All Hands Naval Bulletin - Apr 1944

8/3/2019 All Hands Naval Bulletin - Apr 1944

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BUREAU OF

Table of ContentsPage

One-Two-Three Punch ................................ 2Carrier Raids .................................................. 4More Than an Even Break............................ 8The Camera: Our Aerial Spy............. ........ 1 4Classified Matter Now in Four Categories 19Springboards for Fleets ............................... 20NavWarMap Issued ...................................... 25Wh at Is Your Naval I. Q.? ......................... 25Prisoners of War ........................................... 26Tell I t to the Padre........................................ 28Teamwork Wrecks the Tokyo Express ... 32Legislative Matters of Navy Interest .......... 33Toast to the Navy........................................ 34Their Skipper .............................................. 35Editorial ........................................................ 36 ,

/NFORMAT/ON BULL;TINAPRIL 1944 NUMBER ,325

VICE ADMIRAL RANDALL JACOBS, USNT h e C hi ef o f Naval PersomzelREAR ADMIRAL L. E. DENFELI), USNT h e Assistm t Chief bf Naval P e r s o w e l.

This magazine is published monthly inWashington, D. C., by the Bureau of NavalPersonnel for the information and interest ofthe Naval Service as a whole. By BuPers Cir-cular Letter 162-43 , distribution is to be ef-fected to allow all hands easy access to eachissue. All activities should keep the Bureauinformed of how many copies are required.All original material herein may be reprintedas desired.

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up and, as though our boys had beenwaiting just for this, they laid abeautiful salvo right alongside ofthem. When the smoke cleared awaythere were no Nips and the big gunwas a droopy little pop gun whichwould never pop again.Starting along the beaches the bigguns ranged f a r and wide. Here anoil storage t ank would go dp i n smoke.A little further there would be firesand then suddenly, with a terrific ex-plosion which seemed to lift a majorpart of the island with it, an ammu-nition depot blew up in a geyser offlame and smoke. Then we drew offa little for a momentary lull a s thedive bombers, which had been wait-ing on the horizon the word to comein for their act, appeared on thescene. They came in very high, peeledoff one at a time and dropped their1000-pound calling cards on the build-ings still standing. Later the marineslanded and received almost no oppo-sition on th e beach. We were told thatalmost 60% of the Ja p defenders hadbeen destroyed during our bombard-ment.Second PhaseAs we finished the above paragraphwe thought the letter would be on itsway to you shortly. We pulled backinto a port for fuel and ammunition.There a surprise awaited us. We

stocked up quickly and without de-lay, and when all was in readiness,one bright and sunny morning we leftport. With a number of battleships,carriers and destroyers we started outon another attack. The Nips weresleeping soundly when o u r first flightof a irplanes gave notice th at UncleSams boys were overhead. There islittle to say about this. You knowwhat happened from your newspapers.What a shock it must have been tothe Nips. What a shock it was to us,too, listening in on the radio theafternoon before the strike to hear aNew York news commentator blithelytell the world that ou r next stopwould be just where we were going.Thank heavens the Japs did not be-lieve him and we caught them flat-footed. You have seen the score. Eventhe Japs in Tokyo admitted this raidmade them very unhappy.Third Phase

Well, we thought that this strikewould end our battle proclivities mo-mentari!y but we did not even go backto port. Instead we picked up a littlefuel at sea and started out again totake ano ther bite out of t he Nip-ponese Empire. This time we werenot so fortunate-at leas t we did notget in with a surprise attack.Moving along the afternoon beforethe strike one of our ships saw a sub-marine in the distance, another saw aJap plane so we knew that our goosewas cooked so f a r as secrecy was con-cerned. Jus t afte r sunset the Ja psconfirmed our fears and in came thefirst of a long series of night attacks.Twice there was a brief lull in theattack after planes were shot down.We thought they had given up andgone home. How wrong we were! Rutthe Japs learned there is nothing soornery and mean as an Americansailor hauled from his dreams. Aftermidnight, word came enemy planesclosing. Now we were mad and in-side 20 minutes four Jap planes hadfallen, blazing infernos. There was nosleep from then on. We estimated theworst would come at daybreak. It did.

As the carriers were launching theirplanes the first Jap torpedo bombercame in. All the ships took a crackat it but still he came. Ju st beforereaching his target it seemed that hissteering gear was shot to pieces. Ashe tried to crash dive a ship, he missedby 30 or 40 feet to burst into flamebeside his target. A cheer went upfrom all the ships and almost in thesame breath came the word Jap planeon the horizon. The plane, anothertorpedo bomber, was, visible t o t henaked eye, as he looked over the situa-tion. Final ly he made up his mindan d began his run. Came the wordJ ap plane 18,000 yards, closing. Thenthe gorgeous and colorful sky lost itspeaceful aspect as shrapnel, clouds ofsmoke and machine gun tracers closedin on the target and finally caught

him. A grea t bur st of flame and hefell into the sea. We breathed easier.The next attack came from a dif-ferent angle-we could see two planeslooking over the gro up at about 20,000yards, when three fighters came inthrough th e clouds, cried tallyho, andright in front of us was the prettiestdog fight you would want to see.Two fighters took one plane and onetook the other. It lasted only about

three minutes as both Japs weredown in flames in about that time.The second plane put up a better fightand looked for all the world like aGreat Dane trying to shake off avicious little terrier. But the terrie rknew his business. Splash two Japs.Suddenly the machine guns on theforward part of the ship opened upvery high in the sky. Dive bombercame th e cry. And there it was. Asolitary Nip getting ready to bombthe pants off us . He made a fastru n and every gun on the ship wentinto action-he was too high and thenstarted another run on the nearestcarrier. All over th e formation gunswere belching fire. As he came overthe carrier he pulled out of his dive,apparently to release his bombs. Thereour fire reached him and he went intoanother dive, powerful and unsched-uled, his bombs with him. What asight as black smoke trailed him toa flaming crash which marked offanother Nip!But those Nips never learn andagain came the torpedo attack. Thisone took everything we could give itand almost reached the carrier whenhe exploded in midair with probablythe largest amount of American shotand shell ever put in one plane. Thereis nothing lacking in the Japs cour-age-only it happens we have theperfect antidote for their attacks, theability to shoot them down.S o while our carrier planes, ontheir missions, were ruining two ofthe best Ja p bases in the area, destroy-ing shipping, knocking down planesand strafing those on the ground, wewere carrying on a little vendetta of

ou r own and the final score f o r o u rpa rt of it-night and day attack-was16 planes. The final score of ourwhole carrier task force will haveappeared in print before you receivethis. However, you know tha t we ar ebusy and doing a good job.This third phase treated us to a mag-nificent and awe-inspiring spectacle.

No Fourth of July compares to thesight of a formation of ships firing atplanes in the dark-no bonfire eve rlit up a horizon as does the flamingcrash of Jap torpedo bombers atnight. It has taught us, too, not tounder rate ou r opponent. His cour-age is superb and his determinationto get us lacks nothing. Thats al lfor now. Will write again soon. Re-member us in your prayers.

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Four Pages of Pictures on RecentC A R R I E R RAIDS Sea-Air Strikes in Central Pacific-- " - -,-c --____jWf. 1-- s .-,-


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11 h o u r s - t h e n , in t h e t e e t h of t h e a e ri al s t o r m ,l a u n c h e d t h e i r o w n b o m b e r s a g a i n st b ase s a nd sh ip-p i n g a t S ai p a n a nd T i n i a n . A b o v e : A N a v y p i l o tguns h i s p la n e t o t a k e of f i n t o a s k y s p l o t c h e d witha c k - a c k f r o m his c a rr ie r a n d p r o t e c t i n g w a r s h i p s .

Official U. S. Navy photographsA N D A N O T H E R : S p ou ti rt g fEames, a J a p p l a n e s i n k sb e n e a t h t h e s u rf ac e off Sa ipan-one o f 14 s ho t d o w nby U. S. ships as o u r p la rt es b a t t e r e d t h e e n e m y b a se .

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More Than an Even BreakNaval Court Procedure Differs From Civil WaysBut It Guarantees Justice For All PersonnelEqual Justice Under Law.Those words have a deep meaningfo r all Americans. They symbolize avitally important aspect of the demo-cratic heritages fo r which our men arefighting all over the world.Generally construed as referring t ocivil law, Equal Justice is neverthe-less the prerogative of the men and wo-men who serve today in the U. S. Navy.The Navy operates outside of civil-ian jurisdiction, with a system basedon disciplinary code and procedure, op-

erated solely by and for naval person-nel.But one of the outstanding featuresof naval justice is tha t it grants auto-matically and without a request, to alldefendants found guilty-to those whoplead guilty and those who plead theirinnocence-more reviews (in effect,more appeals) than ever are accordeda defendant under civil law.This fundamental fairness of thenaval discidinarv svstem should not

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tected all along the line. In civil life,a defendant goes to prison and serveshis sentence if he pleads guilty. Thefact that the indictment on which hewas tried is defective does not matterif his lawyer fails t o discover it. Ifhe pleads guilty, he pays the penalty.In naval justice, all specifications (theNavy equivalent of an indictment) arereviewed, and all fatally defectivespecifications are thrown out. In suchcases, the defendant may, of course,be tried again if the authority whoconvened the court-martial that origi-nally heard his case sees fit, providedthe accused has not served any portionof the sentence.Naval justice is based on writtenand unwritten law. The written lawcomes from the Constitution of theUnited States, statutory enactments ofCongress, Navy Regulations, ordersand instructions. The unwritten lawcomes from decisions of the courts,decisions of the President and the Sec-be confuse i witd leniency. With theUnited States fighting in the greates twar in history, adequate punishment

consistent with the na tur e of the of-fense can and should be expected.speedy and efficient. The gui lty mayexpect adequate and fair punishment,but the rig hts of the guilty are pro-Page 8

retary of the Navy; opinions of theAttorney General of the United Statesand ,the Judge Advocate General ofthe Navy; court-martial orders, andcustoms and usages of the service.

