4 Phonetics and Phonemics of Standard Russian [Tijdschrift Voor Slavische Taal- En Letterkunde 2 73-83] 1973

8/18/2019 4 Phonetics and Phonemics of Standard Russian [Tijdschrift Voor Slavische Taal- En Letterkunde 2 73-83] 1973

1/11

PHONETICS AND

PHONEMICS

O F

STANDARD RUSSIAN

F. H. H. KORTLANDT*

1. INTRODUCTION

Modern linguistics is strongly theory-oriented.

1

The fact

that

this

assertion holds äs good

for phonemics äs for any

other branch

of

linguistics

has

recently been confirmed

by

Chomsky

and

Halle's latest

contribution

to the field.

2

As a

consequence

of

this rem arkable inclina-

tion, hardly

any

author

of a

book

on

phonemic theory adds

to bis

publication a specimen text to

which his

theory is applied.

3

The

purpose

of the

present article

is not the

further advancement

o f

phonemic theory, bu t the application of some obtaining views regarding

the

phonemic structure

of

language

in

order

to

arrive

at a

suitable

transcription

of

Russian texts.

As a theoretical

framework

I

have chosen

the

classical theory

of

Trubetzkoy.

4

No

Solutions

are offered for the

main problems which present themselves within this fra me w ork, such äs

th e identification problem

5

o r the problems that result from the existence

of optional features.

6

No 'heavy phonemes' are assumed, and the

description

is

therefore

less

adequate than would otherwise

be the

case:

in particular, the flexion of the Substantive could be described more

satisfactorily

if

that concept were made

use

of.

7

Apart from these

* The author studied mathematics and linguistics at the University of

Amsterdam

where he now is a member of the

Staff

of the Slavic

Department.

His doctoral disserta-

tion,

Modelling the Phoneme'. New Trends in

East European

Phonemic Theory, w as

recently

published by Mouton (The

Hague,

1972).

Cf. A. H.

Kuipers,

Unique

Types

and

Typological Universals , Pratidänam (The

Hague,

1968),

68-88.

2

N. Chomsky and M. Halle, The Sound P attern

of

English (New York, 1968).

3

Cf. nearly any book in the references.

4

N. S.

Trubetzkoy,

Grundzüge

der Phänologie (Prague,

1939),

1-50.

6

See, e.g., C. K. HlayMSH, HpoßjteMbi meopemimecnoü

Φ Ο Η Ο Λ Ο Ζ Η Η

(Moscow, 1962),

91115;

cf. also B. A.

VcneHCKafi,

"OflHa

MOflenb

fljia

ποΗβτκη

φοΗβΜΒΐ",

Bonpocu

KsuKoanmuH 6 (1964), 3953.

6

See C . L. Ebeling, Some Premisses of Phonemic Analysis , Word 23

(1967),

12237. Cf. K ortlandt, op. cit. Chapter 9.

7

Cf. Ebeling, op. cit. in ftne.


2/11

74 F. H. H.

KORTLANDT

considerations, the presentation

of

the

Russ ian sound system given

here

seems

to

me

the

simplest

and

most economical

description of the

facts.

8

2 PHONETICS

2.1.

VOWELS

2.1.1.

Accented

2.1.1.1.

Wordinitially: [i], [ε, e], [a], [o], [u].

x HX [ΪΧ] ΗΗ6Η [ΐηΐΐ]

3X0 [?t9]

3XH

[?tt]

a« [at], AH H [ans],

O H [on],

oceni.

[psm],

yM

[um], yseji [uzll].

2.1.1.2. A f t e r a hard

consonant:

[y], [ε,β], [a], [o], [u].

Ex. : ÖHJI [byl], ÖHTB [byt],

mect [ssst],

mejiecx

[seitst],

AaM [dam],

Tana [tans],

TOM [tom], Γ Ο Η Η Τ

[gpntt],

[sum], ayxb [dut].

2.1.1.3. Af ter a

soft

c o n s o n a n t : [i, ϊ], [ε, e], [a,

ä], [o, ö], [u, ü].

Ex.: MHJibiä

[rhjtei], JIHXB [h't],

;v3Jö, M B H [mets],

[tanüt],

xjraex

[t^mt],

[tplka], öepese

[ΒίΓφζϊ],

[ludna],

J I I O A H

[lî dl].

2.1.2.

Unaccented

2.1.2.1.

Wordinitially:

[ι] [α], [u].

Ex. : Hfly [idu],

o^Ha [adna],

yaap [udar].

