ALKANI, ALKENI I ALKINI

8/19/2019 ALKANI, ALKENI I ALKINI

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UNIVERZITET U TRAVNIKU

FAKULTET ZA TEHNIČKESTUDIJE

INŽINJERSKA INFORMATIKA

ALKANI, ALKENI I ALKINI

- Seminarski ra -

Men!"r# Sa$im I%ra&ime'eni( Kania!# Isme! )"!i(

Tra*nik, 'e%r+ar ./


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ABSTRAKT U "*"m seminarsk"m ra+ "%rai! (em" U6$5ik"*"ike0 U";na! (em" se s

+6$5ik"*"i9ima, na$a;en5em +6$5ik"*"ika0 Za!im (em" "%rai!i A$kane, A$kene i A$kine,n5i&"*"m n+menk$a!+r"m0 Kak" se "ni na$a;e + rir"i, + k"5im s!an5ima, a $i s+ ;aa$5i*i,"asni I s$0 Na*es! (em" i na>ine kak" i& "%i!i + $a%ara!"ri5i0 U";na! 9em" se I s "5m"*ima

Me!an, E!an, 2r"an I @+!an0K$5+>ne ri5e>i# U6$5ik"*"i9i, A$kani, A$keni A$kini, Me!an, E!an, 2r"an i @+!an0

ABSTRACTIn !&is essa e i$$ r"9ess &r"9ar%"ns0 Ge i$$ 6e! a9+ain!e i!& &r"9ar%"ns,

'inin6 &r"9ar%"ns0 T&en e &an$e A$kans, a$kens an a$kins, !&eir n+menk$a!+r"m0H" are !&"se '"+n in na!+re, in &i9& s!a!es, &e!&er !&e are '$amma%$e, &a;ar"+s an

!&e $ike0 Here are as !" 6e! !&em in !&e $a%0 Ge i$$ 6e! a9+ain!e i!& !&e 9"n9e!s anme!&ane, e!&ane, r"ane an %+!ane0Ke"rs# Hr"9ar%"ns, a$kans, a$kens A$kines, me!&ane, e!&ane, r"ane an %+!ane0

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1.UVOD

U6$5"*""ni9i s+ "r6anska 5ein5en5a k"5a sar4e sam" a!"me +6$5enika i *""nika0

U6$5"*""ni9i se sas!"5e i;#

- "sn"*n"6 +6$5"*""nik"*"6 ske$e!a Bmea*a %r"5 a!"ma + na5+4em nerekin+!"m $an9+0

Aromatski ugljikovodici Na;i* "$a;i " 6r>k"6 ar"ma Bmiris0 U .=0 *i5ek+ Kek+$e

"!kri*a s!r+k!+r+ %en;ena0 M"$ek+$ska '"rm+$a %en;ena 5e C/H/, a i;*"ri s+ ka!ran kamen"6

+6$5a, na'!a0

2";na!i5i ar"ma!ski +6$5ik"*"i9i# an!ra9en i na'!a$en0

Alka!i s+ ;asi(eni +6$5"*""ni9i, !50 "ni k"5i ne "s5e+5+ *ies!r+ke *e;e i;meki ne;asi(eni +6$5ik"*"i9i k"5i + m"$ek+$i "re 5en"s!r+ki& ima5+ i

!r"s!r+ke k"*a$en!ne *e;e0

1

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikovodicihttps://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulahttps://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalentna_vezahttps://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikovodicihttps://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulahttps://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalentna_veza


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#.$ODJ%&A U'&JOVODO()KA

2"s!"5i *ie "5e$a +6$5"*""nika#.0 2rema *rs!i *e;e +n+!ar ske$e!a i5e$e se na#

Zasi(ene ? !" s+ +6$5"*""ni9i k" k"5i& se i;meni ? ima5+ 9ik$i>ni ras"re +6$5enik"*i& a!"ma0

2rema !"me "s!"5e >e!iri *e(e 6r+e +6$5"*""nika#

Zasi(eni, a9ik$i>ni a$kani Bara'inski +6$5"*""ni9i

Zasi(eni, 9ik$i>ni 9ik$"a$kani Bna'!enski +6$5"*""ni9i

Ne;asi(eni, a9ik$i>ni B"$e'inski +6$5"*""ni9i#

- A$keni ? sa 5en"m *"s!+k"m *e;"m

- A$kini ? sa 5en"m !r"s!r+k"m *e;"m- A$eni

- 2"$ieni Bieni, !rieni, !e!raeni000 ? sa *ie *"s!r+ki& *e;a

Ne;asi(eni, 9ik$i>ni Bar"ma!i>ni +6$5"*""ni9i ? areni0

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#.1. (ala*"!j" i do+ija!j" ugljovodo!ika