Naval justice is designed to be The keystone of the naval discig-linary system, if an y one body of lawmay be called the keystone, is theArticles for the Government of the

Navy, 70 in number and embodied inthe s tatu tes of Congress and as thefirst 70 articles contained in NavyRegulations. These articles have theirfoundation in the disciplinary systemof the Brit ish Navy and in the firstarticles to govern the American Navy,adopted by the Continental Congresson 28 November 1775, known asRules for the Regulation of theNavy of the United Colonies.Administering the colonial navy wasthe Marine Committee of the Conti-nental Congress. John Adams, wholater became the second president ofthe uni ted States, wrote the initial setof rules. The rules did not meet withthe approval of J ohn Paul Jones, thegrea t naval hero of the colonies, butremained in force until 2 March 1779when a naval code of 50 articles wasadopted.There were even state laws relatingt o naval aiscipline during the Revo-lution. The Continental Navy wasfighting the British, but so also werethe naval vessels sailing under the,flags of 11 of the 13 original states.The Constitution of the UnitedState gave Congress power to estab-lish rules and regulations for govern-ment of the Navy, but there was littlepublic interest in the Navy after theRevolution and nothing further was


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done until 1798. In that year, Con-gress established the Navy Depart-ment and adopted the original draft ofthe Articles for the Government of theNavy.Naval law of today had its inceptionin ancient times, in the laws of Romeand of other Mediterranean cities andstates which were codified into the sealaw of the Republic of Rhodes. Inturn, the laws of Rhodes became thefoundation for what was known as theCode of Oleron, the body of navallaw used by Richard Coeur de Liona t Marseilles, when he was organizinghis naval units for transportation ofthe army to the Crusades in the HolyLand in 1190.The name of the lat ter code is be-lieved to come from William de Forzof Oleron, one of the five commanderswho served under Richard and laterbecame one of the lawmakers of theBritish Navy. Richard introduced thecode t o England when he returnedfrom the Crusades.

Eleanor, Duchess of Guinne andmother of Richard I of England, orig-inal ly compiled the Code of Oleron andparts of it were included in the BlackBook of th e Admiralty, a collection ofmanuscripts on naval law published inthe 15th century. This book, the r ealfoundation for present-day British sealaw, was lost late in the 18th centuryand discovered in 1874 in an old chest.It had been written in Norman-French,then the language of the Englishcourt.The aims of modern democracy andjustice are carried out in todays ad-ministration of naval law but, underthe Code of Oleron, offenders .werepunished by the rul e of an eye foran eye and a tooth for a tooth. Forexample, here are some of t he penal-ties contained in the code:Anyone that should kill another onboard ship should be tied to the deadbody and thrown into the sea.Anyone that should kill another onland should be tied t o the dead bodyand buried with it in the earth.Anyone lawfully convicted of draw-ing a knife o r other weaporl with in-tent to strike another, o r of strikinganother so as to draw blood, shouldlose his hand.

Anyone lawfully convicted of the ftshould have his head shaved and boil-ing pitch poured upon it and featherso r down should then be strewn uponit fo r the distinguishing of the of-fender; and upon the first occasion heshould be put ashore.Even as late as 1750, additional of-fenses were made punishable by death,and flogging was still the penalty formany infractions. Sailors tossed intothe ships brig frequently found them-

selves in irons. Courts-martial wereheld on deck when the weather per-mitted. Floggings usually were admin-istered on deck, in sight of all the menof a ship. Such was the naval justiceof yesterday. Now fo r th at of today.

Reducing present-day naval justiceto a common denominator, take thehypethetical case of Seaman SecondClass Mac, an average American youthin the service, an individualistic fellow,vigorous and patriotic, one who workshard when he works and who likes t oplay, one of those fellows who can anddoes get into trouble once in a while.Mac is new to the Navy. Maybe hehad volunteered, maybe he had comein through Selective Service, maybe

he had been signed up in the reserveand then called to active duty. Any-way, Macs in the Navy now.Behind him are his home, the oldhome town and a system of justicehe remembers by such names a s PoliceCourt or Mayors Court, CommonPleas Court, Circuit Court or SuperiorCourt, State Supreme Court, and thentoo, as he probably knows, there arethe Federal District Court, FederalCircuit Court of Appeals, and last and


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AUTHORITY OFSUMMARYMARTIAL

highest of all, the Supreme Court of trial by a higher or highest Navythe United States.By different names, he learns of a Mac went to town on liberty oneseries of naval courts convened vari- night. To hear him tell it later, heously fo r different types of cases. just had a few beers a t Bills TavernLower civil courts never try the more on the main corner. A lot of otherserious offenses. The same is true of Macs were there. S o were some G.I.naval courts, Joe s and a few civilians. There wasFi rs t of all in the Navys legal sys- fellowship, good cheer and good beer.tem is Captains Mast, the name de- Anyway, Mac said he drank nothingrived from sai ling vessel days when but beer that evening.a captain literally held court before The next morning when Mac awak-the mast for all men charged with ened, he rubbed hi s eyes, grippedoffenses aga ins t naval discipline. Here his forehead and groaned. It waspunishment is promptly awarded in hangover morning. He blinked at theaccordance with Navy Regulations, or, sun shining through the windows andif the information furnished a t mast then took a panicky look a t his watch.indicates the need for further intro- That one look plunged him intoduction of evidence o r the award o f grief. It was noon and Mac had beenpunishment more severe than can be due back at the station by 0800. Heawarded without formal trial, then the already was four hours A.O.L., firstCaptain saps Deck Court or Sum- . time hed ever been late for duty even

court and the greater the penalty).

maiy Court.The Deck Court consists of a DeckOfficer appointed by the captain to sitas trial judge, jury and prosecutor.Summary Courts, where three officerssit as judge and jury, are for moreserious offenses charged against en-listed personnel, up to and includingchief petty officers.For the most serious offensesagainst Navy law, there are GeneralCourts-Martial, for officers and en-listed personnel, with five t o 13 officerssitting as judge and jury.Now t o get back t o Mac, a goodsailor with a good record until hegot into trouble one night.Macs trouble was the same as mostsailors who get into serious troublewith naval authorities, going over thehill one way or another-A.O.L.

(absent over leave) or A.W.O.L. (ab-sent without leave) f o r a few hours,a day, a week, a month or more (themore time away, the worse the viola-tion of naval law, the more chance forPage 10

afte r a large night. What to do?Go back now and face the music?Already in dutch, stay in townand make another night of it?After all, a good stiff shot out ofa bottle with a green revenue stampwas good medicine for a hangover.Yes, and have another good time t oremember as he sa t it out in the brig?The hangover didnt contribute t oan intell igent decision. Macs browbroke into a cold sweat. His pulse wasweak. His head ached. Mac falte r-ingly felt his way into the bathroomand took a shower. Boy, it felt good.He dressed hurriedly. Downstairs inthe coffee shop, some coffee and hamand eggs brought him back to life,back t o the point where he was readyto reason his way out of hi s dilemma.

Fi rs t of all, lets assume Mac wantedto do the rig ht thing. He realized tha the had been on a binge, that he washurting the Navy and himself bybeing A.O.L., that the best t hing to dowas to beat it back t9 the gates of his

shore station where the marine guardswere ready t o greet him.Mac went baEk, and the OOD loggedhim in. This clinched the evidenceagainst him, but it also was a pro-tection since it proved at least thathe wasnt out longer, His immediatesuperior, a young lieutenant namedBartl ett , knew Mac was A.O.L. becausehed been absent at morning muster.Mac went in t o face the music.Mac told his story. He told thetruth , assuming he had drunk nothingbut beer-just a few beers, sir! !First, he got a good dressing down.And then-Ill have to take you tothe executive officer, said the lieu-tenant. It was jus t a few minutes walkt o the Administration Building wherethe execs ofice was located. Macsbrow broke into another sweat. Hewalked into th e execs office. He hadnever reached such a high place inNavy calls before. Lieutenant Bart lettmade a report of the case.Five hours A.O.L., noted the exec,a naval officer young in years butgrowing old in experience. What haveyou t o say for yourself?Mac told the sto ry again-just afew beers, he must have been sick, andhe had overslept.Well, said the exec, Ill have toenter your name on the report bookfor Captains Mast. The master -at-arms will notify you when to appearbefore the captain.Mast- ast-Mac pondered theword. He had been informed of thenature of Captains Mast when he en-tered the Navy. The word mas t wasrather awesome to him.It was Macs first introduction to

naval justice, and it wasnt long incoming. A master -at -arms notified Macthat it would be at 1100 next day inthe big hallway just outside the cap-tains door in the administration build-


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COURSE OF NAVAL JUSTICE- I ENERAL COURT-MARTIAL- - SUMMARY COURT-MARTIALBUPERMARCORPSing. He was made a P.A.L. (prisoner-at-large.