2.1.2.2.

A f te r a hard consonant:

(1) pretonically: [y], [a], [u].

Ex.

:

öbuia [byla],

Bo^a

[vada],

xyfla

[tuda].

(2) in

other

positions:

[y], [a], [ü].

Ex. : G B I X O B O H [bytavo'i],

Aoöeacaxt

[dabt^at],

rpysoBoa [grüzavQs].

Cf., e.g., M.B. ΠΟΗΟΒ, PyccKaa φ οηεη ΐΗκ α (Moscow, 1967), 29205.


3/11

PHONETICS AND PHONEMICS OF STANDARD RUSSIAN

75

2.1.2.3. After a soft

consonant:

(1)

pretonically: [i],

[u].

Ex. öe^a [bida],

T I O K H

[tukj].

(2) in

other

positions:

[t], [ü].

Ex. JiecoBOfl [Itsavpt], nyryHOK [isügunpk].

(3) word-finally and before final [t]: [ l], [s], [ü].

Ex.

B H f l H T

[vfdtt], B H f l s r r [vj'dat], τ ι ρ ψ / τ [pfiitsüt].

2.2. S E M I V O W E L [j]

Ex.

rnea

[s^ia],

crpoio

[stroiü].

2.3.

C O N S O N A N T S

occlusives fricatives nasals laterals vibrants

bilabial

labiodental

apicodental

apicopalatal

dorsopalatal

dorsovelar

ρ ρ b b

t t d d

(0 (d)

k k g g

f f v v

s s z z

s s z z

j

χ χ γ γ

(m

rp)m m

(θ ή) η ή

(n)

(5)

(H) i i

(r i)

r f

Ex.:

oxuiyMeji [atsum^l], onyMeji [atsurii? ],

x a H H c a

[xanza], öyxrajiTep

[buyalttr], Β Ο Π Λ Β [νορϊ], J I H T P

[litf],

Π Β Ι Ο [pju], cteMica [sjpmka].

3.

PHONEMICS

3.1. V O W E L S

3.1.1. Phonemes (accented): / i / , /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/.

3.1.2. Archiphonemes (unaccented):

3.1.2.1.

(1) wordinitially,

(2) wordfinally an d be fore final /T/,

(3) after a hard consonant (not before final

/ j / : / t / ,

/a/,

/u/.

3.1.2.2. (1) be fore final / j / ,

(2) after a soft consonant (not wordfinally and not

before

f inal/T /):/ /,/U/.


4/11

76 F. H. H.

KORTLANDT

3.2. S E M I V O W E L /j/

3.3.

CONSONANTS

3.3.1.

Phonemes (before

a vowel)

labial p p b b f f v v mm

denta l t t d d s s z z n n 11 rf

palatal c

s z

velar k k g g χ χ

3.3.2.

Archiphonem.es of

H A R D

an d

S O F T

consonants

labial

p

b

f v m

dental t d s z n l I

palatal

velar k g χ

3.3.3. Archiphonemes

of V O I C E L E S S an d V O I C E D co nso na nts

labial

P P F

£

dental

T T S S

palatal

§

velar (K ) (K )

3.3.4.

Archiphonemes when b oth opposit ions are n eutralized

labial

P F

dental T §

palatal

velar

K

3.3.5.

Archiphoneme of

D E N T A L

an d

P A L A T A L fricatives

Σ

4. FLEXION OF THE

ADJECTIVE

4.1.

HOBtiä,

H O B O H

[npvai]

Hoeaa,

HOBoe

[npvaia]

HOBtie [npvyt] /npvti/

H O B H M

[npvym] /nqvtm /

H O B O M [ηφνοηι] /npvam/


5/11

PHONETICS AND PHONEMICS

OF STANDARD

RUSSIAN

4.2. JiexHHit,

JieTHee

[I?toti]

[ϊφίήΐρ]

[ϊ^ίήΐΐ]

/ietnla/

/I?tnli/

J I C T H H M ,

j ieTueM

[l^töim] /letnlm/

5 FLEXION OF THE SUBSTANTIVE

5.1. nojie [ρφϊϊ]

H O J I H

nojiro

5.2. snaHHe, s n a H H H [znamis] /znanla/

S H a H H H

[znamt]

/znanl i /

3HaHHÖ [znanti]

/znanlj/

4,

snaHHaM [znamjam]

/znanllm/

[skpto]

uiKOJie [skpli]

I I I K O J I O H

5.3. uiKOJia

5.4.