U6$5"*""ni9i s+ "sn"*ni sas!"59i na'!e i ;emn"6 6asa i; k"5i& se na5>e(e "%i5a5+0

Na'!a 5e "sn"*ni i;*"r +6$5"*""nika0 Č*rs!i +6$5"*""ni9i m"6+ se na(i i + minera$+";"keri!+0 U $a%"ra!"ri5i +6$5"*""ni9i se sin!e!i+ na *ie na>ina " k"5i& s+ na5*a4ni5i

Wurtz-ova sinteza#

i s+&a es!i$a9i5a sm5ese s"$i "r6anski& kise$ina i NaOH#

/


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,. A&KA()

A$kani s+ ;asi(eni +6$5"*""ni9i, !50 "ni k"5i ne "s5e+5+ *ies!r+ke *e;e i;mei5i se

s+s5eni >$an"*i ra;$ik+5+ ;a "5en+ 6r++ B+ "*"m s$+>a5+ ;a CH 6r++ na;i*a se

&"m"$"6i re0

,.1. $r"dstav!ici i !om"!klatura

Sis!em " k"me (e ime "r6anski& 5ein5en5a a "ka;+5e sas!a* i s!r+k!+r+ !"6

"r6ansk"6 5ein5en5a 5e +s*"5en .:=0 6"ine + Žene*i0 O !"6 *remena "n se neres!an""+n5a*a na sas!an9ima k"misi5e ;a n"menk$a!+r+0 2ra*i$a IU2AC-a s+ *e"ma r"s!a, ime

"r6ansk"6 5ein5en5a 5e +s!*ari "is n5e6"*e s!r+k!+re# 5ean i" imena "is+5e +6$5enik"*

ske$e!, a r+6i '+nk9i"na$ne 6r+e k"5e s+ ;a !a5 ske$e! *e;ane0

2r*a >e!iri >$ana &"m"$"6"6 ni;a n"se na;i*e me!an, e!an, %+!an i r"an0 O a$kana

sa e! +6$5enik"*i& a!"ma, imena se "%i5a5+ kaa se na 6r>ki %r"5 k"5i ";na>a*a %r"5

+6$5enik"*i& a!"ma "a nas!a*ak an0

struktura n-alkana

A$kani n"rma$n"6 B"r+4en"6 ni;a, n-a$kani, s+ riani9i &"m"$"6"6 ni;a0 Ra>*as!i

ni;"*i s+ sa r+6e s!rane s!r+k!+rni i;"meri n"rma$n"6 ni;a0

8

http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/1892http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5)http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0:Alkan.pnghttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/1892http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5)http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD


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Normalan Razgranat

Za "sn"*+ se +;ima na5+4i +6$5enik"* $ana9, a sm5e!a5 %"9ni& $ana9a Bk"5i "%i5a5+

ime " raika$+ se ";na9a*a %r"5e*ima0 O;na9a*an5e %r"5e*ima "9in5e " '+nk9i"na$ne

6r+e, !ak" a se n5"5 "i$i na5ni4a *ri5en"s! B0

2,2,4-trimetilheksan

,.#. '"om"trija mol"kula

M"$ek+$arna 6e"me!ri5a a$kana irek!n" +!i>e na n5i&"*e 'i;ik"-&emi5ske "s"%ine0

Se9i'i>na 6e"me!ri5a 5e r"i;*" s!*aran5a k"*a$en!ne si6ma *e;e i;mee!*"r"*a$en!an + "r6anskim 5ein5en5ima0 s7 &i%rii;a9i5a ris+!na 5e + s*im a$kanima i "na

+s$"*$5a*a !e!raearsk" r"s!"rn" ras"re


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A$kani se m"6+ "%i!i i; ra;ni& 5ein5en5a re+k9i5"m0 U $a%ara!"ri5i se me!an "%i5a

;a6ri5a*an5em na!ri5+m-a9e!a!a sa na!ri5+m &ir"ksi"m#

CH 3COOH - Na + NaOH → CH 4 + Na2CO3

Dr+6e me!"e +k$5+>+5+#

• Ka!a$i!i>k+ &ir"6eni;a9i5+ a$kana na a$ai5+m"*"5 Bi$i $a!inenik$a ree!ki#

R-CH 2-CH=CH-R + H 2 → R-CH 2-CH 2-CH 2-R

• Re+k9i5+ a$ki$-&a$"6enia + kise$"5 sreini#

RX + Zn + H +

→ RH + Zn+

+ X -

• Reak9i5"m )rin5are*"6 rea6ensa Bma6ne;i5+ma + s+*"m e!r+ i &ir"$i;"m

"%i5en"6 r"i;*"a#

RX + Mg → RMgX + H 2O → RH + MgX(OH)

,.3. 4i-i5k" oso+i!"

