also, that somereserve officers fresh from the busi-ness world feel abashed at rating asalute from an oldtime chief withthree or fo ur gold hash ma rks on hissleeve, or even from a young seamanwith a flock of ribbons across hisjumper. What thes e officers do notunderstand is that the chief renderingthe salute understands its meaningand does not question whether the of-ficer is a reserve or not. He knowsthe officer is doing a necessary job orhe would not be in naval uniform.And from such very salutes-properlyunderstood, properly given and prop-er ly returned-comes the b es t effectof the salute: the strength that comesfrom being part of an organizationwhich has these experienced andproven men in it working toward acommon purpose.Men who consider themselves so-phisticated or hard boiled refuse toadmit a pride in their outfit some-times, and thus deride the salute-yeteven if they have no pride, they maybe staking their very lives on the effi-cieney of the ir shipmates-and pride,spirit, discipline mean better men anda better chance for all to live whenit comes to the showdown.Which brings up another paradox:there are those in shore billets whoagree that discipline is needed afloat,but such customs as salutes appearmeaningle ss ashore. The answe r isof course t ha t the shore establish-men ts exis t only fo r the fleet-and ifthere is a disaffection of spiritashore, it will all too soon show up

in the fleet. There can be n o doublestandard if unity and highest effi-ciency are maintained.(Incidenta lly, it should be pointedout that in wartime especially, civil-ians are very aware of the militarycustom of saluting-and they look forit. When the y observe officers n o t sa-luting, they take it as a reflection uponth e service-and specifically upon the

a )b )c )

Staf f o f f icer of the same rankW a v e of the same rankNa v y n u r s e o f the same rank

rank

NOT salute an of f icer?

6. I s eyes r ight a sa lute?7. Wh e n tw o n a v a l o f f i c e r s m e e t o n tstreet , both o f the same rank but nknowing thei r comparat ive senior i ty , whisalutes f irst?

8. W h e n is the sa lute rendered n o t a tpaces but when abreast?9. W h a t d o o f fi ce r s s al ute b e s i d e e ao t h e r ? ( N o t e : n o t w ho m , but what


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n3RU TLmnnUJ#

WTmPbe

Y A X ) R

man who would not honor his uniformenough t o give a proper salute.)It is true that under battle condi-tions afloat, customs are harder t oobserve and sometimes sIide a little;it is true that ashore they are easiert o observe and they can. appear to beoveremphasized and out of context.But the reminder that the salute con-veys is useful wherever given-and

IO . Whe n s ev era l o f f ic e r s o f v a ry ing ranki n c o m p a n y , a n d a r e t e n d e r e d

a lu te , do the j un io r o f f i c e r s wa i t f o r t h eit i m m e d i a t e l y ?

( I . Are res erv e o f f i c e r s no t on ac t i v et i n u n


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I

ENLISTFD MEN PIN VEQY OCCASION S A L O T


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the same relative rank and theBtfers commanding the saluters shipf$&atever rank.There w as .litt le uniform ity, and it3ok a Queen to bring some order outf this infinite variety. Because ofer displeasure at seeing officers and,en stand uncovered when they ap-for royal commendation, Queenrjctoria decreed the hand salute only,, January 1890. Custom had won,t,after all.VH O salutes W H O M ?

In the Navy, as in practically everynilitarY service in the world, every-,,,& salutes-from the bottom to top,nd down again. The top- rank ing ad-niral of the U. s. Navy rates a salute*ram all of the more than 2,000,000nen and women who are his juniorsn the Navy, but, upon meeting, hewould salute a British Admiral of theFleet and a Russian Marshal, both,ositions outranking anything under:he American system.Even without these personages,lowever, the re ar e 2,000,000 uniformedpersonnel he must salute in his ownorganization, for the salute is a two-way affair, and the obligation to re-turn it is as binding as the obligationto render it. Any enl i s ted man whothinks that HE is burdened with asalute might well reflect o n the factthat oficem have about 2,000,000MORE personnel t o salute th an does an yenlisted man!In general, the basic rules of salut-ing are pretty simple, and cover byfar the great majority of all cases:Enlisted men salute all officers.Every officer salutes his seniors.Salutes are required to be returnedby all who are saluted.Salutes are rendered in the navalservice when covered but not when un-covered. They ar e given at a mini-mum of six paces or t he ne are st pointof passing if more th an s ix paces andyet within a reasonable distance (gen-erally taken as 30 paces). This givesthe person saluted time to see thesalute and return it.When several officers in companyare saluted, all return th e salute.Salutes are extended to officers ofthe Navy, Army, Marine Corps and .Coast Guard; to foreign military .andnaval officers whose governmeny areformally recognized by the govern-ment of the United States; and, whenin uniform, to officers of the Naval,Army, Marine Corps and Coast GuardReserve, and of the Natipnal Guard.All civilians who are entitled, byreason of their positions, to g u nsalutes or other honors, are also en-titled by custom to the salute.Regulations covering saluting applyalso to officer and enlisted Women Re-servists, and are the Same as thosegoverning other members of the Navy.The only exception is that becausewomen personnel wear their caps andhats in certain public places (such as

_.Papc 21


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the theatre or church) where men un-cover, women are technically uncov-ered in such instances and do notsalute.Within this general framework aremany specific rules which govern themultitude of cases tha t may come up,and these are noted later in the sec-tion When to Salute. Bu t first, as afollow-up to W H O M to salute, letssee:WHAT do y o u salute?In addition to people, you alsosalute something else-the nati onalensign, and the national anthem.Saluting the quarterdeck is salutingthe ensign. And, of course, whe the rsaluting flag, music or officer, you arein effect saluting your country, for allof these are just symbols of thatcountry.N a t i o n a l a n t h e m . Whenever the na-tion21 anthem is played, all officersand enlisted men of the Navy:(1) Stand at attention facing themusic unless at colors when they facethe ensign.( 2 ) If in uniform, covered, theysalute a t the first note of the anthem,retaining the position of salute untilthe last note of the anthem.( 3 ) If not in uniform and covered,they uncover at the first note of theanthem, holding the headdress overthe heart and so remain until the lastnote, except that in inclement weatherthe headdress may be raised slightlyand held above the head.