5.5.

apMH»

, Heflejie

/Skpll j /

[skptem] /Skplam/

[md^la]

/ ά ΐ α φ ΐ α /

fmd^it] /nld?h/

/nld?ll j/

a p M H H

apMHeö

[armiia] /armla/

[armtt] /armli/

[armvi]

/armlj/

[armui] /armllj/

[armtiam] /armllm/

6 NEUTRALIZATION

OF THE

OPPOSITION VOICELESS

:

VOICED

6.1.

Word-final

occlusives and

fricatives

are voiceless

Ex.:

npyr,

npyfl [prut] /pruT/, K O C , K O S [kos] /koS/.

6.2. Occlusives and fricatives are voiceless before voiceless sounds

Ex.:

ροδκο [rppka]

/ rofka/, B C C [fso] /Fso/,

K H H H C K a

[knjska]

/knjSka/.


6/11

78 F. H. H.

KORTLANDT

6.3. All sounds are voiced before

/b,

b, d,

d,

g, g, z, z, z/

Ex.: npocböa [prpzbs] /prpSba/, or^aji

fpddal] /oTdal/,

κ H H

[gzyn?] /K zme/.

JV..B.

N o

neutra l izat ion

before

/v,v,j/

Ex.:

T B O H X

[tvajx]

/tvajx/,

f lBoax

[dvajx] /dvajx/,

ntio [pju] /pju/,

6bio [bju] /b ju/.

7.

NEUTRALIZATION OF THE OPPOSITION HARD : SOFT

7.1. A ll

consonants

are soft before /j/

Ex.

:

m > K > [pju] /pju/, Jibio [Iju] /lju/, cteMica [sjpmks] / s jpmka/.

7.2. Wordfinal

velars are

hard

Ex.: C T H X [stix]

/Stix/.

7.3. Labials

and

velars

are hard

before

any

consonant

Ex.: rrrima

[ptjtsa]

/Pt}Tsa/, Kirara

[knjga]

/knjga/, B C Ö [fso] /pso/,

jierKHH

[Ipxktj] /Ipxklj/,

MCTHTB

[msiüt]

/mStiT/.

7.4. Dentals are hard before hard dentals/palatals

Ex.: C H M [sny] /sni/, H O S A H O [ppzns] /ρφζηα/, S J I O H [zloj] /zloj/,

[jizda] /jlSda/, KOManaa

[kamanda] /kamanda/,

N . B .

noJ i saTb

[pplzat] /pplzaT/, nojitsa [ppiza] /ρφϊζα/.

7.5. Dentals are soft before

soft

dentals/palatals

Ex.:

C T H X

[stix]

/Stix/,

3,aecb [zd"es]

/SdeS/,

cjie^

[slst]

/s leT/,

cner

[snsk]

/ sne K /,

öanzrHT

[bandjt] /bandjT/, K O H H H T b [k9nisit]

/konclT/, xeHmHHa [zenssfas]

ΛΓ.5. M O J I H H [maltsj] /malcj/, MajibnamKa fmaitsiSka]

/malcjSka/.

7.6. Dentals

are soft

before

soft

labials

Ex.: aBepb

[dvef]

/dver/,

C M C X [srhex] /srhex/, S M C H [zrhei] /zrhej/,

UBex [ίένεί] /T sv e T / .

Λ^.^.

No neutralization before hard labials

Ex.: H36a [izba] / iSba/, pe3b6a [fizba]

/rlSba/,

T b M a [tma]

/tma/.

7.7.

Dentals are

hard before

/r/ an d

/f/

£χ : T pH ftfi] / t f i / .


7/11

PHONETICS AN D PHONEMICS O F STANDARD R U S S I AN 79

7.8. r is hard before dentals/palatals

Ex.:

KapTHHa [kartjns]

/kart jna/,

jiapHHK

[lartslk]

/ larcIK/.

N.B. No

neutralization

before other

consonants

Ex.:

ropxa [gorka]

/gorka/, ropbKo

[gprks]

/gofka/,

K O P M H T B

[karmjit] /karm iT /,

T iopbMa [tufma] /tufma/.

7.9. and ff are soft within a morpheme but hard whenever

the

p h on e mi c units belong to d i f ferent morphemes

Ex.:

mima [pissa] /pj27sa/, B^esuiHÖ [vl̂ sssi]

/yle27-slj/,

c inyMOM

[Ssumam] /Σ sumam/,

esacy

[j^llü] /je-^zu/, acaceT [izot] /ΣζοΊ/

cacer [zzok] /17zoK./·

JV.1?. T he

realization

of

/ 2 Γ 6 /

is always

soft

j&c.: paaHocHHK [raznpssik] /Γαζορ^δΙΚ/,

Η3

nero [istsivp] \\Σ

clvp/.

