ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/.../en/805591468210255322/N… · Web viewAgriculture accounts for almost 40 per cent of GDP and 85 per cent of export revenue

REPUBLIC OF MALAWI E4085v14

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa (APPSA)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Ministry of Agriculture and Food SecurityCapital HillP O Box 30134Capital CityLilongwe 3MALAWI

January 7, 2013

Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA) Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The consultant wishes to acknowledge all the people who participated in the public consultations and contributed to the preparation of this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.

The people consulted included staff and farmers that were visited in the selected research stations in Malawi which include Mbawa in Mzimba, Chitedze in Lilongwe, Lifuwu and Chitala in Salima, Bvumbwe in Thyolo and Kasinthula in Chikwawa.

Key staff at the selected research stations and lead farmers provided valuable input to this study.

In addition, a number of senior officers in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Environmental Affairs Department, Pesticides Control Board, Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, the World Bank and other stakeholder Ministries and Departments provided relevant literature and considerable administrative support during the assignment. The consultant wishes to sincerely acknowledge their support.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................................iiTABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................iiiLIST OF ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................viEXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................viiiCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND..........................................................1

1.1 The Proposed Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa..........................11.1.1 APPSA Program Components.....................................................................................11.1.2 Proposed Research Priorities, Objectives and Expected Outcomes of APPSA Program

21.1.3 Proposed research activities with regional spillovers..................................................31.1.4 Proposed dissemination activities to link Center of Leadership outputs to national technology dissemination system...........................................................................................41.1.5 National coordination and implementation arrangements............................................51.1.6 Project Implementing Agency......................................................................................61.1.7 Project Cost Estimates................................................................................................61.2 Rationale for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.................................61.3 Objective of the ESIA...................................................................................................61.4 Users of the ESIA........................................................................................................61.5 Methodology in Preparing the ESIA.............................................................................71.6 Constraints and Limitation of the Study......................................................................81.7 Organization of the Report..........................................................................................8

CHAPTER TWO: THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT..........................................................102.1 APPSA Project locations and Land Size....................................................................102.2 Mbawa Agriculture Research Station.........................................................................10

2.2.2 Location.................................................................................................................102.3 Chitedze Agriculture Research Station......................................................................11

2.3.1 Background Information...........................................................................................112.3.2 Location.................................................................................................................112.3.3 Climate...................................................................................................................11

2.4 Lifuwu Agriculture Research Station.........................................................................122.4.1 Background Information...........................................................................................122.4.2 Location.................................................................................................................122.4.3 Climate...................................................................................................................122.4.4 Main Activities.........................................................................................................12

2.5 Chitala Agriculture Research Station.........................................................................122.5.1 Background Information...........................................................................................122.5.2 Location.................................................................................................................122.5.3 Climate...................................................................................................................132.5.4 Main Activities.........................................................................................................13

2.6 Bvumbwe Agriculture Research Station....................................................................132.6.1 Background Information...........................................................................................132.6.2 Location.................................................................................................................132.6.3 Climate...................................................................................................................13

2.7 Kasinthula Agriculture Research Station...................................................................142.7.1 Background Information...........................................................................................142.7.2 Location.................................................................................................................142.7.3 Climate...................................................................................................................14

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2.7.4 Main Activities.........................................................................................................14CHAPTER THREE: AGRICULTURE AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT...................15

3.1 General Situation.......................................................................................................153.2 Agriculture................................................................................................................15

3.2.1 Agriculture and the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP).................................................163.2.1 Agriculture and Land Tenure........................................................................................173.2.2 Agriculture and Forest Resources.................................................................................183.2.3 Agriculture and Gender................................................................................................183.2.4 Agriculture and Health, HIV and AIDS...........................................................................20

3.3 Agriculture Research.................................................................................................21CHAPTER FOUR: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK............................................................23

4.1 Malawi Legislation Relevant to the APPSA................................................................234.1.1 Policy Framework........................................................................................................234.1.2 Legal Framework........................................................................................................26Agricultural Policies.............................................................................................................27

4.2 Relevant World Bank Policies....................................................................................304.2.1 Environmental Assessment (Operational Policy 4.01).....................................................304.2.2 Natural Habitats (Operational Policy 4.04).....................................................................314.2.3 Pest Management (Operational Policy 4.09)..................................................................31

CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS FOR THE PROJECT 33

5.1 Project Activities and the Impacted Environmental Components...............................335.2 Determination of Potential Impacts............................................................................335.3 Determination of Mitigation Measures.......................................................................33Table 5.2: Environmental Impacts..........................................................................................39Table 5.3: Social Impacts.......................................................................................................415.4 Evaluation of Impacts................................................................................................45

CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN. 476.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan.............................................................47

6.2 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan............................................................556.2.1 Monitoring.............................................................................................................556.2.2 Monitoring Indicators, Institutions and Costs........................................................55

CHAPTER SEVEN: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING....................727.1 National Coordination and Implementation Arrangements.........................................727.2 Centre of Leadership Implementation Arrangements.................................................737.3 Capacity Building Requirements...............................................................................74

7.3.1 Current Capacity Within Research Program and Assessment of Gaps.........................747.4.1 Proposed Environmental and Social Training and Awareness Programmes..................767.4.2 Environmental and Social Management Training for APPSA.......................................777.4.3 Proposed Approach in Executing the Environmental and Social Management Training..77

CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................788.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................788.2 Recommendations....................................................................................................79

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................81

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APPENDIX 1 LIST OF INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS CONSULTED...................................82APPENDIX 2 LOCATION FOR PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRES.........................................105APPENDIX 3: CHECKLIST FOR DEMONSTRATION FIELDS...................................................110APPENDIX 4 SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES.....................................111APPENDIX 5.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT EVALUATION AND SCORING METHOD 115APPENDIX 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND SCORES........116APPENDIX 6.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRE OF LEADERSHIP.....................................................................................118APPENDIX 6.2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRE OF LEADERSHIP.....................................................................................126APPENDIX 7: CONSULTANT CV...........................................................................................138

LIST OF TABLESTable 1.1: Breakdown of Total Project CostTable 2.1: Summary of Total Land for Research StationsTable 3.1 Gender Distribution in the Agricultural OccupationTable 3.2 Women Participation in Selected SectorsTable 3.3: Women Farmers Participation in the various ASWAp-SP in 2011Table 4.1: Summary of Safeguard Policies Triggered by the APPSATable 5.1: Project Activities and their Potential Impacts on the Various Environmental

ComponentsTable 5.2: Environmental and Social ImpactsTable 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Positive ImpactsTable 6.2: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Negative ImpactsTable 6.3: Summary of Management Costs for 1 YearTable 6.4: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Positive ImpactsTable 6.5: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Negative ImpactsTable 6.6: Summary of Monitoring Costs for 1 YearTable 7.1: Key Partners and their Roles During APPSA ImplementationTable 7.2: NARS Physical Infrastructure Current StateTable 7.3: DARS Scientific, Technical and Administrative Human CapacityTable 7.4: Numbers and Academic Qualifications of DARS Scientific PersonnelTable 7.5: Estimated costs for sensitization meetings and trainings

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 3.1: National Production of Cassava, Sweet Potatoes and Irish potatoes in Metric TonnesFigure 3.2: National Production of Beans, Pegion peas, Cow peas and Soya beans in Metric

TonnesFigure 7.1: Centre of Leadership National Level Implementation Framework

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

ADD Agricultural Development DivisionADMARC Agriculture Development and Marketing CorporationADP-SP Agriculture Development Program – Support Project AEDO Agriculture Extension Development Officer AEZ Agricultural Ecological ZonesAGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in AfricaAGRES Agriculture Gender Roles and Extension Support ServicesAISP Agriculture Input Subsidy Program APPSA Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern AfricaASWAp Agricultural Sector Wide ApproachASWAp-SP Agricultural Sector Wide Approach - Support ProjectATCC Agricultural Technology Clearing CommitteeBP Bank PolicyCADECOM Catholic Development Commission in MalawiCCARDESA Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa CIAT International Centre for Tropical AgricultureCIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maízy TrigoCoL Centre of LeadershipDDC District Development Committee DEC District Executive Committee DAES Department of Agricultural Extension Services DADO District Agriculture Development OfficerDARS Department of Agricultural ResearchDEA Director of Environmental Affairs DHO District Health Officer EAD Environmental Affairs DepartmentEDO Environmental District OfficerEIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMC Executive Management CommitteeEMP Environmental management plan EPA Extension Planning AreaESIA Environmental and Social Impact AssessmentESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FAO Food and Agriculture OrganisationFHH Female-Headed HouseholdFISP Farmer Input Subsidy ProgramFM Financial ManagementGDP Gross domestic ProductGMO Genetically Modified OrganismsGoM Government of MalawiICRAF International Centre for Research in AgroforestryICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid-TropicsIGA Income Generating ActivitiesIPM Integrated Pest ManagementIPMP Integrated Pest Management PlanIPPC International Plant Protection ConventionIRLADP Irrigation, Rural Livelihoods and Agricultural Development ProjectISP Input Subsidy ProgramLGB Large Grain BorerLRCO Land Resources and Conservation OfficerMAWTCO Malawi Agricultural Warehousing and Trading Company

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MBS Malawi Bureau of StandardsMGDS Malawi Growth and Development StrategyMoAFS Ministry of Agriculture and Food SecurityMoWDI Ministry of Water Development and Irrigation MoLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural DevelopmentMPRS Malawi Poverty and Reduction StrategyMSc Master of Science MSV Maize Streak VirusNAC National AIDS Commission NRCM National Research Council of MalawiNCE National Council for the EnvironmentNEAP National Environmental Action Plan OP Operational PolicyOPC Office of the President and Cabinet PCB Pesticide Control BoardRCoLs Regional Centre of LeadershipSADC Southern African Development committeeSFFRFM Smallholder Farmers’ Fertilizer Revolving Fund of MalawiSPGI Sustainable Productivity Growth InitiativeSWAp Sector Wide ApproachSWG Sector Working GroupTCE Technical Committee on the Environment TWG Technical Working GroupWB World Bank

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

The Government of Malawi through the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS) is seeking support from World Bank to implement an Agricultural Productivity Programme in Southern Africa (APPSA) with the objective of increasing the productivity of maize, rice and legumes through the introduction of improved varieties and modern farming technologies. The proposed APPSA programme will support agricultural technology generation and dissemination by supporting the strengthening and scaling up of regional centres of research leadership on programs of regional importance through regional collaboration. For identified regional priority programs, APPSA would support efforts to scale up and develop national research centres into regional centres of leadership. The total project cost for Malawi is approximately US$30 million.

Objective and Scope of Work of the Assignment

The objective of this assignment is to assist Ministry of Agriculture Food Security in assessing the potential impacts of APPSA with respect to the different World Bank safeguards policies and to update the existing safeguards instruments accordingly. To successfully carry out the assignment, a review of relevant Malawi environmental and social legislation and policies, World Bank safeguard policies was conducted. Key stakeholder consultations were done with government officials in Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Research Stations Staff and Extension workers to solicit their views on the proposed programme. Consultations with beneficiaries especially farmers were also done in selected areas in proximity to research stations that will participate in APPSA programme. A review of safeguard documents already in place under ASWAp-SP and IRLADP was also done. From the above described activities, potential environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed. After the assessment, appropriate mitigation and enhancement measures were identified for the impacts to be generated by the project activities. The safeguard instruments applicable to this assignment include Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) to describe potential positive and social impacts of the project activities, and an updated Pest Management Plan for safe management of impacts from any activities that will involve use of pesticides and agro-chemicals for scaling up agricultural productivity.

Rationale for Preparing ESIA

It is anticipated that the proposed activities under APPSA will generate potential environmental and social impacts and in order to mitigate the negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts appropriate environmental and social safeguards must be prepared as per Malawi Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures for meeting the environmental and social management requirements outlined in Appendix C of the EIA Guidelines and Environmental Assessment policy (OP.4.01) for World Bank. The programme activities will generate impacts ranging from short to long term as well as small and localised to regional. Since the specific activities and exact locations where the project activities will be implemented are known, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, as a safeguard instrument, has been prepared to identify, and analyse and mitigate any potential impacts from the programme activities.

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Policy, Legal and Administrative FrameworkIn view of the fact that successful implementation of the programme would require that it be aligned to the provisions of the existing legislation, a number of policies and Acts were reviewed including those of the Bank and these have been used in setting the foundation for the smooth implementation of the project for it to be sustainable. The policies relate to those that are specifically focusing on the environmental and social dimensions. The key policies and legislations relevant to the program include the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (1995), Environmental Management Act (1996), National Environmental Policy (2004), and National Water Policy (2004), Food Security Policy (2006). The Acts include Land Act (1965), Water Resources Act (1969), Pesticides Act (2000), B. Other legal, legislative and administrative documents are National Environmental Action Plan (1994), Malawi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Master Plan (1995), National Land Resources Management Policy and Strategy (2000), Agricultural Research Master Plan (2006), Contract Farming Strategy (2007), Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (2006-2011; 2011 - 2016), The Fertilizer, Plant Protection and Plant Breeders’ Rights Bills, Departmental Procedural Guidelines, the World Banks Environmental Assessment (Operational Policy 4.01), and Pest Management (Operational Policy 4.09).

These policies, Acts, Strategies and Plans will act as the basis for a compliant and sustainable mechanism through which the project can wholly achieve its intended objectives, outputs and outcomes.

ESIA ImplementationThe successful implementation of the ESIA depends on the commitment of MoAFS and other relevant institutions, the capacity within the institutions and the appropriate functional institutional arrangements to be put in place for the programme. The Department of Agriculture Research Services (DARS) and Department of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) will have the principal responsibility for implementation and delivery of the program. In addition, the program will be executed through and implemented by the existing structures within the public sector with contribution from the private and civil society institutions. This arrangement, it is believed, would help ensure project sustainability and significantly contribute to capacity building. Chitedze Research Station will be the main centre for APPSA programme activities in Malawi.

Project Description

In pursuit of the longer term goal of improving productivity and production of safe and nutritious food within priority farming systems in the Southern Africa region, the Project Development Objective is to improve the availability of agricultural technologies within and across SADC countries. APPSA will pursue this objective by: (i) establishing Regional Centers of Leadership (RCoLs) on commodities of regional importance, thereby allowing regional specialization around priority farming systems and more strategic investment in agricultural research capacity; (ii) supporting regional collaboration in agricultural training and dissemination; and (iii) facilitating increased sharing of agricultural information, knowledge and technology across boundaries of participating countries.

The proposed program will have three components:

1.1 Technology Generation and Dissemination The first component would support technology generation and dissemination activities associated with Regional Centres of Leadership. This would include research activities targeting the technology priorities defined through regional dialogue and consistent with a regional priority setting study. The component would also support regional dissemination programs or technology transfer sub-projects to link Centres of Leadership to institutions in other countries and enable scaling up of innovations.

Malawi has prioritized scaling up farmer to farmer dissemination methodologies, the use of mass media (primarily radio), technology demonstration, and scaling up and expanding pluralistic extension services, within its national technology dissemination system. APPSA will play an important role in

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providing the content and higher level training of service providers within the technology dissemination system. APPSA is not intended to be a full - fledged dissemination or extension program and that a core focus of the ASWAp is technology dissemination.

The core focus of APPSA supported technology dissemination activities in Malawi will therefore aim at: improving the content and accessibility of technology messages and knowledge products around maize technologies; improving the capacity of DARS and DAES to strengthen technical training of lead farmers, extension agents and advisory service providers around maize; strengthening the capacity of DARS dissemination officers; private sector and civil society engagement; and improving farmer-research-extension feedback mechanisms to obtain a better analysis of farmer preferences. APPSA will also support regional information sharing and exchange activities with other participating countries.

1.2 Center of Leadership Strengthening The second component would support capacity building for Regional Centres of Leadership. Within Malawi, APPSA would support: (i) the upgrading of research infrastructure; (ii) improving management and performance systems; (iii) scientific training at the post graduate level and to upgrade skills through short courses or targeted training; and (iv) strengthening seed, regulatory and related services. Investments in physical infrastructure will focus on improving existing facilities in Chitedze in Lilongwe, Mbawa in Mzimba, Lifuwu and Chitala in Salima, Bvumbwe in Thyolo and Kasinthula in Chikwawa.

Investments in seed and related services will focus on increasing the capacity of pre-basic and basic seed production for targeted commodities under APPSA, increasing analytical capacity for GMO detection and mycotoxin analysis, and technical assistance to identify and address regulatory gaps within the technology generation and dissemination system, if necessary.

1.3 Coordination and Facilitation The third component would support implementation of the program and coordination activities. At the national level the program would be fully integrated into MoAFS. Given the high vacancy rate within DARS and DAES there is an urgent need to identify human resource requirements for program implementation to be met through Government budget. MoAFS is currently expanding its approach of contracting out some services to private providers or NGOs. This is particularly the case for extension and will allow the Ministry to redeploy staff to core functions, including for research, coordination of extension activities, M&E and sector monitoring and safeguards supervision. . APPSA also provides an opportunity to scale up the use of multi-stakeholder platforms within the program to ensure all actors within the national agricultural research system are involved.

At the regional level the program would finance regional facilitation activities including: (i) regional planning, monitoring and evaluation activities needed to establish and monitor regional collaborative activities; and (ii) regional exchange of information, knowledge and technologies. These functions are most efficiently provided by a regional entity and CCARDESA is in the process of developing a more detailed proposal on how it could fulfill these functions in APPSA.

Potential Environmental and Social ImpactsAlthough the APPSA activities especially in technology generation, dissemination and adoption will vary in size, location, scope and approach to implementation, most of these activities will take place in already existing research stations identified to be part of the program. Hence the generic and typical environmental and social impacts would mostly be positive, with minor negative impacts.

The identified positive environmental impacts include: improved soil and water resources management; improved soil fertility due to nitrogen fixation; and development of climate change resistant crops.

The identified positive social impacts include:

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increase in maize productivity; increase in farm incomes for farmers using improved technologies; increase in food security and nutrition; improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural research stations; reduced post harvest losses; and improved agricultural extension services.

The ESIA has also identified the following key potential negative environmental impacts: degradation of surface and ground water quality due to chemical handling and application by

agro dealers and smallholder farmers respectively; contamination of soils and water by agro-chemicals; loss of soil organisms and non-targeted insects due to effects of chemicals and pesticides; and Waste generation from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures.

The potential negative social impacts: health and safety risks from chemical poisoning; Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff; and Risks of gender inequalities.

The table below provides the proposed measures to enhance the positive impacts and to mitigate the adverse ones including estimated costs:

Potential Impacts Enhancement / Mitigation Measures

Costs (MK) Responsible Institution

Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination Improved maize productivity Provide farmers with

improved maize based technology

conduct awareness on the advantages of using maize-based technologies to facilitate quick adoption

Conduct field demonstrations on new maize-based technologies

30,000,000 MoAFS

Increase in production of improved maize and legume varieties

Provide training to APPSA staff to enhance and maintain maize and legume breeding programmes

Conduct regular staff exchange programmes

Maintain the production of acceptable maize and legume breeds by local communities

5,000,000 DARSand DAES

Increase in performance and sustainability of the research and technical support systems

Provide regular and continuous training to APPSA staff to enhance performance and sustainability of the research and technical support systems

Conduct regular staff

5,000,000 DARSand DAES

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exchange programmes Creation of employment Employ and build capacity

through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations

3,000,000 MoAFS

Development of climate change resistant crop varieties

Promote research activities aimed at generating crop varieties resistant to climate change

5,000,000 DARS

Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning

Provide information and increase awareness for staff and farmers on the risks with handling chemicals.

Provide protective clothing to workers and farmers during field trials

1,000,000 MoAFS, Pesticides

Control Board

Risks associated with weak capacity in dealing with crop protection

Provide adequate training to crop protection department

5,000,000 Department of Crop

ProtectionComponent 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening

Improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural research stations

Conduct regular maintenance of infrastructure in participating agricultural research stations

15,000,000 MoAFS

Creation of employment Employ and build capacity through training for the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations

1,000,000 MoAFS

Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff

Provide and train adequate extension staff

3,000,000 DAES

Solid waste generation from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures

The contractor in coordination with APPSA should make arrangements for proper disposal of all rubble and solid wastes from the site.

3,000,000 MoAFS (DARS)

Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation Improved program planning,

coordination and facilitation Provide regular training to

management and staff of APPSA within participating agricultural research stations for effective planning, coordination and facilitation of the program

5,000,000 MoAFS

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Increasing rates of improved technology transfer and adoption

Advocate for the adoption and use of efficient and effective maize based technology

Conduct field demonstrations on new and improved maize varieties to facilitate farmer adoption

5,000,000 MoAFS

TOTAL 86,000,000

As a reference material, the ESIA (supported by the updated PMP) will be useful to several stakeholders who will be involved in planning, implementation and monitoring of the proposed project activities. Some of the key users of this ESIA are:

Funding agencies/donors for the proposed APPSA; Staff in proposed regional centres of leadership; Participating sectors in the implementation of the APPSA; Senior central government officials responsible for policy making and project planning; Central government officials responsible for environmental planning and management and; Contractors to be involved in implementation of the project activities.

Based on the findings from this environmental and social impact assessment study, it is recommended that the project proceeds because it will bring significant benefits to the agricultural sector, both in the short and long terms. Negative impacts identified from this preliminary study will be manageable, localised and short term.

The ESIA recommends that the proposals made herein (and those made in the updated PMP) must be implemented adequately to mitigate the consequential environmental and social impacts of the project activities; and to enhance the positive attributes. The proposals include:

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security should oversee the implementation of the ESIA. The MoAFS should do this in coordination with the Environmental Affairs Department;

District and local community structures should be adequately trained to supervise implementa-tion of the EMP. The project should take advantage of the District Environmental Sub-Commit -tee led by the Environmental District Officer and should provide the necessary resources and equipment to enable them monitor implementation of the EMP at district and area levels;

Key stakeholders should be made aware of the project, the ESIA and its EMP and their role in its successful implementation. They should also be sensitized on the linkages between the pro -gram and the environmental and social impacts; and the need to mitigate the impacts to ensure sustainability of the APPSA program; and the program should put in place an effective monitor -ing and evaluation and feedback mechanism on implementation of the EMP;

Capacity building training programs should be provided to key departments such as Agriculture Research Services, Pesticides Control Board, Crop Protection and Agriculture Extension Ser -vices which will be critical in monitoring the adverse impacts of the proposed project activities discussed in this report;

The proposed participating research stations should be equipped with modern equipment to ensure effective implementation of the proposed program;

The Ministry of Agriculture should ensure that recommendations made in the updated IPMP are adhered to in order to avoid or minimize risks and impacts associated with use of pesticides, herbicides and chemicals; and

The Ministry of Agriculture should ensure that participation of women farmers, youth and other vulnerable groups is encouraged during planning and implementation of the program.