The same marks of respect pre-scribed for observance during theplaying of the national anthem of theUnited States are shown toward thenational anthem of any other countryformally recognized by the Govern-ment of the United States.Men in ranks salute only by com-mand.In boats, only the boat officer, or , inhis- absence, t he coxswain, stand andsalut e upon the playing of the nationalanthem; other members of the crew,and passengers who are alrea dy stand-ing, stand at attention; all others re-main seated.N a t i o n a l e n s i g n . All officers andmen, when reaching the quarter-deckeither from a boat, from the shore, orfrom another part of the ship, salutethe national ensign. In the event theensign is not hoisted this salute istendered only when leaving o r comingon board ship.

In making this salute, which is en-tirely distinct from the salute t o theofficer of the deck, the person makingit stops a t the top of the gangway, o rupon arriving at the quarter-deck,faces the colors a nd renders th e salut e,after which the officer of the deck issaluted. In leaving the quarter-deckthe same salutes are rendered in re-ver se order. The officer of the deckreturns both salutes, and it is his dutyto require that they be properly made.Th e. commanding officer clearly de-fines the limits of th e quarte r-dec k to

embrace as much of the main or otherappropriate deck as may be necessaryf o r the prope r conduct, of officialand ceremonial functions. When thequarter-deck so designated is forwardan d at a considerable distance fromthe colors, the salute to the colors isnot rendered by officcirs and men ex-cept when leaving o r coming on boardthe ship.A t m i l i t a r y f u n e r a l s , the salute isrendered to the deceased by the pallbearers. Before entering the chapel,and upon leaving it , the pall bearersLalute while honors a r e being rendered,At the grave, they salute while thecasket is being removed from thecaisson and until it has passed be-tween them, and during the volleysand the playing of Taps.

W H E N do y o u salute?Fo r simplification, situations requir-ing salutes are listed below in more orless index form, grouped under variousheadings and in alphabetical order:Aboar d ship. All officers and enlistedmen on board a ship of the Navysalute all flag officers, captains ofships, and officers s d o r to themselvesfrom other ships o n every occas ion ofmeeting, passing near, or being ad-dressed.They salute all officers senior t othemselves attached to the same shico n t h e i y first da i l y m e e t i n g , and uponaddressing or being addressed by theirseniors.


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_ % They salute the executive o r otherSenior officer when that officer ismaking an official inspection.A t other times when the progress of8 senior officer may be impaired, of-ficers and men clear a gangway andstand at attention facing the senior

B o d s . Men seated in boats in whichthere is no Officer, petty officer o r act-ing petty officer in charge, lying atlandings, gangwa ys o r booms, rise andsalute all officers pass ing near. Whenan officer, pet ty officer or acting petty.officer is in charge of a boat, he alonerenders the salute.Officers seated in boa ts rise in rend-ering and returning salutes when aSenior enters o r leaves the boat, o rwhen acknowledging a gun salute.Coxswains in charge of boats rise,unless by so doing the safety of theboat is imperiled, and salute when of-ficers enter or leave their boats, o rwhen extending a salute to all com-missioned officers.Enlisted men who a re passengers inthe stern sheets of a boat rise andsalute when a commissioned officerenters or leaves the boat.Boatkeepers and all other men inboats not underway and not carryingan officer stand and salute when anofficer comes alongside, leaves the side,or passes near them. If boat awningsare spread, they sit at attention andsalute with the hand, but withoutrising.

until he has passed.

Buildings cdiorc. In buildings ofthe Navy ashore, the same generalrules of saluting apply as on board theNavys ships at sea: salute the cap-tain and all officers senior to him on alloccasions, other omcers on first dailymeeting.Civ i l ian clothes. Although in peace-time seniors should be saluted whenrecognized while weari ng civilian cloth-ing, in wart ime officers weari ng civilianclothing generally a re doing so becausethere is official reason for not havingtheir naval identity known. Therefore,one should be di scriminate about fol-lowing the peacetime rule.G r o u p . If enlisted men or officersare standing together and a senior of-ficer approaches, the first to perceivehim says Attention! and all face theofficer and salute.Ladies . When covered, officers andmen escorting ladies, or meeting of-ficers and men escor ting ladies, renderthe customary salute; if seated withladies, juniors rise and salute. I t iscustomary to salute a lady acquaint-ance when meeting upon the street, asa form of greeting, and when depart-ing from her company on the street.O v e r t a k i n g . No junior should over-haul and pass a senior without permis-sion. When f or an y reason i t becomesnecessary for the junior to pass, hesalutes when abreast of the senior andasks, By your leave, sir?Reporting-When report ing on deckor out-of-doors ashore, you are cov-