Fi;i>ke "s"%ine a$kana ;a*ise " nek"$ik" 'ak!"ra0 2r*i i na5*a4ni5i 5e %r"5

+6$5enik"*i& a!"ma0 Dr+6i 5e s!r+k!+ra ni;a0

• 2" n"rma$nim +s$"*ima a$kani k"5i sar4e " . " 1 +6$5enik"*i& a!"ma s+ +

6as"*i!"m a6re6a!n"m s!an5+, a$kani k"5i sar4e " 3 " .8 +6$5enik"*i& a!"ma s+ +

!e>n"m a6re6a!n"m s!an5+, a sa rek" .: s+ + >*rs!"m0

• S*aki s$5ee(i res!a*nik &"m"$"6"6 ni;a ima !emera!+r+ k$5+>an5a ;a -7 C

*i+ " re!&"n"60 O*" se "%5an5a*a >in5eni9"m a i;mean5a0 O*" se "%5an5a*a

sman5en5em "irni& "*rina m"$ek+$a, !" sman5+5e iser;i"ne si$e0

A$kani se ka" i *e(ina ne"r6anski& 5ein5en5a ras!*ara5+ + ne"$arnim ras!*ara>ima, a

+ "$arnim Bnr0 *"a se ne ras!*ara5+0

.

http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC-%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BChttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BChttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%99%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC-%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BChttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BChttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%99%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0


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,.6. 7"mijsk" oso+i!" 8 r"akcij"

A$kani s+ s$a%" reak!i*na &emi5ska 5ein5en5a, " n"rma$nim +s$"*ima ne rea6+5+ sa

5akim kise$inama ka" !" s+ s+$'a!na kise$ina i &$"rina kise$ina a ni sa 5akim %a;ama ka" !"

s+ na!ri5+m &ir"ksi i ka$i5+m &ir"ksi0 A$kani ne rea6+5+ ni sa "ksia9i"nim sres!*ima

ka" !" s+ ka$i5+m erman6ana! i$i ka$i5+m i&r"ma!, a$i 5e n5i&"*a "ksia9i5a m"6+(a0 A$kani

s+ nereak!i*ni 5er s+ i;6raem+nas!a5+ eri*a!i a$kana - a$ki$ &a$"6enii0 U me&ani;am reak9i5e +k$5+>eni s+ s$"%"ni

raika$i, sama reak9i5a 5e *e"ma e6;"!ermna i "*i5a se " se9i'i>nim +s$"*ima0 O*i5a se

+ !ri 'a;e#

.0 nicijacija - + k"5"5 "$a;i " &"m"$i!i>k"6 rakian5a k"*a$en!ne *e;e + m"$ek+$+

&a$"6ena nr0 &$"ra0 Da %i se "*" esi$" "!re%n" 5e ris+s!*" s+n>e*e s*e!$"s!i

"n"sn" +$!ra*i"$e!n"6 ;ra>en5a0 2ri!"m nas!a5+ s$"%"ni raika$i sa " 5enim

nesarenim e$ek!r"n"m k"5i s+ ini9i5a!"ri reak9i5e0

Cl 2 → 2 Cl·

0 !ropa"acija - + k"5"5 "$a;i " reak9i5e i;mee(e

5e *"s!eena ri >em+ 5e r"i;*" m"n"s+s!i!+isan a$i + ;a*isn"s!i " k"n9en!ra9i5e

&$"ra, m"4e "(i i " s+s!i!+isan5a *e(e6 %r"5a *""nika0

CH 4 + Cl· → CH 3· + HCl

CH 3· + Cl 2 → CH 3Cl + Cl·

..

http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1


12/35

+ *ik+ &$"ra, m"4e a$5e a nas!a5e#

CH 3Cl + Cl· → CH 2Cl· + HCl

CH 2Cl· + Cl 2 → CH 2Cl 2 + Cl·

000

70 #erminacija - nak"n s+s!i!+isan5a *e(e6 %r"5a *""nika, "*e(a*a se ansa s+ara i

reak9i5e s$"%"ni& raika$a mei!i& r"+ka!a reak9i5e >i5e se i" m"4e re!"s!a*i!i

rek" n5i&"*e s!a!is!i>ke is!ri%+9i5e0

Cl· + Cl· → Cl 2

CH 3· + CH 3· → C 2 H 6

CH 3· + Cl· → CH 3Cl

O*+ reak9i5+ 5ak" in&i%ira ris+s!*" kise"nika 5er nas!a5e man5e reak!i*an

CH 3-O-O·

raika$ k"5i +s"ra*a i$i + "!+n"s!i ;a+s!a*$5a reak9i5+0

,.6.,. Krakova!j"