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 The Proposed Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa

The World Bank would like to support the implementation of an Agricultural Productivity Programme in Southern Africa (APPSA) with the objective of increasing the productivity of maize, rice and legumes through the introduction of improved varieties and modern farming technologies. The proposed programme will support agricultural technology generation and dissemination by supporting the strengthening and scaling up of regional centres of research leadership on programs of regional importance through regional collaboration. For identified regional priority programs, APPSA would support efforts to scale up and develop national research centres into regional centres of leadership.

Currently, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia have expressed their interest in establishing Regional Centres of Leadership (RCoLs) for maize, rice and legumes respectively. Malawi has elected to establish a RCoL on the maize based farming system which will encompass the maize farming system as a whole, including a focus on the full set of crops within the maize farming system, and associated nutrient, soil and water management issues. The programme will be implemented by the ministry of Agriculture and food Security.

1.1.1 APPSA Program Components

In pursuit of the longer term goal of improving productivity and production of safe and nutritious food within priority farming systems in the Southern Africa region, the Project Development Objective of APPSA is to improve the availability of agricultural technologies within and across SADC countries. APPSA will pursue this objective by: (i) establishing Regional Centers of Leadership (RCoLs) on commodities of regional importance, thereby allowing regional specialization around priority farming systems and more strategic investment in agricultural research capacity; (ii) supporting regional collaboration in agricultural training and dissemination; and (iii) facilitating increased sharing of agricultural information, knowledge and technology across boundaries of participating countries.

The proposed program would have three components:

1.1.1.1 Technology Generation and Dissemination The first component would support technology generation and dissemination activities associated with Regional Centres of Leadership. This would include research activities targeting the technology priorities defined through regional dialogue and consistent with a regional priority setting study. The component would also support regional dissemination programs or technology transfer sub-projects to link centres of Leadership to institutions in other countries and enable scaling up of innovations.

Malawi has prioritized scaling up farmer to farmer dissemination methodologies, the use of mass media (primarily radio), technology demonstration, and scaling up and expanding pluralistic extension services, within its national technology dissemination system. APPSA will play an important role in providing the content and higher level training of service providers within the technology dissemination system. APPSA is not intended to be a full - fledged dissemination or extension program as that is a core focus of the ASWAp. ASWAp-SP has significant resources allocated for technology dissemination activities around maize.

The core focus of APPSA supported technology dissemination activities in Malawi will therefore aim at: improving the content and accessibility of technology messages and knowledge products around maize technologies; improving the capacity of DARS and DAES to strengthen technical training of lead farmers, extension agents and advisory service providers around maize; strengthening the capacity of DARS dissemination officers; private sector and civil society engagement; and improving farmer-

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research-extension feedback mechanisms to obtain a better analysis of farmer preferences. APPSA will also support regional information sharing and exchange activities with other participating countries.

1.1.1.2 Center of Leadership Strengthening The second component would support capacity building for Regional Centres of Leadership. Within Malawi, APPSA would support: (i) the upgrading of research infrastructure; (ii) improving management and performance systems; (iii) scientific training at the post graduate level and to upgrade skills through short courses or targeted training; and (iv) strengthening seed regulatory and related services. Investments in physical infrastructure will focus on improving existing facilities in Chitedze in Lilongwe, Mbawa in Mzimba, Lifuwu and Chitala in Salima, Bvumbwe in Thyolo and Kasinthula in Chikwawa.

Investments in seed and related services will focus on increasing the capacity of pre-basic and basic seed production for targeted commodities under APPSA, increasing analytical capacity for GMO detection and mycotoxin analysis, and technical assistance to identify and address regulatory gaps within the technology generation and dissemination system, if necessary.

1.1.1.3 Coordination and Facilitation The third component would support implementation of the program and coordination activities. At the national level the program would be fully integrated into MoAFS. Given the high vacancy rate within DARS there is an urgent need to identify human resource requirements for program implementation to be met through Government budget. APPSA also provides an opportunity to scale up the use of multi-stakeholder platforms within the program to ensure all actors within the national agricultural research system are involved.

At the regional level the program would finance regional facilitation activities including: (i) regional planning, monitoring and evaluation activities needed to establish and monitor regional collaborative activities; and (ii) regional exchange of information, knowledge and technologies. These functions are most efficiently provided by a regional entity and CCARDESA is in the process of developing a more detailed proposal on how it could fulfil these functions in APPSA.

Each participating country will allocate resources to CCARDESA based on an agreed upon work plan established during the preparation process.

1.1.2 Proposed Research Priorities, Objectives and Expected Outcomes of APPSA Program

The main goal of the program is to improve productivity of maize/legume farming systems through improved nitrogen use efficiency, reduced loss of crop production from field pests and diseases and post-harvest handling, diversification and improved nutrition. In collaboration with CIMMYT, the Malawi Maize Research team has developed and released stress-tolerant maize varieties, some with enhanced nutritional characteristics. These include hybrids and open-pollinated varieties (seed of the latter may be saved by farmers from one year to the next for future crops) that are tolerant to drought and pre- and post-harvest pests. Those well adapted and farmer preferred varieties are fast-tracked for release and scale up of seed production, and subsequently integrated and promoted as part of more productive, sustainable and risk-averting local livelihood systems.

The objectives of the programme are: To improve cropping systems through development and dissemination of maize based

technologies in Malawi and within the region. To strengthen capacities of research institutions dealing with maize based cropping systems

through training and improvement of infrastructure. Develop and promote integrated pest and disease management technologies in Maize. To strengthen seed production, quality control, supply and delivery systems in Malawi and

within the region.



To strengthen quality control systems provided through biotechnology To strengthen collaboration and linkages between institutions involved in maize based

cropping systems research in Malawi and within the region To develop and promote postharvest/agro-processing and value addition technologies To develop, adapt and popularize farm mechanization technologies

The programme is expected to deliver the following outcomes by the end of its implementation period: Improved maize varieties, suitable for the prevailing ecologies and with acceptable attributes Use of improved maize and legume seed increased Integrated pest and disease management technologies for pre and post-harvest identified and

utilized Improved maize and legume technologies developed and adopted Average level of nitrogen use efficiency increased Maize -legume intercropping technologies promoted Seed production, supply and delivery systems in Malawi and within the region strengthened Quality control system like GMO detection and mycotoxin analysis strengthened Collaboration and linkages between institutions involved in maize based farming systems

research in Malawi and within the region strengthened Post harvest/agro-processing and value addition technologies developed and promoted Labour saving technologies developed and promoted

Priority research areas proposed are as follows: Breeding for resistance to pests and diseases of economic importance Breeding for tolerance to abiotic stresses, e.g. drought Integrated Pest and Disease Control Strengthening of seed production, supply and delivery systems Quality control of agricultural produce through GMO detection and mycotoxin analysis Germplasm collection, characterization and conservation for future research Soil fertility improvement and other soil and water management options Post harvest processing, marketing and value addition Development of labour saving technologies Capacity building

1.1.3 Proposed research activities with regional spillovers

Malawi has been adopting a series of policy instruments to support smallholder agricultural development and it is perhaps the only sub-Saharan African country providing direct support of farm inputs at low cost to farmers to farm, and this has shown significant impacts in maize production and productivity.

Capitalizing on the strong policy support, the integrated technology and value chain interventions of the CoL are expected to enhance productivity and food security which may also provide useful lessons and spillovers for the other APPSA participating countries of the Southern Africa - Zambia and Mozambique, and the region. Some of the specific activities with spillover effects include:

Developing and promoting demand-driven crop varieties (includes resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, market preferred traits. This may be done through regional collaborative trials with CGIARs, like CIMMYT, relevant partners for example Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa- AGRA)

Develop and promote value-added maize-based products Develop and promote appropriate post-harvest technologies for maize that would be useful

for farmers in Malawi and neighbouring countries. Develop and promote improved soil and water management and maize-based cropping system

interventions.



Collect, characterize, conserve and utilization of maize and associated legume germplasm for local and international scientists.

1.1.4 Proposed dissemination activities to link Center of Leadership outputs to national technology dissemination system

The Centre of Leadership will implement the following activities in the dissemination of technologies to ensure increased adoption:

Promotion of the Lead farmer approach that promotes farmer to farmer extension to bridge the gaps on interface between the extension service providers and the farmers.

Promotion of participatory approaches in research, extension and advisory services in the interest of empowering the communities for ownership and sustainability.

Mounting on farm demonstrations as one of the innovation platforms for technology adoption along the value chain.

Organizing National and Regional Scientific conferences for public, private, Civil Society Organizations and Universities to share information and best practices on topical issues affecting technology generation and dissemination.

Field Days will be organized by farmers, researchers, universities, Civil Society organizations and private sector to showcase some of the successful innovations.

Strengthening Research and Extension in the promotion of maize production through Farmer field schools to tap on the farmers’ indigenous knowledge in technology generation and dissemination.

Opening Farmer Business Schools to instill a culture among farmers of taking farming as a business.

Publications or print media (newsletters, bulletins, calendars, posters, fliers, extension circulars, leaflets).

Production of training materials for extension workers and Lead farmers. Exchange visits for farmers and staff (National and International) tours Displays to popularize the value addition technologies in promoting the cottage industry Campaigns using mobile vans, village meetings Documenting and exchanging maize based technology information through website. Organizing farmers into radio listening clubs and linking them to the national, private and

community radio stations to promote the culture of information sharing through radio Promoting gender, HIV and AIDs responsive programming for technology dissemination

1.1.5 National coordination and implementation arrangements

MoAFS will have overall responsibility of APPSA supervision and coordination in Malawi. Consistent with GoM policies on harmonization and alignment of donor projects, APPSA will be fully executed through existing country institutions and DARS and DAES will be the main implementing agencies. The project will be integrated into the ASWAp management structure approved in September 2011.

Similar to other MoAFS projects and programs, the ASWAp Executive Management Committee will oversee APPSA execution from the policy and strategic perspective. The Committee will provide strategic direction and ensure inter-ministerial coordination on research and extension activities developed under APPSA and it will review and validate the project’s annual work plan and budget.

The “Technology Generation and Dissemination” Technical Working Group (TWG), co-chaired by DARS and DAES Directors, will review and refine APPSA annual work plans and budget before submission to the ASWAp Executive Management Committee. This TWG will ensure coordination of APPSA proposed activities with other MoAFS investments and similar projects.



To ensure a closer and more regular supervision and coordination of APPSA implementation, DARS and DAES, along with other project partners, will set up a Technical Implementation Coordination Committee.

DARS will also be in charge of: (i) coordinating the preparation of APPSA annual work plans and budgets, including liaising with the PPD and ASWAp secretariat to ensure incorporation of APPSA proposals in the overall MoAFS budget; (ii) compiling information for proper coordination and supervision by MoAFS; (iii) preparing quarterly progress reports and organizing meetings of the technical implementation coordination committee; and (iv) preparing annual implementation reports for presentation to the “Technology Generation and Dissemination” TWG.

Financial management and procurement modalities for APPSA will follow the principles and procedures already in place under ASWAp-SP. Project activities will be implemented by DARS using the country financial management (FM) and procurement systems. DARS is governed by the Public Procurement Law, its Regulations and Desk Instructions. The Office’s annual budget and Procurement Plan provides a framework for checks and balances for the smooth running of procurement, disbursement and disposal system in accordance with Section (3) of the Public Procurement Act. Due to the limited knowledge that the current procurement staff have in World Bank procedures, the Project will recruit a technical assistance as Procurement Specialist who should initially support the project for a period of 24 months as the staff are being mentored. The Project will also finance training in World Bank procurement procedures for DARS staff. To mitigate FM risks, DARS will deploy qualified and experienced personnel to head accounting function of the project. Additionally, the project will recruit a technical assistant as FM specialist to be responsible for setting up an accounting system for the project and train DARS staff in FM and disbursement. DARS will also acquire an accounting package for transaction processing and reporting purposes.

In line with its mandate to support regional collaboration in agricultural research, CCARDESA is expected to play a role in supporting implementation of APPSA. CCARDESA is well placed to facilitate a range of regional activities including convening stakeholders, facilitating networking, providing technical backstopping and peer review, monitoring and evaluation, and policy harmonization and advocacy.

1.1.6 Project Implementing Agency

The project implementing agency is the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS). The Ministry’s contact address is:

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food SecurityCapital Hill P O Box 30134Lilongwe 3Malawi

1.1.7 Project Cost Estimates

The total project cost is approximately US$30 million. Table 1.1 provides a breakdown of the total project cost by activity, amount and percentage of total.

Table 1.1: Breakdown of Total Project CostComponents TOTAL (US$) % TOTAL

Technology generation and Dissemination 11,400,000.00 38%



Strengthening Regional Center of Leadership 13,000,000.00 43%

Coordination and Facilitation 5,600,000.00 19%

TOTAL 30,000,000.00 100%

1.2 Rationale for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) identifies the environmental and social impacts of the APPSA and determines their mitigation measures. This ESIA therefore incorporates the Malawi EIA procedures for meeting national environmental and social management requirements, as outlined in Appendix C of the EIA Guidelines. The ESIA also integrates consideration for the World Bank Operational Policies for environmental management of projects.

1.3 Objective of the ESIAThe objective of the ESIA is to identify the potential environmental and social impacts of increased agricultural research, dissemination, production and productivity in the project areas. The potential impacts identified, assessed and analyzed relate to activities targeted at improving food security through development and dissemination of improved maize based technologies. The proposed project activities could also generate negative impacts such as increased use of land, and agro-chemicals including pesticides and fertilizers. The ESIA presents mitigation and monitoring measures as well as institutional arrangements for environmental and social management under the APPSA.

1.4 Users of the ESIA

This ESIA has been prepared for use by MoAFS and key stakeholders involved in the planning, implementation and management of the proposed APPSA. The ESIA would be useful to the following APPSA key stakeholders:

(a) Funding and donors agencies;(b) Department of Agricultural Research Services and other government institutions to be involved in

the implementation of the project;(c) Government extension workers and lead farmers in the APPSA project areas;(d) Non-governmental organizations involved in the activities of the APPSA;(e) Contractors and consultants to be engaged under APPSA; and(f) Planners of the APPSA project activities.

1.5 Methodology in Preparing the ESIA

In the development of the ESIA, consultations with key stakeholders were employed from 21 September to 16 October 2012. A summary of the consultations proceedings are provided in Annex 1. The rationale of these consultations was to solicit views of a cross section of people, at the local level in this case research stations to participate in APPSA activities and Central Government level. Lead farmers were also consulted during the field investigations. Walks along part of the boundaries and within the area of land of the visited research stations were conducted to appreciate the research activities currently being conducted, to verify boundaries and assess if there are any land-related problems on proposed land to be used for APPSA. However, during the field investigations no farmer encroachment was observed on research land proposed for APPSA activities.

Key stakeholders consulted included:

(a) staff at the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security,



(b) staff of Mbawa, Chitedze, Chitala, Lifuwu, Bvumbwe and Kasinthula Agricultural Research Stations;

(c) staff of other relevant Ministries and Departments including the Environmental Affairs;(d) World Bank staff;(e) Farmers around the proposed research stations where on farm trials could be conducted;(f) Agricultural Extension Staff; and(g) ASWAp Coordinating Unit.

These consultations were carried out to share the views of key stakeholders and to obtain their input in the identification of environmental and social impacts of the APPSA. A list of individuals and institutions consulted, proceedings from consultations and how the findings have been incorporated in the report have been included in Appendix 1. Most of the findings have been included in the environmental and social management and monitoring plans, as part of the project implementation plan. In addition, the findings form part of the institutional arrangement and capacity building for APPSA and specific recommendations for this ESIA report.

The strategies used and activities performed in the preparation of the ESIA included:

a. Review of existing national biophysical and social conditions. Some of the sources of information included Socio-economic Profiles and Environmental Reports;

b. Review of the implementation approach and processes for the proposed APPSA. This information was obtained from the project description, project concept note, project appraisal documents and other related literature;

c. Determination of the APPSA project stages and activities which are likely to have environmental and social impacts;

d. Identification and analysis of potential environmental and social impacts of the APPSA, based on the field investigations and public consultations, project description, other similar documents and professional knowledge;

e. Determination of the environmental and social components to be impacted by the project activities;

f. Identification of appropriate mitigation measures for the potential environmental and social impacts;

g. Preparation of an environmental management plan (EMP) for addressing the impacts during the different project stages and activities and;

h. Preparation of a monitoring plan for effective implementation of the EMP.

1.6 Constraints and Limitation of the StudyThe major challenge faced during the development of this ESIA report is that there was lack of clear knowledge on the subproject activities to be funded under the APPSA project by the officials consulted in the research stations visited during the preliminary consultations.

1.7 Organization of the Report

This report is organized into seven chapters as follows:

Chapter One provides background information on the APPSA and describes its project components, estimated costs, national coordination and implementation arrangements. It further introduces the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIA, its rationale and objectives, methodology used in undertaking the ESIA and constraints and limitation of the study. This chapter also defines the target audience for the ESIA.

Chapter Two provides an overview of the environmental and social setting of the project by describing the biophysical environment including its topography, hydrology, and biodiversity of the project areas.



Chapter Three gives the socioeconomic environment mainly in relation to agriculture. Chapter Four outlines relevant Malawi policies and legislation applicable to the APPSA. The chapter also provides relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies that are triggered by the APPSA.

Chapter Five describes the environmental and social impacts that are likely to be generated by the three project components (i.e. Technology Generation and Dissemination, Center of Leadership Strengthening and Coordination and Facilitation). The environmental and social impacts are the basis for the development of environmental and social management and monitoring plans in Chapter Five.

Chapter Six outlines the Environmental and Social Management Plans for addressing the program’s environmental and social impacts. The Management Plans include information on the environmental component likely to be affected, the activity that may cause the impact and the mitigation measures to be put in place. The Chapter also provides environmental and social monitoring plans for project impacts; provides information on the monitoring activities, monitoring indicators, frequency of monitoring and the institutions to carry out the monitoring.

Chapter Seven gives an overview of the proposed institutional arrangement for implementation of APPSA activities. The chapter highlights key institutions and their roles. It further proposes capacity building and training requirements to be undertaken for the successful implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

Chapter Eight makes recommendations for effective and successful implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plans that contribute towards environmentally and socially sustainable attainment of the APPSA goals and objectives.



CHAPTER TWO: THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2.1 APPSA Project locations and Land SizeThe proposed project activities for APPSA will take place in the six existing research stations within the agricultural sector. Chitedze Research Station has been designated to be the Regional Centre of Leadership for the project while the research stations below will be part of the national system for the generation and dissemination of the new technologies:

Mbawa Agriculture Research Station in Mzimba;

Lifuwu Agriculture Research Station in Salima;

Chitala Agriculture Research Station in Salima;

Bvumbwe Agriculture Research Station in Thyolo; and

Kasinthula Agriculture Research Station in Chikhwawa.

Table 2.1 presents the total hectare for each research station, land currently being used for research activities and idle land. Findings from field investigations indicate that there is adequate land in the targeted research stations for proposed APPSA activities with no encumbrances.

Table 2.1: Summary of Total Land for Research StationsNAME OF STATION TOTAL LAND (Ha) IN USE (Ha) IDLE LAND (Ha)Chitedze 486.0 430.0 56.0Bvumbwe 287.3 285.3 5.0Kasinthula 260.0 110.0 150.0Lifuwu 250.0 210.0 40.0Chitala 485.0 124.0 361.0Mbawa 486.0 286.0 200.0

The EIA process for Malawi (EMA, 1997) requires that the baseline situation of the existing biophysical and socio-economic environment be established, before any project that might significantly impact on the environment is implemented. The following sections briefly outline the existing environmental and social situation in the project impact areas of the APPSA.

2.2 Mbawa Agriculture Research Station

2.2.1 Background InformationThe station was established in 1936 as a Veterinary Station with the principal aim of investigating the rampant livestock diseases which were common in Mzimba district. It had a small herd of dairy cattle and the station produced butter, cream and ghee in the 1950s. Mbawa research station was subsequently handed over to the Department of Agricultural Research in the 1951/52 crop season when research on crop production was first established.

2.2.2 LocationMbawa Agriculture Research Station is situated about 50 km south west of Mzimba District headquarters. The station is located at 12° 06' S. and 32° 25' E. It lies at an elevation of 1,253m above sea level. The sub-station occupies a total land area of 486 ha out of which 286 ha is available for research purposes and 200 ha is covered by woodland and natural pastures .



2.2.3 ClimateThe area has a mean annual temperature of 21.5°C with the highest temperatures recorded in October reaching 26.4°C, while July has the lowest temperatures averaging 16.5°C. The mean annual rainfall is about 692 mm which is received between November and March.

2.2.4 Main ActivitiesThe main activities at the station include research activities and dissemination on livestock, mainly cattle (local Zebu and crossed dairy breeds), cereals (particularly maize), legumes such as soya beans, groundnuts and cowpeas and soil fertility improvement. The station has extensive range of livestock, a storage room for the handling of research materials and adequate land for diversification of research activities.

2.3 Chitedze Agriculture Research Station

2.3.1 Background InformationChitedze Agricultural Research Station was established during the 1948/49 cropping season. The aim was to expand the work that was already being carried out at Likuni Experimental Station. The first field experiments at Chitedze were conducted in the 1949/50 cropping season.

Since its inception, several institutions have been established within the premises. Colby College of Agriculture was opened in 1956 but later moved to a new site and was renamed the Natural Resources College (NRC). This was followed by the Grain Legumes Research Unit (GLRU) which was established in 1964 under the auspices of the Agricultural Research Council of Central Africa. The GLRU was then in 1975 handed over to the Department of Agricultural Research. Other international research institutions such as ICRISAT, ICRAF, IITA and GTZ set up bases at Chitedze in 1980, 1987, 1988 and 1993 respectively. However, ICRAF has since been relocated to Makoka Agriculture Research Station in Zomba.

2.3.2 LocationChitedze Agricultural Research Station is situated about16 km west of Lilongwe, on the Lilongwe-Mchinji Road that leads to the Zambian border. The station is located at 13° 85' S. and 33° 38' E. It lies at an altitude of 1,146m above sea level and represents the medium altitude areas typical of the central areas of the country. The research station has a total of 486ha (230 ha are under arable cropping, 200 ha are covered by buildings and indigenous pastures and 56 ha are under natural and planted trees which provide fuel wood and wind-breaks).

2.3.3 ClimateThe station and its adjacent areas has a mean annual temperature of 20°C with a mean maximum temperature of more than 24°C recorded in November and lowest mean temperature of below 16°C recorded normally in July. It receives a mean annual rainfall of about 892mm, 85 per cent of which falls between the months of November and March.

2.3.4 Main ActivitiesChitedze is also home to several International Agricultural Research centres including the SADC/ICRISAT Groundnut and Pigeon pea Project; The CIAT Regional Bean Programme; and The GTZ/MGBPP Integrated Pest Control Project. These institutions have set up a robust office, laboratory and field facilities.