Mac faltered through the afternoon,did a halfway job, ate sparingly,tossed half the n ight and awoke withtrepidation. He gulped down two cupsof coffee for breakfast and sharply at1100 he was in the passageway outsidethe Captains office. As he approached,he found a small, orderly group. Inthe middle of the hallway, facing him,was a speakers stand. On it wereth e service records of th e men calledbefore the captain. Around the standwere the exec and the execs yeoman.On the left was Chief Master-at-ArmsJones, plain-spoken Navy veteran whohandled those coming up before themast. On the right, ready to answeiquestions from t he captain about Mac,was Lieutenant Bartlett. The master-at-arms assembled the men ordered toMast and called them to attention asthe captain entered.Mac had a swift arraignment. Thecaptain read the executive officersMas t book. Mac didnt deny he hadbeen A.O.L.This is your first offense. I see,said the captain. The lines in his facelost their tenseness. What have youto say for yourself?Mac told his story.Yes, exclaimed the skipper. Thesame old story, just a few beers lastnight, but its not a story you oughtto be very proud of. You haventlearned to drink like a man, have agood time and still get back to the job.You havent been fair to yourself, andyou havent been fair to the Navy.The United States is at war. Y o u rtime and the time of every other man,patriotically devoted to working andfighting, means everything t o ou r wareffort. You have injured yourself andyour country.

But-he paused-I see its yourfirst offense.. ..Ten hours e xtr a duty, he declared.Remember, it wont be so easy thenext time. In fact, there had betterbe no next time. Understand?Therell be no next time, sir, Macsaid. He did an about face as he wasdismissed and breathed a deep sigh ofrelief.Mac began to pull himself together.But he wanted no more of it. All hewanted henceforth was to do his joband keep his sla te clean and get aheadin the Navy. And the Navy, fa r frombeing vindictive, was giving him hischance.So far, so good. But what about theother Macs whose A.O.L. in somecases run into weeks or who knockoff for a few days A.W.O.L., goingover the hill without leave? Howdoes Navy justice work for them?

A second Mac already had been atCaptains Mast fo r being almost a dayA.O.L. He paid the penalty, shruggedhis shoulders nonchalantly, and amonth later, on a big week-end, hewen t four days A.O.L. He liked thegirl friend so well that he had severaldates with her. The Shore Patrolrudely terminated th e affair. He landedin the brig back on the base.Second offense, affirmed th e skip-per. Trial by Deck Court.This Mac wasnt a sea-lawyer, oneof those guys not a lawyer but whoknew the book pre tt y well. However,the night before, he had read overArticle 64 of the Articles for theGovernment of the Navy. He knewthat a Deck Court officer could givehim an y one of a number of rathersevere penalties.Mac did some fa st thinking. Thepenalties ran through his mind-soli-tary confinement up to 20 days onbread and water or on diminished ra-

tions; solitary up to 20 days; confine-ment up t o 20 days; reduction to nextinferior rating; deprivation of libertyon shore on foreign station (thisdidnt matter, he was in the good oldU. S. A.) ; and extra police duties andloss of pay.This Mac didnt want to trust hislegal fortunes to a single officer, aDeck Court officer who, as he knew,acted as judge, jury and prosecutor,by appointment of the captain.Mac had read some more in the

book. He knew he didnt have to standtrial by Deck Court unless he wished.He could ask for trial by SummaryCourt Martial, with three officers in-stead of one to judge him.Id like a Summary Court, he toldthe captain.Trial ordered by Summ ary Court-Martial, said the captain.Lat er th at day-naval justice movesswiftly-Mac received a copy ofthe specification charging four daysA.O.L., sta ted briefly in simple terms.Mac was informed of the time and

place of the Summary Court session-next Monday, in t he station conferenceroom, Administration Building. Thecourt was composed of th e senior mem-ber (presiding judge), CommanderVernon, with Lieutenant Calhoun andLieutenant Oliver as members andEnsign Zilmer as recorder-meaningprosecutor.Mac knew he was entitled to defensecounsel-an officer of his own choice,if that officer were available, or anofficer to be named by the conveningauthority. Mac was acquainted withLieutenant Thomas, division officer ofa unit in which one of Macs closefriends was a yeoman. He like thelieutenant pretty well and decided t oask for him as defense counsel. Therequest was granted, because Lieu-

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tenant Thomas was available andwilling to serve.Mac went over the case with Lieu-tenant Thomas. They knew withoutany doubt that under Navy law M acwas guilty. The record would provethat . The best thing, they decided,was for Mac to plead guilty and thento make a statement in his own behalf.There was one redeeming factor-his fine bat tle record. He had beencommended by his skipper a fewmonths before for action against theenemy and for jumping overboard t orescue a shipmate. Mac decided, onthe advice of Lieutenant Thomas, t omake a statement in regard t o hislength of service and to let his serviceribbons speak for themselves. The case went t o trial. Mac andLieutenant Thomas had decided not t oexercise the right of challenging anymember of t he court , believing a fairtrial was assured by the court as con-stituted.The accused pleaded guilty. Thesenior member then warned Mac asfollows: It is my du ty as senior mem-ber of this court t o warn you that byyour plea of guilty, you deprive your-self of the benefits of a regular de-fense. Th at is t o say, you cannot afte r

such a plea of guilty go ahead andintroduce evidence t o prove that youare not guilty. You may, however, in-troduce evidence of mit igating circum-stances in extenuation o r of previousgood character. Do you understandwhat I have just explained? Macstated he understood. Understandingthis, d o you persist in your plea?Mac stated he did so persist.In view of the plea no witnesseswere introduced.Mac was now informed that he hadthe privilege of making a voluntarystatement in his own behalf, that suchstatement would not be under oath,would not be subject t o cross examina-tion and was a personal declaration;it could not legally be acted upon asevidence by the court nor could it be .a vehicle of evidence. Such statementmay operate in two ways: (1) t o mod-ify the plea of the accused when in-consistent therewith; and (2) as aplea for leniency, which may not beconsidered by the court except in rec-ommending the accused t o the clem-ency of the reviewing authority. Macsstatement, brief and t o the point, wasas follows: I respectfully call the at-tention of the court t o my youth andmy good battle record. I request the

court and the convening authority tobe lenient with me. This oral sta te-ment certified by the recorder as thetru e substance of the stat ement of theaccused was appended to the record.The court was cleared. The recorderwas recalled and directed t o record thefinding that the specification had beenproved by plea. The recorder statedthat Mac had no record of previousconvictions, since mast punishmentsare not considered t o be previous con-victions. The court was aga in clearedand the recorder again recalled anddirected to record the sentence of thecourt as follows:The court therefore sentenceshim, Mac, S ~ C ,. S. Navy, t o beconfined fo r a period of two (2)months, to lose twenty-seven dol-lars ($27.00) per month of hispay for a period of two months,total loss of pay amounting tofifty-four dollars ($54.00) .Under naval law, the conveningauthority may grant o r withhold clem-ency. Thus, in this case, the cap taincould give great weight t o Macs state-ment and remit the sentence-wipe itout entirely-or he could mit igate it ifhe wished, cutting down the time ofconfinement and loss of pay. But he


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.,

Scenes in Summary Court-Martial

Court consists of three members and recorder, shownseated in their proper positions around table.

Defendant s i t s between defense counsel (right) and re-corder, who serves as prosecutor in the case.

Court cleared, members meet to reach verdict, and, ifdefendant i s found guilty, t o defermine sentence.

Sentence, before being executed, i s approved by officerwho ordered court (and his immediate superior).

Otficinl IT. S.N A V Yhotoqraphs


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THE CAhlERA:Our Aerial Spy

The parlor stereoscope of grandma%day has become the Mata Hari ofWorld War 11.The recent daring flight of two Lib-erator reconnaissance planes overTruk 12 days before our attack hasbrough t vividly to the a ttention of thepublic the vital role aerial photog-raphy plays in naval operations, andthe importance of in terpre tation of thep h o t og ra p h s that reconnaissanceplanes bring back. Here, for example,is a report on an enemy airfield in theSouth Pacific by one of the Navysphotographic interpreters :Forty aircraft occupy the field, ofwhich 20 are Mitsubishi 01 twin-en-gine bombers, and 20 are Hamp fightercraft . Four bombers and two fightersare wrecks. The coral surfaced sec-tion of t he runway is being extended450 feet at the ends. Its present di-mensions, including extensions, being3,900 by 90 feet. There are three newantiaircraft batteries of four gunseach northwest of the bomber taxiwayWhile photographic interpretationon the present scientific basis is a

product of the present war , the Navyfirst made aerial phtographs in 1914.In March, 1916, aerial photographswere made of old Fort Morgan beforeit was subjected t o firing practice byth e uss New Y o r k and the uss Ar-kansas. A Speed Graphic camera withcigar-box boards around the bellows asa protection aga ins t wind pressure was

loop.

utilized, and good photographs wereobtained.It was decided to develop a tele-photo camera for use a t higher alti-tudes. This resulted in the productionof the first st rictly hand-held aer ialcamera manufactured in the U. S. Itwas tested successfully in December,1916.A Naval School of Photography wase s t a b l i s h e d a t Miami, Fla., afterWorld War I started, and approxi-mately 9 officers and 80 enlisted pho-tographers had qualified in this schoolprior to the armistice. Photographiclaboratories had been established a t allnaval air stations in the U. S., theCanal Zone and Hawaii when the warended.In peacetime the Navy found aerialphotography valuable in recordingfleet firing practice and aerial bomb-ing. Of equal importance was the mo-tion picture record of planes landingon carriers and being hurled fromcatapu lts, when a st udy of slow mo-tion pictures were required.In more recent years aerial mappinghas been used increasingly to supple-ment old survey methods. Thousandsof square miles of Alaska were photo-graphed by the Navy for the Depart-ments of Inte rior and Agriculture. TheHydrographic Office, nearly every yearsince 1921, has sent out photographicmapping parties to Cuba, South andCentral America, and t o the AleutianIslands.