ered and salute accordingly. When rc-port ing in an office, you uncoverupon approaching the senior- ndtherefore do not salute.Return. Every salute shall be re-turned.Sr n ted . An enlisted man being seateda i d without particular occupatial risesupon the approach of an officer, facestoward him and salutes. If both re-

main in the same general vicinity, thecompliments need not be repeated.Seniority u n k n o i c n . In most casesofficers will know the relative seniorityof those with whom they are in fre-quent contact, but there are manysituations, especially ashore, wherethat is an obvious impossibility. Youcant go around asking people whatthe ir da te of rank is before decidingwhether or not to salute them, sowhats the procedure? Perhaps thesafest guide to follow is the one thatflag officers have to fo!low: Shouldflag officers be of the same grade andtheir relative seniority unknown or indoubt, they should mutually salutewithout delay. Follow the flag.Sentries. Sentries at gangwayssalute all officers going o r comingover the side, and when passing o rbeing passed by officers close aboardin boats, or otherwise.

Sever a l o f f i cer s . When several of-ficers in company are saluted, allreturn the salute.(Cont inued o n page 48)


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Offlcial U. S. Navy photographT h e USS SARATOCA heads into the win d to receive returning planes.The Sara Challenges Truk

UBig Carrier Destroys 49 Planes, SinksTwo Warships in 30-Day Tour of Pacific

The Jap fleet definitely doesnt wantto slug it out, even when a U. S. taskforce buzzes around the powerful navalbase at Truk Island.Thats the opinion of Capt. Joh n H.Cassady, USN, commander of the USSSaratoga, who took his giant carrierwithin striking distance of JapansPearl Harbor but was unable to lurethe enemy fleet into combat.For a ship which the Japs havesunk several times, the Saratogaproved a very lively ghost during her12,500-mile tou r of the Southwes tPacific in November. In 30 days thecarriers flyers shot down 25 J a pplanes, probably downed 23 o ther s,destroyed 24 planes on the ground,sank 2 warships, damaged 12 othersand st fafed many more.Captain Cassady detailed the opera-tions of a carrier task force, whichincludkd the Saratoga, another smallercarrier? two cruisers and from fou r totwelve destroyers. This force raisedhavoc y it h Japanese shore instal lati ~nsand shipping from Bougainville toPage 24

Tarawa, with side-trips toward Trukas a decoy. -The months action start ed 1Novem-ber, when the task force struck twiceat Buka and Banis, on the northwestshore of Bougainville Island. Twomore attacks on the 2nd rendered theairfields unserviceable, destroyed 8 to1 0 Japanese planes on the ground andsilenced antiaircraft installations.The next stop on its itinerary wasthe nbw-famous raid on Rabaul, majorJap naval base on New Britain Island.In the first air attack, on 5 November,the Saratoga launched 22 dive bombers,23 torpedo planes and 54 fighterescorts. To meet this atta ck the Ja pssent up from 75 to 100 Zeros.Instead of breaking off and gettingmixed up in dog-fights, Capt ain Cas-sady said, the young fighter pilotsstuck to their assignment of e scortingthe dive bombers and torpedo planes.As a result, our losses were surpris-ingly low while the Rabaul harborwas left a shambles of smoking andwrecked cargo vessels and warships.

Captain Cassady praised especially thefine work of enlisted rear-seat gunnersin this action.Six days la te r several other carriersteamed up with the Saratoga to giveRabaul another aerial plastering.From Rabaul the task force steamedtoward Nauru Island and gave it adose of the same medicine by moon-light. In four concentrated attacks twoai r strip s were destroyed.We were se nt on several guinea-pigruns near Truk, said Captain Cassady,to t ry to get the Japs to poke theirnoses out, but they stayed behind theirharbor nets. We went into areas wherethey normally run air patrols, but Idont know whether we were picked

After raiding the Nauru airfields,to prevent planes from taking off thereto interfere with the landing atTarawa, the Saratoga steamed 40 0miles to the east and stood guard atTarawa for a week. He r planes gavefighter support to the Marine landingand engaged in antisub patrols.

up.


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The Saratoga's Raid on Rabad-Play by Play

-i . A t t h e c o m m a n d , " P i l o t s , m a n ' 2.The Saratopa's fliaht deck presen ted th is busy scene dur ing the 5 NO-.your planes ," pilo ts hasten fr o mready room to wai t ing Hel lca ts .

3 . Far be low, me mb ers of th e crewwere kep t in form ed of the raidover the P A sys tem.

. . 5 . T h i s A v e n g e r , with fo ld e d w in g s ,is being rearmed with SO-caliberc l ips and torpedoes dur in g ra id .

v e m b e r r a z , w ik h- so m e p l a ne s c o m i n g in and others being checked bymechanics . 1n t h e f o r e g r o u nd i s a Daunt less d ive bomber .I

4. l a p w a rs hi ps in Ra b a u l h a r b o r ma d e a f r a n t ic r u n fo r th e o p e n sea asT o r p e d o o r b o m b h i t she carrier-based planes opened the attack.a p pe a r t o h a v e b e e n m a d e on at least s ix ships in t h i s p h o t o .