The Station currently has National Research Coordinators for Livestock and Pastures; Cereals, Grain Legumes, Oilseeds and Fibre Crops; Soils and Engineering; and Technical Services. In this regard, research activities are coordinated by personnel based at the station. Research Programmes on maize, wheat and barley; seed services, plant genetic resources and statistics; livestock and pasture management; soil fertility, microbiology, soil survey, agroforestry and farm machinery are also conducted at the station. In addition, Chitedze research station has a water pond (Kandiyani Pond on



Mbavi River), which is used for irrigation purposes during research of crops such as millet, cassava, beans and soya beans. Appendix 2.1 provides a topographical map for Chitedze Research Station.

2.4 Lifuwu Agriculture Research Station

2.4.1 Background InformationLifuwu Agriculture research station was established as an experimental station in 1974 by the Central Region Lakeshore Project. The station was later converted into a Rice Experiment Station in 1975. The station has been in operation since then conducting research in agronomy.

2.4.2 LocationLifuwu Agriculture Research Station is situated about 8 km from the turn-off of the Salima-Sengabay Road. It is located at 13°S and 34°E (at the foot of Lifuwu Hill). The research station is located within the expansive and seasonally-flooded Katete Dambo at an altitude of 500 m above mean sea level.

2.4.3 ClimateThe station records a mean annual rainfall of 1,228 mm. Temperatures range from a mean maximum of 29°C between November and December and a mean minimum of 19°C between June and July.

2.4.4 Main ActivitiesLifuwu station conducts research activities on rice breeding and agronomy. Occasionally the station also carries out research work of crops such as legumes, cereals and vegetable crops. Lifuwu Agriculture Research Station has good storage facilities for the handling of experimental materials and a vacuum emasculator for the crossing programme. Appendix 2.2 provides a topographical map for Lifuwu Research Station.

2.5 Chitala Agriculture Research Station

2.5.1 Background InformationChitala was established in 1929 by the Empire Cotton Growing Company (ECGC) for cotton experimental work and was later handed over to the Department of Agricultural Research in 1956. Its mandate was expanded to include research work on other annual crops and livestock mainly the Malawi Zebu and range management.

2.5.2 LocationChitala Agriculture Research Station is located at the interface of the escarpment zone and the lakeshore plain. Chitala station is situated 30km west of Salima Boma at 13° 40' S and 34° 15' E. This station is at an altitude of 606m above sea level and has a total of 485 ha of land, of which 361 ha consists of natural pasture and woodland.

2.5.3 ClimateThe station and its adjacent areas records a mean annual rainfall of about 800mm most of which falls within three months between December/January and March. The mean maximum annual temperature is 28°C and while the mean minimum annual temperature is 16°C.

2.5.4 Main ActivitiesChitala research station concentrates on conducting research on upland crops such as cotton, maize, sorghum, millet, groundnuts, soya beans, pigeon peas, sweet potato, cassava, cashew nuts, mangoes and citrus fruits. In addition, the station is also involved in conducting research on seed production of various crops, and livestock and range management. Most of the activities are carried out in collaboration with other research stations such as Chitedze. The station has a large storage area for experimental material handling and adequate land for research work. Appendix 2.3 provides a topographical map for Chitala Research Station.



2.6 Bvumbwe Agriculture Research Station

2.6.1 Background InformationBvumbwe Agricultural Research Station was first established in 1940 and it was aimed at chronicling factors affecting the growth and production of Tung in this area. The programme of work was, however, expanded in 1950 to include investigations into improvements of dairy farming and the production of coffee, fruit and vegetables.

2.6.2 LocationBvumbwe Agricultural Research Station is located 13 km south east of Blantyre on the Limbe-Thyolo Road. The station is situated at the Southern of the Blantyre escarpment and at an altitude of 1,228m above sea level (ASL). The latitude is 15o 55’ South and longitude is 35o 04’ East, and is adjacent to the main Shire Valley.

2.6.3 ClimateThe climate of Bvumbwe Agriculture Research Station and its surrounding is characteristic of the typical seasonal rainfall pattern found all over the country. The mean annual rainfall is 1,219 mm most of which occurs mainly in the months of December to April. Frequent mist and drizzles locally known as Chiperoni, and occasional frosts occur during the cool months of May to August. Average temperature ranges from a minimum of 15oC and a maximum of 22oC.

2.6.4 Main ActivitiesCurrently, the Station coordinates research activities on horticulture, soil fertility and plant nutrition, tree nuts, grain legumes, cereals, plant protection, tissue culture, livestock and technical services. There is a water retention pond within the research station premises for water supply and irrigation. The pond is on Chisawani River.

Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station has modern laboratories with facilities for soil and plant analyses, identification of plant diseases and pests. Additionally the station has glass houses and a nursery for the propagation of planting materials, farm machinery workshop, seed testing laboratory and crop storage. It also has facilities for the production of mushroom, a tissue culture laboratory for research into the cutting of bananas, roots and tubers. The station has adequate land for further research activities. Appendix 2.4 provides a topographical map for Bvumbwe Research Station.

2.7 Kasinthula Agriculture Research Station

2.7.1 Background InformationThe station was established in 1968 as an Irrigation Pilot Project by Shire Valley Agricultural Development Division. The Pilot Project was later handed over to the Department of Agricultural Research in 1975 and it has since been responsible for conducting irrigation agronomy research on field crops, smallholder paddy rice production and fish farming.

2.7.2 LocationKasinthula Agriculture Research Station is located 10km south of Chikwawa at an altitude of 60m above sea level. The agriculture research station is situated at 34° 05' E and latitude 16° 00' S in. The station has a total of 260 ha of land of which 100 ha are designated for rice production and 10 ha for sorghum and pearl millet research activities. The remaining 150ha is idle land.

2.7.3 ClimateThe climate of Kasinthula Agriculture Research Station and its surrounding is characteristic of the typical seasonal rainfall pattern. Kasinthula records a mean annual rainfall of around 700 mm, most of which comes within the short period from November/December to February/March. This low rainfall necessitates the use of irrigation for crop production. Maximum temperatures range from 25°C to 49°C, while the minimum temperature ranges from 10°C to 20°C.



2.7.4 Main ActivitiesThe station works in collaboration with Shire Valley ADD, which helps in technology adoption by farmers. The station also works with other NGOs such as CADECOM, Concern Universal, CIAT and WALA. Concern Universal and CADECOM helps in training farmers. Kasinthula station further carries out research on sorghum, pearl millet, irrigation and drainage, maize, legumes, cotton, root and tuber crops, horticulture and oilseeds. The station also has good irrigation facilities, storage room and a small library, with adequate land for conducting further research. Appendix 2.5 provides a topographical map for Kasinthula Research Station.



CHAPTER THREE: AGRICULTURE AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

3.1 General SituationMalawi’s economy is predominantly agricultural, with about 85 per cent of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for almost 40 per cent of GDP and 85 per cent of export revenue earnings. Malawi's economic reliance on agricultural commodities renders it vulnerable to external shocks such as declining terms of trade, international lobbying against other crops such as tobacco, and inability to produce adequate quantities and quality due to changes in climatic conditions such as drought. The emergence of climate change will also have disastrous effects on agricultural output which would impact negatively on the country’s economy. In addition, high transport costs which are estimated to be over 30 per cent of the total import bill are a serious impediment to economic development and growth. Malawi imports most of the important products including fuel products and much of the inorganic fertilisers, making agricultural production expensive, especially for smallholder agriculture. The socio-economic environment is characterised by high interest rates, moderate inflation rate, high rates of HIV and AIDS, poor education and health facilities. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Union and individual donor nations.

3.2 AgricultureMalawi has a dual agricultural system, comprising an estate and a smallholder sector. Until recently, the estate sector has had a monopoly with respect to the production of certain export crops, such as tea and tobacco. Various shifts in policy including increased price incentives, extension of credit to the smallholder sector and deregulation of agricultural marketing, have led to a large increase in marketed output of certain crops, particularly maize and tobacco from the smallholder sector. The total land under smallholder production is high compared to total land under estate production. For instance in Lilongwe District total smallholder land is estimated at 429 435 ha against 350 663 farm families while total estate land is 11,525 ha against 25 estates. The district has a huge potential of irrigation development of more than 81, 700 hectares (Lilongwe District Socio-Economic Profile, 2011).

Traditionally Malawi has been self-sufficient in its staple food, maize, mostly grown by smallholder subsistence farmers. Nearly 90 per cent of the population engages in subsistence farming. Apart from maize, smallholder farmers produce a variety of other crops, beans, rice, cassava, tobacco, sorghum, millet and groundnuts. The smallholder sector itself is increasingly differentiated, with a growing number of smallholders including a disproportionate number of female headed households cultivating less than 0.5 hectare and unable to meet their subsistence needs. Apart from rain-fed production, the MoAFS is also promoting irrigation. There has been an increase in agricultural production and output for most of the high value crops in Malawi. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 indicate production estimates for various crops from 2000 to 2011.

Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Figure 3.1: National production in metric tonnes

14


3.2.1 Agriculture and the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP)

The declining production of the country’s main staple food maize, due to bad weather and low input uptake among other reasons, led to massive importation of maize for a number of years prior to 2005/06 and especially in 2002 and 2005. The government therefore implemented the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) of 140,000 metric tonnes of fertiliser for maize and tobacco in the 2005/2006 season, with a view to increasing agricultural productivity and to improve food security at both household and national levels. Prior to that, subsidies were minimal especially after the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programs in the 1980s1. The FISP was introduced to promote access to inputs, in both maize and tobacco production, to increase agricultural productivity and food security. Subsidies are targeted at government-selected beneficiaries using ‘smart’ vouchers to provide access to specific inputs distributed through the public and private input distribution system. Due to its success, several donors (DFID, Norway and Irish Aid) joined in programme funding and evaluation in 2006. In the consecutive years, Malawi experienced a surplus against expected consumption of about 0.4 and 1.3 million metric tonnes of maize, in 2007/08 and 2008/09 respectively.

The first initiative of Starter Packs in the late 1990s was followed by the Targeted Input Program. It is reported that the recent fertiliser and seed subsidy programs have had impressive effects on national yields. In the 2005/06 season, the national average maize yield jumped to 1.6 t/ha and in the 2006/07 season to over 2.5 t/ha2. Although statistics are not available for the most recent seasons, productivity has been high and the program financed by the government has contributed to Malawi’s increased production, making it self-sufficient in maize. Although there has been an increase in maize production and productivity, the sector still faces a number of challenges including low productivity, over-dependence on rain-fed farming, low level of irrigation development, and low uptake of improved farm inputs. Furthermore, there are high transport costs, inadequate farmer organizations, insufficient extension services, inadequate markets and market information, limited access to agricultural credit, inefficient input and output markets and low technology development and transfer. To attain the sector’s objectives and consolidate its contribution to economic growth, the sector has embarked on a coordinated approach to the implementation of programmes as outlined in Agricultural Sector Wide Approach (ASWAp). Focus areas are food security and risk management, agri-business and market development and sustainable land and water management.

1 The World Bank and IMF recommended removal of subsidy programs in the 1980s, during the Structural Adjustment Programs. However in the mid 1990s the government introduced a starter pack program which was in form of subsidy, on a small scale and only for two years.2 Denning et al., 2009



Other key areas include technology generation and dissemination and institutional strengthening and capacity building (GoM, 2011). In addition, the methods of cultivation on the small land holdings among smallholder farmers remain traditional and non-mechanised. Several studies in Malawi have shown a positive relationship between technology adoption (e.g. fertiliser use) and land sizes among smallholder farmers. There have been several government efforts promoting the adoption of fertilisers, hybrid varieties and modern methods of farming and the provision of price incentives through progressive market reforms. However, due to partly diminishing land holdings the supply response has remained weak. At current market prices for inputs and outputs, adoption of higher productivity technologies is simply impossible for the poor given their low purchasing power.

3.2.1 Agriculture and Land TenureAccording to the Land Act, title to land in Malawi, has the following three tenure categories.

(a) Customary land is held, occupied or used under customary laws, but does not include public land. It constitutes about 65 per cent of land in Malawi. According to the Customary Land (Development) Act Cap 59:01, “family land” is customary land which is held, occupied or used by members of the family on the allocation of the head of that family. In principle, family land is passed on to the members of the family and land disputes are resolved at the family level.

Partitioning of family land may be referred to the Local Lands Board, which will first ascertain the names of the members of the family entitled to a share of the land and the sizes of each such share. The Board, which is established in accordance with the provisions of the Local Land Boards Act Cap 59:02 then effects the partitioning of the land with the agreement of the members and with due regard to the rules of customary law affecting the land.

According to the different cultural practices in Malawi, land ownership varies depending on the marriage systems and customs. In the Northern Region for instance, and parts of the Southern Region such as Nsanje and Chikhwawa people practice a marriage system known as lobola or patrileneal, where the man pays dowry to the family of the woman as part of the marriage requirements. Upon paying the dowry, the man shoulders all the responsibility for the woman and his family. In this case, the woman ceases to own land which she may have possessed through her maiden family. In the Central Region however, the man becomes part of the wife’s family (matrilineal), and he moves to stay at the woman’s place where he may have access to farm land belonging to the wife’s family. However, the land still remains property to the wife’s family.

Some of the proposed APPSA activities will take place on customary land and people’s rights to land, especially women and the disadvantaged persons’ rights will be protected by their customary rights and/or the Local Lands Boards Act. In the event that the program activities are implemented on customary land, each participating farmer will sign consent of agreement for their land to be used for APPSA activities. Appendix 3 provides a checklist to be used prior to using farmers’ field for on-farm demonstrations in order to protect the interests of the disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.

(b) Public land constitutes about 21 per cent of the land in Malawi and is occupied, used or acquired by the Government, and includes any other land which reverts to the Government on termination, surrender or falling-in of freeholds or leaseholds. It is allocated to a family or lineage and the family has a right of using the land almost to posterity. Most of the proposed APPSA activities will utilise some of this land especially in existing research stations. During the field investigations it was observed that the research stations have adequate land to be used for APPSA. None of the land being targeted for APPSA activities is encroached by farmers from the surrounding communities.



(c) Private land is owned, held or occupied under a freehold title, or leasehold title, or a certificate of claim or which is registered as private land under the Land Act. It constitutes about 14 per cent of the land area in Malawi. No APPSA activities will take place on this type of land.

3.2.2 Agriculture and Forest ResourcesAccording to the Malawi National Land Policy 2002, there are growing conflicts between agriculture and other land uses as both human and animal populations increase. The decline in soil fertility due to overuse or improper agricultural techniques has encouraged encroachment in forestlands, conservation areas, watersheds and wildlife and National Parks. In 2000, 28 per cent of the total land area was estimated by the Department of Forestry to be actual forests, of which 21 per cent was under forest reserves, National Parks and wildlife reserves; and 7 per cent under customary land. In 2004, forestry resources were estimated at 26 per cent of the country’s total land area. The rate of deforestation is estimated to be at 2.8 per cent per annum and is one of the highest in the Sub-Saharan region. About 52,000 hectares of forest is cleared every year.

The need for more land for cultivation pushes farmers into marginal areas. The level of environmental damage from bush fires, poor farming practices and overgrazing, calls for among other things, better and more efficient farming practices such as agro-forestry. The proposed APPSA activities aim at improving the smallholder farming practices and productivity, thereby ensuring improved crop production per unit area of land through improved technology. These efforts will contribute to the reduction of exploitation of marginal and forest areas.

Different services such as extension are also offered to farmers and frontline extension staff to facilitate adoption of agro-forestry technologies. These services are complemented by training materials in the form of booklets, manuals, posters, leaflets and training kits. The extension materials are produced in English and Chichewa depending on the targeted audience (extension staff or farmers). The proposed APPSA activities will support these already existing initiatives by the Government, through developing improved technologies through research and dissemination programs. 3.2.3 Agriculture and GenderWomen comprise 70 per cent of full-time farmers. Major shifts in the agricultural economy during the 1980s had considerable impact on the smallholder sector, previously neglected in favour of estate production of export crops. However, an increasing proportion of smallholders, including a high proportion of Female-Headed Households (FHHs), are functionally landless. The formal sector offers limited employment opportunities, especially for women, and is shrinking under fiscal pressures and liberalisation while the informal sector is correspondingly gaining in importance.A number of micro-level studies have been undertaken on gender divisions of labour and, more specifically, on women’s allocation of time between different activities in rural areas in Malawi. It has been found that a substantial amount of agricultural labour, within the subsistence smallholder sector, is generally under control of women. According to the Demographic and Health Survey of 2004, seven in ten or 70 per cent of the women in the country work in agriculture. However, this number has been decreasing during the past five years.

According to the Demographic and Health Survey of 2010, 5 to 6 of every 10, or 50 – 60 per cent of the women in the country are engaged in agriculture. This is partly because most women have moved to sales and services industry. The number of men in agriculture has also decreased as only 4 to 5 of every 10 are engaged in agriculture although there is a slight increase in men aged between 15 - 19 years that are engaged in agriculture. Nonetheless, the number of women in agriculture is still high compared to men. At institutional level, the participation of women in decision-making in the agriculture sector is also limited as the process is dominated by men. Most organizations are headed by males, for example by August 2011 there were 42 males against 10 females in decision-making positions in the MAFS and Bunda College of Agriculture had 31 males against 5 females (GOM, 2012).



Men’s labour input into subsistence production was more seasonal than that of women however, being mainly concentrated in the post-harvest period (FAO, 2011). Thus, men make greater inputs into tobacco production than food production. Other potential cash crops such as groundnuts may be considered ‘women’s’ crops and thus their cultivation and marketing may be more under the control of female farmers. Table 3.1 shows gender distribution in the agricultural occupation and Table 3.2 shows the level of women participation in other selected sectors.

Table 3.1 Gender Distribution in the Agricultural OccupationFEMALE AGE CATEGORY

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION IN

AGRICULTURE 2004


AGRICULTURE 2010

MALE AGE CATEGORY


AGRICULTURE 2004

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION

IN AGRICULTURE

201015-19 77.

867.

915-19

62.5

63.8

20-24 73.7

58.2

20-24

54.8

47.5

25-29 66.4

52.6

25-29

55.1

39.2

30-34 67.6

53.6

30-34

48.7

44.0

35-39 64.7

56.4

35-39

53.8

47.4

40-44 65.3

57.7

40-44

62.6

46.4

45-49 75.4

60.0

45-49

62.7

56.2

50-54

80.6

Source: Demographic and Health Survey, 2004 & 2010; National Statistical Office

Table 3.2 Women Participation in Selected SectorsCATEGORY STATISTICS BY YEAR ( per cent)

1991 2000 2006 2009 2012Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school

80.9 92.6 100 100

1990 2000 2006 2009Ration of young literate women to men (age 15 – 24)

67.6 86.1 99.0 98.3

Women in national parliament 10 8 20.8 22.22

Share of women employed in the non agricultural sector

10.5 11.8 12.4 16.4

Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2009 (MDGs, Goal 3)

According to the Agriculture HIV and AIDS policy (2003-2008), the agriculture sector has strived for gender empowerment in all aspects of participation to ensure access to and control over production, assets, information, technologies, land, credit, inputs and resource persons.

The MoAFS has a task force that vets all programs at concept stage, to ensure that cross cutting issues such as gender are mainstreamed. The Agriculture Gender Roles and Extension Support Services (AGRESS) in the Department of Extension Services (DAES) of the MAFS takes the leading role in gender mainstreaming. DAES is the focal point for the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Welfare.



This collaboration ensures proper coordination and incorporation of gender issues into all development programs of the MAFS. One of the strategies to ensure enforcement or promotion of the gender policy for the MAFS is the formation of a parallel structure on gender at all levels of the Ministry. The MAFS has also developed the Agriculture Sector Gender, HIV and AIDS Strategy which aims at guiding all stakeholders in the implementation of Gender, HIV and AIDS responsive programs and projects between 2012 and 2017.

At the workplace gender, HIV and AIDS mainstreaming was also prioritised during the implementation period where 11 functional workplace committees were instituted and trained on gender, HIV and AIDS mainstreaming in a number of Agricultural Development Divisions (ADDs) and departments. The committees are facilitating the implementation of gender, HIV and AIDS activities at the workplace which has lately resulted in improved staff welfare in terms of nutrition, better health of those living with HIV and reduced stigma and discrimination. In addition, 70 Peer Educators and Counsellors (45 male, 25 female) have been trained on HIV and AIDS. These are facilitating care and support of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and linking them to HIV and AIDS service providers. This is greatly contributing to better output of staff to the project. Female staff participation in short to long-term courses under capacity building is at the level of 38 per cent (508 males and 191 females).

According to the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Welfare, the minimum participation of women in farmer clubs and committees is estimated at 33 per cent, although most of the forestry committees have an average of 47 per cent women participation. This level of participation is achieved through different awareness and leadership training programs organised in coordination with the Malawi Gender Trainers Team; a team of experts from different public and private sector organizations (Civil Society Gender Network), that provide capacity building services to all sectors, depending on specific requirements and needs.

Further to this, the Ministry notes that women participation has improved from the time Malawi changed her one-party political system to multi-party democracy. It is reported that in 1994, women participation in politics was at 5.6 per cent; while in 1999, it improved to 8.8 per cent. Currently, women participation is estimated at 17 per cent although in key decision-making positions such as that for Principal Secretaries of different Ministries, women participation is now at 22 per cent. Parastatals have 18.9 per cent women participation in different leadership positions. The Government is striving to ensure that women participation in all sectors reaches a minimum of 30 per cent, in line with the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs).

For the APPSA, gender mainstreaming is exceedingly important as it will facilitate equal or optimal distribution of roles and responsibilities; equal and fair participation of women in technology generation, dissemination and adoption. AGRESS will, among other strategies, use gender analysis to develop appropriate gender guidelines for the APPSA. Sensitisation and encouragement of women will be done to ensure that they confidently participate more in the different agricultural activities. In this regard, the monitoring indicators in Chapter 6 (Table 6.2) include key indicators for monitoring women empowerment and participation.

3.2.4 Agriculture and Health, HIV and AIDSAgriculture being labour demanding, one’s health is crucial in production. Health care is provided at health centres spread across the districts, district hospitals and central hospitals. Government initiative is supplemented with churches and private sector support. Issues of HIV and AIDS and malnutrition are the main health challenges facing the agriculture sector.