Great strides were made in photo-graphic interpretation after the Brit-ish evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940.Then, with the European continentcompletely shut off from the British,with espionage agents and paid in-formers unable t o get their reportsthrough to London, the RAF turned toaerial photo interpretation.Shortly afterward, nine Navy andMarine Corps officers went t o Englandand studied the British methods andengaged in actual operational workwith the RAF. Upon their return t othis country they were given permis-sion to set up a photo-interpretationschool at the Anacostia Naval Air Sta-tion. The schools first classroom wasa leanto built against a hangar.Among the many difficulties encoun-tered during the early days of theschool was the shortage of instru -ments. The first piece of equipmentwas an old-fashioned stereoscope-theinstrument that brought so much en-


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joyment to the American family a gen-eration ago. In the stereoscopes abilityto combine the images of two pictures,taken from points of view a little wayapart, into one three - dimensionalimage lies the basic principle of photointerpretation.Officers in the photo-interpretationschool are taught t o read maps, t oidentify ai rc ra ft and ships of all coun-tries, t o recognize types of enemyequipment, transportation systems, in-dustrial installations, and other sub-jects likely to be encountered in a pho-tograph of enemy territory.If, for instance, a picture of a

bomb-blasted cement fac tory t urns up,the photo interpreter first must rec-ognize it as a cement factory, next beable to tell whether the damaged por-tion is one which will take weeks t o repair before the factory can resumeproduction or one which can be putinto shape in a matter of hours.Railroad systems must be thor-ougly understood so that troop move-ments can be detected and understood.Harbor capacities must be known inorder to determine potential size andstrength of any force the enemy mightchoose to place in a certain harbor.The same holds for airfields.

Since the first, class entered the An-akostia school in January 1942, about595 Navy and Marine officers havefinished the 10-week course and goneinto the field t o carry on their invalu-able work.An officer who had been in commandof a fighter squadron a t Guadalcanal,in the States recently for a rest, wasasked what he thought of photo- 1graphic interpretation.It isnt a question of whether welike it o r not, he said. We nevermove without it.While photographs often are takenfrom bombers and fighters, o r byPage 15


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T O P photograp6 6e low showsground crew men placing aK-18 aerial camera in thebo m b bay of a Libera tor.CENTER: Four cameras aremounted in the bomb bayfurnishing any combiizationnecessary on a m a p p ision.B O T T O M : I f J a p p l a n e ss t r i k e , t h i s p h o t o g r a p h e r smate can handle a .50-calibremachine gun as expertly as hedoes a camera.

mate very closely the dimensions ofbuildings and airfields, provided heknows the altitude and angle fromwhich the photos were made.The standard aerial camera used bythe Navy and the Marine Corps is theproduct of many years of research,. . . . . . - . . .


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T O P : This p a c k a g e , s e t t l i n gd o w n on R e n d o v a , c o n t a i n sp h o t o s t a k e n o v e r M u n d a . Ap h o t o g r a p h i cunit will processt h e f il m .C E N T E R : A s s e m b li n g a p a no -r a m a of t h e E m p re s s A u g u s t aB a y s h o r e l in e , M a r i n e s m a d eg o o d u s e of it in t h e i r i n v a -s i o n .B O T T O M : A f i e ld pho to -g r a p h i c t r a i l e r i s o n e of t h ef i rs t p ieces of e q u i p m e n tl a n d e d in s e t t i n g up a n a d -vance base .


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D E F I K I T I O N : Certain secret documents, informat ion. andmateriel the security aspect of which is paramount andwhose unauthorized disclosure would cause exceptionalbgrave damage to the nation.EXAMPLES :a) Plans or particulars of future major or special operations.b) Particulsrs of important dispositions or impending moves of ourforces or convoys in connection with (a) above.e) Very important politi cal documents dealing with such matters asnegotiations for alliances and the like.d) Information of the methods used or success obtained hy our intelli-gence services and counter-intelligence services or which would imperilsecret agents.e) Critical information of new and important munitions of war, includingapproved scientiflc and technical developments.f) Important particulars of cryptography aud cryptanalysis

1)EFINITION : Documents information, or materiel, tl wunauthorized discloure of wkich, while not endangering thenational security, would be prejudicial to the interests orprestige of the nation, any governmental act ivity , an indi-vadual, or would cause administrative embrassment. ordifficulty, or be of advantaqe to a fore ign nation.EXAMPLES:a) Matters, investigations, and documents of a personal and disciplinarynature, the knowledge of which it is desirable to safeguard foradministrative reasons.b) Routine operational and battle reports which do not contain informa-tion of vital interest to the enemy.e) Routine intelligence reports.d ) General military radio frequency allocations.e) Military call signs, unless so collected together that they reveal thc. order of battle.f ) Meteorological information of designated areas.9) Unit movements of non-ogerational significance in areas within oradajacent to operation theatres.h) Certain technical documents and manuals used for training, main-tenarxe, and inspection of important new munitions of war,i ) General tactiral lessons learned as a result of operations.j ) Aerial photographs of territories under our control in or adjacent tooperational theatres.

cal definitgns and poli cy concerningclassified matte r, to be effective. in thearmed forces of t he United St ates andthe British Empire, has been adoptedby the combined chiefs of staff. De-tails appear in Alnav 44 (reprinted insemi-monthly N. D. Bul., 29 Feb., 44-215).Known as the Combined SecurityClassifications Agreement, this sets upa new classification, top secret. Of-ficial matter requiring classification isnow t o be examined and graded underone of the following four categories:Top secret (signa l abbreviation, top-sec) , secret, confidential and restricted.The order became effective 1 5 March.Classified matter originated prior t othis date need not be reclassified t oaccord with this order except whensuch matter is still current or per-petuated by additions o r Iaccessions is-

DEFINITIOK : Documelzts, information, or muteriel, theunauthorized discloszlre of which w o u l d endanger nationalsecurity, cause serious injury to the interests or prestzgeof the nation, or any governmental activity thereof, orwould be of odvontage to a foreign nation.EXAMPLES:a ) Particulars of oierations in progress.h ) Plans or particulars o f operations not included under top secret.c ) Instructions regarding the employment of important new munitionsof war.d) Order-of-battle informaion and locations and moves affecting the orderof battle.e ) Knowledge of enemy materiel and procedure th e value of whichdepends upon the enemy not knowing we posseis i t ,f ) Vital military information on important defenses.9 ) Certain reports of operations containing information of vital interes tto the enemy.h) .4dverse reports on general morale affecting major operations.i ) Important improvements to existing munitions of war until acceptedfor service use.j) Photographs of vulnerable points or vital i nstalla tions .under our con-trol.k ) Certain development projects.1) Im port ant c ryptograp hic devices unless ass igned to a lower categoly.

DEFINITION : Documents information, or materiel (otherthan top secret, secret, or Lonfidential) which should not bepublished or communicated to anyone except fo r osc ial pur -poses.EXAMPLES:a ) Information of moves of non-operational significance in areas remoteb) Training and technical documents for official use only or not intended .r ) Certein routine documents relating to supply and procurement.rl l Aerial photographs of territories under our control remote from opera-c ) Photographs of enemy, enemy occupied or dominated areas exceptt ) Strength returns of units remote from operational theatres.

from theatres of war.for ielease to the public.

tionnl theatres.those which reveal secret sources.

- h .Classified Matter Now in pour LategoriesJoint Security Agreement Adopted by U. S.And British; Top Secret Classification Added

A new agreement setting out identi- sued aft er the effective date. Portions downgrade it as soon a s conditionsof Navy Regulations, General Orders,Lette rs and instructions inconsistentwith the provisions of the agreementare suspended pending formal changesin regulations and instructions.The United States regards top secretas a subdivision of secxet, whereas theBritish regard it as a distinct cate-gory. Although this difference of viewis recognized, it is regarded as imma-terial t o the agreement, under whichcomplete uniformity is obtained by theadoption of definitions, examples andrules of treatment for the handling ofall classified matter.The agreement points out that theadoption of the additional classifica-tion, top secret, does not in any sensereduce the present integrity of exist-ing classifications, and emphasizes theobligation of all authorities t o keepclassified matter under review and to

-permit.On the subject of grading, the agree-ment sets down the following generalprinciples: (1) the designation of thepersons responsible for grading andregrad ing is a function of the appro-priate authorities; (2) each documentshould be graded according to its owncontent and not necessarily accordingto its relationship to another document(this applies also t o extracts fromgraded documents) ; and ( 3 ) the grad-ing of a file o r group of physicallyconnected documents shall be that ofthe highest graded document therein.General rules for the handling o rtrea tment of classified matte r undereach category are given. Definitionsfor the four categories, and examplesof mat te r which would normally begraded under each category, are shownin the boxes at t he top of this page.