Krak"*an5e 5e r"9es ra;$a6an5a +6$5"*""nika na +6$5enik i *""nik i$i neki r+6i

+6$5"*""nik i *""nik0 2r"9es se "%a*$5a na *r$" *is"kim !emera!+ramaBr"k" 3 s!eeni

Ce$;i5+sa i %e; *a;+&a0 O*a5 r"9es 5e *ie"ma %i!an + in+s!ri5i na'!e0

=== CH4 ------> C + 2H2 и

C2H6------> C2H4 + H2

,.9. $rimj"!a alka!a

A$kani se +"!re%$5a*a5+ ka" 6"ri*"0 K"ris!e se i ;a r"i;*"n5+ *e$ik"6 %r"5a

"r6anski& s+s!an9i5a + &emi5sk"5 in+s!ri5i

.

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/. :%TA(

molekul metana

Me!an BCH1, ";na! i ka" %$a!ni 6as 5e na5r"s!i5i ;asi(eni +6$5"*""nik Ba$kan0

Uk"$ik" *$aa5+ n"rma$ni +s$"*i "n 5e %e;%"5an 6as0

U rir"i me!an nas!a5e +s$5e %e;kise"ni>n"6 rasaa "r6anski& ma!eri5a Bnr0 Na

m">*arama0 Me!an 5e 6$a*ni sas!"5ak ;emn"6 6asa0 K"ris!i se ka" 6as ;a 6ri5an5e i ka"sir"*ina ;a "%i5an5e "r6anski& 5ein5en5a0

M"$ek+$ me!ana ima "%$ik !e!raera0 A!"m +6$5enika s ima s7 &i%rii;a9i5+0 Os!a$e

"r%i!a$e 6rae &emi5sk+ *e;+ sa >e!ri a!"ma *""nika0 S*e >e!ri *e;e s+ "5enake B+6$"*i

i;menim ;a a$kane Bnr# sa6"r5e*a>0

La%ara!"ri5ski me!an se "%i5a r4en5em na!ri5+m "k!ana sa na!ri5+m &ir"ksi"m#

CH 3COONa + NaOH → CH 4 + Na2CO3

Dr+6a me!"a 5e &ir"$i;a a$+mini5+m kar%ia#

l 4C 3 +!2H 2O → 3CH 4 + 4l(OH)3

Os"%ine me!ana#

• kri!i>an ri!isak 1/,7 %ar

• 6+s!ina ,8.8 k6m7n

• !"$"!a sa6"r5e*an5a .7 /1 k9a$k6 33,37 MJk6

M5ea*ina me!ana sa *a;+&"m + ra;m5eri .#. ima eks$";i*n" e5s!*"0 Nas!anak

"*ak*e smee + r+ni9ima 5e >es!" ra;$"6 *e$iki& eks$";i5a i smr!i mn"6i& $5+i0

.7

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0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BChttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1


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Ve$ike k"$i>ine me!ana se na$a;a na $ane!ama + "%$ik+ m"ra Bka" !" na ;em$5i

"s!"5e m"ra *"e, !ak" na nekim $ane!ama "s!"5e m"ra me!ana0

.1

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2.%TA(

etan

%ta! 5e ;asi(eni +6$5"*""nik i; &"m"$"6"6 rea a$kana sa m"$ek+$sk"m '"rm+$"m

CH/0 Os"%ine#

• %e;%"5an, %e;mirisan 6as • !a>ka !"$5en5a# -.:,8/ C

• !a>ka k$5+>an5a# -::,/ C

E!an se + rir"i 5a*$5a ka" 5ean " sas!"5aka ;emn"6 6asa0

D"%i5a se i; r"+ka!a rerae na'!e i kamen"6 +6$5a0 La%ara!"ri5ski se "%i5a

e$ek!r"$i;"m k"n9en!r"*an"6 ras!*"ra a9e!a!a#

CH 3COO" → CH 3# + CO2 + $

"

CH 3# + #CH 3 → C 2 H 6

.3

http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BAhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%99%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%99http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0:Ethane-structure.pnghttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BAhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%99%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%99http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1


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3. BUTA(

%truktura i molekul

@+!an, "!" ima i;"mere "%i$5e4a*a se i sa n-%+!an; 5e >e!*r!i rianik &"m"$"6"6

rea a$kana0 Ra9i"na$na '"rm+$a %+!ana 5e CH7CHCHCH70 &utan se >es!" k"ris!i i ka" na;i*