Recent estimates made by the National AIDS Commission (NAC) indicate that infection rates in women attending antenatal clinics vary from 10 per cent in rural areas to nearly 30 per cent in urban areas. The prevalence rate for women is at 13 per cent and 56-58 per cent of people living with HIV are women. The high infection rate of HIV in women of childbearing age suggests that many children are born infected with HIV. The HIV infection in people within the 15-49 age group is concentrated in younger



age groups (15-24 years), particularly women. Most of these HIV infected individuals do not yet know their status (Agriculture HIV and AIDS Policy and Strategy document, 2012). According to the Policy Document, HIV and AIDS and its related diseases have affected the agriculture activities in several ways which include:

(a) Eroding of agriculture staff at all levels due to HIV and AIDS infection;(b) Loss of income by employees in commercial agriculture. Income is diverted to support

infected and affected households;(c) Loss of workers in commercial agriculture which result in reduction of labour;(d) Shift in crop production from labour-intensive cash crops to low labour demanding crops

mainly food crops only. The infection of HIV and AIDS has left women with more community work (caring for the sick and orphans and attending funeral services) hence they no longer have the extra time to devote themselves to farm labour production; and

(e) Loss of physical assets such as land and livestock - these are sold for the households to earn cash to care for the sick or additional members of the house (orphans).

3.2.5 Agriculture and Pest Management Due to drawbacks of reliance on pesticides, a crop protection approach (IPM) that is centred on local farmer needs and is sustainable, appropriate, environmentally safe and economic to use, was prepared as a separate Pest Management Plan for the ASWAp-SP and this IPM has been updated before being adopted for APPSA project activities. The requirement for adoption of IPM in farming systems is emphasized in the World Bank operational policy, WB OP 4.09, which supports safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management aspects, such as the use of biological and environmental friendly control methods.

3.3 Agriculture ResearchThe APPSA component in the agriculture sector will contribute to the attainment and achievement of the country’s development agenda particularly in fulfilling its aspirations by strengthening agricultural research and technology development as spelt out in the MGDS. The government regards research, science and technology as essential tools for socio-economic development and growth and has established national institutional structures that support the development of science and technology such as the National Research Council, Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre and a fully-fledged Department responsible for science and technology.

The establishment of the three components under APPSA augers well with the recognition by the government that technology must be generated through a continuous research and development process; which in turn therefore calls for continuous investment in research, technology development and transfer of knowledge and expertise. However, currently all scientific and technological developments in the country are weak, under-exploited and, therefore, poorly support the socio-economic development of the country. Factors that have led to this status quo include:

Poor coordination of research, science and technology activities; Weak institutional framework; and Inadequate funding of science and technological initiatives.

The primary long-term goal is to enhance the application of science and technology in national development in order to achieve the following outputs:

Well coordinated science and technology generation and dissemination; Effective and efficient operation of the science and technology institutions; Increased uptake on productivity and enhancement of technologies; and Prioritised and focused research and development.



Development of infrastructure such as those relating to DARS and DAES as well as the RCoL will contribute to the achievement of a number of the expected outcomes under the ASWAp program including among other benefits, increased access to markets, clinics, schools, especially in rural areas and reduced incidence of water-borne diseases and environmental impacts from poor water usage and poor sanitation. In order to achieve these outcomes, the government has formulated the following strategies:

Establishing a National Science and Technology Commission as the apex body to coordinate all activities relating to research, science and technology;

Strengthening the capacity of research, science and technology institutions; Generating and disseminating appropriate technology through public-private partnerships; Developing and commercialising science and technology in areas identified to contribute

significantly to socio-economic development; Promoting the development and utilization of indigenous technology through the re-introduction

of the “Malawi Award for Scientific and Technological Achievement (MASTA) and the Most Innovative Technology Stand (MITS)” at the Malawi International Trade Fair;

Establishing research funding mechanisms to promote research by individuals and institutions, including formulation of legislation for private sector investment in local research, science and technology development; and

Designing syllabi that achieve a balance of science and technology, arts and humanities in basic, secondary, higher and technical education levels.



CHAPTER FOUR: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 4.1 Malawi Legislation Relevant to the APPSA

Malawi has a number of policies and legislation to guide environmentally sustainable development in various sectors of the economy. This chapter discusses the provisions of policies and legislation relevant to guide the implementation of the APPSA. It also looks at the provisions of the World Bank policies that will be triggered by the implementation of this programme.

4.1.1 Policy Framework

4.1.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (1995)The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi provides the foundation for environmental management in Malawi. Sections 13 (d) and (e) define the role of the State in environmental management as:

(a) To manage the environment responsibly in order to:

i. Prevent degradation of the environment;ii. Provide healthy living and working environment for the people of Malawi;iii. Accord full recognition to the rights of future generations by means of environmental

protection and sustainable development of natural resources; andiv. Conserve and enhance the biodiversity of Malawi.

(b) To enhance the quality of life in rural communities and to recognize rural standards of living as a key indicator in the success of Government policies.

The Constitution, under Section 13 (e), gives the State the responsibility to achieve gender equality for women through: full participation of women in all spheres of Malawian society on the basis of equality with men; implementation of principles of non-discrimination and such other measures as may be required; and implementation of policies to address social issues such as domestic violence, security of the person, lack of maternity benefits, economic exploitation and rights to property.

The implication of this is that Government has the responsibility of ensuring that development programmes and projects (including those in agriculture) are undertaken in an environmentally and socially responsible manner, with the ultimate aim of attaining sustainable development and to the benefit of all including women and future generations.

4.1.1.2 National Environmental Action Plan (1994)The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), 1994; updated in 2004, provides a framework for integrating the environment into all socio-economic development activities. The objectives of the NEAP are to: document and analyse all major environmental issues and measures to alleviate them; promote sustainable use of natural resources in Malawi; and develop an environmental protection and management plan. The NEAP identifies: soil erosion, deforestation, water resources degradation and depletion, threat to fish resources, threat to biodiversity, human habitat degradation, high population growth, air pollution and climatic change as key environmental issues to be addressed. Most of these issues are linked to agriculture. To protect the environment from further degradation; the NEAP outlines actions to be undertaken to ensure adequate environmental protection. The actions relevant to the APPSA include to:

(a) Discourage cultivation on marginal lands (steep slopes and river banks)(b) Promote agro-forestry;(c) Construct permanent physical conservation structures such as storm water drains, terraces and

bunds;(d) Promote crop rotation;



(e) Promote mixed and intercropping by smallholder farmers;(f) Improve land productivity through soil conservation techniques and labour saving technologies;(g) Intensify training of farmers in improved farming practices;(h) Improve management of forest resources on customary land; and(i) Promote proper handling and use of agrochemicals.

The APPSA have elements of these actions as strategies to increase agricultural productivity of the smallholder farmer.

4.1.1.3 National Environmental Policy, 2004Malawi's National Environmental Policy aims to promote sustainable social and economic development through sound management of the environment and natural resources. It seeks, among other things, to:

Secure for all persons now and in future an environment suitable for their health and wellbeing;

Promote efficient utilization and management of the country’s natural resources and encourage, as appropriate, long-term self-sufficiency in food, fuel wood and other energy requirements;

Facilitate restoration, maintenance and enhancement of ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere and prudent use of renewable resources;

Integrate sustainable environment and natural resources management into the decentralized governance systems and ensure that the institutional framework for management of the environment and natural resources supports environmental governance in local government authorities;

Enhance public education and awareness of various environmental issues and public participation in addressing them; and

Promote local community, NGO and private sector participation in environment and natural resource management.

The key principles that apply to the proposed APPSA activities are that:

a) Every person has a right to a clean and healthy environment;b) Every person has a duty to promote sustainable utilisation and management of the environment

and natural resources, including taking legal action against any person whose activities or omissions have or are likely to have adverse effects on the environment;

c) Women should effectively participate in policy, program and project design and implementation to enhance their role in natural resource use and management activities;

d) Trade-offs between economic development and environmental degradation can be minimised through use of EIA and environmental monitoring.

For the proposed APPSA, it is important to recognize the linkage between environment and development. It is also important to realize that the two are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary. More important the APPSA programme should integrate gender, children and other vulnerable groups’ concerns at all levels, to ensure sustainable socio-economic development.

4.1.1.4 National Land Policy, 2002The Policy focuses on land as a basic resource common to all people of Malawi. It provides the institutional framework for democratizing the management of land and outlines the procedures for protecting land tenure rights, land-based investments and management of development at all levels. It ultimately seeks to promote optimum utilization of Malawi’s land resources for development. The policy recognizes agriculture development as the major benefactor of the land use sector and highlights a number of approaches for addressing problems facing land resources. For the APPSA the policy:



Guarantees full legal protection of the customary land tenure to the people of Malawi, to enable the ordinary Malawians adequately participate in agricultural activities and other rural livelihoods;

Requires environmental impact assessment for all big land development projects, and those planned in fragile ecosystems in order to protect biodiversity and water resources; and

Recognises the damaging effects of poor agricultural methods and land use practices including high smallholder population concentrations, primitive agriculture technologies and soil erosion.

Specifically, Chapter 10 of the National Land Policy deals with inter-sectoral coordination and relations. It highlights the need for collective responsibility for monitoring of the land resources, forging strong inter-ministerial commitments to land stewardship, feedback from land sector agencies and their regulatory processes to inform land use decision-making. The APPSA will not only integrate these policy requirements but also adopt a multi-sectoral approach in monitoring effects of the programme.

4.1.1.5 National Water Policy, 2004This Policy addresses all aspects of water resources including management, development, and service delivery, conforming to the current global and regional trends and the requirements as reflected under the Millennium Development Goals. The overall policy goal is sustainable management and utilisation of water resources to: provide water of acceptable quality and of sufficient quantities; ensure availability of efficient and effective water and sanitation services; and enhance the country’s natural ecosystems.

One of its objectives is promoting public and private sector participation in water resources management, development, supply and conservation. Principles that will guide the implementation of this project include the following:

i. Management, protection and conservation of water resources in an integrated manner;ii. All people to access potable water and sanitation services to reduce diseases;iii. Water resources to be optimally, equitable and rationally allocated and regulated to ensure

sustainable optimal economic returns and social enhancement;iv. Pollution of water resources to follow the “Polluter Pays” principle to ensure water user

responsibility.

4.1.1.6 Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (2006-2011; 2011 - 2016)The Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MDGS I and II)) is designed to attain the nation’s vision 2020. The MDGS builds on the Malawi Economic and Growth Strategy (MEGS) that emphasises the need to create a conducive environment for private sector investment to stimulate economic growth. It also incorporates lessons from implementation of the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy (MPRS).

The main aim of the MDGS is to create wealth through sustainable economic growth and infrastructure development, as a means of achieving poverty reduction. The MDGS has identified six priority areas one of which is agriculture and food security. The strategies relevant to the APPSA are as follows:

Agriculture and Food Security: Key strategies include strengthening linkages of farmers to markets, provision of effective extension services, increased livestock production, orienting smallholders to greater commercialisation and international competitiveness and improving agricultural productivity.

The MDGS recognises the need to invest in social development through education, health, good governance, gender mainstreaming in national development; and to protect the most vulnerable.



4.1.2 Legal Framework

4.1.2.1 Environment Management Act, 1996The Environment Management Act provides the legal basis for the protection and management of the environment and the conservation and sustainable utilization of the natural resources including land and water resources to which agriculture is tied.

The Act, under Section 24, specifies the types and sizes of activities that require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) before they can be implemented in Malawi. A prescribed list of projects to which (EIA) applies is provided in the Guidelines for EIA, 1997.

The Act further outlines the EIA process to be followed in Malawi, and requires that all project developers in both the public and private sectors comply with the process. The Act under section 26 (3) further requires that no licensing authority issues any license for a project for which an EIA is required, unless the Director of Environmental Affairs (DEA) has given consent to proceed.

Based on this ESIA, APPSA will be in compliance with the 1996 Environment Management Act.

4.1.2.2 Land Act (1965) The Land Act (Cap 57.01) is the principle legal framework in land administration and management. It recognises land use and tenure as being critical in sustainable environmental management in Malawi and deals with these issues quite comprehensively. Section 31 provides rules for good husbandry and gives powers to the minister to regulate, manage or control how land is used to ensure sustainable use of land and land-based resources are used sustainably. These include:

The method of cultivation and growing of crops; The maintenance of proper drainage of the land; The preservation and protection of the source, course and banks of rivers; and The good management and conservation of soil, water, woodland pasture and other land

based resources.

For APPSA, this implies that the technologies that are going to be introduced should be those that will promote good soil management and conservation. The small holder farmers who will take part in the programme should also be encouraged not to open gardens within catchment areas and banks of rives to ensure that the provision of this act on preservation and protection of sources and banks of rivers are adhered to. It further implies that the APPSA should adopt a multi-sectoral approach in the protection and conservation of land and land-based resources.

4.1.2.3 Water Resources Act (1969)This Act provides for the control, conservation, apportionment and use of water resources of Malawi. It vests ownership of all public water in the president, while the control of all public water is vested in the minister responsible for water affairs. The Act prohibits any person to divert, dam, store, abstract or use public water; or for any such purpose, to construct or maintain any works except in accordance with a water right. The Act further prohibits any person to interfere, alter the flow of or pollute or foul any public water.

The APPSA should be guided by the provisions of the Act to avoid discharge of agrochemicals into water courses, by training the farmers in proper use and management of agrochemicals.

4.1.2.4 Pesticides Act (2000)The Act provides for the control and management of import, export, manufacture, distribution, storage, disposal and use of pesticides. It provides for the establishment of a Pesticides Control Board which is responsible for the control and management of all pesticides in Malawi. The Board is also responsible for: registration, issuing guidelines on the environmentally-sound handling or use of pesticides; and conducting public educational campaigns on the safe handling and use of pesticides.



Section 34 of the act stipulates that employers should ensure the safety, health and welfare of their employees by providing them with equipment and clothing that is conducive to the safe handling of the pesticides. The act also prohibits the disposal of pesticides containers or packaging in a hazardous manner. This implies that management of the research stations will have to ensure that both their employees and farmers are provided with protective wear and are trained on how to handle the pesticides. They will also be required to put in place proper waste disposal systems for the hazardous wastes that will be generated. These safety standards will also have to be extended to rural communities by providing them with necessary skills and knowledge in the use of pesticides.

An Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPM) has been prepared as a separate document to comply with the requirements of the Pesticides Act and also the World Bank’s OP 4.09 on Pest Management.

4.1.2.5 Biosafety Act (2002)The Biosafety Act provides for the safe management of biotechnological activities including issues of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) licences and permits, containers, packages and identification of GMOs products, GMOs sales promotion and inspection. Specifically, section 17 of the Act stipulates that no persons shall engage in the genetic modification of organisms, importation, development, production, testing, release, use and application of GMOs, and the use of gene therapy in animals including human beings unless they are authorised by the Minister responsible for environmental affairs. Such activities may be for scientific research or experimental purpose, or for emergency supply of food for human beings.

This implies that the technologies for the improvement of crop production that will be introduced under this programme will have to be vetted by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Affairs. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security will have to liaise with the Ministry responsible for environment and climate change affairs at all stages of APPSA. This will ensure that the activities of APPSA especially within research stations are in line with the provisions of the Biosafety Act.

The APPSA is undertaking an environmental and social impact management of the program to ensure that adverse impacts from the program are avoided, minimized and mitigated. It is targeting improved access to agricultural inputs and technologies on existing smallholder farm land and therefore this implies that the programme must also be aligned to other areas of focus which should include:

Agricultural Policies

Agricultural Research Master Plan, 2006The Agricultural Research Master Plan (ARMP) is the overall guideline document for agricultural research as it sets1 out the basic approaches to research, focusing on commodity team and group approach. It also outlines the research and commodity priorities, which facilitates allocation of resources to different commodity groups, teams and research areas in line with the requirements of demand driven and market oriented research agenda. The Master plan is currently being reviewed with funding from ASWAp in order to bring it in line with current national priorities and approaches to problem solving through research. The new Master Plan will not only emphasize the need for research to respond to demand and the market, but include research on strategic issues - the identification of new technologies in response to new environmental developments or production potential which the farmer may not be aware of and be able to demand on his own. The Plan, once reviewed will play an important role during APPSA implementation.

1 First published in 1988, reviewed in 1995 and 2006, and expired last year in 2011.



The Seed Act, 1996The Seed Act empowers the DARS to undertake seed certification services in Malawi. This is the Act that enables the regulation of the quality of seed varieties, and the imports and exports of seed varieties into and out of the country. APPSA activities will benefit a lot from the provision of the Seed Act, particularly in technology generation and dissemination.

Pesticides Act, 2000The Pesticides Act (2000) allowed the Ministry of Agriculture to form the Pesticide Control Board (PCB), an independent institution responsible for regulating pesticide importation, manufacturing, distribution and utilization in Malawi. The PCB will be instrumental during APPSA implementation, monitoring and evaluation especially on the use and disposal of pesticides. APPSA implementers particularly Research Stations should ensure that all the activities involving use of pesticides are in line with the provisions of the Act.

The Fertilizer, Plant Protection and Plant Breeders’ Rights BillsThe Plant Breeders’ Rights Bill seeks to provide legal protection for crop varieties developed and traded in the country. This is the bill that seeks to provide copyright protection to varieties developed by the Malawian plant breeder and enable the earning of royalties from the developed varieties. The Plant Protection Bill is a review of the Malawi Plant Protection Act (1969) and seeks to align the plant protection system with international instruments Malawi has signed since 1969. Both the Plant Breeders Rights and Plant Protection Bills are important instruments for APPSA’s implementation and Malawi’s participation in the SADC Seed Harmonization Program. The Fertilizer Bill seeks to replace an earlier act that was repealed to in order to lift restrictions on fertilizer trade in Malawi.

The above stated documents are instrumental to the successful implementation of APPSA hence all implementing partners should critically ensure that the provisions of the legislations are not violated.

Departmental Procedural GuidelinesThe Departmental Procedural Guidelines is a new initiative which seeks to improve the operational efficiency of the institution through application of standard guidelines in all operations of the department. The major guiding principle of the Guidelines is that procedures must facilitate the attainment of the department’s goal and objectives as efficiently and effectively as possible. These guidelines will strengthen the implementation of APPSA thereby making it successful and sustainable. All Research Stations will be required to understand their roles and responsibilities based on the guidelines.

Food Security Policy, 2006The Food Security Policy was developed with a long term goal of significantly improving the food security of the Malawi population. The policy incorporates cross-cutting issues, which include HIV and AIDS, environment, gender equity and empowerment, and science and technology. The need for this policy in APPSA implementation hinges on components 1 and 2, which aim at improving productivity through technology generation, dissemination and adoption.

Contract Farming Strategy, 2007The strategy seeks to achieve economic growth and development in the agriculture sector. Firstly, it seeks to cushion farmers’ weaknesses in the production, processing and marketing of various agricultural commodities. Secondly, this strategy aims at enhancing forward and backward market linkages as advocated in the country’s referral policy framework, the MGDS.



Lastly the strategy provides the need for the interested parties to transfer new technologies to the farmers and hence enable them access lucrative markets with minimal risks.

The proposed APPSA will benefit quite a lot from this strategy since it will promote increased technology transfer of new innovations developed from the proposed regional research centres.

Agriculture Extension in the New Millennium Policy, 2000The MAFS developed this Policy in the year 2000, to mainly aim at accommodating different changes such as market liberalization and de-linking of agricultural credit from extension services. The policy focuses on challenges such as dwindling landholding sizes, declining soil fertility and HIV and AIDS crisis. The strategies outlined in this policy will play an important role in ensuring the success of the programme through the Agricultural Extension department as one of the key departments within the MoAFS.

National Land Resources Management Policy and Strategy, 2000The Strategy was a first attempt at documenting policies on land use and management. It was developed under the International Scheme for Conservation and Rehabilitation of African Lands (ISCRAL) to which Malawi is a signatory. It is consistent with recommendations made in the NEAP. The policy addresses issues such as land capability, degradation, suitability, tenure, conservation; soil erosion; water course systems and sustainable land use. Its overall policy goal is to promote the efficient, diversified and sustainable use of land based resources both for agriculture and other uses in order to avoid sectoral land use conflicts and ensure sustainable socio-economic development. This is important for implementation of the APPSA to ensure that the envisaged increase in agricultural productivity promotes land resources conservation in line with the strategy.

Malawi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Master Plan, 1995The Agriculture Research Master Plan’s main purpose is to provide an appropriate framework or strategy to make future research work more effective in achieving the national goal of increasing agricultural production. It reflects the opinion of the Malawi scientists, the MAFS and members of the Agricultural Research Council. This will ensure that research findings are tailored towards different programmes within the MAFS in order to develop appropriate technologies.

Seed Policy, 2003This Policy was developed with the overall objective of increasing agricultural production and diversification. It focuses on establishing, through appropriate policies and programmes, an environment conducive to the development of a sustainable seed industry to support the agricultural sector’s activities. Strategies outlined in this policy are of paramount importance especially in APPSA’s implementation. These include:

Establishing smallholder seed enterprises to assist to develop the traditional seed sector and organized seed production;

Encouraging extension programmes at village level and assisting seed production schemes that produce quality seeds; and

Encouragement of inclusion of seed technology topics in the curricula of the University of Malawi and the Natural Resources College to improve knowledge and skills of trainees.

4.2 Relevant World Bank PoliciesAll APPSA activities will also have to conform to existing World Bank Safeguard Policies in order that the programme in Malawi is socially and environmentally acceptable as well as being sustainable. These policies include the Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), and the Pest Management (OP 4.09):

4.2.1 Environmental Assessment (Operational Policy 4.01)



The World Bank’s environmental assessment operational policy requires that all projects proposed for Bank financing are screened for potential environmental and social impacts. The policy is triggered if a project is likely to have adverse environmental and social risks and impacts in its area of influence. According to OP 4.01 the Bank classifies projects into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts:

Category A : A proposed project is classified as Category “A” if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental and social impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. Environmental Assessment (EA) for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental and social impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental and social performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a safeguards document, normally either a Framework (ESMF) whenever there is still an unclear definition of the project intervention footprint; or when such a footprint of project intervention zone is made known, an ESIA (or a suitably comprehensive or sectoral EA) that includes as necessary, other elements such as environmental audits or hazard or risk assessments

Category B : A proposed project is classified as Category “B” if it’s potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas—including wetlands; forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats—are less adverse than those of Category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific and easy to deal with; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most appropriate cases, mitigatory measures can be readily designed. The scope of EIA for a category “B” project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of a category “A” EIA. Like Category A EIA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental and social impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental and social performance.

Category C : A proposed project is classified as Category “C” if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EIA action is required for a Category “C” project.

Category FI:A proposed project is classified as Category “FI” if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in sub-projects that may result in adverse environmental impacts."

4.2.2 Natural Habitats (Operational Policy 4.04)

This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, management, and restoration of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and economic and sector work. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. Natural habitats are land and water areas where most of the original native plant and animal species are still present. Natural habitats comprise many types of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems. They include areas lightly modified by human activities, but retaining their ecological functions and most native species.



4.2.3 Pest Management (Operational Policy 4.09)

The procurement of any pesticides in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. With respect to the classification of pesticides and their specific formulations, the Bank refers to the World Health Organization’s Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification (Geneva: WHO 1994-95). The following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in Bank-financed projects:(a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects;(b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species;(c) They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment where the

methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed at minimizing damage to natural enemies; and

(d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests.