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BASES: Bureau of Yards and DocksFor three days the plane had beenflying over the tiny island in strips,skimming close t o the curling surf ofthe beaches and rising to circle inlandclearings and groves. The natives andthe one white trader watched it withinterest.In the hot, wet dawn of the fourthday the startled natives looked sea-ward to cruisers, destroyers andtransports anchored in the effshoredeep. Men were scrambling downcargo nets. Supplies and equipmentcascaded over the sides as jeeps,trucks, roller, bulldozers, gasolinedrums, mess gear, ammunition and ahundred other items were loaded ontopontoon barges.All day long the ships were un-loaded at breakneck speed in theheavy heat. The piles of supplies onthe beach rose and multiplied. Menworked*nearly naked, fighting throughs u r f and shallows. At nightfall, ex-

hausted, they bedded down under shel-ter-halves o r under nothing but thetropical stars.Next morning they were at theirjob-to hack an advanced U. S. Navybase out of the jungle and t o do it in

Builds Them On All Fronts30 days. Once this was finished, theycould st ar t their next job-to trans -form the crude advance base into awell-stocked supply depot and repairbase.Civil engineers in Navy garb werestaking out a 5,000-by-300-foot runwaywhen the first bulldozer maneuveredfor position, crawled up t o the firstpalm tree, set its blade, turned loosedriving power and tore the tree fromthe ground, nosing its base and rootsto one side. Immense mahogany, teakand rosewood trees, too tough even f o rbulldozers, were girdled with up to 60sticks of dynamite and blasted out.At night jeeps stood with their mo-tors running t o charge batteries, theirheadlights on to provide camp illumi-nation.Hoses and pumping systems snakedup from the beach, bringing water towet down the clouds of dust and loosedirt stirred up by the bulldozers andgraders. Drainage ditches alreadyhad been dug against expected trop-ical storms which would turn the areainto a quagmire.Gun mounts, foxholes and shelterswere in readiness f o r the possible

Official U. S. Marine Corps photographABOVE: Seabees attached to aMarime umit roll gasdine d r u msa sh or e f r o m k a d i r tg c r a ft duringitwasiom of a Sou th Pacific Islamd.trouble for which everybody kept aneye peeled. A medical unit alreadyhad been established f o r preventivemeasures against malaria, dysenteryand exhaustion, as well as t o care foranything more serious and unex-pected. Meanwhile, the squads of menhacked and tore at the jungle andcoral crf the island.Exactly 14 days after the firstLCVP had landed on the beach, a lighttraining plane settled down to test thenew coral runway. Within hours, thefighter planes began dropping out ofthe Pacific skies.Advance Base X was in operation.The above description refers to noparticular base, but it could be thetruthul history of many. These ad-vance bases, created o u t of wildernessor worse by the Navys Bureau ofYards and Docks, stretch for two-thirds of the way around the world,furnishing new and efficient ports f o ra vast Navy which today is fighting a(seven-ocean war.From advanced bases such as theone described, huge supply depots and

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Official U. S. Navy ph otographThis temt city OB Attu is typ ica l of the cawas capitals used by Seabees.repair bases often develop. One suchcrude advance base of a few monthsago, in the beginning a bloody andembattled outpost, today is a vast sup-ply depot and fortress with tens ofthousands of tons of war materialsand equipment available for immedi-at e issue.This base, which a year ago was lit-tle more than a bumpy airstrip, todayhas supplies ranging from 2,000-pound bombs t o huge stores of mos-quito netting. A radio station keepsit in close contact with the needs of it sfleet and with home ports. A 1,000-bed hospital cares for its sick. Thereare shallow docks and deepwaterdocks. More air traffic uses it s fieldsdaily than is handled at most largecommercial airports at home.Through what recently was impass-able jungle, 150 miles of roads fo rma transporta tion network. Palm treesand poles suppor t 1,500 miles of com-munication and telephone wire. Sincemore than 1,000 motor vehicles passone busy center in a busy hour, aspeed limit of 25 miles an hour mustbe rigidly enforced. The natives, whoonce stared in wonder at these motorcontraptions, already are seasonedjaywalkers.

The ships that count, runs a Navyadage, are the ships tha t have bases.The tragedies of Guam, Wake andCavite brought home t o the Navy andits Bureau of Yards and Docks thefact that unarmed civilian workerscould not be expected to pitch in anddefend what they built. Before thiswar, the Navy had never had to fightfrom bases which were under fire,never had to scramble from island toisland to set up advance base afteradvance base from which t o attack.Bases and shore establishments arethe responsibility of the Bureau ofYards and Docks. Previous to thiswar, the bureau had been concernedwith supervision of construction ofbases and shore establishments usu-ally contracted for and built by do-mestic civilian contractors. The currentwar has scattered the Bureaus of-ficers, construction and repair special-ists, from Africa and Iceland to Alaskaand the Solomons and turned the bu-reau into a worldwide constructionand maintenance organization pre-pared to create and maintain supplyand repair bases for fleets and taskforces on all oceans.Some idea of the magnitude of itsassignment can be drawn from figures.

From 1916 through 1937, the bureaucontracted for $360,000,000 in Navyconstruction. From 1940 to date ithas built $6,975,000,000 wor th of de-pots and bases. Advance bases alonebuilt since the war started have cost$1,775,000,000.The terms Navy base or floatingdrydock dont have the glamourevoked by the sound of heavy cru ise ror PT-boat but their war roles areequally essential. How impor tant theycan be was well illustrated a t Pea rlHarbor. The steel floating drydockwhich was sunk on 7 December 1941was one which shortly before had beentowed there from New Orleans. Thisdock was one of the first th ings raised.It was afloat again two weeks afterthe attack and went into immediateuse. It sent one warship back t o thefront lines in record time and has beenin continuous use ever since. Its valueto salvage operations there has beeninestimable.Another bigger and even more un-glamorous dock played a major role inPearl Harbor salvage. This is thecavernous battleship dock constructedby a new method of placing concreteunder water. It was completed in 18months instead of th e originally esti-

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Ofllcial r. . Marine Corps photograph1 Seabees will use these metal mats t o build a jumgle airstrip.

Official U. S. Navy photograph2. Natives help Seabees build a bomber runway im the broilimg sum.

Officlal I J . S. Marine Corps photograph3. Metal mats have been put im p la ce a d h e wclzway is ready f o r use .Page 22

mated 33 and, fortunately, was readyfo r it s first occupant a few days be-fore the surprise attack.It might be noted here t hat the olddock at Pearl Harbor had taken morethan eight years-from 1909 to 1917-t o complete.Drydocks of one type or another areas old as the Navy.authorized constructiofrigates in 1794, and officially launchedthe national Navy, private and state-

owned drydocks were turned over forexclusive Navy use. Thomas Jeffer-son, looking into the future, pleadedfor the construction in 1807 of a bigdrydock that would care for all our12 frigates but it wasnt until 1827th at Congress authorized an accuratesurvey by a skilled engineer for dry-docks at Navy Yards at Portsmouth,New York, Boston and Norfolk. Col.Loammi Baldwin, who had inspectedEuropean drydock facilities, was se-lected to make the survey.By 1842 the impor tance of a system

of repair bases and drydocks was evi-dent. The Bureau of Yards and Dockswas created by congTessiona1 action.Some 25 years later the status ofYards and Docks engineers waschanged from civilian to staff corpsofficers to be known as the Civil En-gineer Corps. The bureau remained,however, a shorebound section of th eNavy, concerned with civilian con-tracting, construction, inspection , plan-ning and maintenance. At the end ofthe first World W ar it numbered only20 9 officers, both regular and reserve,on active duty. During the entirecourse of the last war only $189,000,-000 was spent on Navy shore installa-tions.Now, so far has naval engineeringprogressed, operations of even biggermagnitude are handled in routinefashion.Navy drydocks are of several typesand sizes but only two general classi-fications-graving docks and floatingdrydocks. A gra vin g dock takes itsname from a grave-a hole in theground. It is a huge excavation, dugout at tidewater, into which ships canbe floated. Complete repairs can bemade aft er the dock is pumped free ofwater.A floating drydock, on the otherhand, is submerged and the ship en-tered into it. Then water is pumpedfrom within the dock structure andboth dock and ship rise to the sur-face. Modern docks are of unbeliev-able size. A big graving dock is 1,000feet long by 150 feet wide and 46,fee t deep. A dock of this size isroughly comparable to the Yale Bowl.Innovations in the design and con-

struction of floating drydocks playedmajor roles in the success of theNavys record shipbuilding program,results of which have been so evidentin recent Pacific victories.


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Official U. S. Navy photographsT h e USS Peto, f i r s t U . S. sub built i d a n d , i s moved dowm Mississippi in drydock .One type of f loating drydock builtunder bureau direction has enabledinland plants to build submarines.landing craft and light naval vesselsat dry shipyards in Wisconsin. Thefloating docks, loaded with new and asyet unwet subs and ships, are floateddown the Mississippi River to the dis-persal point a t New Orleans.Headed by Vice Admiral Ben Mo -reel1 as Chief of the Bureau, Yardsand Docks today directs approxi-mately 8,000 regular and reserve of-ficers and more than 240,000 Seabeesand construction specialists in the per-formance of functions assigned tothe bureau. In action wherever thereare Navy units, the bureau has morethan 100 war functions. It operatesshore establishments of all types and

in all conceivable places. It is con-cerned with everything from airportst o cisterns. Faced with multiple andcomplex problems, the Engineer Corpsofficers fight three wars simultane-ously-the wa r of transporta tion , thewa r of supply and the war of combat.Examples of the winning fightagainst the problems of transporta-tion and supply can be found at anyadvanced Navy base. Deep in theSouth Pacific today there is in. oper-ation a huge floating drydock capableof handling an aircra ft carrier. This

tremendous device was built in sec-tions and towed to its destinationacross the broad expanse of the Pa-cific and then reassembled. The tra ns-portation of similar drydocks throughdangerous waters has been success-fully accomplished without fuss orfanfare.Yet 38 year s ago the towing of t heDewey Drydock from Solomons, Md.,t o Manila was an accomplishment ofinternational intere st. Newspapers ofthe world followed the progress of theDewey dock as colliers and tugs towedit to Port Said, shepherded it throughthe Suez Canal, paused at Singapore,and finally anchored in Subic Bay. Itwas a marine operation which tookfrom 28 December 1905 to 10 July1906. The late r tran sport of a British

drydock t o Singapore was also a ma-jor news event.One function of the bureau is t o sup-ply ready-to-work drydocking units.These are of various classificationsand size. One includes a seagoingdrydock capable of handling a 3,000-ton vessel. This dock, sett ing out onan ocean voyage, has a complete crewof five officers and about 100 men.Another and bigger unit includes ahuge floating drydock with a liftingcapacity of 100,000 tons. This bigdock is broken down into 10 seagoingunits and has, in all, a crew of 25 of-ficers and 500 men.But docks are only one item on thebureaus war agenda. An indicationof the scope of such agenda can begained from the fact that some ad-vance bases are equipped with everymaterial and item necessary for twoyear s of war in that area. The bot-tlenecks and problems of constructionin the ear ly stage s of the war forcednew construction techniques. Withsteel at a premium, a new type ofunderground tank was developed. Itwas lined t o prevent leakage and madeof pre-stressed concrete which willnot crack under the vagaries of theweather.