;a n-%+!an i ;a n5e6"* i;"mer -me!i$r"an B";na! i " na;i*"m i;"%+!an, CH7CHBCH70

@+!an 5e *e"ma ;aa$5i*, s$a%" ras!*"r$5i* 6as0

3.1. 7"mijska struktura

n-@+!an ima s$5ee(+ s!r+k!+rn+ '"rm+$+#

H H H H

P P P P

H - C - C - C - C - H

P P P P

H H H H

3.#. R"akcij" i rimj"!a

Na *a;+&+ %+!an sa6"r5e*a na +6$5en i"ksi i *"en+ ar+#

%&tan + '$on' -> &gl*$n o' + ,o$na ara

Uk"$ik" 5e *a;+& ;a6a


17/35

@+!an 5e 5ean " *a 6$a*na sas!"5ka $ina Br"an-%+!an, !50 !e>ni na'!ni 6as -

TN) k"5i se k"ris!i ;a k+&an5e, a !ak"a ;em$5e " 're"na "*e(a*a se rim5ena

i;"%+!ana + ras&$anim +re


18/35

6. $RO$A(

propan

2r"an, Bm"$ek+$ska '"rm+$a C7H:, 5e %e;%"5an a$kan, + 6as"*i!"m a6re6a!n"m

s!an5+0 2r"an 5e neras!*"r$5i* + *"i, a ras!*ara se + "r6anskim ras!*ara>ima ka" !" 5e nr0

E!i$ a$k"&"$0 U ma$im k"$i>inama se 5a*$5a + ;emn"m 6as+ a + *e(im k"$i>inama 5a*$5a se +na'!i0 I; na'!e se "%i*a es!i$a9i5"m + "%$ik+ smese sa %+!an"m, k"5a se k"ris!i ka" 6"ri*"

";na!" " na;i*"m Te>ni na'!ni 6as BTN) i k"5"m se +ne %"9e k"5e se k"ris!e +

"ma(ins!*ima B!;*0 %+!an %"9e, a k"ris!i se i ka" a$!erna!i*n" 6"ri*" ;a *";i$a B L2),

a+!"6as0

2r"an 5e *e"ma s$a%" reak!i*an ka" i s*i a$kani0 Na *iim !emera!+rama "$e4e

reak9i5ama a$5en5a0 Rea6+5e i sa 6as"*i!im &$"r"*""nik"m i &$"r"m, +s5$e >e6a nas!a5+

&$"r"a$kani0 2r"an 5e sir"*ina ;a mn"6e "r6anske sin!e;e0

)rani9e ;aa$5i*"s!i + sm5esi sa *a;+&"m B+ ;areminskim r"9en!ima 6asa s+ ,. Q

=,3 *"$ B+ ris+s!*+ i;*"ra +a$5en5a0

.:

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9. A&K%(

A$keni s+ "r6anska 5ein5en5a i; 6r+e ne;asi(eni& +6$5"*""nika k" k"5i& se 5a*$5a

na5man5e 5ena *"s!r+ka &emi5ska *e;a i;me


20/35

r"en C7H/

n- %+!en C1H:

n- en!en C3H.

n-&eksen C/H.

n-&e!en C8H.1

n-"k!en C:H./

n-n"nen C=H.:

n-eken C.H

9.#. (ala*"!j" i do+ija!j"

A$kani se m"6+ na(i + nekim *rs!ama na'!e, a$i + *e"ma ma$im k"$i>inama 5er s+

"s!a reak!i*ni0 Na5r"s!i5i a$keni ka" nr# e!en, r"en i %+!en + *e$ikim k"$i>inama

r"i;*"e se krak"*an5em na'!e0 U $a%"ra!"ri5ama a$keni se na5>e(e "%i5a5+ e$imina9i5"m

a!"ma i$i a!"mski& 6r+a sa s+s5eni& +6$5enik"*i& a!"ma0

•

•

• Reak9i5a sa "ksia9i"nim sres!*ima#

http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/Buten_(jedinjenje)http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0:Molekul_etena.pnghttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/Buten_(jedinjenje)http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BDhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0


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C7,C7=C7# > ?O@ C7,C7C7#

O7 O7

9.,. R"aktiv!ost

A$keni s+ "s!a reak!i*ni5i " a$kana0 Reak!i*n"s! a$kena 5e "s$5ei9a *"s!r+ke *e;e

i;mek"&ir"6en"*an5e0

• ai9i5a %r"m"*""nika - @r"m"*""nik + 6as"*i!"m a6re6a!n"m s!an5+ se aira na

a$kene na s"%n"5 !emera!+ri %e; ris+s!*a ka!a$i;a!"ra 6rae(i ;asi(en" 5ein5en5e#

CH 2=CH 2 + H.r → CH 3CH 2 .r

Me&ani;am "*e reak9i5e i;6$ea "*ak"#

Kaa se ai9i5a *ri na a$ken, >i5i a!"mi +6$5enika *e;ani *"s!r+k"m *e;"m ne sar4e is!i

%r"5 *""nik"*i& a!"ma, "na se *""nik i; rean6ensa *e;+5e ;a "na5 +6$5enik"* a!"m k"5i

ima *ie *e;an"& *""nik"*i& a!"ma0

.