At a minimum, pesticide production, use and management should comply with FAO’s Guidelines for Packaging and Storage of Pesticides, Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides, and Guidelines for the Disposal of Waste Pesticide Containers on the Farm. The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.

For the APPSA, a stand-alone Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) which was prepared for ASWAp-SP has been updated to adapt and be adopted to guide project implementation with respect to pesticides. The IPMP will be used in tandem with this ESIA.

Policies triggered by the APPSA are indicated in Table 4.1 and a brief description of the World Bank Policies is given in Appendix 4

Table 4.1: Summary of Safeguard Policies Triggered by the APPSASafeguard Policy Yes NoEnvironmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) [X] [ ]Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) [X] [ ]Pest Management (OP 4.09) [X] [ ]Cultural Property (OP 4.11) [ ] [X]Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) [ ] [X]Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) [ ] [X]Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [ ] [X]Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) [ ] [X]Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) [ ] [X]Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) [ ] [X]


http://intranet.worldbank.org/WBSITE/INTRANET/OPSMANUAL/0,,contentMDK:20064701~pagePK:60001255~piPK:60000911~theSitePK:210385,00.html

















http://www.worldbank.org/environmentalassessment


CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS FOR THE PROJECT

5.1 Project Activities and the Impacted Environmental Components

The project activities to be implemented under the APPSA have been grouped into three components as follows:

Component 1 for Technology Generation and Dissemination; Component 2 for Center of Leadership Strengthening; and Component 3 for Project Coordination and Facilitation.

Activities for these three APPSA project components will impact on the different environmental and social components in different ways.

5.2 Determination of Potential Impacts

Potential environmental and social impacts for the APPSA were identified, considering the environmental and social components that are likely to be affected by the APPSA activities. The impacts were collectively identified through contributions and participation of the staff at agricultural research stations, at various MoAFS and other key stakeholders, including the farmers.

The matrix given in Table 5.1 was used to confirm the impacts identified through the public consultations. The “X” against the respective activities in the matrix denotes a positive or negative impact. Determination of the impacts was done by the consultant and consultations with stakeholders during the field investigations especially those at existing research stations and various government ministries to be affected by the proposed program activities. Professional judgment and experience of the consultant also played a major role in the identification of the impacts.

5.3 Determination of Mitigation Measures

Determination of mitigation measures was done by examining the environmental and social impacts and identifying mechanisms to avoid and/or reduce the damage, the activities would cause on the environment. Mitigation measures included prevention and control measures to fully or partially reduce the impact or risk of the impact and remediation measures to repair or restore the environment after any damage is done.

Significant potential impacts were predicted according to the project components. Mitigation measures for the predicted impacts were developed through stakeholder involvement and professional judgment. These mitigation measures were also determined and discussed with all the key stakeholders during the consultations and field investigations.



Table 5.1: Project Activities and their Potential Impacts on the Various Environmental Components

ENVI

RONM

ENTA

L /S

OCIA

L CO

MPO

NENT

S

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL

Ecos

yste

ms

Land

Res

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Soils

Surfa

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ater

reso

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Surfa

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Faun

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Air q

uality

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l live

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se o

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Loca

l eco

nom

y

Natio

nal e

cono

my

HIV

and

AIDS

Aest

hetic

and

am

enity

va

lues

Gen

der

PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIESCOMPONENT 1: Technology Generation and DisseminationBreeding for resistance to pests and diseases of economic importance

X X X X X X X X X X X X

Breeding for tolerance to abiotic stresses, e.g. drought


Integrated Pest and Disease Control X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XStrengthening of seed production, supply and delivery systems


Quality control of agricultural produce through GMO detection and mycotoxin analysis

X X X X X X X X

Germplasm collection, characterization and conservation for future research

X X X X X X X X X

Soil fertility improvement and other soil and water management options

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Post harvest processing, marketing and value addition

X X X X X X X X

Development of labour saving technologies X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XCapacity building X X X X XPromotion of the Lead farmer approach that promotes farmer to farmer extension to bridge

X X X X X



ENVI

RONM

ENTA

L /S

OCIA

L CO

MPO

NENT

S


Ecos

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ms

Land

Res

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Soils

Surfa

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ater

reso

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Surfa

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qua

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Gro

undw

ater

reso

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s

Gro

undw

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qua

lity

Flor

a

Faun

a

Air q

uality

Rura

l live

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Futu

re la

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se o

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ns

Loca

l eco

nom

y

Natio

nal e

cono

my

HIV

and

AIDS

Aest

hetic

and

am

enity

va

lues

Gen

der

PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIESthe gaps on interface between the extension service providers and the farmers.Promotion of participatory approaches in research, extension and advisory services in the interest of empowering the communities for ownership and sustainability.

X X X X X

Mounting on farm demonstrations as one of the innovation platforms for technology adoption along the value chain

X X X X

Organizing National and Regional Scientific conferences for public, private, Civil Society Organizations and Universities to share information and best practices on topical issues affecting technology generation and dissemination

X X X X X

Organising field days by farmers, researchers, universities, Civil Society organizations and private sector to showcase some of the successful innovations.

X X X X X

Strengthening Research and Extension in the promotion of maize production through Farmer field schools to tap on the farmers’ indigenous

X X X X X X



ENVI

RONM

ENTA

L /S

OCIA

L CO

MPO

NENT

S


Ecos

yste

ms

Land

Res

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Soils

Surfa

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ater

reso

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Surfa

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Gro

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Flor

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Faun

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Air q

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Rura

l live

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Futu

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ns

Loca

l eco

nom

y

Natio

nal e

cono

my

HIV

and

AIDS

Aest

hetic

and

am

enity

va

lues

Gen

der

PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIESknowledge in technology generation and disseminationOpening Farmer Business Schools to instil a culture among farmers of taking farming as a business

X X X X X

Publications or print media (newsletters, bulletins, calendars, posters, fliers, extension circulars, leaflets)

X X X X X

Production of training materials for extension workers and Lead farmers

X X X X X

Exchange visits for farmers and staff (National and International) tours

X X X X X

Displays to popularize the value addition technologies in promoting the cottage industry

X X X X X

Campaigns using mobile vans, village meetings X X X X XDocumenting and exchanging maize based technology information through website

X X X X X

Organizing farmers into radio listening clubs and linking them to the national, private and community radio stations to promote the culture of information sharing through radio

X X X X X

Promoting gender, HIV and AIDs responsive X X X X X



ENVI

RONM

ENTA

L /S

OCIA

L CO

MPO

NENT

S


Ecos

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Land

Res

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Surfa

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Gro

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Faun

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uality

Rura

l live

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Futu

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Loca

l eco

nom

y

Natio

nal e

cono

my

HIV

and

AIDS

Aest

hetic

and

am

enity

va

lues

Gen

der

PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIESprogramming for technology disseminationCOMPONENT 2: Center of Leadership StrengtheningCapacity building for Regional Centres of Leadership including infrastructure and equipment investments

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Capacity building and training for staff X X X X XKnowledge sharing and staff exchange X X X X XCOMPONENT 3: Project Coordination and FacilitationEstablishment of coordination units or teams within existing structures in implementing agencies

X X X X

Planning and implementation of research and training activities

X X X X X X X X X X

Dissemination of information among the Program countries

X X X X

Allocation of resources to CCARDESA based on an agreed upon work plan established during the preparation process

X X X X



Table 5.2: Environmental ImpactsNo. Impact Source and

Description of ImpactEnhancement/Mitigation Measure

Component 1: Technology Generation and DisseminationPositive Impacts

1 Improved soil and water management

APPSA will promote generation of efficient and effective conservation agricultural practices and agroforestry technologies for maize based farming systems in Malawi.

Conduct field demonstrations on new technologies

Training farmers on proper implementation of the maize based technologies

2 Improved soil fertility and structure due to nitrogen fixation

APPSA program will focus on maize-based farming technologies such as conservation farming and agroforestry that will enhance soil fertility and structure by making use of nitrogen-fixing trees – crop interactions.

Train farmers on appropriate application of selective inter cropping to enhance nitrogen fixation

Conduct awareness on the importance of selective intercropping

3 Development of climate resistant crop varieties

The research activities under APPSA will promote development of drought resistant crop varieties.

Promote research activities aimed at generating climate resistant crop varieties.

Negative Impacts1 Degradation of surface and

ground water quality Excessive fertilizer and pesticide application may result in accumulation of persistent pesticides in the soil and the environment (including, possibly, nearby natural habitats, such as forests and wetlands) and may continuously and cumulatively affect near-by surface and ground water quality and ultimately human health.

Train workers and farmers on proper use of agrochemicals

2 Degradation of air quality from herbicide sprays

Excessive pesticide application may result in contamination and pollution of the air and the environment and ultimately human health.

Proper use and disposal of chemical sprays

3 Contamination of soils by agro-chemicals

Increased agricultural use of chemicals such as herbicides and insecticides will have a negative impact on the soils and subsequently on the quality of surface and ground water resources, as well as nearby natural habitats.

Promote the use of bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control methods



4 Loss of soil organisms and non targeted insects due to effects of pesticides and chemicals

Increase in use of pesticides could eliminate natural predators of crop pests and destroy soil organisms.

Pre-test thoroughly all new technologies for pests control to minimise disturbance on natural predators

Component 2: Center of Leadership StrengtheningNegative Impacts

1 Soil erosion Land clearing during construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure at the regional centre of leadership will loosen the soils and expose them to erosion agents such as water and wind.

Backfilling and compacting excavated areas immediately after excavation to limit exposure of loose soils;

Planting grass and trees on excavated bare land during the first rainy season after construction. Plantings should be compatible / consistent with nearby natural habitats.

2 Solid waste generation from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures

Rehabilitation work for housing structures, sanitary facilities and offices at the research stations will result in generation of rubble and waste on the site.

The contractor in coordination with research APPSA should make arrangements for proper disposal of all rubble and solid wastes from the site.

3 Air Pollution During construction and rehabilitation works, air pollution from construction plant exhausts and dust from earthworks is likely to occur around the proposed project.

Regular servicing of plant and vehicles; and

Spraying water to suppress dust on work areas.

4 Noise and Vibrations Movement of heavy construction machinery and vehicles to and from the project sites will cause noise and vibrations in the area. Loud noise is harmful to humans and animals and may cause hearing impairment.

Using appropriate and well maintained noise mufflers on vehicles and machinery;

limiting and restricting hours of construction to normal working hours and scheduling noisy tasks for periods of low occupancy on the project surroundings;

ensuring that vehicles and equipment are regularly maintained;

providing protective gear to workers as needed

5 Loss of indigenous vegetation/fauna

Land preparation, top soil stripping and excavation activities will result in loss of indigenous vegetation and may impact fauna in the project areas

Vegetation clearing should be limited only to areas required for construction;

vulnerable sites (e.g. forests reserves, wetlands) which could lead to short- or long-term damage to the ecosystem should be avoided; and

awareness discussions



should be held with the employees and the contractor to limit land clearing to construction areas only and prohibit hunting

Table 5.3: Social ImpactsNo. Impact Description Source and

Description of ImpactsEnhancement/Mitigation Measure


1 Increase in maize productivity

APPSA will enhance the generation, transfer and adoption of effective and efficient maize based technologies that will result in increase in maize productivity and yields.

Provide farmers with improved maize based technology



2 Increase in production of improved maize and legume varieties

Proposed maize breeding programs under APPSA will result in production of improved maize varieties for adoption and use by farmers in Malawi and throughout the Regional Centre of Leadership

Provide and sustain adequate resources for generation and dissemination of new and improved technologies


Maintain the production of acceptable maize breeds by local communities

3 Increase in farm incomes for farmers using improved technologies

Development of new technologies will increase value of farm produce hence attracting better prices at the market.

Assist farmers in bargaining for better price at market

Train farmers on the appropriate use of maize based technologies

4 Increase in performance and sustainability of research and technical support systems

This will result from staff training, recruitment of new staff, staff exchange programmes and streamlining functions and responsibilities within the proposed APPSA program.

Provide regular and continuous training to enhance staff performance.


5 Increase in food security and nutrition

Development of efficient and effective integration of maize and legume based farming technologies will result in the increase in maize production and yields of these crops at household level. Increase in household maize and legume production will result in

Promote research activities in agricultural diversification

Conduct field demonstrations on new maize-based technologies to improve yields



increase in national productivity. This will ensure provision of adequate food for most households thereby achieving food security at household and national levels. Food Security is fundamental in achieving economic growth and development.

6 Reduced post harvest losses

This will result from use of improved technologies for storage of farm produces will reduce the post harvest losses.

Advocate for the adoption and use of improved storage technologies

Conduct field demonstrations on new and sustainable technologies

7 Reduced overall labour Generation of efficient maize based technologies such as conservation farming will result in reduction of overall labour in agricultural activities.

Advocate for the adoption and use of sustainable agricultural technologies promoted by APPSA

Train farmers on the appropriate use of labour saving technologies

8 Creation of employment APPSA capacity building program will result in recruitment of new agricultural experts and managerial staff to fill some vacant and established posts in the participating research stations.

Employ and build capacity through training of the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations

Negative Impacts1 Risks of gender

inequalitiesThe research activities could potentially marginalize the participation of women.

Gender mainstreaming in training and exchange programmes

2 Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning

Increased agricultural use of chemicals such as pesticides will pose a health hazard to human beings (particularly the farmers), animals and vulnerable sites (e.g. forests reserves, wetlands).

Provide protective equipment to workers during field trials

Train workers and farmers on safe use of pesticides, including awareness of sensitive ecosystems

3 Risks associated with weak capacity in dealing with crop protection

Provide adequate training to plant protection department.

Component 2: Center of Leadership StrengtheningPositive Impacts

1 Improved institutional and individual performance

Capacity building to staff in participating agricultural research programmes will enhance individual and institutional performance and ensure sustainability of the research and technical

Provide regular and continuous training to staff in participating agricultural research programmes to enhance performance and sustainability of the research and technical



support systems. support systems Conduct regular staff

exchange programmes2 Improved infrastructure in

the existing agricultural research stations

The existing infrastructure in the existing agricultural research stations will be improved and up-graded under the centre of leadership strengthening.


3 Improved information flow Proposed targeted training and staff exchanges within the context of technology transfer sub-projects will likely improve information flow within the regional centre of leadership establishment.


Maintain regular contacts and information sharing between and among staff within the participating agricultural research stations in Southern Africa

4 Improved agricultural extension services

Increased individual and institutional capacity will enhance the delivery of agricultural extension services within the regional centre of leadership.

Provide regular and continuous training to staff in participating agricultural research stations to enhance delivery of adequate agricultural extension services


5 Improved local and national economy

Increased agricultural productivity is a precondition for growth and development in Malawi. APPSA program through technology generation and dissemination will enhance maize productivity and yields with surplus production, for sell either to ADMARC or private traders to increase their economic base thereby contributing to the improvement of the local and national economy.



6 Improved socioeconomic relationships

Staff exchange programmes will enhance the socioeconomic relationships between and among technical and managerial staff and farmers within the regional centre of leadership.


Maintain regular contacts and information sharing by staff and surrounding farmers in the participating agricultural research stations in Southern Africa

7 Improved awareness of gender and HIV and AIDS issues

APPSA intensive awareness campaigns for the farmers will mainstream gender and HIV/AIDS issues and result in improved awareness of farmers on gender and HIV/AIDS. Currently, Lifuwu

Advocate to farmers for adoption and use of appropriate, well tested and approved new maize varieties

Conduct field demonstrations on new



Agricultural research station has already put in place interventions targeted at reducing the impact of HIV and AIDS. It is expected that other participating research stations will also put in place interventions targeting the reduction of HIV and AIDS prevalence in the project area.

and improved maize varieties to facilitate farmer adoption and use

8 Creation of employment APPSA capacity building program will result in recruitment of new technical and agricultural experts and managerial staff to fill some vacant and established posts in the participating research stations and APPSA secretariat.

Employ and build capacity through training the required number of technical and agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations

9 Improved content and accessibility of technology messages

Improved agricultural extension services will improve the delivery of agricultural technology dissemination within the regional centre of leadership.



Negative Impact1 Increased work load for

already insufficient extension staff

Scaling up of the existing agricultural research stations into regional centres of leadership will likely increase amount of workload for the existing technical and managerial staff.

Provide and train adequate extension staff

2 Spread of Diseases APPSA will result in an influx of skilled and unskilled workers, professionals as well as the general public in the project area. Influx of these people could lead to spreading of infectious diseases including HIV and AIDS in the project area.

Conducting regular health awareness campaigns on HIV and AIDS and STIs among the work force and the community in and around the project area; and

strengthening the capacity of health workers in the project area, to meet the increasing demand for health services.

Component 3: Project Coordination and FacilitationPositive Impacts

1 Improved program planning, coordination and facilitation

The establishment of coordination units or teams within existing structures in implementing agencies to manage APPSA will improve

Provide regular training to management and staff of APPSA within participating agricultural research stations for



program planning, coordination and facilitation at national level.

effective planning, coordination and facilitation of the program

2 Increasing rates of improved technology transfer and adoption

Improved agricultural extension services will improve the delivery of agricultural technology dissemination within the regional centre of leadership. This will contribute to the increased rates of improved technology transfer and adoption by farmers.


Conduct field demonstrations on new and improved maize varieties to facilitate farmer adoption and use

3 Improved local and national economy and livelihoods for the communities

Efficient and effective targeting of financial, human and technical resources within existing structures in implementing agencies will likely increase maize productivity and yields and in turn help to improve local and national economy and livelihoods for the communities.

Provide regular training to management and staff of APPSA within participating agricultural research stations for effective management of the program

5.4 Evaluation of Impacts

The potential positive and negative impacts were evaluated in line with the methodology used in the EIA Sector Specific Guidelines for Malawi, in terms of the following attributes:

Magnitude: a measure of the general degree, extensiveness, or scale of impact;Significance: a measure of the importance of a particular impact on the environmental and/or social component under consideration; Probability of occurrence: an estimate of the probability of an impact occurring before mitigation is applied and;Duration the period of time over which an impact may occur, from once-off to continuous for the life of the project.

The scoring scale used for evaluation of the impacts is shown in the matrix (Appendix 5.1). The four rows permit evaluation in terms of the magnitude, significance, probability and duration of the impact. The columns define the scoring scale. Each impact is assigned a score from 1 to 5 against each of the four attributes. The scores for each impact are added to give a total score for the four attributes, indicating the overall severity of the impact. An overall impact score of 25 would represent a highest impact score while an overall score of 5 represents a lowest impact score. Negative impacts are assigned a minus sign and positive impacts are given a plus sign in the impact scoring summary table presented in Appendix 5.2. Also presented in this appendix are the total scores for each impact, which are pointers for the project developer, to pay particular attention to. Impacts with a total score of more than 10, in absolute terms, are considered highly positive or negative and hence require special attention for enhancement or mitigation respectively. The APPSA project implementers will have to pay particular attention to the impacts with high aggregate scores.



CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

6.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan

The purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is to ensure that the identified environmental and social impacts associated with the implementation of the APPSA programme activities are mitigated, controlled or eliminated throughout the project life. The EMP also provides opportunities for the enhancement of positive impacts. Among other things, the EMP gives details of the mitigation measures to be implemented for the impacts and the responsible institutions to implement the mitigation measures. It should be noted that in some cases, a single enhancement measure will help enhance a number of positive impacts. The same scenario is also applicable to some mitigation measures, which mitigate a number of negative impacts. Such measures have been referred to throughout the EMP, and this is also reflected in the estimated cost of implementation. It is to be appreciated however, that implementation of the EMP may be slightly modified to suit changes or emergencies that may occur on site at the time of project implementation. The EMP should therefore be considered as the main framework that must be followed to ensure that the key potential negative impacts are kept minimal or under control. In this regard, flexibility should be allowed to optimize the implementation of the EMP for the best results in environmental management. For the ESIA, the EMP mitigates and/or manages environmental and social impacts that were derived from the field investigations, public consultations and professional judgment. This EMP will have to be reviewed and updated from time to time to reflect the conditions at the time of project implementation. Presented in Tables 6.1 and 6.2 is an EMP, which would easily fit in the implementation of the APPSA in the different project locations throughout the country. The costs given in the table are only indicative and actual costs will have to be determined for specific project activities and sites to reflect current costs at the time of project implementation.

The environmental management and monitoring plan addresses impacts identified as potentially resulting from APPSA. Therefore major environmental activities such as tree planting, study tours to neighbouring countries would have to be implemented within the ministry’s programme of activities, in coordination with the relevant line ministry and the Environmental Affairs Department. From Tables 6.1 and 6.2, the APPSA will allocate some funds for the implementation of the activities as indicated in the tables. A summary of the cost for implementing the EMP is presented in Table 6.3.

Appendix 6.1 provides a separate Environmental and Social Management Plan for Chitedze Research Station as a Regional Centre of Leadership.



Table 6.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for Positive ImpactsNo. Environmental/Social

ImpactsProposed Enhancement Measures Target/Goals/Date Responsibility for

ImplementationCosts (MK/Year)

1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination1 Improved maize

productivity Provide farmers with improved maize based

technology conduct awareness on the advantages of

using maize-based technologies to facilitate quick adoption


Twice annually MoAFS APPSA

30,000,000


As stated in bullet 3 of item 1 above Training farmers on proper implementation of

the maize based technologies


Included in item 1 above



Conduct regular staff exchange programmes Maintain the production of acceptable maize

and legume breeds by local communities

Twice annually APPSA 5,000,000







Assist farmers in bargaining for better prices at market





No. Environmental/Social Impacts

Proposed Enhancement Measures Target/Goals/Date Responsibility for Implementation

Costs (MK/Year)

As stated in bullet 2 of item 2 above

6 Increase in performance and sustainability of the research and technical support systems










Advocate for the adoption and use of sustainable maize based technologies


Twice Annually MoAFS APPSA


9 Reduced overall labour As stated in bullet 1 of item 8 above As stated in bullet 3 of item 1 above As stated in bullet 2 of item 2 above



10 Creation of employment Employ and build capacity through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations

Annually MoAFS APPSA

3,000,000

11 Development of climate change resistant crop varieties


Annually MoAFS 5,000,000

Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening





Costs (MK/Year)

1 Improved institutional and individual capacity

Provide regular and continuous training to staff in participating agricultural research programmes to enhance capacity and sustainability of the research and technical support systems




2 Improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural research stations



15,000,000

3 Improved information flow As stated in bullet 2 of item 1 above Maintain regular contacts and information

sharing between and among staff within the participating agricultural research stations in Southern Africa

Twice a year MoAFS APPSA



As stated in bullet 1 of item 1 above As stated in bullet 2 of item 1 above

Twice a year APPSA Included in item 4 above

5 Creation of employment Employ and build capacity through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations


1,000,000


As stated in bullet 1 of item 1 above As stated in bullet 2 of item 1 above

Twice a year APPSA Included in item 1 above

Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation1 Improved program

planning, coordination and facilitation

Provide regular training to management and staff of APPSA within participating

Twice a year APPSA 5,000,000





Costs (MK/Year)

agricultural research stations for effective planning, coordination and facilitation of the program





3 Improved local and national economy and livelihoods for the communities as a result of efficient and effective targeting of financial, human and technical resources.