Twenty such tanks will hold 6,000,-000 barrel s of fuel oil.Dirigible and blimp hangars for theNavys growing lighter-than-air pro-gram also made engineering history.Some of these ha nga rs a re 1,000 by300 by 200 feet. They necessitated thedesign, development and transporta-tion of new weight-lifting and con-struction machinery before construc-tion of the hangars themselves couldeven begin.Salvage work of c ertain types is an-other responsibility the bureau has ac-cepted in part and t o which it has lentits cooperation, including such on-the-spot ship repair as small-craft salvage

in the Sicily invasion and participationwith regularly organized salvage op-erations in Mediterranean ports.The Bureau just recently set up andis now operating construction equip-

ment repair depots in this country, aswell as assembling depots in the Pa-cific area where damaged equipmentwill be collected and forwarded homefor repairs. The ultimate function ofthis department will be the salvageand repair of equipment which canagain be used in the field.The system of decentraliz ing basesand supply depots was necessitated bythe widely separated areas of oceanand land fighting.The system of maintenance of suchbases is so carefully integrated that itcan move and expand with the shiftingof battle lines. If a n American areacommander in any war area of theworld decides to move his forces for-ward, the Bureau of Yards and Docksis ready and waiting. Somewhere, at

one or more s trategic centers, is every-thing that the area commander willneed for the advance base he is t o es-tablish. And, like the Hyd ra of Greekmythology, this new advance base,once set up, will be able t o chip offpieces of itself fo r fur the r advancebases and, instead of weakening itself,develop two new replacements whereone existed before.If, for instance, we take some ter-ritory in the Pacific or Aegean, thetime-table is figured t o coincide withthe construction of a n advance base.Perhaps all that is wanted is a smallaviation outpost. In th at case theNavy civil engineers will be readywith enough sections of pierced plankmatting, if the terrain demands it, andthe necessary equipment t o completeand put into operation a small airstripo r base.But if, once this base is established,the Navy plans t o move on and supplysome of its unit s from the base it hasleft, the small outpost will be rapidlyexpanded into something much morecomprehensive. An air-raid warn ingand communications system will be

unloaded and assembled. Field light-ing, transportation, a hospital in sec-tions, an administration center- llthese will spring up.Perhaps what was originally a tiny

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outpost has the space and natural fa-cilities for development into a neededadvance base. It continues t o growand soon mushrooms into a fuel andsupply depot capable of maintaininga task force. Added trained personnelwill arrive with the new material andequipment units.Then, when the enemy has beenpushed even further away from whatwas originally a frontline outpost, th elast and biggest of the construction

units appear in convoy over the hori-zon.Sections of a huge floating drydockmay be in tow. Housing and machinesand tools for entire technical shopsmay be unloaded. Special equipmentfor submarine and destroyer tendersmay be in the consignment. Every-thing needed to install a completelighting, water, communication, hous-ing and public works system will beset up with maximum speed.When this big base is finally in op-eration, it will have facilities equiva-lent to a fleet repair ship in additionto the facilities of a complete shoreestablishment. It will become a distri-bution center of it s own. From it s ownnew docks and warehouses, it will sendadvance base units and equipment intothe deepening penetration of con-quered territory.Every construction battalion as-signed to a big or small advance basebrings its own administration unit.Office huts, paper, typewriters, jeepsand bicycles are carried. There alsowill be an item which is an importantand imperative pa rt of every far-flung

base, big or small-the complete faci li-ties for a post office.Because of production, storage andother problems, the larger base unitsare not always shipped o r loaded atone center. The smaller ones may gofrom one depot. The larg er ones oftenrendezvous from supply deposts scat-tered over half the world. Segmentsmay come from Pearl Harbor, Aus-

tralia, San Francisco and New York.But theyll get there together.A CEC officer recently describedthe harried and hurried supply andmahtenance problems on one tiny is-land air base.We went in there in a hell of ahurry, he said, with a few seaplanesof all types and descriptions and notenough ammunition or gas. &fore wewere really ready the pilots were outin the scouting planes. One nigh t oneof them found 15 J a p transpor ts tryingto sneak through. He hollered for PT-boats. We didnt have any. He hol-lered again. We still didnt have any. Okay, he yelled, Im oing to givethem everything Ive got. What hehad was one 150 pound bomb. Hepicked out a nice target, dove andscored a perfect hit. What happened?The bomb didnt g o off. So then hechased em with the only other thinghe had-flares. He chased them t ohell and gone with these flares. Theythought any minute the bombers wouldarrive.But it was only a matter of weeks,relates this CEC officer, before thewoods were full of ammunition andfuel. Such small outposts often ar esupplied with enough material andequipment for long months of fightingeven if they should be cut off from thebig supply depots.The labor for all bases is suppliedby the construction battalions togetherwith Army and Marine engineers. Thedeeds of these construction battalions-the far-famed Seabees-are alreadyhistory. Seabees are given specialized train-

ing and then sent t o the far cornersof the world. They completed Hender-son Field, Guadalcanal, borrowingheavily from abandoned Jap equip-ment. They braved the icy wate rs ofthe Aleutians t o erect docks andwharves. The first American forceashore in Africa was a Seabee detach-ment which landed on the sunbakedcoast of British West Africa t o es-

tablish fuel oil facilities. At Bizertethey assisted in the repair of crippledharbor and dock facilities. On Ta rawathey had the airfield ready before thelast Jap had been killed.In order to release marines from thespecialized job of construction, a Sea-bee unit is attached to each Marinedivision.Not so long ago, freighters werebeing lost 200 yards from their des-tination while awaiting their slowturn t o be unloaded by untrained com-bat men. This situation was relievedwith the arrival of hook-slinging Sea-bees who can empty the holds of afreighter by day o r by night in anyweather and under any conditions inrecord time.Once the construction battalion hascompleted the job of building a base,8 Seabee maintenance unit steps in t otake over operation. Today the Sea-bee is right up there, wherever thewar moves-and often up there aheadof the fighting itself. Lt. Gen. Alex-ander A. Vandegrift, USMC Com-mandant, recently revealed that theSeabees were giving the Marinescause for concern.

They build roads so fast, GeneralVandegrift said his officers are report-ing, that the Japs are using them asavenues of retreat.But advance bases are only one por-tion of the assignment of the engi-neers and construction specialists ofthe Bureau of Yards and Docks. Theymust build and maintain such widelydiverse activities as mine - defenseunits, harbor units, boat pools, ware-houses, storage facilities, huge train-ing stations, ordnance and manufac-turing plants, supply depots and ahundred other types of shore estab-lishments.For the job of the Bureau of Yardsand Docks is to see that the fleet hashomes-or a t least visiting, places-wherever U. S. warships happen tofind themselves.

.

SEABEE SURVEYORS wear nets t o foi l the mos-Page 24 1

quitoes in tropics.Offlcial U. S. Navy photographsFUR-LINED PARKAS are worn by Seabees runninga grade l ine OB A d a k .


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Prisoners of War -Known pri son camps which maycontain Americans number somewherenear 150, located mainly in Germanyand Japan. Almost two-thirds of allprisoners of war so fa r reported are inthe East, where Japan holds close t o19,000 Army, Navy and Marine Corpspersonnel.The odds of your becoming a K e g s -g e f a n g e n e v (prisoner of war) in Ger-many have been pretty small so far,with the Reich batting only .0007 onnaval personnel. There are 22 navalpersonnel definitely known t o be pris-oners in Germany, and most of themare at Mar lag und Mi lag Nord , thecamp for captured naval and merchantmarine seamen.Other types of German camps are

the S t a l a g (a permanent camp fornoncoms or privates), Oflag (a per-manent camp for officers), S t a l a g Luf(camp for airmen), Dulag (transitcamp), and Zlag (camp for civilians).Largest known concentration ofAmerican prisoners at any one campis 3,000 at Stalag I IZ B, betweenDresden and Berlin. Many of theAmerican prisoners in German campswere taken during the debacle at Kas-serine Pass, and transferred fromAfrica. One Navy flyer has been re-ported from S t a l a g Luft ZII.The location of prisoner of warcamps in Italy is something of a mootpoint at the moment, f o r the advanceof the Allies has not only eliminatedcamps south of Rome, but i t is quite

probable that any prisoners in thevicinity of Rome have been moved far-ther north, where there are pkobably15 o r 20 PW camps still in operation.Where most naval personnel will befound, of course, is in the East. Mostof the Japs prisoners were taken inthe ear lier stages of the war-in thePhilippines, at Wake and Guam, andin China. The present course of thewar in the Pacific is not giving the

Japanese much opportunity t o add totheir number of prisoners.Although the rules for treatment ofprisoners of war are now largelystandardized by the Geneva Convention,they varied a bit in the past. As farback as Biblical days, in I SamuelXV, 3, you read: Thus saith theLord of hosts . . . Now go and smiteAmalek, and utterly destroy all thatthey have, and spare them not; but


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Official U. S. Coast Guard photographDivin e services are held on the deck of a transport in th e Sou th Pacific.Tell It to the PadreMen Who Face Death Find SympathicFriend in Their Navy Chaplain

Who supervises the ships library,gives better advice than Dorothy Dix,corresponds with anxious relatives,wangles your emergency leave, pro-motes shows, edits the ships paper-and conducts divine services?Youre right-in most cases its thechaplain.Aboard ship, as on shore stations, achaplains duties are primarily re-ligious. But his extra-curricu lar dutiesmay include activities which promte themental, moral and physical well-beingof personnel. In shod , a chaplain maybe called upon to do anything fromchristening a baby to giving a runningaccount of a battle over the P A system.