6. Rear Adm ira l Frederick C. She rma n (cen ter ) , task force comm ander ,ge ts good news of t h e r ai d f r o m C o m d r . ]o s ep h C . C l i f t o n , c o m m a n d e ro f t h e f i g h te r g r o u p . Ottlcial U. S. N n v y photographsPage 25


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About 1100 some morning duringthe first week of boot training thereis usually set aside a quiet, restfulperiod called Insurance Lecture. Oneof the most famili ar milestones in th eschedule of a young naval recruit, itranks next to talks~6nlose-order drilland sex.Apprentice Seaman Joe McDoakeslowers himself almost reverently intohis seat, and during those first sweetmoments of rest, lifts drowsy, shock-absorbed lids to gaze on a multitude ofluring slides, movies and charts, show-ing the benefits the folks back homecan get from his government insur-ance.But the warxings that he may oneday be blown from the torpedo deck,or drowned in shark-infested seas,reach deaf ears. HES been experienc-ing mess detail, double-to-the-rear-by-the-right-flank-march, and typhoidshots from a whirling harpoon.Why should he take insurance when,fo r all practical purposes, hes beendead for the past few days?The answer to this one, however,isnt found a t a lecture. In f act, theanswer is never completely understooduntil t he man himself comes up aga instdat 01 debbil, Battle.Evidence of this can be found intbe hundreds of cases of men tri ppingover one another to find the insuranceofficer af te r retu rni ng from one or twocombat engagements. Sometimes theydont even wai t to ge t back. The men

at Bataan, thousands of them, radioedin. Men coming off a .motor-torpedo-boat assignment in the Canal Zone notonly raised their ownership quota to100%- ach .ma n in the squadronsigned for a $10,000 policy.National Service Life Insurance, thesecond form of government insuranceoffered by the Veterans Adrninistra-tion (U . S. Government Life Insurance,established during the last war, wasthe first), is no bush-league chorus onthe you-may-be-hit parade.The armed forces are insured formore tha n 95 billions wort+. An esti-mated 92 per cent of naval personnelare covered for nearly $17,000,000,000.Many of these policies, however,cover men who still wince at the com-plexities of insurance. Th e old bogies,such as application blanks, change inbeneficiary forms, terms, risks andmedicals, still give the man in thePrtge 26

Your $10,000Piece of PaperAn Article Which Answers the $64 Questionand Has $7,736 Worth of Questions Left Over

fleet the screaming-meanies. And the$10,000 waved under his nose onlyserves to blur the mystery.By way of sc uttleb utt he begins tohear rumors, opinions, and estimates :first, hell only have to chip in 2 centsa day; then, it swells to 64 cents;someone has $13.70 deducted from hismonthly paycheck, while another getsinsurance for $6.70 a month.Wiping the score-board clean, letstake the primary claims made by Na-tional Service Life Insurance: it pro-vides $1,000 to $10,000 insurance to allservice men and women at an unchang-ing, monthly cost per $1,000 of from$0.64 (at age 18) to $0.99 (at age 45),under its chief policy, the Five-yearLevel Premium Term plan.This is insurance and nothing elsebut. It has no cash value; it is nota savings fund. And to answer the$64 question-What happens to myinsurance when the war is over?-its good for five years, no matter ifthe w ar ends tomorrow, as long as youkeep your premiums paid up.So much for the golden rules. Howdoes it work? How does Mac work hisway to a $10,000 insurance policy?Lets start from scratch, when Macenters the Navy. The first variationon the general theme of insurance tellshim he has a 120-day period to getinsurance without a medical examina-tion.This is not the bums rush to gethim to sign up. Nonetheless, all theprobing little intimacies of a medicalare avoided if he signs for insurancewithin those 120 days. However, ifhes at sea after the 120-day period,and a doctor is not available, he canhave the application signed by his

commanding officer.All of which is done in order thatmen may not be deprived of their insu r-ance, and only for this reason, n o t toavoid a medical examination. Its tobe assumed, however, that any manwho can pass his Navy entrance medi-cal and is fit enough for active duty,isnt any warmed-over corpse.

So back to Mac, who is 25 yearsod and w ant s to take out the limi t:$10,000. (Average amount held isclose to $9,000.)He makes out the first, within-120-day-period application blank (th e otherapplication form includes the medicalrdport) . This peach-colored missive\;ill show lines for his name, home ad-dres s, other identifications; and a placet o list beneficiaries.He also indicates wl i en he wants theinsurance to begin.. The a m o u n t of hismonthly paycheck deduction (calledallotment) is on the basis of the fol-lowing table for various ages:

Age18202530354045

M o n t h l y Allotmentto Pa y for $10,000Insurance$6.406.506.707.107.608.509.90Mac has insured himself f or $10,000,so he will have $6.70 deducted eachmonth fr om his paycheck. And itsalong about now that all those ques-

tions come into his mind-the onesmaybe he shouldve asked when he wasdoing such a fine research job on theceiling of the lecture hall.Q . D o e s t h e g o v e r n m e n t p a y t h ep r e m i u m s i f 1 ) ) ~otall!/ disabled?A. Yes, but you must make applica-tion.Q. W h e n , p l e as e, d o t h e p a y m e n t ss t a y t ; a n d f o r Itow long?A. When it has been determined, bythe Veterans Administration, thatafter six months you are still com-pletely disabled, the government willpay your premiums retroactively a s ofthe date of disability, and will con-tinue to pay them as long as you aredisabled. Any premiums you have paidduring this period will be refunded.Q. S u p p o s i n g I get a medical di s-c h a r g e , o r a bad condi ic t di scharge?A. In either case, your insurance iscontinued (for the five-year term) solong as you pay up premiums. Ofcourse, Benedict Arnold and all mem-bers of his lodge will be dropped fromthe insurance rolls. Theres a clausein the insurance act that says a lotabout this-briefly : Insurance for-feiture: An? person guilty of mutiny,treason, spying or desertion . . . shallforfeit all rights to insurance.Q. C a n m?j m o t h e r , o r s i s ter , o r a n -o t h e r r e l a t i v e t a k e t h i s out f o r t h e m -selves i f I p a y it ?A. No, sir, its a serv icemans in-surance.