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22/35

• ai9i5a s+$'a!ne kise$ine - S+$'a!na kise$ina se aira na a$kenena is!i na>in ka" i

&$"r"*""nik B" Mark"*nik"*"m ra*i$+#

CH 3CH=CH 2 + HO/O2OH → CH 3CH-CH 3

0

O/O2 H

• Ai9i5a *"e - " n"rma$nim +s$"*ima *"a ne rea6+5e sa a$kanima, a$i +k"$ik" 5e

ris+!na s+$'a!na kise$ina *"a se aira " Mark"*nik"*$5e*"m ra*i$+#

CH 3CH=CH 2 + HOH → CH 3CH-CH 3

0

OH

•

Ai9i5a &a$"6ena - Ha$"6eni se " n"rma$nim +s$"*ima *e"ma %r;" aira5+ na*"s!r+k+ *e;+ a$kena#

CH 3CH=CH 2 + .r 2 → CH 3CH-CH 2

0 0

.r .r

i$i#

Me&ani;am reak9i5e &a$"6en"*an5a i;6$ea "*ak"#

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23/35

9.,.#. Oksidacija

• Sa6"ri5e*an5e a$kena - A$keni ka" i a$kani sa6"re*a5+ na *a;+&+ +s$5e >e6a nas!a5e

+6$5en i"ksi i *"a0 Us$e "*e reak9i5e "s$"%ae(e nas!a5+ $as!i>ne mase0

9./. 4i-i5k" oso+i!"

Fi;i>ke "s"%ine a$kena s+ *e"ma s$i>ne 'i;i>kim "s"%inama a$kana sa is!im %r"5em

a!"ma +6$5enika0 A$keni sa man5im %r"5em +6$5enik"*i& a!"ma s+ 6as"*i, sa *ie !e>n"s!i i$i

>*rs!e s+s!an9i5e0 A$keni se ne ras!*ara5+ + ne"r6anskim ras!*ara>ima Bnr0 *"a, a

ras!*ara5+ se + "r6anskim Ba$k"&"$i0

9.2. 7"mijsk" oso+i!"

Reak!i*n"s! a$kena "!i>e " *e;e 5er se e$ek!r"nski "%$ak na$a;i i;na i is" ra*ni

m"$ek+$a i $ak" s!+a + reak9i5+ sa r+6im rea6ensima0 Dr+6i ra;$"6 reak!i*n"s!i 5e !"

e$ek!r"ni nis+ i" +6$5enik"*"6 ske$e!a i *e;a se $ak" raskia ri "*"$5n"m s+ar+ sa

rea6ens"m a a ske$e! +6$5enik"*"6 a!"ma "s!ane ner"m5en5en0

7

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24/35

. %T%(

strukturna formula etena

E!en Brani5i na;i* e!i$en 5e &emi5sk" 5ein5en5e k"5e saa + 6r++ a$kena0 U

$a%"ra!"ri5i se "%i5a sa6"ri5e*an5em a$k"&"$a e!an"$a i k"n9en!r"*ane s+m"rne kise$ine0

K"n9en!r"*ana s+m"rna kise$ina 5e 5ak" e&ira!a9i"n" sres!*" i "+;ima *"+ e!an"$+0

E!en 5e $ak" ;aa$5i* 6as, i sa *a;+&"m 6rai eks$";i*n+ sm5e+0 2ri sa6"r5e*an5+

e!ena "s$"%a


25/35

1. D)%()

Dieni Ba$kaieni s+ ne;asi(eni +6$5"*""ni9i k"5i sar4e *i5e *"s!r+ke *e;e0 Dieni

s+ i;"merni sa a$kinima0 O!a '"rm+$a iena 5e#

Cn2 Hn-21

D*i5e *"s!r+ke *e;e + nek"m a$kaien+ m"6+ %i!i ras"reina0

1.1. $odj"la o rasor"du dvostruki< v"-a

2" ras"re+ *"s!r+ki& *e;a ieni se i5e$e na#

.0 k+m+$"*ane iene

0 k"n5+6"*ane iene

70 i;"$"*ane iene0

1.1.1. Kumulova!i di"!i

K+m+$"*ani ieni s+ "ni ieni k" k"5i& se *"s!r+ke *e;e na$a;e 5ena "re r+6e#

CH 2=C=CH-CH 2CH 3

(',2-pentadien)