Back in the ear ly days of the Navy,LE chaplain did ever ything -even mixedin the fighting. On&of the Wavys firstchaplains, the Rev. Benjamin Balch,fought with the minute men at Lex-ington and w as in the frigate Alliance

returning from France in 1780 whentwo British ships attacked the Alli-ance. In the long, bitter engagementwhich followed, Chaplain Balch seizeda musket and fought with such ardorthat his shipmates ever afterwardcalled him The Fighting Parson.One of his sons, William Balch, be-came the first commissioned chaplainin the U. S. Navy.The Rev. Andrew Hunter, an Armychaplain, who was commended by Gen-era1 Washington for gallan try in actionin the Revolutionary War, l ater becamea Navy chaplain and laid out the firstcourse of study for the training of mid-shipmen. In 1811 he was appointed byPresident Madison to serve at theWashington Navy Yard and was com-missioned to prepare a training cur-riculum intended to furnish the basisfo r a nautical education. This was tocontain all appropr iate studies, includ-

ing philosophy and history and lighterreading which will furnish the younggentlemen with recreation after theirmore arduous pursuits. From 1811until 1821, Chaplain Hunter served asa one-man Naval Academy.

Officers of the Navy Chaplain Corpsin this war, though they no longer beararms, have received nearly a score ofmedals, including the Legion of Merit,Silver Star Medal, Navy and MarineCorps Medal, and le tters of commen-dation. Seven have lost their lives incombat action o r as the resul t of ac-cidents, one chaplain is missing in ac-tion, five are prisoners of the Ja pan-ese, and seven have been wounded.More than 20 have been rescued fromthe sea after their ships went down.During the assault on Sicily, Lieut.Francis J. Keenan (ChC), USNR, wentashore at Gela and assisted medicalparties under constant strafing, bomb-

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that the job of being a good Navy chap-lain requires enthusiasm, hard workand a thorough understanding of navallife.Classrooms become religious labora-tories where the chaplains witness andhave explgined to them typical Protest-ant, Catholic and Jewish services. TheyCtudy a chaplains educationaoffice and correspondence pradministration of a ships library,problems of counselling, how to conductmilitary funerals, domestic relations,and the ailministration-@fNavy Relief.School officials have made every pro-vision to meet the religious needs ofeach student. Alta rs are available sothat ea& Catholic priest may offermorning mass o r say his rosary in theoratory set aside for this purpose.Morning devotions, complete with atrained choir of specialists (W) andchaplains, are held each morning inthe chapel. Rabbis are given corres-ponding facilities for their prayersand daily services.A training school for chaplainsassistants (specialist W) is operatedin conjunction with the ChaplainsSchool. Here enlisted men and womenprepare for the job OT acting as chap-lains musical directors and office assist-ants.After graduation chaplains are sentt o billets deemed most suited to theirparticular qualifications. Younger, lessexperienced clergymen usually aregiven assignments where they mayserve under the supervision of a seniorchaplain.Every battleship, carrier, cruiser,transport and hospital ship has a t leastone chaplain, with two chaplainsusually assigned to each large carrier,new battleship and hospital ship. Largeseaplane tenders, destroyer tenders, re-pair ships and other auxiliaries ser-ving vessels not carrying chaplainsusually a re staffeg. with a t least twochaplains.Chaplains are assigned to all shorestations with personnel in excess of1.000, including Marine Corps andCoast Guard stations. An att emp t ismade to rotate them on different typesof duty in order tha t all may have anopportunity to serve at sea or outsidethe continental limits. Choice billets,according t o preference records, arecarriers o r any place where theresfighting going on.A s the naval services continue to ex-pand, the Chaplains Division has beenhard pressed to fill the need for chap-lains. Capt. Robert D. Workman(ChC) , USN, director of the divisionin BuPers, announced on 25 Februarythat 37 0 were needed immediately, andthat 500 additional chaplains will berequired in the next six months if thecorps is t o keep up with the plannedexpansion of the Navy. In additionto commissioning ordained clergymenfrom civilian parishes and theologicalseminaries, the Navy Department hasincluded pre-chaplaincy tr ain ing in the

Official U. S. X a v v photosraphA T A N A D V A NC E BAS@?im the South Pacific church services are heldim themzouie amp hitheater.V-12 program. The first chaplainstrained in V-12 will be ready for activeduty in January, 1945.hole is a poor place for ato learn how to pray.

Most chaplains believe th

ferent conditfact be made intonormalcy of religious life aboard atypical ship would probably surprisemost church members. Divine worshipon a cruiser may be amid strange sur-roundings, but the hymns ar e the same.Men may be dressed in dungarees in;stead of their Sunday best. On shorethe church may be a vast cathedral ofpalms, the benches hewn from logs, butthe prayers and the sermons are stillthose of men determined to serve God.Their prayers often ar e for victory andfor peace, and for the folks at home,but they are no different from the pray-ers of men and women of history, whohave engaged in mortal conflict with anenemy.

Wars produce an increased conscious-ness of the reliance man must pu t inhis God. This war is no exception.Chaplains expect this, and they ar e pre-pared to help fighting men keep ahealthy balance in their relationshipswith their Maker and their immortalsouls.Theres nothing like combat t o makeChristians out of these boys, declaresa Protestant chaplain stationed in theSouth Pacific. During the operation Iwasnt able to do anything more than

have brief worship services fo r theunits, and those had to be on the dayof the week best suited. That wasntalways Sunday. Since things have re-turned t o normal the men have beencoming out to services as never before-and in a new spir it. My guess is thatthey desire to be introduced formally tothis suddenly found foxhole friend. Isuspect that after the war we will seemen lead the women out to church-the reverse of the situation now ob-taining.Many marines aboard a ship headedfor Kwajelein Atoll in the Marshallswill not soon forget the last churchservice before the invasion. One ofthem described it, as follows:I shall never forget th is service be-cause it proved once again that men a renot ashamed t o pray. . . . Many of ushad gone through the ritua l of religiona t home on the mainland. Now, we werein deep earnest and unashamed t o askGods help during the coming battleagainst the Japs.Padre Bill told us that attackingthe Japanese-held Marshall Islands isnot our choice, nor indeed the choice ofour country, but that time and circum-stances, leaders and ideas which domi-nate other nations, have cast th8 diefor war.

The chaplain went on t o say tha t alllife is an adventure into the unknown,that we can never be certain whattomorrow will bring forth. But we canand we have made preparation for it.we have prepared ourselves physically,we have developed a high degree of skillin our tasks through long practices.Now, he said, through worship and

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Official U. S. CoiiSt Guard photographA NAVY AND AN ARMY chaplailz preside at last rites for tw o e n li st edme n f r o m th e to r pe d o ed USS Liscome Bay.prayer, we make our preparation spir-itually. Tha t completes the triangle fora fully prepared life.

Because a chaplain can listen to con-fidences of both enlisted men and officerpersonnel, he often can be a majorfactor in promoting harmonious rela-tions for the ships company. Grievancesof groups or individuals often havebeen aired t o everyones complete satis-faction through a diplomatic coupengineered by the chaplain.

A cruiser division commander re-cently told his captains :Each of your ships has a chaplainwho, if properly encouraged and sup-ported, can and should be not merelyone who officiates at divine services onSundays, but one whose influence forgood, for morale, for high standardsand for sound, healthy discipline can betremendous. I t has ever been a sourceof wonder and pity to me that manyintelligent officers of the Navy com-pletely miss the point regarding thefunction of chaplains and the very rea lhelp they can be t o the captain in hisfunction.A Navy chaplain hears many talesof woe and usually listens to themsympathetically; but for chronic com-plainers or those who beat theirgums over trifles, the chaplain has aready answer. It usually is in theform of a printed card which he hands

to the complainer without comment.A seaman once approached his shipschaplain on deck and, in the presenceof a number of crewmen, began com-plaining that the boatswains mate al-ways gave him a swab with a broken

handle. The padre listened in silenceand when the seaman had finished hisstory, handed him a card with the fol-lowing inscription:SYMPATHY

Your problem touches the Chap-He is overwhelmed with grief.This small card is but an ex-pression of his sincere sympathy.On presentation of five of these,the Chaplain will issue one cryingtowel from his crying towel locker.