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Q. All Tiglit . .dqut how about thes em on th ly paynr bn ts , ca n I g e t s o m e b o d yelse to pa!/ p a r t of t h e f r e i g h t ?A. Okay. If your former employerhad you insured when you were withhim, and still feels the g r a n d e pass ionfor your welfare, he can arrange topay you, in cash, the month ly premiumcost for the same amount for whichhe formerly had you insured. Youmake up the remainder.Q. According t o t h e l a w , t h i s F i v e -y ea r L e v el P r e m i u m T e r m p l a n is sup-posed to e x p ir e a f t e r five year s . W. ha t sthe chance o f i t being re newe d f o ranother f ive years?A. Thats up .to Congress . . . butrenewal would have a precedent, inU. S. Government Life Insurance,which was granted to veterans ofWorld War I.Q. Does my F i v e - Y e a r p o l i c y h a v eany cash value?

surance. However, t h i other policiesinto which you can convert (see below)d o have cash values.Q. A h e h ! T h a t r e m i n d s m e -w h atabou t thes e o ther po l i c ies o f f e r ed byN S L I ? C a n I c o n v e r t ?A. Stick with us, Mac, were aboutto move into Chapter 11.ConversionUnder the present five-year termplan, you can draw nothing at the endof this period. You have been insuredall the time, but theres nothing accu-mulating in the kick to buy paperdollies with. If you do want some-thing there, there are three otherpolicies to which you can convert, butwhich involve a somewhat higherpremium.(NOTE : The Navys policy has beenthat, during the war, conversion tohigh (cost) premium policies be notencourazed. since it is to the advan-

- A . N O . its Drimarily low-cost in- 7

tage o f the man engaged in suchhazardous occupations to obtain maxi-mum insurance protection at a mini-mum outlay.)However, at an y time af ter one yearfrom the date you take out the Five-Year Level Premium Term policy, you-have the right to convert it into anyone of these other three kinds of Na-tional Service Life Insurance.First, there is the O r d i n a r y L i f ePol icy . This will cover you for lifefor as high as $10,000. The monthly

What About YourYou can postpone payment ofpremiums for private company lifeinsurance for the duration of thewar plus two years thereafter (es-cept for insurance having a warclause o r extra premium for haz-ardous duty) under the Soldiersand Sailors Civil Relief Act.B u t . . .Although this declaration ofmoratorium d o e s last for the dur-ation and two years, for a policyhaving a face value of no t over$10,000, th e cold fact is that whenthe war ends all those paymentswhich were not paid have t o be.made up, together with interest;and all within t ha t two-y ear Eeriod.And the fac t also i s, the&ll benone of this business of just drop-ping a policy which hasnt cost youmuch of anything and which youno longer need now that the war isover. The government has under-written your payments and youmust pay the insurance companyor the government will hold youliable.

So , if he can afford it, the well-advised Navy man will either con-tinue to pay his premiums as be-fore he entered the service-orPreferably register an allotment to

Private Insurance?pay these premiums while hes inservice.Take McDoakes buddy, MacTav-ish. Before he entered the servicehe held $5,000 in the Splendide In-surance Co. His monthly insurancepremium ran around $10. Now,Seaman MacTavish, no longer thewealthy carpet salesman he was, isgoing to try to keep up his pay-ments.But, supposing he misses?To guard against such a slip-up,Seaman MacT. s hou ld make appli-cation on Insurance Form 380, orig-inal copy to his insurance companyand a carbon to the Veterans Ad-ministration in Washington, D. C.,stating that he wants his insurancein Splendide protected against laps-ing for the duration and two yearsthereafter. This is a precaution forMacT. He can continue to pay-or even register an allotment, andas long as he pays, okay. When hedoesnt, the government morato-

rium step s in like a circuit-breaker.Yes, hell have a certain amountof i nter est mounting on all the de-faulted premiums, to be computedby his particular companys regu-lar policy lien interest rate.And thats one of the facts oflife insurance.

cost, or rate of allotment, will beraised but it will remain a level pre-mium, which translated means that,once set, the monthly squeeze st ays pu tand doesnt increase.For instance, suppose youve beenpaying $6.70 a month, in allotmentform, for your original five-year termpolicy. Now, a year later, youre 26and can have the Ordinary Life Policystart either now o r back when youwere 25 if you wish (thus increas-ing its cash value eventually).In the latter case you pay the dif-ference in the reserve between th e twotypes for the past year, then continuewith the new rate: $13.70 a month.This increased rate is a blow to thekitty, but it has advantages:1) You now hold insurance whichhas an increasing cash value everyyear.2 ) At the end of, say, five years,you can drop, or borrow on, your in-surance and go into the sausage busi-ness; youll be able t o dr aw out $457.60. . .or borrow 94% of this amount.Ju st how the insurance experts figureo u t this amount for you is a matterof slide-rule mathematics. Simplified,you have paid in $7.00 a month extra($13.70 instead of $6.70) fo r fiveyears-a total of $420 extra-and haveacquired for yourself a cash value of$457.60. So youre at least not losingany ground.The point to remember is that youdo get a cash value under your Ordi-nary Life Policy, and in one sum.