As stated in bullet 1 of item 1 above Twice a year APPSA Included in 1 above



Table 6.2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for Negative Impacts

Item Environmental and Social Impacts

Mitigation Measures Target/Goals/Date Responsibility for Implementation

Cost per Year (MK)

1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination1 Risks of gender inequalities Gender mainstreaming in training and

exchange programmes During the

planning phase APPSA N/A

2 Degradation of surface and ground water quality

Train workers and farmers on proper use of agro-chemicals

During field trials MoAFS N/A


Proper use and disposal of chemical sprays Quarterly APPSA N/A

4 Contamination of soils and water by agro-chemicals


Quarterly APPSA N/A


Provide protective clothing to workers during field trials

Quarterly APPSA 1,000,000


Pre-test thoroughly all technologies for pests control to minimise disturbance on natural predators

Twice yearly APPSA N/A


Provide adequate training to crop protection department

Twice yearly APPSA 5,000,000

Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening 1 Increased work load for


Provide and train adequate extension staff Twice a year APPSA 3,000,000

2 Solid waste generation The contractor in coordination with APPSA Weekly APPSA 3,000,000



Item Environmental and Social Impacts

Mitigation Measures Target/Goals/Date Responsibility for Implementation

Cost per Year (MK)

from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures

should make arrangements for proper disposal of all rubble and solid wastes from the site.

Table 6.3 Summary of Management Costs For 1 Year Potential Impacts Enhancement / Mitigation Measures Costs (MK)


Improved maize productivity Provide farmers with improved maize based technology conduct awareness on the advantages of using maize-

based technologies to facilitate quick adoption Conduct field demonstrations on new maize-based

technologies

30,000,000

Increase in production of improved maize and legume varieties


Conduct regular staff exchange programmes Maintain the production of acceptable maize and legume

breeds by local communities

5,000,000

Increase in performance and sustainability of the research and technical support systems



5,000,000

Creation of employment Employ and build capacity through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations

3,000,000

Development of climate change resistant crop varieties Promote research activities aimed at generating crop varieties resistant to climate change

5,000,000

Negative Impacts



Potential Impacts Enhancement / Mitigation Measures Costs (MK) Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning Provide protective clothing to workers during field trials 1,000,000 Risks associated with weak capacity in dealing with crop

protection Provide adequate training to crop protection department 5,000,000


Improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural research stations


15,000,000


1,000,000

Negative Impacts Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff Provide and train adequate extension staff 3,000,000 Solid waste generation from rehabilitation of existing

infrastructures The contractor in coordination with APPSA should make

arrangements for proper disposal of all rubble and solid wastes from the site, including due attention to nearby natural habitats.

3,000,000

Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation Improved program planning, coordination and facilitation Provide regular training to management and staff of APPSA

within participating agricultural research stations for effective planning, coordination and facilitation of the program

5,000,000

Increasing rates of improved technology transfer and adoption



5,000,000

TOTAL 86,000,000



6.2 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

6.2.1 Monitoring The environmental and social monitoring plan, presented in Tables 6.4 and 6.5, provides for monitoring to check implementation of the mitigation and enhancement measures proposed in the EMP for the APPSA program (Tables 6.1 and 6.2). The purpose of the environmental and social monitoring plan is to ensure that implementation of all activities under APPSA complies with provisions made in the environmental management plan. The monitoring plan gives monitoring indicators, means of their verification, frequency of monitoring and the stakeholders responsible for monitoring. The costs for carrying out the monitoring activities include travel expense and allowances to get to the project site and to monitor implementation of the EMP. The Management and Monitoring Plans form part of the APPSA implementation documentation and these should be integrated in the APPSA monitoring and evaluation framework.

The environmental monitoring plan helps to verify the magnitude, duration and scope of the predicted impacts during and after implementing the mitigation measures. It also helps to detect any unforeseen impacts at an early stage so that corrective measures can be taken, before significant damage takes place on society or the environment. Hence monitoring implementation of the EMP requires dedication and persistent follow up. It requires coordination with professionals from the various key stakeholders to verify that all mitigation measures in the EMP are being implemented on time and as recommended.

The proposed APPSA will be implemented nation-wide. Therefore, monitoring will take place at the district level in the respective areas and the following monitoring arrangements are proposed:

During project planning and implementation, designated members of the APPSA, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Agricultural Development Divisions, Pesticides Control Board and Environmental Affairs Department, will be responsible for the monitoring of:

1. inclusion of environmental and social issues in the APPSA implementation plans as required in the environmental management plan;

2. provisions for capacity building for the ESIA including for all the cross-cutting issues;3. appropriate sequence and timely implementation of all ESIA activities as they relate to the

program activities;4. the preparation of proper exit strategies before project phase out; and 5. sustainability of the ESIA and project activities after project phase out.

APPSA Secretariat shall also support the ADDs, District Agricultural Development Offices (DADOs) and District Executive Committees (DECs) at all stages of the work including monitoring. The DECs will also take part in all monitoring and evaluation activities.

6.2.2 Monitoring Indicators, Institutions and Costs

Costs for monitoring some of the recommended mitigation measures are not provided in Tables 6.4 and 6.5 as it is assumed that some of this work will be part of normal responsibility of the APPSA and Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS).

However, it is important to appreciate that the capacity of existing institutions may not be sufficient for the additional demand created by the project. Hence additional resources from the program will be required to fulfil some specific needs of the program. A summary of the costs for monitoring is presented in Table 6.6.

A separate monitoring plan for Chitedze Research Station as a Regional Centre of Leadership is presented in Appendix 6.2.



Table 6.4 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Positive ImpactsNo.

Environmental/Social Impacts

Proposed Enhancement Measures

Monitoring Indicator

Means of Verification

Target/Goals/Date Responsibility for Implementation

Costs (MK/Year)

Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination1 Improved maize

productivity Provide farmers

with improved maize based technology



Percentage increase in maize productivity

Number of awareness campaigns conducted

Number of field demonstrations conducted

Inspection of crop estimates records

Inspection of records

inspection of records


From recurrent MoAFS budgets and APPSA budget


Conduct field demonstrations on new technologies on soil and water

Percentage farmland under recommendation soil and water management technologies

Activity reports produced



3 Increase in production of

Provide and sustain adequate

Number of farmers

Review Semi- Twice annually APPSA Included in APPSA budget



No.






Costs (MK/Year)

improved maize varieties

resources for generation and dissemination of new improved technologies



adopting improved technologies

Number of farmers using improved varieties

Number of acceptable maize breeds adopted by local communities

Annual Reports

Inspection


Train farmers in appropriate application of selective inter cropping to enhance nitrogen fixation

Conduct

Percentage of farmland under improved soil fertility






No.






Costs (MK/Year)

awareness on the importance of selective intercropping

Number of awareness campaigns



Assist farmers in bargaining for better prices at the market


Number of farmers getting better prices at the market

% of farmers trained in the appropriate use of maize based technologies

Monitoring reports produced






Number of staff trained under APPSA

Number of exchange visits organised and

Review training and exchange visits records

Twice annually APPSA Included in APPSA budget



No.






Costs (MK/Year)

conducted



Conduct field demonstrations on new agricultural technologies

Number of families with food sufficiency

Review monitoring reports produced





Conduct field demonstrations on new and sustainable maize-based technologies

Percentage decrease in post harvest losses






9 Reduced overall labour

Advocate for the adoption and use of sustainable agricultural

Number of advocacy meetings conducted

Review of Annual Report





No.






Costs (MK/Year)

technologies Train farmers on

the appropriate use of maize based labour saving technologies

% of farmers trained in the appropriate use of maize based labour saving technologies

10 Creation of employment

Employ and build capacity through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations

Number of agricultural experts recruited and trained

Review of Annual Turnover and statistics on vacancies




Promote research activities aimed at generating climate change resistant crop varieties.

Number of crop varieties resistant to climate change shocks

Production records

Annually MoAFS From recurrent MoAFS budgets and APPSA budget



No.






Costs (MK/Year)

Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening1 Improved

institutional and individual capacity

Provide regular and continuous training to staff in participating agricultural research programmes to enhance performance and sustainability of the research and technical support systems


% of APPSA staff trained

Number of exchange visits organised and conducted

Review of Training Report and report on exchange visits



2 Improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural research stations


Number of infrastructure in good condition

Physical inspection


Included in APPSA budget

3 Improved information flow

Conduct regular staff exchange

Number of exchange visits



From recurrent MoAFS



No.






Costs (MK/Year)

programmes Maintain regular

contacts and information sharing between and among staff within the participating agricultural research stations in Southern Africa

organised and conducted

budgets and APPSA budget




Number of farmers satisfied with extension services

Number of exchange visits organised and

Review of Semi-Annual Report

Twice a year APPSA MoAFS




No.






Costs (MK/Year)

conducted





% of farmers trained

Review of advocacy and training reports produced





Maintain regular contacts and information sharing by staff and surrounding farmers in the participating agricultural research stations in Southern Africa





7 Improved awareness of

Mainstream gender and HIV/AIDS during

Number of advocacy


Twice Annually MoAFS From recurrent MoAFS



No.






Costs (MK/Year)

gender and HIV and AIDS issues

dissemination activities meetings conducted


APPSA Ministry of

Gender, Children and Social Services

budgets and APPSA budget


Employ and build capacity through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations


Evaluation of vacancy levels

Annually MoAFS APPSA Ministry of

Labour

1,000,000


Provide regular and continuous training to staff in participating agricultural research stations to enhance delivery of adequate



Twice a year APPSA Included in APPSA budget



No.






Costs (MK/Year)

agricultural extension services






Provide regular training to management and staff of APPSA within participating agricultural research stations for effective planning, coordination and facilitation of the program


Review of training report




Conduct field


Review of semi-annual reports


Included in MoAFS recurrent budget and APPSA budget



No.






Costs (MK/Year)

demonstrations on new and improved maize varieties to facilitate farmer adoption and use








Table 6.5 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Negative ImpactsItem

Negative Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures




Cost per Year (MK)

1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination1 Risks of gender

inequalities Gender mainstreaming in training and exchange

Number of women benefitting from

Annual reports During the planning phase

APPSA

Ministry of

1,000,000 (to be funded from APPSA program)



Item





Cost per Year (MK)

1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Disseminationprogrammes research

programsGender, Children and Social Services


Proper use of pesticides and agrochemicals

Amount of chemicals and pesticides in use

Inspection of water quality records

During field trials

MoAFS

APPSA

EAD




Methods of chemical use and disposal adopted and implemented


Quarterly APPSA

EAD

Ministry of Water Development and Irrigation (MoWDI)




Methods for application of bio degradable chemicals, physical and

Physical inspection

Quarterly APPSA

EAD

3,000,000 (to be funded from APPSA )



Item





Cost per Year (MK)

1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Disseminationbiological control



Number of protective clothing provided

Physical inspection

Quarterly APPSA

Ministry of Health



Pretest thoroughly all new technologies for pest control to minimise disturbance on natural predators

Number of new technologies pretested


Annually APPSA 1,000,000 (to be funded from APPSA)

Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening1 Increased work

load for already insufficient extension staff

Train adequate extension staff

% of extension staff

trained


Twice a year APPSA

MoAFS


2 Waste generation from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures

The contractor in coordination with APPSA should make arrangements for proper

Number of facilities rehabilitated

Areas affected by dumping

Site inspection

Site inspection

Weekly APPSA

MoAFS

5,000,000 (to be funded from APPSA)



Item





Cost per Year (MK)

1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Disseminationdisposal of all rubble and solid wastes from the site.



Table 6.6 Summary of Monitoring Costs for 1 YearPotential Impacts Enhancement / Mitigation

MeasuresMonitoring Indicator Means of Verification Costs (MK)



Number of new agricultural experts recruited


1,000,000

Negative ImpactsRisks of gender inequalities Gender mainstreaming in

training and exchange programmes

Number of women benefitting from research programs

Review of percentage of women incorporated during planning phase

1,000,000

Degradation of surface and ground water quality

Construct contour bunds, ridges and plant vertiver grass to trap silt and enhance ground water recharge

Contour bunds, ridges constructed in fields

Vertiver grass planted

Physical inspection 3,000,000

Degradation of air quality from herbicide sprays



Inspection of records 3,000,000

Contamination of soils and water by agro-chemicals


Methods for application of bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control


Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning


Number of protective clothing provided


Loss of soil organisms and non targeted insects due to effects of pesticides and

Pretest thoroughly all new technologies for pest control to minimise disturbance on



1,000,000




Monitoring Indicator Means of Verification Costs (MK)

chemicals natural predatorsComponent 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening

Positive ImpactsCreation of employment Employ and build capacity

through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions in participating agricultural research stations

Number of new agricultural experts recruited


1,000,000

Negative ImpactsIncreased work load for already insufficient extension staff

Train adequate extension staff % of extension staff

trained


5,000,000

Waste generation from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures


Number of facilities rehabilitated


Site inspection Site inspection

5,000,000

TOTAL 26,000,000



CHAPTER SEVEN: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING

7.1 National Coordination and Implementation ArrangementsThe MoAFS will be the lead ministry for the program, but other implementing and interested ministries will participate in making key decisions on the program. DARS will have the principal responsibility for delivery of the program.

The program will be delivered through existing organizational structures of the public administration in Malawi supported by public private partnerships (PPPs). This will help ensure sustainability and contribute to building capacity. It is nonetheless recognized that there are new management and coordination demands to be accommodated in a program-based approach. The core of the first phase of the programme is a capacity development programme for the region aimed at:

Building strong national capacity in improving maize/legume farming systems in all participating countries, and

Establishing a strong partnership and collaborative base upon which an effective agricultural innovation system for a maize-based farming system can be developed across the region and within the participating countries.

The programme management and priority setting will be undertaken by senior advisory board (equivalent of the board of directors in a company or parastatal) comprising experienced individuals engaged in the agricultural industries from both the public and private sector and chaired by the Director (DARS). A major feature would be a small grants fund through which enterprising researchers could build linkages to, and collaboration with, important stakeholders. This model is used successfully both by RUFORUM and by the Tanzania NARS with its Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Funds (ZARDEFs). Simultaneously, the Msc training would be launched with field work linked to programmes and activities identified by the board such as the Strengthening Capacity in Agricultural Research for Development in Africa (SCARDA) Project funded by DFID. Table 7.1 summarises roles of key partners during APPSA implementation.



Table 7.1: Key Partners and their Roles during APPSA Implementation

Partner Key Role (s)Seed companies Seed certification services;

Hybrid variety testing before releasePesticide companies Testing of company products before releaseManufacturing companies Proto-type development and testingIllovo Sugar Company Support to quarantine services at Bvumbwe

Research StationNGOs, farmer groups, associations and individual farmers

Multiplication of basic and certified seed for OPV crops using breeder seed from DARS;

Testing and verification of potential technologies;

Production of horticultural planting materials using tertiary nurseries

Agricultural commodity traders Using phyto-sanitary certificates and import permits issued by DARS

Farmers, fertilizer companies Using soil and plant analytical services provided by DARS

International Agricultural Research Centers

Collaborative research activities

Government Departments Collaborative and consultative activities

7.2 Centre of Leadership Implementation ArrangementsThe Program will be delivered through existing organizational structures of the public service supported by public private partnerships. This will help to ensure sustainability and contribute to building capacity. The CoL is within DARS and DARS has an already established reporting and working arrangement within MoAFS that will not change. It is nonetheless recognized that there are new management and coordination demands to be accommodated with the introduction of the CoL. The CoL Project will be integrated will be integrated in the ASWAp management and this will imply that:

The ASWAp Executive Management Committee will oversee APPSA execution from policy and strategic perspective by providing direction and ensuring inter-ministerial coordination on research and extension services; and reviewing and validating the Project’s annual work plan budget.

The CoL Steering Committee, to be chaired by the DARS with DAES as his deputy, will review and approve the CoL annual work plans and budgets before submission to the ASWAp Executive Management Committee. It is expected that the Steering Committee will ensure that APPSA investments are coordinated with other MoAFS investments and similar projects.

Three organs of the CoL will be established, and these will include:

(i) The CoL Steering Committee (chaired by Director DARS) with representatives from relevant agricultural departments, stakeholder Ministries, representatives of private companies, the University (Bunda), farmers associations) which will act as a board of directors for the CoL Project. Its composition should not exceed 12 people, and perhaps all drawn from member institutions of the ASWAp Technology Development and Dissemination Technical Working Group (TWG);



(ii) the CoL Secretariat which will be led by the CRS Station Manager and key Secretariat staff, which provides overall coordination of the program, while overseeing monitoring and evaluation, and information and communication functions; and;

(iii) the existing ASWAP Executive Committees which will be given an extended mandate as the supreme oversight agency of APPSA.

Figure 7.1 below presents a flow chart of the Centre of Leadership implementation Framework at National Level.

Fig. 7.1: CoL National Level Implementation Framework

7.3 Capacity Building Requirements7.3.1 Current Capacity Within Research Program and Assessment of Gaps DARS has a relatively large stock of physical infrastructure to facilitate carrying out of agricultural research services. Major infrastructure items include laboratories, offices, vehicles, machinery, institutional housing, farm workshops and irrigation infrastructure. This infrastructure is located at all agricultural research stations. Most of the Department’s infrastructure was built in the eighties with donor assistance, particularly the World Bank and DFID in the eighties. Consequently it needs either minor/major renovations or replacement. Table 7.2 provides a summary of the current state of the National Agriculture Research Stations (NARS) physical infrastructure.

Table 7.2: NARS Physical Infrastructure Current State

Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report

APPSA Regional Steering Committee,

CCARDESSA

Satellite CoL Research Stations/Sites

District Extension Offices

CoL Secretariat(CARS Station Manager and

Support Team)

CoL Steering Committee(Chair: DARS, Dep: DAES)

ASWAp Executive Management Committee

70


Infrastructure Number StatusSeed Certification

Laboratories1 and 3 satellites Good

Entomology Laboratories 6 GoodPlant Pathology Laboratories 4 Good

Irrigation Laboratory 1 Needs rehabilitationSoil and Plant Analytical Labs 2 Need re-equipping

Insectory 2 Needs rehabilitationMycotoxin laboratory 1 Good

Plant Quarantine Facilities 2 Good and 1 needs maintenanceBorder Post Inspection Units 3 Need to be increased

Gene Bank 1 ex-situ and 3 in-situ GoodBiotechnology laboratory 1 identified to be

renovated1 Needs rehabilitation and additional

equipmentTissue Culture Laboratories 2 with 1 uncompleted 1 needs completion

Farm Workshops 10 Need rehabilitationLibraries 1 and 3 satellites Need equipping

Irrigation facilities 4 research stations Need rehabilitationLand 2731 ha

Vehicles Over 40 Most need major maintenance/replacementTractors and accessories Over 20 8 need maintenance/replacement

Apart from technology generation and dissemination, DARS also provides regulatory and specialist services to ensure quality control of agricultural inputs, crop protection, conservation of plant genetic resources and facilitation of international trade.

The Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS) has a vibrant International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) accredited laboratory based at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station. This laboratory is assisted by 3 satellite laboratories based at other research stations. The seed certification unit is mandated to ensure that high quality seed of improved varieties of crops are available to farming community. The specific objectives for the unit are to: Ensure that farmers are planting high quality seed; Develop appropriate seed certification standards; Conduct field inspections and laboratory seed testing; Conduct research in seed science and technology; Provide advisory services and train farmers; and Monitor all players in the seed industry.

DARS issues phyto-sanitary certificates and import permits for agricultural produce, thus facilitating cross-border trade, while minimizing influx of alien pests and diseases.

The current status of human capacity indicates that there are professionals in all the disciplines that would enable the program to effectively take off as shown in Tables 7.3 and 7.4. The programme benefits immensely from the collaboration with International Research Institutes such as the CGIAR centres, Seed Traders Association (STAM), seed companies e.g. Seed Co Malawi, Monsanto, Pannar, The University and many other public and private institutions interested in Research and Development. The Department of Agricultural Extension (DAES) plays a key role in technology transfer together with NGO’s. The Agricultural Sector Wide Approach Support Project (ASWAp-SP) has complemented efforts by the CGIAR centres and other private organizations, in acquiring research equipment. Despite these efforts, more equipment is required to beef up what is available as well as replacing obsolete equipment for effective delivery of the program objectives. In addition, the programme would need to do a focused capacity development activity at a minimum. The identification of training needs will be



through training and capacity needs analysis to be conducted at the onset and during the implementation of the Program.

Category Establishment Filled Vacant % VacantScientific (B.Sc. to Ph.D.) 134 59 75 55.9Technical (J.C. to Diploma) 859 624 235 27.4Administrative 505 349 156 31.0Total 1,498 1,032 466 31.1

Table 7.3: DARS Scientific, Technical and Administrative Human Capacity

Table 7.4: Numbers and Academic Qualifications of DARS Scientific Personnel Area of Speciality Number of Ph.D’s

In Post Training Number of M.Sc.’sIn Post On Training

Crop Breeding 4 3 4 2Agronomy 0 0 5 3Soil Science 2 0 1 2Irrigation 0 0 2 0Plant Pathology 2 0 5 0Entomology 2 0 2 0Nematology 0 0 0 1Agric. Economics 0 1 0 2Animal Science 1 1 2 0Agric. Engineering 0 0 1 0Seed Science 1 1 2 0Plant Genetic Resources Conservation

0 0 1 1

Biometry 1 0 0 1G I S 0 1 0 1Total 13 7 25 13

7.4 Environmental and Social Safeguards ManagementOverall responsibility for complying with World Bank safeguards policies in general and with the EMP and PMP in particular will be with DARS and its Director. To coordinate training activities and monitor the implementation of the EMP and PMP, DARS will recruit an environment and social safeguards specialist. This technical assistance has been budgeted in APPSA costs for the duration of the Project. As the overall coordinator of agricultural investments, projects and programs within MoAFS, the Department of Agricultural Planning Services (DAPS) will supervise DARS safeguards compliance and will provide guidance and additional technical assistance based on MoAFS experience with other Bank-funded projects.

7.4.1 Proposed Environmental and Social Training and Awareness Programmes The general objective of the training and awareness programmes is to:

Sensitize the various stakeholders on the linkages between environment and social impacts and agricultural productivity;

Demonstrate the role of the various players in implementation and monitoring of the ESMP; Conduct sensitization meetings on the implementation and management of the mitigation

measures and on different roles in achieving environmental sustainability; Ensure staff are able to supervise implementation of their components in the ESMP; Ensure participants are able to analyze the potential environmental and social impacts, and

prescribe mitigation options as well as supervise the implementation of ESMPs;



Strengthen local NGOs and extension teams to provide technical support to the farmers.