O*i ieni nema5+ rak!i>an ;na>a5 + &emi5i0

1.1.#. )-olova!i di"!i

I;"$"*ani ieni s+ ieni k" k"5i& s+ *"s!r+ke *e;e me


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1.1.,. Ko!jugova!i di"!i

K"n5+6"*ani ieni s+ "ni ieni k" k"5i& s+ *"s!r+ke *e;e ras!a*$5ene 5en"m

5en"s!r+k"m *e;"m0 O*aka* sis!em *"s!r+ki& *e;a +!i>e na s!a%i$n"s! 5ein5en5a0

utadien (izopren)

Na5r"s!i5i k"n5+6"*ani ieni s+#

CH 3

0

CH 2=CH-CH=CH 2 и CH 2=CH-C=CH 2

(', *+./01) (2-0/3-', *+./01 ( /56701 ))

K"n5+6"*ani ieni s+ *e"ma %i!ni + &emi5i i ima5+ ;na>a5n+ rak!i>n+ rim5en+0

Tak"an na>in rea6"*an5a0 Tak" na rim5er kaa se na .,7-%+!aien

e5s!*+5e %r"m"m + ;a*isn"s!i " k"$i>ine rean6ensa "%i5a5+ se s$5ee(i r"i;*"i#

CH 2=CH-CH=CH 2 + 2 mola %roma→ CH 2-CH-CH-CH 2

0 0 0 0

.r .r .r .r

CH 2=CH-CH=CH 2 + ! mol %roma →

. !ak";*ana ., ai9i5a +s$5e >e6a nas!a5e 7,1-i%r"m-.-%+!en#

CH 2-CH-CH=CH 2

0 0

.r .r

/

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!ak";*ana .,1 ai9i5a +s$e >e6a nas!a5e .,1-i%r"m--%+!en#

CH 2-CH=CH-CH 2

0 0

.r .r

1.#. E!a5aj di"!a

Karak!eris!i>na reak9i5a k"5a se 5a*$5a k" k"n5+6"*ani& iena 5e .,1-ai9i5a0 Za

k"n5+6"*ane iene 5e !ak"n" !" s+ "s!a s!a%i$ni5i " "6"*ara5+(i& iena sa

ra;$i>i!im ras"re"m *"s!r+ki& *e;a0 .,1 ai9i5a ima *e"ma *e$iki rak!i>an ;na>a5 5er se +;

"m"( n5e "%i5a5+ %r"5na "r6anska 5ein5en5a " k"5i& 5e na5";na!i5i *5e!a>ki Bsin!e!i>ki

ka+>+k k"5i nas!a5e "$imeri;a9i"m i;"rena0

8

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11. A&K)()

strukturna formula alkina

A$kini s+ +6$5"*""ni9i k"5i ima5+ na5man5e 5en+ !r"s!r+k+ *e;+ i;mea*an5e na55en"s!a*ni5e6 >$ana a$kina ";na!"6 " na;i*"m e!in0

11.1. (om"!klatura alki!a

A$kini JU2AK-"*"5 n"menk$a!+ri imena a$kena se i;*"e i; imena "6"*ara5+(e6

a$kana !ak" !" se "%i5e nas!a*ak an i "a nas!a*ak -in0 2"$"4a5 !r"s!r+ke *e;e ";na>a*a se

%r"5em +6$5enik"*"6 a!"ma " k"6a ">in5e !r"s!r+ka *e;a0 @r"5 na k"me ">in5e !r"s!r+ka

*e;a s!a*$5a se isre imena a$kina0

CH 3CH 2CCH CH 3CCCH 3

'-utin ili atilacetan 2-utin ili dimetil acetilen

:

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$rvi< d"s"t alki!a

)m" :ol"kulska 0ormula

etin 8 2 9 2

propin 8 9 4

'-utin 8 4 9 :

'- pentin 8 ; 9 <

'-heksin 8 : 9 '=

'-heptin 8 > 9 '2

'-oktin 8 inama na *ie na>ina#

• De5s!*"m *"e na ka$9i5+m kar%i#

CaC 2 + 2H 2O → HCCH + Ca(OH)2

• K"n!r"$isan"m "ksia9i5"m me!ana na .3 C B.0887K#

6CH 4 + O2 → 2HCCH + 2CO +!H 2

=

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• Krak"*an5em Bir"$i;"m na'!e0

U $a%"ra!"ri5skim +s$"*ima "%i5a5+ se e$imina9i5"m &a$"6en"*""nika i; i&a$"6en"a$kana

CH 3-CH-CH-CH 3 + 2OH → CH 3CCCH 3 + 2.r + 2H 2O

0 0

.r .r

11.,. 7"mijsk" oso+i!"