3) You are entitled to cash divi-dends.4) You can borrow on your Ordi-nary Life Policy, for it will have astated value.If you have a little more money t ospare, and would like to be all paidup on your insurance while still acomparatively young man, you haveanother choice: the .%?-Payment LifePolicy.This will give you the same amountof insurance, but after 20 years yourpolicy becomes all paid up and you canlook after your butterfly collections.And premiums stay the same from oneyear to another.Still a third choice is the 9 0 - P a y -m e n t Life Policy, which is patternedaf te r the 20-year plan, except th at youhave to keep up smaller payments for(Continued on Page 9.5)


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C O O R D I N A T E D A T T A C K : W h i l e a M a rin er ( r i g h t )and a V ent ura ( t o p ) sw eep the U -boa t f r o m the por tand starboard bows, another Mariner ( lef t fore-ground) del ivers a d ive -bombing attack f r o m t h estern. This reconstruct ion of a high point in the10-hour bat tle in the Car ibbean, drawn b y a n ln -format ion .Bul le t in stuff art is t , i s based on as act iolzrepor t .

A Nazi U-Boat Fights BackNavy Planes Win 10-Hour Slugging MatchIn Caribbean, but Rugged Sub Is Game Foe

listed as missing in action.About two hours later another

As Lieutenant Crockett circled theU-boat twice to determine the best


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How to Beat Old Man WintTips for Sailors in Cold Climates . ..Howto Avoid Colds, Thaw Out Frozen Fingers

rain and This is wha t happened: You got the body gi\y salt times fast er ton a of your watc h because your body was got dam p frcn bea t losing heat. Your body sto res hea t gan to takegame. inside and also produces he at as the ratethannor iabout res ult of digestion of food and physi- out-of-doorsr, how cal activity. However, the low tem- pa rt s of the

cold while you were on the first par t

---A: ..-....+....- -..,I ...A h o A 9 w ~ ~ont inta th .o act unuer v t i i y m g W M L I I C L LVIIUI-what first-aid may be necessary.You know from personal experiencealland over winter cold. Maybe youveeen on watch, heavily clothed, and stepinside to warm up a bit. You donttake off your outfit, o r even open i t upbecause youre cold and you want toarm up fast before going back.Well, you warm up fine, even begint o perspire. Then you step out againand find you get cold very quickly.You feel chilled to the bone, com-mence to shiver, and youre muchmore uncomfortable than before hav-ing gone indoors.

Navy winter c lo th ing is sue .

pG i a*ui r : auu WLUU ~ i a u QRUI U - - Jmuch of this heat and had caused theblood vessels supplying the skin (par-ticularly in the fingers and feet) tocontract. Much less blood wa s flowing tothe pa rts and thus they got less heat.When you came inside, the clothingbegan to absorb heat while the bodygradually began to warm up. Thebody had filled itself with heat andwas again ready to begin giving offex tr a heat. The blood vessels hadopened up and circulation increased.Since you did not take off your heavyclothing this extra heat could not getaway and soon the skin temperaturerose so high that sweating began.Doctors who have studied thesematters know that when this happens

. Offlcial U. S. Navy photographsWin d-and-wa ter -res is tant she l l.

:erres off heat about fourha n usual. Your clothing3m perspiration and be-away heat at a fasternally. So when you wentagain the more exposedbody lost a great deal of-.,e atmosphere, and yourdamp clothes took away a lot moreheat. These losses were so rapid andso great that they immediately causedpain. A s a matter of fact, in a shorttime you lost more heat than you lostduring the whole time of your earlywatch..Another angle is that when youwere first outside you had been exer-cising somewhat and your body wasproducing ext ra heat. When you cameinside your act ivities st opped and yourbody also stopped producing extraheat and instead soon began to loseheat . When you went outside again,there fore, your body wa s not producinghe at to help keep you warm, but rat herwa s working the other way.N ow if you can take the pain whichcomes along with this reaction untilthe body readjusts itself, youll befairl y comfortable. However, yourclothing is going to be rather dampand the whole discomfort is unneces-sary if you follow a few reasonablerules based on the scientific fact; ofwhat the doctors called body heatbalance. These rules ar e:1. Immediately upon coming in-doors, shed your outer heavyclothing and gloves. Avoidyielding to the temptation ofwarming up rapidly by retain-ing all of your clothing protec-tion, especially if additionaloutdoor work is scheduled.2. Avoid sweating. It will dampenclothing and start heat losswhen you g o out again.3.Stay indoors only long enough

to get reasonably comfortable.If you get too warm you willupset your body heat balancewhen you g o outside again.a. If your hands and feet are cold,a change to dr y gea r will affordrelief.Putting on lots of clothing doesntmean youre going t o keep warm.Theres a right way and a wrong wayto keep warm, based on scientific fact.There are three layers of clothinginvolved in protecting yourself fromwinter cold. These are the underwearlayer, the insulation layer, and thewind-and-water-resistant layer.Underwear is one of the most im -portant e l e m e nt s of cold-weatherclothing. It serves as sort of a heatfilter to slow down body heat loss andat the same time to take excess.mois-tu re away from the body. Underwear

Page 29


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.