The stakeholders have different training needs for awareness, sensitization, and in-depth training as follows:

Awareness-raising for participants who need to appreciate the significance or relevance of environmental and social issues;

Sensitization for participants who need to be familiar with the ESMP and to monitor its implementation; and

In-depth training for participants who will need to understand the potential adverse environmental and social impacts and who will at times supervise implementation of mitigation measures and report to relevant authorities.

In addition to the above training, it is recommended that study tours to other research stations and countries which have successfully implemented similar programmes be undertaken by representatives of key stakeholders to learn how environmental management of such a program is handled and to draw lessons that can be applied in their own situation.

7.4.2 Environmental and Social Management Training for APPSAThe overall objective of the APPSA is to strengthen and scale up regional cooperation in generation of technology, training and dissemination programs, which will lead to increased food security at household and national level and increased agricultural led economic growth while ensuring sustainable management of natural resources. In order to achieve the objectives of the program, successful implementation of the environmental mitigation measures and recommendations in the ESIA is paramount. It is important therefore to ensure that target groups and stakeholders who have a key role in implementation of the EMP are provided with the appropriate training and awareness. Among other things, the training for the ESIA will sensitise and clarify the roles of the stakeholders on the requirements of the ESIA.

7.4.3 Proposed Approach in Executing the Environmental and Social Management TrainingThe stakeholders have different training needs for awareness, sensitization and training in the implementation of the EMP. It is therefore recommended that the trainings be tailor made to suit the different target groups.

The training could best be facilitated by a consultant in collaboration with relevant government departments to train trainers selected from the key participating institutions. These institutions would include those that have experience in the successful implementation of EMPs and those that have specialized relevant knowledge (i.e. Environmental Affairs Department, relevant departments in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Services and the Pesticides Control Board). Each key stakeholder government department would provide training in its area of competence, with the overall facilitation and coordination done by an experienced consultant. It is imperative that frontline staff be trained as soon as possible to ensure effective implementation of EMPs. Table 7.5 provides costs for conducting sensitization meetings and capacity building trainings for the programme.

Table 7.5 Estimated costs for sensitization meetings and trainings Item Description Responsible

Institution Costs (MK) per year

1Orienting and training staff on envisaged impacts in preparation for APPSA implementation

MoAFS / EAD 5,000,000

2Advocacy and awareness meetings on impacts of increased agro-chemical availability and application/ accumulation

MoAFS/PCB/EAD 7,000,000



Item Description Responsible

Institution Costs (MK) per year

3

Field exchanges and demonstrations on new technologies due to increasing rates of improved technology generation, dissemination, transfer and adoption

MoAFS 10,000,000

4 HIV/AIDS trainings (as prescribed under GoM projects and programs)

NAC 3,000,000

Total 25,000,000

CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 Conclusion

The ESIA for the APPSA demonstrates that the project will have both positive and negative impacts but the assessment indicates that the positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts.

The APPSA program component 1 will generate most of the positive and negative environmental and social impacts’ while fewer negative environmental and social impacts will be generated from components 1 and 3. The identified key positive environmental impacts include:

improved soil and water resources management; improved soil fertility due to nitrogen fixation; and development of climate change resistant crops.

The identified positive social impacts include: increase in maize productivity, increase in farm incomes for farmers using improved technologies; increase in food security and nutrition; improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural research stations; reduced post-harvest losses; improved agricultural extension services; and Improved agricultural extension services.

The ESIA has also identified the following key potential negative environmental impacts: degradation of surface and ground water quality due to chemical handling and application by

agro dealers and smallholder farmers respectively; contamination of soils and water by agro-chemicals; loss of soil organisms and non-targeted insects due to effects of chemicals and pesticides; Waste generation from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures;

The ESIA has also identified the following key potential negative social impacts: health and safety risks from chemical poisoning; Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff; and Risks of gender inequalities.

The following measures are proposed to enhance the positive impacts and to mitigate the adverse ones:

provide and sustain adequate resources for generation and dissemination of new technologies; provide training and awareness on the new and improved technologies; conduct field demonstrations on new and improved technologies; advocate for the adoption and use of efficient and effective farming technology; promote research activities aimed at generating crop varieties resistant to climate shocks; gender mainstreaming in training and exchange programmes;



proper use and disposal of chemical sprays; promote the use of bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control methods; proper disposal of wastes from rehabilitation works; assist farmers in bargaining for better prices at market; and plan for adequate levels of staffing and adequate resources to be available at all times.

To facilitate implementation of the environmental and social management measures within the APPSA, environmental and social management plans have been prepared. The plans provide an outline for environmental and social management measures to be undertaken, a schedule for implementation and responsible institutions to implement the measures. In addition, monitoring plans have been prepared to facilitate monitoring of the EMP. The monitoring plan gives the parameters to be monitored and the frequency of monitoring.

8.2 Recommendations

The negative impacts identified are mostly of low magnitude and can easily be mitigated. The ESIA has environmental and social management and monitoring plans which if well implemented, will result in the overall sustainability of agricultural productivity and contribute towards sustainable development. It is recommended therefore that the environmental management and mitigation measures proposed in this report are adhered to.

In addition to implementation of the EMP, the following recommendations are proposed:

The Department of Agricultural Planning Services of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Secu -rity will oversee the implementation of the ESIA. It will do this in coordination with the Environ-mental Affairs Department and will provide guidance to DARS based on experience with other projects and programmes;

District and local community structures should be adequately trained to supervise implementa-tion of the EMP. The project should take advantage of the District Environmental Sub-Commit -tee led by the Environmental District Officer and should provide the necessary resources and equipment to enable them monitor implementation of the EMP at district and area levels;

Key stakeholders should be made aware of the project, the ESIA and its EMP and their role in its successful implementation. They should also be sensitized on the linkages between the pro -gram and the environmental and social impacts; and the need to mitigate the impacts to ensure sustainability of the APPSA program; and the program should put in place an effective monitor -ing and evaluation and feedback mechanism on implementation of the EMP;

Capacity building training programs should be provided to key departments such as Agriculture Research Services, Pesticides Control Board, Crop Protection and Agriculture Extension Ser -vices which will be critical in monitoring the adverse impacts of the proposed project activities discussed in this report;

The proposed participating research stations should be equipped with modern equipment to ensure effective implementation of the proposed program;

The Ministry of Agriculture should ensure that recommendations made in the updated IPMP are adhered to in order to avoid or minimize risks and impacts associated with use of pesticides, herbicides and chemicals; and

The Ministry of Agriculture should ensure that participation of women farmers, youth and other vulnerable groups is encouraged during planning and implementation of the program





REFERENCES

Government of Malawi ( 1987) ,Crop Production Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (1995) Malawi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Master Plan, Ministry of

Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2003), Seed Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2006) Land Resources Conservation Strategic Plan 2007-2011, Ministry of Agriculture

and Food Security Government of Malawi (1965), Ministry of Land, Land Act. Government of Malawi (1969) Water Resources Act, Ministry of Water Development, Government of Malawi (1994) National Environmental Action Plan. Volume 1, Department of Research and

Environment Affairs. Government of Malawi (1995) Constitution of the Republic Of Malawi, Ministry of Justice and Constitutional

Affairs Government of Malawi (1996) Environmental Management Act, Number 23, Department of Environmental

Affairs Government of Malawi (2004 and 2002) The National State of Environment Report, Department of

Environmental Affairs. Government of Malawi (1996) Forestry Policy, Forestry Department Government of Malawi (1996), National Environmental Policy Ministry of Research and Environmental Affairs Government of Malawi (1997), Forestry Act, Forestry Department Government of Malawi (2000) Pesticides Act , Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2000) Agriculture Extension in the New Millennium Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and

Food Security Government of Malawi (2000) National Irrigation Policy and Development Strategy, Department of Irrigation Government of Malawi (2000) National Land Resources Management Policy and Strategy, Ministry of

Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2001) National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food

Security Government of Malawi (2002), Environmental Affairs Department, State of Environment Report. Ministry of

Natural Resources and Environment Affairs Government of Malawi (2002) National Land Policy, Ministry of Lands, Physical Planning and Surveys Government of Malawi (1965), the Land Act (1965) Government of Malawi (1998), Customary Land Utilisation Study (1998). Special Land Tenure Study: The

Ndunda Land Registration Component; Lilongwe Land Development Programme. Government of Malawi (2003) HIV/AIDS in the Agriculture Sector Policy and Strategy 2003-2008 ; Ministry of

Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2004), Malawi Demographic and Health Survey. National Statistical Office Government of Malawi (2004), National Water Policy Ministry of Water Development Government of Malawi (2005) New Era Agricultural Policy: A Strategic Agenda for Addressing Economic

Development and Food Security in Malawi, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2005) Strategic Plan for pesticides Control Board, Ministry of Agriculture and Food

Security Government of Malawi (2005) Integrated Household Survey, National Statistical Office. Government of Malawi (2006) Food Security Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2006) Lilongwe District Socio Economic Profile, Ministry of Local Government and

Rural Development Government of Malawi (2006) Malawi Growth and Development Strategy. Ministry Of Finance and Economic

Planning. Government of Malawi (2007) Contract Farming Strategy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Government of Malawi (2007) National Fertiliser Strategy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security World Bank (2012). Shire River Basin Project Program (Phase I) Project APL in Support of the First Phase of the

Shire River Basin Management Program. Report No. 69041-MW



APPENDIX 1 LIST OF INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS CONSULTEDTable 1 A: STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED FROM DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION DATE CONSULTEDMr. Chilanga Deputy Director of

Agricultural Research Services

Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station 12/10/2012

Mr. Chipojola Research Scientist Kasinthula Agricultural Research Station 12/10/2012

Dr. T. MazengeraOfficer-in-Charge and National Research Coordinator

Lifuwu Research Station21/09/2012

Mr. Imani Rice Researcher Lifuwu Research Station 21/09/2012

Mr. A. Ngoma Agriculture Extension Development Officer

Lifuwu Research Station 21/09/2012

Mr. E. Paulo Rice Lead Farmer Salima 21/09/2012Mrs. K. Nyachirwa Rice Lead Farmer Salima 21/09/2012Mr. Chanika Officer-in-Charge Mbawa Research Station 26/09/2012Mr. C.Mwale Maize Breeder Chitedze Research Station 27/09/2012Mr. Mazuma Plant Pathologist Chitedze Research Station 27/09/2012Mr. A. Chimphamba Farm Manager Chitedze Research Station 27/09/2012

Mr. S. Kazombo APPSA Project Laison Officer

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security 09/10/2012

Mr. J. Masangwa Station Manager Chitala Research Station 16/10/2012

Mr. R. Musopole Deputy ASWAp Coordinator

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security 23/10/2012

Table 1B: FINDINGS FROM CONSULTATIONS WITH THE GENERAL PUBLICNAME DESIGNATION /

LOCATIONISSUE RAISED HOW IT HAS / WILL BE

ADDRESSED

Dausi Yotamu

Farmer / Chakhwima Village - Lilongwe

Extension workers do not regularly visit farmers and should consider frequently visiting the farmers to provide knowledge on modern technologies.

DAES, which is one of the key implementers of APPSA will focus on ensuring that modern technologies are accessed by farmers through extension workers.

Lorent JohnFarmer / Zindotsala Village – Lilongwe

Extension workers do not visit farmers and should consider visiting the farmers to provide knowledge on modern technologies.

DAES, which is one of the key implementers of APPSA will ensure sufficient numbers of properly trained extension workers are available for APPSA.

Mr. N. Thombozi

Farmer / Chinamba Village – Lilongwe

Working with other farmers in farmer clubs has been very important in accessing new agricultural technology.

Extension workers under DAES will continue to work with farmer clubs during APPSA implementation.

Mrs. Lokisina Doke

Farmer Chinamba Village – Lilongwe

Extension workers have been helpful in providing knowledge.

APPSA aims at improving knowledge dissemination and will improve on the existing strategies.



Maria Kachigwada

Farmer / Mphanje Village – Lilongwe

She has not benefitted much from new technologies.

Extension workers should ensure incorporating all people groups (young and old, male and female) in their programmes.

Mrs. Delifa Daliason

Farmer / Kandama Village – Lilongwe

Extension workers have been key to her success in farming.

APPSA will build on the lessons learnt from previous projects to ensure that farmers benefit from the new technologies.

Anne WhiteFarmer / Kwenengwe Village - Thyolo

Most of the farmer clubs that were formed through facilitation of the research station are currently dormant since the extension workers do not make follow up on the clubs progress and do not actively involve the clubs in most research dissemination activities.

There is active participation and involvement of women from the surrounding communities in activities of the clubs.

The surrounding communities complained that productivity in their farmlands and gardens is decreasing and the research station takes time to release soil test results to diagnose the soil problems leading to loss of soil fertility.

The research station is a source of casual labour to some of the surrounding local communities. The station is also a source of new crop varieties to the surrounding communities.

Chapter five of the ESIA highlights key impacts identified during consultations with local communities. APPSA through DARS and DAES will endeavour to strengthen technology dissemination process in order to reach out to the farming communities

Chrissy Chilipo

Farmer / Kwenengwe Village - Thyolo

Davie Pondani


Hilda EliasFarmer / Kwenengwe Village - Thyolo

Tobias Mashapi


Dorrica Mbewe


Mr. ChumaFarmer / Kwenengwe Village - Thyolo

Mr. Kausiwa


Wyson Mbewe


Richard Pemba


FINDINGS FROM CONSULTATIONS IN RESEARCH STATIONSSITE / RESEARCH

FINDINGS CHAPTER OR SECTION WHERE THESE ISSUES HAVE BEEN



STATION INCLUDED IN THE REPORT

Mbawa Research Station

Some of the key impacts highlighted include, increased knowledge from capacity building and exchange visits to be conducted, improved crop and livestock production from increased research activities;

The station has an establishment of 81 but current has a vacancy of 15 officers with critical need for scientists. Of the 8 scientific posts required, only 3 are filled [2 in livestock and 1 in crops];

There is need to support short-term trainings;

The key impacts have been included in chapter five of this report, while the training requirements have been incorporated in the ESMP (Chapter six)

Lifuwu Research Station

Key environmental and social impacts highlighted at Lifuwu include; development of labour saving technologies, development of high yielding varieties, improved socioeconomic status of farmers, and increased knowledge to staff.

Chapter five of the ESIA highlights key impacts identified during consultation. Chapter six provides some of the training requirements to the staff as enhancement or mitigation measures.

Chitedze Research Station

The proposed program will significantly contribute to the development of the Agricultural sector;

The station intends to plant trees along the boundary in order to clearly indicate the boarders to the surrounding communities;

Efforts are already underway to clearly demarcate the boundary around the station to curb any potential encroachment from the surrounding communities. APPSA activities will not be implemented within or close to areas, which are vulnerable to encroachment.

Incorporated in Chapter five under impacts, particularly the positive impacts because the issue of encroachment in on a small scale.

Chitala Research Station

The total area of land for the station is 485 Hectares. Currently, the station is facing challenges from households from Guwende village, who constantly threatening to encroach research land.

The station is in the process of demarcating the boundary by planting trees along the boundary. In addition, the management of the station is working hand in hand with different Government institutions in to sensitize the surrounding villages that the station land is government land and any attempts to encroach the

The main issue incorporated in the report is on the benefits of the proposed APPSA. The issue of potential encroachment is currently being sorted planting trees along the boundary of the station and sensitizing communities around the research station.



land is an offence against the law. APPSA activities will greatly

contribute to the effectiveness of the activities and objectives of the station, there by contributing to Agricultural Development in Malawi.


Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

APPENDIX 2 LOCATION FOR PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRES

Appendix 2.1 Topographical Map for Chitedze Research Station

105


Appendix 2.2 Topographical Map for Lifuwu Research Station

106


Appendix 2.3 Topographical Map for Chitala Research Station

107


Appendix 2.4 Topographical Map for Bvumbwe Research Station

108


109


Appendix 2.5 Topographical Map for Kasinthula Research Station

110


APPENDIX 3: CHECKLIST FOR DEMONSTRATION FIELDSThe Department of Agricultural Research will provide the following input when using a farmer’s field for demonstration. The list of the departments input will depend on the type of demonstration being conducted:

NO INPUT DEESCRIPTION (TYPE, QUANTITY etc)

CHECK (Tick)

OBLIGATION OF THE GOVERNMENT (REPRESENTED BY DARS, DAES, OR OTHER DEPARTMENTS)

1 Provide Seed

2 Fertilizer

3 Extension advice

4

5

OBLIGATION OF THE FARMER (REPRESENTED BY HOUSEHOLD HEAD)

1 Land (Field or a portion of the field)

2 Labour (taking care of the field based on the extension advice received)

3

4

The use of a piece of land for demonstration is on a mutual agreement basis by both the farmer and the Government. The farmer here by acknowledges to have given consent to the Government to use his land for demonstration purposes and for a specified period of time e.g. 2011/2012 growing season.

Signed by: NAME______________________ Signature________________________

(REPRESENTING FARMER OR OWNER OF PIECE OF LAND)

Signed by: Name________________________________ Signature__________________________

DESIGNATION:_____________________________________________________________________

(REPRESENTING DARS OR ANY GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT)

APPENDIX 4 SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES

OP/BP 4.01 The objective of this policy is to ensure The policy is triggered as a result of: I)

111


Environmental Assessment

that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts on its area of influence. OP 4.01 covers impacts on the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; physical cultural resources; and trans-boundary and global environment concerns.

proposed research activities under 1 which include breeding, germplasm, farm management and processing; and II) capacity building for RCLs under component 2 which would include infrastructure and equipment investments. At this stage the program is considering assessing ESMFs for agricultural projects currently being implemented in the three participating countries for identification of gaps, adjustments, greater capacity building that would be needed in order to adopt these ESMFs for the APPSA. The project is expected to be an EA category B.

OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats

This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, management, and restoration of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and economic and sector work. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. Natural habitats are land and water areas where most of the original native plant and animal species are still present. Natural habitats comprise many types of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems. They include areas lightly modified by human activities, but retaining their ecological functions and most native species.

The policy is triggered. While the program in Malawi would not involve significant conversion of natural habitats through its direct or indirect activities, it may have some environmental impacts on forest reserves and/or wetlands near the research areas. The program may encourage the expansion of agricultural production through the adoption of improved technologies, however the scale of this indirect impact is not known and would be to improve productivity of existing agricultural practices and hence would not be expected to result in widespread intensification.

OP/BP 4.36 Forests

The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. Where forest restoration and plantation development are necessary to meet these objectives, the Bank assists borrowers with forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The Bank assists

The policy is not triggered as program activities do not have any direct impacts on health and quality of forests; people who depend on forests; nor is there an aim to change the management, protection, or utilization of forests. The physical area where the program would be implemented- research centres or stations, and farmer fields where new technologies would be tested adopted-are not known to include any natural forest areas.

112


borrowers with the establishment of environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing demands for forest goods and services.

OP 4.09 Pest Management

The objective of this policy is to (i) promote the use of biological or environmental control and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides; and (ii) strengthen the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective and environmentally sound pest management. More specifically, the policy aims to (a) Ascertain that pest management activities in Bank-financed operations are based on integrated approaches and seek to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides (Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in agricultural projects and Integrated Vector Management (IVM) in public health projects. (b) Ensure that health and environmental hazards associated with pest management, especially the use of pesticides are minimized and can be properly managed by the user. (c) As necessary, support policy reform and institutional capacity development to (i) enhance implementation of IPM-based pest management and (ii) regulate and monitor the distribution and use of pesticides.

The program would not supply any pesticides or agrochemicals to the RCLs or farmers. However, it is expected that improved agricultural technology and capacity for RCLs would result in increased pesticides and agrochemical use among farmers reached by the program. Depending on the decision taken on current Pest Management Plans currently being used in each of the participating countries, these would be adopted for the program, or new ones would be prepared.

An Integrated Pest Management Plan has been updated for the ASWAp-SP to be adopted for APPSA activities.

OP/BP 4.11Physical Cultural Resources

The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources” are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. The cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community.

This policy applies to all projects requiring a Category A or B Environmental Assessment under OP 4.01, project located in, or in the vicinity of, recognized cultural heritage sites, and projects designed to support the management or conservation of physical cultural resources.

The policy is not triggered as program activities will not include the expansion of technology generation and dissemination activities on research stations or on farm demonstration plots that include physical cultural resources. Most research stations centers/stations were established in colonial era and have long established boundaries that are not known to include such resources. Technology dissemination activities would take place with participation and consent of farmers and would not target any physical cultural

113


resources

OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples

The objective of this policy is to (i) ensure that the development process fosters full respect for the dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples; (ii) ensure that adverse effects during the development process are avoided, or if not feasible, ensure that these are minimized, mitigated or compensated; and (iii) ensure that indigenous peoples receive culturally appropriate and gender and inter-gene rationally inclusive social and economic benefits.

The policy is triggered when the project affects the indigenous peoples (with characteristics described in OP 4.10 para 4) in the project area.

The policy is not triggered as it is not expected that indigenous peoples will be affected.

Project activities that could negatively impact on indigenous peoples will not be funded

OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

The objective of this policy is to (i) avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them; (iii) encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and (iv) provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.

This policy covers not only physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in: (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location.

The policy is not triggered as program activities be implemented on existing research land and no additional land will be acquired for the project activities. Field investigations conducted revealed that all research stations being targeted for APPSA activities have adequate land. No farmer encroachment was observed during the field visit for the research land that will be used for APPSA activities. Further to that, APPSA activities will not extend beyond research land. Participation of farmers for on farm demonstrations and trials will be on voluntary basis and checklist will be used to get consent of farmers to participate in the program

OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams

The objectives of this policy are as follows: For new dams, to ensure that experienced and competent professionals design and supervise construction; the borrower adopts and implements dam safety measures for the dam and associated works. For existing dams, to ensure that any dam that can influence the performance of the project is identified, a dam safety assessment is carried out, and necessary additional dam safety measures and remedial work are implemented.

This policy is triggered when the Bank finances: (i) a project involving construction of a large dam (15 m or higher) or a high hazard dam; and (ii) a project which is dependent on an existing dam

This policy will not be triggered because the project will not fund construction of dams. APPSA activities will use existing ponds and water retention tanks will be used for the trials.

114


OP 7.50 Projects in International Waters

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects affecting international waterways would not affect: (i) relations between the Bank and its borrowers and between states (whether members of the Bank or not); and (ii) the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways.

The policy applies to the following types of projects: (a) Hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways; and (b) Detailed design and engineering studies of projects under (a) above, include those carried out by the Bank as executing agency or in any other capacity.