On some ships, during combat, thechaplain presides a t the public-addressmicrophone to keep the crew informedof the battles progress. Recently, thechaplain of a lar ge carrier was calledupon to give a play-by-play descriptionduring an attack by an enemy sub-marine. He had been relaying newsfrom the pilots aloft when the sub sur-faced in plain view and fired two tor-pedoes. He described the speed, thedirection of the torpedoes as observedby their wakes, and the ships move-ment as she maneuvered desperatelyand finally outran the deadly missles.The men below decks forever after-ward had confidence they were gettingthe straight dope so long as theC.O. kept the padre a t the mike.Chaplains themselves believe thatone of their best contributions lies in

convincing non-churchgoers that re-ligion is not the doleful, grim creedtoo commonly associated with it. Theyrecount the amazement exhibited bysome of their parishioners when theylearn that the padre has a sense of

lains heart deeply.

humor, that he enjoys their sports andjokes and games.A chaplain with the First MarineDivision on Guadalcanal, while linedup for mess, received a painful splashof scalding coffee when a tray wasWill one of you qualified laymenhelp me out with an appropriate re-mark? he quipped.This same chaplain once accom-panied his unit on a field problem for

five days and had marched step forstep with his men, sleeping under ashelter-half and sharing field rations.. After covering some 20 miles on Sun-day the footsore and weary padre,wishing to hold services for everyone,hit upon the idea of a broadcast.Thereupon he broadcast the service,which consisted of scr ipture readings,the sto ry of t he Good Samari tan, theLords Prayer and a benediction, over10 loudspeakers of the field radio sys-tem.On another island a Navy chapfainstarted at dawn and working con-stan tly under the threat of a ir raids,held church wherever the largestgroups of men were found. He com-pleted the final service a t 1900 afterwalking more than 1 2 miles around theisland. One alert held up services fo rmore than an hour, and none of theservices was conducted further awaythan one minutes running time frombattle-station foxholes.At an airstrip where Seabees wereworking a 24-hour day, a ring of bull-dozers and trucks were drawn up toform a circle and the chaplain con-ducted prayers from the seat of a hugecaterpillar tractor. At another batteryhe spoke from a sand-bagged parapetand at a third from the steps of anative hut.Captain Workman is now on an in-spection tour which will take him t ooutlying bases in the Caribbean Isl- .ands, South America, the Mediter-ranean area and the British Isles.Accompanied by Comdr. John R. Bos-let (ChC), USN, and Comdr. Joshua L.Goldberg (ChC),USNR, he will observefirsthand the effectiveness of theNavys program for ministering to thespiritual needs of its fighting men.

rupset.

~

How Did It Start?History has it that the rank of com-modore was first created by the Dutch .during a war with England in 1652.T h e Netherlandswas short of admi-rals and short also ofmoney. By creatingthe new rank theD u t c h o b t a i n e dtheir needed flag

officers a t the costof only half thep a y of admirals.( I f you have an e w o r differentversion, send it along to the Editor.)Page 31


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True-Story Adventure:Teamwork Wrecks the Tokyo Express

Early days on Guadalcanal . . .When Navy flyers bombed theTokyo Express with beer bottles;when Washing Machine Charlieclanked around overhead nightly forfour or five hours before dropping his500-pound egg; when scout seaplaneshad a top speed of 110 miles an hour,unprotected gasoline tanks, and a totalarmament of two .30-caliber machineguns.All the tragedy and humor of thoseearly days are recalled by one of the15 naval aviators who comprised Air-plane Cruiser Scout ing Detachment, at-tached to the First Marine Division,Reinforced, a t Guadalcanal- ieut.George W. Polk, USNR, of Washing-ton, D. C. Hospitalized for nearly ayear as th e result of wounds and ma-laria received in the South Pacific,Lieutenant Polk received his copy ofthe Presidential Uni t Citation awardedthe Marine division.His only regret is that five of hiscomrades were killed or are listed asmissing in action and cannot be pres-ent to share in the glory now beingheaped upon their old outfit.I arrived in Guadalcanal with 120men, Lieutenant Polk said, threedays after the initial occupation 7August 1942, to set up the ground fa-cilities for our air operations fromHenderson Field. We got th at done.The well-known five bat tles of theSolomons followed and we were allbusy. Several of our cruisers were .hitduring those battles and their com-manding officers, seeking to lightenship, sent their scout planes, with theirpilots, ashore. Fifteen planes and 15aviato rs were accumulated.

Official . S.Navy PhotographLieut. Polk in his f ly ing gear . -Page 32

Official U. S . marine Corps photographTHIS PA G O D A w as headquar te r s for Marirte artd Navy flyers at Hertder-son Field durilzg the early mortths of the f ight ing ort Guadalcartal.

A t this time the Tokyo Expresswas still persistently and Viciously ac-tive in attempting to shell our forcesoff Guadalcanal and destroy our ship-ping, which was reinforcing and sup-plying those forces. The Ja p shipscame down the slot every night whenthe moon waned or when bad weatherafforded them a cloak. This expresswas a menace and we had to find someway of combatting it.At the time, we had a group of tor-pedo boats which were going af ter theExpress, but there were not enoughPT s to pa trol effectively-the large a reaof ocean. We had our 15 scout sea-planes, bu t independently they were oflittle offensive use. Their top speedwas 110 miles an hour, their armamentwas two .30-caliber guns, and theirgasoline tanks were not protected.Some of us got together with thePT boys and formed a team. We de-vjsed our own signals for teamwork,our own system of coordinated attack ,and then we went to work. Supplies-gasoline, oil, ammunition, tools, etc.-were scarce. We solved that problem.Agreeing that t he P T stockpile and ourstockpile were sacred, we decided thatevery other stockpile in the area wasfa ir game for borrowing.Our planes would go out and findthe Express coming down the slot.We immediately radioed the PTs theposition of the Jap ships. Then we at-tacked. We couldnt carry bombs, soall we could do was skim low over theirdecks and st ra fe em. We had one

other weapon-empty Japanese beerbottles, left behind by the enemy whenwe took the islands. These we tosseddown on the Express. Our object wasto get the Nips to open up on us sothat they would reveal themselves by

their gun flashes. When they did cutloose, our PT boats, which had beenlying in ambush, would let go their to r-pedoes. The PT boys hit several de-stroyers and a t least one cruiser, dam-aging all severely and sinking some.Those were real tangles once theygot going-the planes strafing, the Ja pships blazing away, and then the bril-liant orange flashes as the PT tor-pedoes struck home. Often we wereforced down at night. Thats a funnysensation, making a landing on a blacknight without any idea of which waythe wind is blowing. All you could dowas glide downward and from about400 feet keep the plane in a landingattitude (nose up and tail down) a t thesame time keeping enough speed tokeep from stalling and spinning. YOUjust sat there doing that and waitingto strike the water. If you hit pointedinto the wind, fine. Downwind was bad,but not too tough. If you landed cross-wind, you got very busy and hopedyoud be very lucky, so you could getstraightened around before the top ofa swell hi t a wing tip and wrecked you.Back at our base, wed try to getsome sleep while Washing MachineCharlie clanked around upstairs.Charlie, who also was known a s Louisthe Louse and Maytag Charlie, wasa Jap light bomber who cruised aroundoverhead hour after hour with an en-gine that sounded like a washing ma-chine. He carried a 500-pound bombbut was careful never t o drop it untilhe had been overhead fo r four or fivehours. This meant many hours of lostsleep below until the bomb was depos-ited safely. You will understand whyCharlie was called many other names,none printable.

Charlie contributed to our work ina way, at that. While we sat on the


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edge of foxholes waiting fo r the bomb,we kept working on ou r tactics. Wedevised tricky passwords to be ex-changed between boats and planes sothat an English-speaking Jap wouldnot be able- to upset a n attack. Wewere able to accomplish our primaryobjective, which was to break up theJap attacks on Guadalcanal and ourshipping.Many of us were forced down orshot down. I was forced down whileout searching for a lost fighter pilot.I couldnt find him but a Jap Zerofound me. M y plane was no match fo rhis, but ,I fought him off long enought o get into a provident cloud andhide until he went away. That littledog-fight, however, used up my re-maining gasoline and I had to make anight landing. I spent the night on thewater and the next eight days behindthe Jap lines, trying to get back to mydetachment. I fmally was picked up byLieut. Bruce G. Brackett, USNR,whoshortly afterward was shot down atnight. Bruce is listed as missing.Sitting around the foxholes, we gott o know each other much better. Wehad many laughs, occasioned by inci-dents such as the one when a pilot,down on the water and out of gas,asked a PT boat to bring over somefuel. The PT came alongside and oneof her crew and the radioman-gunnerof the plane began transferr ing gaso-line. Noting that it was taking an in-ordinately long time, the PT skipper. asked wha t was going on. Growled thePT sailor: This aviator guy is offeringonly 17 cents a gallon and our price i s20 cents.But all was not fun and laughteraround the foxholes. Once in a while,before realizing it, someone wouldmention the name of one of our com-rades who had been killed in nightlandings, or shot down, or of those whohad died when the fragile PT boatshad been caught in Jap crossfire . . .gallant fighting men who gave theirlives that the Tokyo Express mightnot run.

Mainsheet (NTS, Bainbridge. Md.)And hes been waiting since 42.

Legislative Matters of Naval InterestPost-war planning for veterans ofthis war is moving forward rapidly inCongress with the introduction ofscores of bills for t he benefit of thosewho return to post-war life at home.Much of this legislation is in theinitial stage, under study by congres-sional committees or government de-partments or both, so it is impossibleto determine its final form,Among introduced legislation is theso-called G.I. Bill of Rights, spon-sored by the American Legion and anumber of members of Congress, in-cluding 79 senators. This bill wouldprovide hospital facilities, speedy set-tlement of disabled veterans claims,educational and vocational tra ining op-portunities, unemployment compensa-tion, loans for the purchase of homes,farms or small businesses, a board toreview discharges and the concentra-

tion of all government service t o vet-erans under Veterans Administration.The bill which carries the largestfinancial return to the veteran is theproposed Veterans Adjusted ServicePay Act of 1944,also authored by sev-eral members. It is designed to pay upto $3,500 to men and women of thearmed forces for duty within the con-tinental limits and $4,500 for overseasduty. Total appropriation entailedwould be approximately $30,000,000,-000. The measure is sponsored by fivenational organizations of veterans-theArmy and Navy Union, Regular Vet-erans Association, Veterans of ForeignWars, Disabled American Veterans andMilitary Order of the Purple