h -

OfRcial U. S. Navy photographA rmed G w rd sm en proper l y dres sed fo r the i r j o b .should be form fitting, moderatelydense, lightweight, soft but with suf-ficient body t o withstand compression.One-piece woolen underwear is pre-ferred since it absorbs a large amountof perspiration, keeps the body rela-tively dry, eliminates double insula-tion around the trunk and, in general,is more comfortable.Amazing as it seems, woolen under-wear actually produces heat. You maynot realize it but your body is alwaysgiving off an amount of water SOsmall th at you dont notice it. Thi sis in addition to sweating. Thi s un-seen water contains heat which thewoolen underwear traps, thus increas-ing your warmth. Of course thi s proc-ess stops as soon as the vapor con-centration reaches 100% and waterforms.The real trick is to keep your under-clothing and socks dry. Change thema s frequently as possible. And alwaystry to dry the underwear which youwore during the day while you areasleep.Insulation usually includes normalclothing plus special outer wear. Youinsulate yourself just like you in sulatea house or other structures, that is,by providing some kind of materialwhich will hold dead air. Wool i sprobably the most economical and ef-ficient cold-climate clothing insulator.Loosely woven garment s, however, ar eless durable, more shrhkable andtend to let air pass through them. S oit is that winter clothing usually con-sis ts of some kind of rather tightlywoven material on the outside to pre-Page 30

. .

vent air from getting through,, and onthe inside a soft, relatively thick fab-ric which will hold air. In other words,just because a piece of clothing isheavy doesnt mean its warm. Thick-ness has more to do with insulationand warm th than does weight. Did youever sleep under a feather quilt? Youknow its light and fluffy but ex-tremely warm.If you have worn it-properly, that,is-you know th at the Navys presentwinter outfit is pretty good. It startsoff with a special wool undergarment.Over this ,you wear your regula rclothing. Then the re is a blue, jungle-cloth, wool-lined, overall-type trouserwhich fits over your regular clothing.A similarly constructed zippered jacketis kept tight at wrist and neck by aknitted band. The fe et ar e protectedby heavy knee-length socks and arc-tics. Hands are covered by leatherone-fingergloves which should be sup-plemented by a wool inner-glove invery cold weather. The head is cov-ered by a fleece-lined jungle-clothhelmet which fastens under the chinand has a neck guard.It is important that you do notoverdress. Remember, body hea t pro-duction increases with activity. Per-spiration should always be avoidedbecause if the body gets too warm itcannot stop the flow of water to theskin surface. This moisture dampsthe clothing and adds to the coolingeffect. This cooling, incidentally, willcontinue even after the need f o r

If you are exposed to cold condi-.-.weating has stopped. . .

t ions LOU should learn t o estimateyour clothing needs in terms of thetemperature, the wind velocity andwhat you expect t o do. A s a generalrule, attempt to under-dress ratherthan over-dress for quiet conditions.Be prepared to take immediate stepsto help your body cool by increasingventilation, when body needs riseabove a comfort leve! and you beginto sweat. Y ou can do this by remov-ing your gloves. Your hands then actmuch like an automobile radiator incooling the body.Wind and water resistance is thefunction of the third layer of clothing.Scientific studies show that aboutthree-fourths of body heat loss is duet o increases in air movement. Themost successful way of reducing theloss is by creating a shell around thebody which keeps out the wind. Italso should help t o keep out the wate r,but if it is entirely waterproof, youllfind that you will get wet from theinside just about as badly as from theoutside. This is because a certainamount of body moisture and per-spiration must be carried away or theclothing will become clamp and youwill chill. Clothing and fabric whichpermit this are said to breathe. Sounless you are working under condi-tions where you will be exposed t o agreat deal of water its a smart ideat o wear water-resistant and not water-proof outer clothing.The Navys wind-and-water-repel-lent gear, you will find, works outrather well. It consists of trousers ofthe overall type and a parka-typejacket which ar e made of very tightlywoven material. Both are water re-pellent. They break the force of thewind and prevent water from satu-rating the insulative garment layer.Naturally, they are worn overz-theregular winter clothing issue unlessconditions do not require such,protec-tion. Of course, if youre .gojng tohave t o work in heavy ,seas where

on as soon as possible.Below are a fe w gthe most difficult conditions:Keep d q j : Change to dry cloth-ing as frequently as possible.Dont sleep in the underwear youwore durin g the day, but let it dryovernight.Dont overdvess: Especially ifyou will be active, dont wear toomuch because your body will pro-duce a considerable amount ofheat and you will be soon perspir-ing, then chilling.

~ Keep your gear clean: Like any ,equipment, clothes ,have,,% o bekept in good orderif they-eqre togive you the best service.Follow the rule o f three: (1)well-fitted woolen underwear;. (2)


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J U M P when abandoning ship only when you cant go downlines or a ladder. [See art icle in INFORMATIONULLETIN,Sept. 1943.1 Then, if we aring life jacket, gras p jacket underleft arm with right hand, take a deep breath and hold nosewith le ft hand.

WITH LIFE SUIT over life jacket, first squat on deck toforce air out of legs of s ui t and u p into shoulders. Thenjump as if wearing life jacke t alone-feet first, bodystraight, feet together, left hand holding nose.

From the Ship

LEXP FEET FIRST and well out from the ship, keepingyour body stra igh t and your feet together. This is the ap-proved form with or without a life jacket. Without thejacket, a man may dive-IF hes an expert at it and is ona very low raft or boat.

IF W E A R I N G C O RK life preserver, jump with legs doubledu p and held ti ghtly t o stomach. In calm weather, however,its preferable t o throw preserver overboard and then jumpnear it, putting it on when in the water.