This policy is triggered if (a) any river, canal, lake or similar body of water that forms a boundary between, or any river or body of surface water that flows through two or more states, whether Bank members or not; (b) any tributary or other body of surface water that is a component of any waterway described under (a); and (c) any bay, gulf strait, or channel bounded by two or more states, or if within one state recognized as a necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states, and any river flowing into such waters.The policy is not triggered as the project would not invest in large scale irrigation works that would adversely affect the quality or quantity of water flow within the shared waterways. Small scale irrigation within the context of technology demonstration or research could be financed by the program but would be within the context of research facilities and would not exceed more than a few hectares per station/center.

OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas

The objective of this policy is to ensure that projects in disputed areas are dealt with at the earliest possible stage: (a) so as not to affect relations between the Bank and its member countries; (b) so as not to affect relations between the borrower and neighbouring countries; and (c) so as not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned.

The policy is not triggered as the area where the program will be implemented is not known to include any disputed area

115


APPENDIX 5.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT EVALUATION AND SCORING METHODImpact: Creation of Employment

Score 1 2 3 4 5 Score1 to 5

Magnitude or Extent

Impact will occur only on site. Impact will occur on site and beyond.

Impact will occur at district level

Impact will occur at district level and beyond.

Impacts will occur at regional level.

3

Significance Low. A small change that is hardly detectable

Moderate. The impact that is measurable, but does not alter processes

High. Many people or organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of settlements, ecosystems or processes.

Very high. A community, process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms.

Unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle.

1

Probability of occurrence

Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective.

Probable. The impact is very likely to occur.

Definite. Unavoidable. 5

Duration Short term, during the planning and design phase only.

Medium term, during early operations.

Long term, for the entire operational phase.

Very long term, for the entire operational phase and after closure.

1

TOTAL SCORE

10

APPENDIX 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND SCORESNo. Impact Magnitude/Extent Significance Probability of Occurrence Duration Total Score

116



1 Improved maize yields 5 4 3 4 162 Improved land resources use and management 5 4 3 4 163 Increase in production of improved maize and

legume varieties5 4 3 4 16


5 4 3 4 16

5 Improvement on the national economy through surplus production of maize and legumes

5 4 3 4 16


5 4 3 4 16

7 Increase in food security 5 4 5 4 188 Preservation of water resources 1 2 1 4 89 Reduced overall labour 2 2 3 2 9

10 Creation of employment 5 4 5 4 18Negative Impacts

1 Fear of Loss of jobs 5 3 3 1 122 Marginalisation of women in training and up-

grading opportunities5 3 3 1 12

3 Degradation of surface and ground water 2 3 3 2 104 Degradation of air quality from herbicide sprays 2 3 3 2 105 Contamination of soils by agro-chemicals 2 3 3 2 106 Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning 2 3 3 2 105 Potential for introduction of invasive species 2 2 3 2 96 Potential for introduction of pests 2 2 3 2 9


1 Improved institutional and individual capacity 5 4 5 4 182 Improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural

research stations5 4 5 4 18

3 Improved information flow 5 4 5 4 184 Improved agricultural extension services 5 3 3 4 15

117


5 Improved socioeconomic relationships 5 2 3 4 146 Creation of employment 5 3 5 4 177 Improved content and accessibility of technology

messages5 3 5 4 17

Negative Impact1 Soil erosion 2 2 3 2 92 Increased work load for already insufficient

extension staff2 3 3 2 9

3 Waste generation from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures

2 2 3 2 9

4 Air pollution 2 2 3 2 95 Noise and vibrations 2 2 3 2 96 Loss of indigenous vegetation 2 2 3 2 97 Spread of diseases 2 3 3 2 10

Component 3: Project Coordination and FacilitationPositive Impacts

1 Improved program planning, coordination and facilitation

5 4 5 4 18


5 3 5 4 17

3 Improved local and national economy and livelihoods for the communities

5 4 5 4 18

APPENDIX 6.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRE OF LEADERSHIP(Chitedze Research Station)No. Environmental/Social

ImpactsProposed Enhancement Measures Target/Goals/Date Responsibility for

ImplementationCosts (MK/Year)

1 Component 1: Technology Generation and DisseminationPositive Impacts

1 Improved maize Provide farmers with improved maize Twice annually Chitedze 10,000,000

118




Costs (MK/Year)

productivity based technology conduct awareness on the advantages

of using new maize-based technologies to facilitate quick adoption


Agricultural Research Station MoAFS

APPSA


Conduct field demonstrations to farmers on new soil and water management technologies

Training farmers on proper implementation of the soil and water management technologies

Twice annually Chitedze Agricultural Research Station MoAFS

APPSA



Provide training to staff to enhance and maintain maize and legume breeding programmes


Maintain the production of acceptable maize and legume breeds by local communities

Twice annually Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

APPSA

6,000,000





MoAFS APPSA


5 Increase in farm Assist farmers in bargaining for better Twice annually Chitedze Included in item

119




Costs (MK/Year)

incomes for farmers using improved technologies

prices at market Train farmers on the appropriate

implementation of new and improved farming technologies

Agricultural Research Station MoAFS

APPSA

1 above





7 Increase in food security Promote research activities in agricultural diversification

Conduct field demonstrations on new maize-based technologies to improve yields


MoAFS APPSA




Advocate for the adoption and use of sustainable maize storage and use

Twice Annually Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

MoAFS APPSA


9 Reduced overall labour Advocate for the adoption and use of sustainable maize based technologies


Twice Annually Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

MoAFS APPSA


120




Costs (MK/Year)

Train farmers on the appropriate use of maize based labour saving technologies

10 Creation of employment Employ and build capacity through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions


1,000,000



Annually Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

MoAFS

10,000,000


inequalities Gender mainstreaming in training and

exchange programmes During the planning

phase Chitedze

Agricultural Research Station

APPSA

N/A


Train workers and farmers on proper use of agro-chemicals

During field trials Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

PCB MoAFS

N/A



Quarterly Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

PCB APPSA

N/A

121




Costs (MK/Year)




PCB APPSA

N/A


Provide protective gear (including clothing and equipment) to workers during field trials


APPSA

1,000,000


Pre-test thoroughly all technologies for pests control to minimise disturbance on natural predators

Twice yearly Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

APPSA

N/A (cost will be included in research projects)


Provide adequate training Twice yearly Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

APPSA

2,000,000

Component 2: Centre of Leadership StrengtheningPositive Impacts


Provide regular and continuous training to staff to enhance capacity and sustainability of the research and technical support systems

Conduct regular staff exchange

Twice Annually Chitedze Agricultural Research Station MoAFS

APPSA

Included in item3 of Component 1

122




Costs (MK/Year)

programmes

2 Improved infrastructure Conduct regular maintenance of infrastructure

Annually Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

MoAFS APPSA

10,000,000



Maintain regular contacts and information sharing among staff within the participating agricultural research stations in Southern Africa

Twice a year Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

MoAFS APPSA

Included in item 3 of Component 1


Provide regular and continuous training to staff to enhance delivery of adequate agricultural extension services



APPSA

Included in item 3 of Component 1

5 Creation of employment Employ the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions


1,000,000




Twice a year APPSA Included in item3 of Component 1

123




Costs (MK/Year)

Negative Impacts 1 Increased work load for


Recruit and train adequate extension staff

Twice a year Included in item3 of Component 1

APPSA

5,000,000

2 Solid waste generation from construction of new infrastructure and rehabilitation of existing infrastructures


Weekly Consultant APPSA

N/A (Included in Construction plans)



Provide regular training to management and staff for effective planning, coordination and facilitation of the program






APPSA

2,000,000

3 Improved local and national economy and livelihoods for the communities as a result of efficient and effective targeting of financial,

Provide regular training to management and staff for effective management of the program

Twice a year APPSA Included in 1 above

124




Costs (MK/Year)

human and technical resources.

125


APPENDIX 6.2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRE OF LEADERSHIP (Chitedze Research Station)No. Environmental/Social

ImpactsProposed Enhancement Measures



Target/Goals/Date

Responsibility for Implementation

Costs (MK/Year)


1 Improved maize productivity

Provide farmers with improved maize based technology



Percentage increase in maize productivity technologies

Number of awareness campaigns conducted


Inspection of crop estimates records


Reports produced

Twice annually

MoAFS APPSA



Conduct field demonstrations on new technologies

Training farmers on proper implementation of


Activity reports produced

Twice annually

MoAFS APPSA


126






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)

the maize based technologies

% of farmers trained in proper implementation of the maize based technology

Review of training reports

3 Increase in production of improved maize varieties

Provide and sustain adequate resources for generation and dissemination of new improved technologies



Number of farmers adopting improved technologies


Number of acceptable maize breeds adopted by local communities

Review Semi-Annual Reports

Twice annually

APPSA Included in APPSA budget

4 Improved soil fertility Train farmers in Percentage of Inspection Twice MoAFS From

127






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)

and structure due to nitrogen fixation

appropriate application of selective inter cropping to enhance nitrogen fixation


farmers adopting improved soil fertility

Number of awareness campaigns

of records


annually APPSA recurrent MoAFS budgets and APPSA budget


Assist farmers in bargaining for better prices at the market


Number of farmers getting better prices at the market

% of farmers trained in the appropriate use of maize based technologies

Monitoring reports produced

Twice annually

MoAFS APPSA



Provide regular and continuous training to staff to enhance performance and sustainability of the systems

Number of staff trained under APPSA

Review training and exchange visits records

Twice annually

APPSA Included in APPSA budget

128






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)





Conduct field demonstrations on new agricultural technologies

Number of families with food sufficiency

Review monitoring reports produced

Twice annually

MoAFS APPSA





Percentage decrease in post harvest losses




Twice Annually

MoAFS APPSA


9 Reduced overall labour Advocate for the adoption and use of sustainable agricultural

Number of advocacy meetings


Twice Annually

MoAFS APPSA

From recurrent MoAFS budgets and

129






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)

technologies Train farmers on the

appropriate use of maize based labour saving technologies

conducted

% of farmers trained in the appropriate use of maize based labour saving technologies

APPSA budget


Employ and build capacity through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions


Review of Annual Turnover and statistics on vacancies



11 Development of climate change adaptation crop varieties

Promote research activities aimed at generating climate change adaptation crop varieties.

Number of crop varieties adaptable to climate change shocks

Production records

Annually MoAFS From recurrent MoAFS budgets and APPSA budget


inequalities Gender

mainstreaming in training and

Number of women benefitting

Review of percentage of women

During the planning phase

APPSA Ministry of

Gender,

1,000,000 (to be funded from APPSA

130






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)

exchange programmes

from research programs

incorporated during planning phase

Children and Social Services

program)


Proper use of pesticides and agroechemicals

Water quality parameters

Physical inspection

During field trials

MoAFS APPSA EAD






Quarterly APPSA PCB EAD Ministry of

Water Development and Irrigation (MoWDI)




Methods for application of bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control

Physical inspection

Quarterly APPSA PCB EAD


5 Health and safety risks from chemical

Provide protective gear (including

Number of protective gear

Physical inspection

Quarterly APPSA EAD

1,000,000 (to be funded

131






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)

poisoning clothing and equipment) to workers during field trials

(including clothing and equipment) provided

PCB Ministry of

Health

from APPSA )


Pretest thoroughly all new technologies for pest control to minimise disturbance on natural predators



Annually APPSA 1,000,000 (to be funded from APPSA)



Provide regular and continuous training to staff to enhance performance and sustainability of the research and technical support systems




Review of Training Report and report on exchange visits

Twice Annually

MoAFS APPSA


2 Improved infrastructure Conduct regular Good Physical Annually MoAFS Included

132






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)

in the existing agricultural research stations

maintenance of infrastructure

Provide protective gear to workers as necessary

Infrastructure in place

inspection APPSA in APPSA budget



Maintain regular contacts and information sharing between and among staff within the participating agricultural research stations in Southern Africa








Number of farmers satisfied with extension services

Number of exchange

Review of Semi-Annual Report



133






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)

visits organised and conducted


Advocate for the adoption and use of efficient and effective high yielding varieties


% of farmers trained

Review of advocacy and training reports produced

Twice annually

MoAFS APPSA




Maintain regular contacts and information sharing by staff and surrounding farmers



Twice annually

MoAFS APPSA


7 Improved awareness of gender and HIV and AIDS issues

Mainstream gender and HIV/AIDS during dissemination activities



Twice Annually

MoAFS APPSA Ministry of

Gender, Children and Social


134






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)

Services


Employ and build capacity through training the required number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant positions



Annually MoAFS APPSA Ministry of

Labour

500,000








Negative Impacts1 Increased work load for


Train adequate extension staff

% of extension

staff trained




2 Waste generation from The contractor in Number of Site Weekly APPSA 1,000,000 (to

135






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)

construction of new and rehabilitation of existing infrastructures

coordination with APPSA should make arrangements for proper disposal of all rubble and solid wastes from the site.

facilities rehabilitated


inspection Site

inspection

Consultant MoAFS

be funded from APPSA)



Provide regular training to management and staff for effective planning, coordination and facilitation of the program






Conduct field demonstrations on new and improved maize varieties to facilitate farmer adoption and use



Review of semi-annual reports



136






Target/Goals/Date


Costs (MK/Year)







137


APPENDIX 7: CONSULTANT CV

1. Position: Environmental, Natural Resources Management and Social Expert2. Name of Firm: Water Waste and Environment Consultants3. Name of Staff: Robert Matengula4. Date of Birth: 18 March 19825. Nationality: Malawian

6. Education:

Institution[ Date from - Date to ]

Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained:

University of Houston-Clear Lake, Texas, USA 2007-2009

MSc in Environmental Management

University of Malawi-Chancellor, Malawi. 2001-2005

BA majoring in Geography and Natural Resources Management

Volda University College, Norway. 2006

Diploma in Social and Development Studies

7. Language skills: (1 - excellent; 5 - basic)

Language Reading Speaking WritingEnglish 1 1 1

Chichewa 1 1 1French 4 4 5

8 Membership of Professional Associations: Registered with Texas Association for Environmental Professionals 2007. Registered with International Association for Impact Assessment 2008.

9. Other Training: Training in Project Management (USA, 2009) Health and Safety Training (USA, 2009) Training in International Management & Consulting (USA, Taiwan, 2008)

10. Countries of Work Experience: United States of America, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Cote d’Ivoire, India, Norway, Liberia.

11. Employment Record11.1 2010 to date Consultant, Water Waste and Environment Consultants Carrying out various consultancy works in:

o Environmental Impact Assessment; o Health and Social Impact Assessment;o Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF); o Resettlement Policy Framework; o Resettlement Action Plans and o Environment Management.

138


Main responsibilities: o Providing programmes management leadership in the monitoring of the progress

of on-going projects and activities to ensure adherence to set standards, specifications and agreed implementation schedules

o Conducting environmental, social and health impact assessment as well as environmental audit for water supply scheme, irrigation schemes, sanitation facilities;

o Promoting vulnerable groups such as women participation in environmental and livelihoods programs in rural and urban communities;

o Training local communities on environmental management, food security, poverty alleviation and sustainable development;

o Providing capacity building in environmental and energy management programmes in schools and communities;

o Preparing environmental management system for audited facilities;o Facilitating designing and implementing research work: baseline surveys,

operational research, mid-term evaluations, impact assessments/evaluations as a tool for program learning and strategic growth and development.

o Developing Technical and budgetary proposals: I am responsible for writing proposals in response to call for consultancy services.

o Monitoring and Evaluation: Development of logical frameworks for various projects

o Designing Research: I am required to develop research methodologies (both qualitative and quantitative) for various studies

o Assisting in documentation of project activities and technical reportso Capacity Building: Preparing and Conducting Training workshops

Details of consultancy works carried out are given in Section 13

11.2 2009 to 20010 Environmental Consultant, AECOM Corporation Main job task was:

Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment for Shell and Chevron Projects). Duties and responsibilities included:

o provided guidance, technical expertise and resources necessary to properly design and execute project;

o Planned, Implemented and monitored the progress and results of programs and projects to ensure compliance with World Bank, USAID, IFC, UNEP, DfID, IDA, EU, MCC & UNDP impact assessment guidelines;

o identified impact assessment tools and methodologies such as checklists, matrices, carrying capacity and cost-benefit analysis for various projects;

o developed Environmental Management Plans for projects undergoing EIAs.o collected pertinent information on biological resources, socio-economic indicators

and other environmental indicators.o reviewed of environmental and social management covenants of project finance

lenders for a major project;o conducted health, social, environment and community impact screenings for

exploration and production;o participated in screening and scooping activities for potential environmental

impacts for irrigation waterway project in Nebraska;

139


o managed financial components of projects including establishing and tracking budgets;

o conducted project monitoring workshops, gap and needs assessment, benchmarking and recommended best practices for rural and urban development for developing countries;

o organised and led workshops to assess and evaluate potential environmental, social and health impacts for proposed projects.

o conducted environmental due diligence audit for gasoline filling stations, fuel depots and offshore floating storage ship.

11.3 2004 to 2009. Junior Consultant, Acorn International LLCDuties included:

Evaluated baseline documents for various projects and programmes to determine the adequacy of collected information relevant to potential social, health and environmental impacts;

Identified impact assessment tools and methodologies such as checklists, matrices, carrying capacity and cost-benefit analysis for various projects;

Compiled and analyzed data and interpreted correlations between proposed projects and environmental, social and health effects for various projects on area of influence;

Developed grievance mechanism for projects being implemented in sensitive areas and rural communities;

Participated in developing framework for capacity building to ensure effective implementation of projects:

11.4 2008-2008 Consultant, Jong Shyn Shipping Company, Taiwan Specific Duties included:

Developed a marketing strategy for Jong Shyn using SWOT analysis; Developed a comprehensive environmental policy for Jong Shyn to meet international

standard requirements; Researched sources of inefficiency in production and management processes and

evaluated their impacts on business and develop methods of control;

11.5 2002-2004 Project Manager, RECAPODuties included:

Research in Environmental Management and Natural Resources Management; Assisting in community mobilisation during project initiation stage; Evaluating project proposals for the RECAPO.

12. Record of Key Consultancies No Dates Employer

and location of assignment

Position held and activities performed

Input Days

Client References

1 January 2012-July 2012

Water Waste & Environment Consultants for World Bank and Government

Expert and preparation of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Resettlement Policy Framework, and Resettlement Action Plans for Agriculture Sector Wide Approach-

180 ASWAp Coordinator, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development

140


No Dates Employer and location of assignment


Input Days

Client References

of Malawi Support Project (ASWAp-SP)2 November 2011-

June 2012Water Waste & Environment Consultants for World Bank and Government of Malawi

Expert and preparation of Environmental and Social Management Framework, Resettlement Policy Framework, and Process Framework for Shire River Basin Management Project (SRBMP)

180 Project Coordinator, Shire River Basin Management Project

3 October 2011- May 2012

Matex International Consultants

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Consultant for Mtalimanja Sugar Irrigation Estates

120 Managing Director, Mtalimanja Sugar Corporation

4 September 2011-January 2012

Sogreah Consultants for Blantyre Water Board

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Consultant for New Water Sources for Blantyre and Surrounding Areas

30 Project Manager, Blantyre Water Board

5 July 2011-January 2012

Water Waste & Environment Consultants for Northern Region Water Board

Social Impact Assessment Consultant for Mzimba New Water Intake Weir and Associated Water Transmission Pipelines

90 Project Manager, Northern Region Water Board

6 March to July 2011 Water Waste & Environment Consultants for European Union and Government of Malawi

Environmental and Social Impact Consultant for Resettlement Policy Framework for Transport Sector in Malawi

60 Project Manager, Ministry of Transport and Public Infrastructure

7 February 2011-present

Water Waste & Environment Consultants for Limphasa Sugar Corporation

Environmental and Social Consultant, Conducting Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Limphasa Sugar Irrigation Plantations

30 Project Manager, Limphasa Sugar Corporation (Mr. Paul Nazombe)

8 February 2011-present

Water Waste & Environment Consultants for Limphasa Sugar Corporation

Environmental and Social Consultant, Conducting Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Limphasa Sugar Processing Factory

30 Project Manager, Limphasa Sugar Corporation (Mr. Paul Nazombe)

9 December 2010-January 2011

Water Waste & Environment Consultants for Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment

Environmental and Social Consultant, Conducting Environmental Assessment for Mining Growth and Governance Support Project

30 Project Coordinator, ( Mr. Kafatia-Environmental Specialist from Water Waste & Environment Consultants

10 September2010- Water Waste Environmental and Social 45 Project

141




Input Days

Client References

November 2011 & Environment Consultants for Northern Region Water Board (NRWB)

Consultant, Conducting Environmental Audit for Karonga Water Supply Scheme.

Coordinator, (Mr. B. Mtawali-Northern Region Water Board (NRWB)

11 July 2010- March 2011

Water Waste & Environment Consultants for Northern Region Water Board (NRWB)

Environmental and Social Consultant, Preparing Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for Proposed New Dam on Mzimba River

60 Project Coordinator (Mr. Kent Kafatia- Team Leader from Water Waste & Environment Consultants

12 July 2010 –November 2010


Environmental and Social Consultant, Conducting Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Proposed New Dam on Mzimba River


13 July 2010- November 2010


Environmental and Social Consultant, Conducting Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Proposed New Dam on Lambilambi River


14 January –March 2010

AECOM Corporation, Texas, USA (for Shell Oil Company)

Environmental Impact Assessment for Stones Offshore Project

55 Senior Vice President for Petroleum Sector (Mr. Mike Clark P.E.)

15 October-December 2009

AECOM Corporation (for Shell Oil Company) Texas , USA

Environmental Screening and Scoping for STX onshore petroleum project in South Texas.

85 The Director of Oil & Gas Impact Assessment ( Mrs. Vivian Giannotti)

16 July-September 2009

AECOM Corporation (for Chevron Oil Company), Chihuahua, Mexico

Environmental Audit for 10 fuel depots and 18 gasoline stations.

180 The Project Manager, Mr. Ivan Galindo

17 January-May 2009 Acorn International LLC (for BHP Billiton)

Preparation of Environmental and Social Management for offshore project in India

40 Senior Programme Manager Mr. Scott Sanders

18 January-May 2009 Acorn International

Environmental Audit for two gas stations in

15 The Operations Manager Chevron

142




Input Days

Client References

LLC (Chevron Oil Company)

Panhandle Texas Oil Company

19 January-March 2009

Acorn International LLC (BHP Billiton)

Environmental Impact Assessment for Fuerte Offshore Drilling in Columbia.

70 Mr. Scott Sanders, BHP Billiton, Texas USA.

20 January-September 2008

Jong Shyn Shipbuilding.

Environmental Management Plans and Marketing Strategy for Jade Yachts-a subsidiary of Jong Shyn

90 Memphis Han-The Chief Executive Officer, Jade Yachts, Taiwan

21 June2004 -July 2008

Acorn International LLC (World Bank)

Social and Health Impact Assessments for Kisumu Irrigation Scheme in Kenya

10 Programme Manager, Kisumu Irrigation Project, Kenya

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Documents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/.../en/805591468210255322/N… · Web viewAgriculture accounts for almost 40 per cent of GDP and 85 per cent of export revenue