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Active demand management of Electrical Vehicles charged by residential grids.
Engineer Ron Davidescu
THE ONE AND ONLY
2013
End-Use Sector Shares of Total Consumption
USA Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector
71% 93%
The wild card – The price of oil
The price of oil is influenced by unexpected local and international events therefore it is very difficult to predict
US Electric Generation
CO2 Emissions
Well-to-Wheels Efficiency
The electric cars are coming………..
2012 2013iMiEV
Audi A1 e-tron
Ford Focus EV
Toyota Prius*
Mercedes SLS
Tesla Model X
Mercedes A-Class
BMW Active E
Honda Fit EV
Volvo C30 EV
2014Nissan Leaf
Chevy Volt*
Volvo V60 EV
Audi A3 e-tron
Tesla Model S
VW E-Golf
Kia Sol
The Obama-Biden comprehensive New Energy for America plan will put 1 million plug-in hybrid
cars on the road by 2015
Source : www.pluginamerica.org/vehicles/
In large numbers …….
Predicted US EV and EVSE sales 2010 – 2015Source: Smart Grid Applications, US; Global Insights
AC and DC charging require specific charging hardware
L1 AC charging L2 AC charging L3 DC charging
Simple and cheap (normal household outlet sufficient)
Long charging time (~8-10 hrs)
Fast charging (~2-4 hrs)
Charging time still too long
Very fast charging (~30 min)
Expensive power charger
Differences between L1 AC, L2 AC, and L3 DC charging
L3 DC charging is not applicable to residential network
Source: Siemens Energy
Concern : Overload of the distribution network
Because L2 charges represent an electricity load similar to a air conditioned house ,even small percentage of Electrical Vehicle
implementation has a significant impact on common residential electrical network
* Assuming a transformer rating of 37.5kVA and unity power factor
The most serious concern utilities have is controlling when EVSE load is applied to their grid.
A high percentage of consumers will instinctively charge their Evs ,when they get home from work.
The absence of load management would likely have a destabilizing effect on the grid.
Source : www. silverspringnetworks.com
Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvailable network capacity – No EV
Uncontrolled charging
[KV
A]
Maximum transport capacity
Daily patern households on MV level
Available remaining capacity
Source : www.ecn.nl
Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvailable network capacity – 25 % EV penetration
Source : www.ecn.nl
Uncontrolled charging5 hours charging
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
[KV
A]
About 25 cars per 100 dwellings
Reinforcement of transport capacity
Electric cars and the network infrastructure
Smart grid Infrastructure allows utilities to handle this effect by enabling smarter charging . Two way interactive communication ,control and monitor abilities
between the smart meter, relays and management software allows better operation of the charging process and preventing failures and lower quality network.
19
Active control
How to control recharging? (I)
What should be known?– State of charge, i.e. how empty is
the battery?– Charging power (kW), i.e. slow or
fast charging– The driver’s preference, i.e. when
should the battery be fully recharged (within 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours etc.)
20
Active control
How to assign recharging? (2)
Harmonic Analyzer– THD, TDD, up to 40th harmonics (incl. angles)
Real-time Waveform Capture– 128 samples/cycle
Programmable Logical Controller- 16 control set points, thresholds and delays
- Standard 2DI/1DO, Optional 4DI/2DO,
12DI/4DO
(total 14DI/5DO) or 4 AO
Event and Data Recording– Over 90 days history storage
Real Time Clock– Backup for 60 days
Built-in RS-485 and IR Ports Second optional communication:
RS-485, RS-232, Ethernet, Profibus, RF, GPRS
EM133 - DIN Rail Mounted Energy Meter
Multifunctional 3-Phase Smart Meter
– More than 120 monitored parameters
– 16×2 character LCD display
Billing/TOU Revenue Energy Meter– Class 0.5S precision
The system is based on a accurate three phase meter , equipped with internal digital relay outputs and two way communication , integrated into the charging doc. The meter acts as a charging controller and communicates with a cloud management software through secure
communication
Easy to use, energy management tool. Complete data flow admin:
Collecting from meters Analyzing, including virtual meters Various displays Manual/automatic decisions for load control
Alarms and Events Messages, Emails, SMS
Historical information MS-SQL database
Remote control over relays Billing and invoicing
Full bill customization
Energy management Software
Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvailable network capacity – 25 % EV penetration
Source : www.ecn.nl
Controlled charging5 hours charging
[KV
A]
About 25 cars per 100 dwellings
Maximum transport capacity
Intelligent demand and supply management results in less required extra peak and reserve capacity
LEARN FROM MISTAKES!!!
Conclusions
Electricity system and network infrastructure can handle large numbers of electric cars through active demand
Management of electrical vehicle charging points.Is done through controllers that communicates with a
central management software utilizing secure communication. That allows the EV user to interface with the electrical supplier and on the same time gives the network full control of the demand side of the EV
charging process..
Smart Grid – Cyber SecurityThe Cyberspace Policy Review initiated by President Obama advised that “the Federal government should work with the private sector to define public-private
partnership roles and responsibilities for the defense of privately owned critical infrastructure and key
resources.” Specifically, the review recommended that as “the United States deploys new Smart Grid
technology, the Federal government must ensure that security standards are developed and adopted to avoid
creating unexpected opportunities for adversaries to penetrate these systems or conduct large-scale
attacks”.
Source : http://www.whitehouse.gov
The fact that the Smart Grid is connected to an Electrical Vehicle makes the security concern even bigger !!!