AFTER SWIMMING AWAY from the ship to a safedistance-say 50 yards-you can mak e wat er wings of yourPants bv knottine the bottoms and plunging them upsideWATER WINGS thus improvised, and used as shown here,will keep survivor afloat, with less exertion than requiredfor continuous swimming, while he paddles toward raft ordown in to the waier so as to fill the iegs with air. awa its rescue. Offlcial U. S. N a v y photographs

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I Two Historic Conferences Seal Enemies Fate:DismemberJapan-A Job for the Navy

War Aim AnnouncedB y Allies a t CairoPoints Up Our RoleEven as the Navy was smashing andbattering Jap strongholds in the Gil-berts, Marshalls and Solomons lastmonth, a historic conference at Cairowas highlighting the Navys aims, im-portance and assignments in thePacific.From 2 2 November through 26 No-vember President Roosevelt, PrimeMinister Churchill and GeneralissimoChiang Kai-Shek, together with themilitary and naval l eaders of the forcesthat will together defeat Japan, met t oplan the st rat egy which will accomplish

th at defeat-and pointed up thei r pur-pose by a declaration that our victorywill result in the complete dismember-ment of Japan, reducing it to its pre-conquest boundaries.The task ahead was outlined atCairo as follows:To press unrelenting war againstJapan by sea, air and land; to stripthe Japs of all Pacific islands seizedsince 1914; to restore Manchuria, For-mosa and the PesFadores to China; toexpel Japan from all other terrjtoriestaken by greed and violence; t o estab-lish the independence of Korea, and t opersevere for the unconditional sur-render of Japa n.In t his t ask, th e Navys work is clear-cut but complicated. It must clear sup-ply routes for l ate r land invasions andattacks. It must blast the Japs outof Pacific outposts. It must transportand supply. It must be the advanceand protective arm of land forces atone and the same time. It must, eithergradua lly or otherwise, destroy Japanssea power. And it must, a s always,patrol and protect.

News from the Marshalls, Gilbertsand Solomons shows that the first twoobjectives already have been launched.The other objectives already are insight, at least, on the horizon.A few days after the Cairo confer-ence, President Roosevelt and Mr.Churchill moved on to Teheran, Iran,there t o hold still another conferenceand consider still ano ther foe. Thistime Russias Premier Stali n sat at theconference table. And once again theAllied leaders found tha t they were incomplete agreement. Once a g a i nstr ate gy and objectives were discussedand agreed upon with the result thatthis conference closed on the predic-tion :Victory is assured.Not only did this conference vowvengeance on the Nazi forces on land,

Page 32

Q .OV I E T UN I ON

. .JAPAN 1875 (I 4- -\ JAPANESE 6XPANSlOM A US RAL lATARGET IN THE PACIFIC

The following general sta tem ent occupied since the first World Wawas issued 1 December on the Cairo in 1914 and t ha t all the territorieconference: which Japan has stolen from ChinThe several mili tary missions such as Manchuria, Formosa and thhave agreed upon f ut ur e militaryThe three great Allies expressed

Pescadores shall be restored t o t hJapan Will be expelled from a1operations against Jap an.their resolve to bring unrelenting other terri torie s which she has take]

pressure again st their bruta l enemies byby sea, land and air. hi^ pressure The aforesaid three great powersis already rising. mindful of the enslavement of Koreaare determined that in due coursiThe three gr eat Allies ar e fighting Korea shall become free and indethis war to restrain and punish the pendent.aggressioq of Japan. With these objects in view, thlThey covet no gain fo r themselyes three Allies, in harmony with tho sandihave no thought of territorial of the United Nations at war wit1expansion. Ja pa n, will continue t o persevere iiI t is the ir purpose th at Ja pa n the serious and prolonged operationshall be stripped of all the islands in necessary to procure the uncondithe Pacific which she has seized or

Republic of China.

and greed.

tipnal surrender of Japan.his U-boats at sea, and his factoriesat home, but it also issued an invita-tion for the Nazi captive and satellitecountries to make use of the welcomewhich the Allies are ready to accordthem. Furt her, each of t he Big Threeconferees reiterated that they werealso in accord on terms f o r an endur-ing peace.

That this conference was a bad joltto Germanys already jittery officialnerves was soon evident. The Turkishborder was closed. The Nazis were re-ported massing their divisions alongth at border, obviously fea rful of a newAllied offensive thrust.At the Cairo meeting, it was note-worthy that among the very few


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Chinese military leaders who accom- panied General Chiang was Chinasonly admiral, Admiral Yang. At pres-ent, Admiral Yang commands only afleet of gunboats engaged in river war-far e and transport. Bu t no one as-sumed that he had been transportedthousands of miles to consider theproblems of river warfare.possible strategy of forthcoming ac-tion in the Pacific has been voiced byAdmiral Chester W. Nimitz and bySecretary Knox in recent statements.Said Admiral Nimitz:My opinion is that Japan will bedefeated from China . . . China, withher reservoirs of personnel and thepossibility of airfields in easy stri kingdistance of Japan, is one of the stepsalong the road.Secreta ry Knox surveyed the roadsto Tokyo following the conquest of theGilberts (see p. 9).It opens a much more direct routeto Tokyo, he said. Our twin str ate gicobjectives are to clear the islands andshorten our own supply line.As a matt er of fact , Secr etar y Knoxsaid recently, our Pacific strategy isnow becoming perfectly obvious.Actions which have appeared t o bepreliminary in character actually werecarried on for the express purposeof decimating the enemys a i r and sur-face strength.And the Japanese, explained theSecretary, have very usefully con-tributed t o this aim by sending downsmall task forces which are regularlyoverwhelmed, per mit ting u s to chip of fvery important elements of their fleets,piecemeal.With preliminaries o

Documents

All Hands Naval Bulletin - Jan 1944