Z%"6 !"6a !" sar4e !r"s!r+k+ *e;+, !50 *i5e i *e;e a$kini s+ *e"ma reak!i*ni, +n"

*ie " a$kena i a$kana0 Reak9i5e a$kina se i5e$e + i5*e 6r+e#

.0 reak9i5e !r"s!r+ke *e;e

0 reak9i5e *""nik"*"6 a!"ma *e;an"6 ;a s &i%rii;"*an +6$5enik"* a!"m BH-CX 0

11.,.1. R"akcij" trostruk" v"-"

• Ai9i"ne reak9i5e#

2"!" se !r"s!r+ka *e;a sas!"5i " 5ene si6ma i *e i *e;e a$kini i; is!i& ra;$"6a ka" i

a$keni *e"ma $ak" +$a;e + ai9i"ne reak9i5e0 Iak k" a$kina ;a ra;$ik+ " a$kena m"6+ a se

aira5+ i 5ean i *a m"$a rean6ensa, "k k" a$kena m"4e sam" 5ean0

H-CC-H + Cl 2 → H-C=C-H

0 0

ClCl

',2 ./@3575 01

Cl Cl

0 0

H-CC-H + 2Cl 2 → H-C-C-H

0 0

Cl Cl

',',2,2 07@357501

Ai9i5"m &$"r"*""nika na e!in "%i5a se *ini$ &$"ri, >i5"m "$imeri;a9i5"m se "%i5a

"$i*ini$ &$"ri0 Ai9i5a &$"r"*""nika na !r"s!r+k+ *e;+ *ri se " Mark"*nik"*$5e*"m ra*i$+#

7

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Cl

0

H-CC-H + HCl → H-C=CH 2

O*e ai9i5e se *re is!im me&ani;m"m ka" i k" a$kena i !" s+ +s!*ari e$ek!r"'i$ne ai9i5e0

2"re "*i& ai9i5a "s!"5i i ai9i5a *"e0 U kise$"5 sreini i ris+s!*+ "rene 'i;i>kim "s"%inama "6"*ara5+(i& a$kena i

a$kana, sam" s+ !emera!+re k$5+>an5a ma$" *e(e0 A$kini s+ neras!*"r$5i*i + *"i i "$arnim

ima a "%r" se ras!*ara5+ + ne"$arnim B"r6anskim ras!*ara>ima0

7.

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1#. %T)( ?AC%T)&%(@

A9e!i$en BIU2AC-"* na;i*# e!in 5e &emi5sk" 5ein5en5e '"rm+$e CH0

Na55en"s!a*ni5i 5e a$kin0 Ka" a$kin, a9e!i$en 5e ne;asi(en ;%"6 !"6a !" s+ *a a!"ma+6$5enika *e;ana !r"s!r+k"m *e;"m0 Tr"s!r+ka *e;a +6$5enik-+6$5enik a5e +6$5enik"*im

a!"mima s &i%rine "r%i!a$e, "s!a*$5a5+(i s*a >e!iri a!"ma + ra*+ $ini5+, 6e 5e +6a" CCH

*e;e .:0 A9e!i$en 5e "!kri*en .:7/0 " s!rane Em+na De5*i5a k"5i 6a 5e "karak!erisa" ka"

n"*" +6$5enik"*" 5ein5en5e *""nika0

1#.1. Do+ija!j"

Ma!eri5a$i ;a in+s!ri5sk" "%i5an5e a9e!i$ena s+ ka$9i5+m-kar%"na! Bkre>n5ak i +6a$50Ka$9i5+m-kar%"na! se r*" re*ee + ka$9i5+m-"ksi a +6a$5 + k"ks, a na"s$e!k+ se "ni

5eine a %i na6rai$i ka$9i5+m-kar%i i +6$5en-m"n"ksi#

CaO + 3C → CaC 2 + CO

Ka$9i5+m-kar%i Bi$i ka$9i5+m-a9e!i$i i *"a se mea5+ ra;$i>i!im me!"ama a %i

na6rai$i a9e!i$en i ka$9i5+m-&ir"ksi0 O*+ reak9i5+ 5e "!kri" Friri& Ve$er .:/0 6"ine0

CaC 2 + 2H 2O → Ca(OH)2 + C 2 H 2

Sin!e;a ka$9i5+m-kar%ia ;a&!5e*a 5ak" *is"ke !emera!+re, "k" s!eena

Ce$e;i5+sa, a se reak9i5a "i6ra*a + e$ek!ri>n"m ka;an+0 O*a reak9i5a 5e "i6ra$a *a4n+

+$"6+ + re*"$+9i5i kasni& .:-!i& 6"ina "k" masi*n"6 &ir"ener6e!sk"6 r"5ek!a na

Ni5a6arinim *""aima0

A9e!i$en se is!" !ak" m"4e "%i!i ne"!+nim sa6"ri5e*an5em me!ana sa kise"nik"m i$ikrek"*an5em +6$5"*""nika0

7

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