S U M M A R I Z I N G :

T he

Opposition H A R D

:

S O F T

is N O T

neutral ized

(1) before a vowel,

(2) wordfinally (velars excepted),

(3) before velars and hard labials (dentals only),

(4 )

before

an y

consonant

th e

Opposition

/ / :

/ / .

8. NEUTRALIZATION OF THE OPPOSITION DENTAL: PALATAL

A p i c a l

fricatives

are palatal before palatals

Ex.:

see

under (7.9)

9.

ORTHOGRAPHICAL PECULIARITIES

9.1.

/

a n d d are not

pronounced

in

MecTH tiö [m^snaj],

npaaaHHK

[prazntk],

CHacxjiHBbiH

[ssisljvajl],

rojijiaHflCKHH

[galansktj],

[marksjsskti],

ceparte

[s^rtss],

a.o.

9.2.

s is not pronounced in pyccKHÖ

[ruskti],

HCKyccTso [iskustva],

a.o.

9.3. v is not

pronounced

in HyB crso

[tsustvs],

3flpaBCTB yö [zdrastvüj], a.o.

9.4.

/ is not

pronounced

in

coJimje

[s9ntsa].

9.5. s

and

s

are

both

pronounced in MyaccKoö

[musskpj],

[ts^sskij], etc.


8/11

80 F. H. H. KORTLANDT

9.6. cn is in most cases pronounced [tsn] but in some words [snj:

BeiHbiü

[v^tsnai], Hainy [natsnu], K O H C H H O

[skusna],

Haponno

[narosna].

9.7. it is in most cases pronounced [ist] but in some words [st]:

[pptsta], npoHxy

[praistu],

H T O Ö H ) [sto(by)],

H H H T O [mstp],

H C H T O

10. TEXT

Πθ

npHHHHaM

O KOTOpblX

HC

BpCMH

TCnepb

FOBOpHTb ΠΟΑροδΗΟ

Ά

A O j r a c e H

6b iJ i nocT ynnT b B JiaK en κ o f l H O M y neTepöyprcKOMy

no

c j m M H J i H H

Opjioßy. BBIJIO

eMy

O K O J I O Τ Ρ Η Α Ι Φ Τ Η Π Η Τ Η J I C T ,

H

e ro FeoprHeM HßantPieM.

K 3TOMy

OpJioBy

nocxynHJi

«

pa^n ero

oxu.a,

assecTHoro rocyflap-

CTBeHHoro

H e J i O B e K a ,

κοτοροΓΟ

C H H T a j i Ά ceptesHbiM sparoivr CBoero

Aejia.

Ά

pa9CMHTBiBaji, H T O , » C H B H y ctraa, n o paarosopaM, KOTopwe

ycjibimy, H

n o

öyiviaraM H aanncKaivt, KaKne

6ypy HaxoAHTb

Ha

cxone,

a B

Hsyny nuaHbi H HaMepeHHH oTii;a.

nacoB

B oflHHHafluaTb

yTpa

B

M O C H

jiaKeöcKOH

xpeiitan

3JieKTpHHecKHH 3 B O H O K , flaßa»

MHe

snaTb, HTO npocnyjica 6apHH.

Kor^a

a c BbiHHmeHHbiM

nnaxbeM

n canoraMH npüxoflHji B cnattbHio, reopmä

nenoABHacHo

B nocxejiH,

ae

sacnaHHbiö, a CKOpee

C H O M ,

H rjia,neji B

O A H y T O H K y ,

He BHKasbiBaa no

CBoero

npoöyxcaeHHa HHKaKoro yflOBOJibCTBua. Λ

noMoraji

eMy

ca,

a OH

H C O X O T H O

n o f lH H H a ji c a

M H e , MO jiia

H H e

satvien aa Moero npH cyx

.

Π Ο Τ Ο Μ ,

c

Μ οκροιο

οτ yMbieaHba T O J I O B O H H naxnymH H cseacHMH

,

OH

meji

B

cxojioByio

n H T b

κοφε .

OH

caaeji

sä

C T O J I O M , H H J I

κ ο φ ε

H n epejiHC T biBaji raaexbi, a a H r o p H H H H a a Ilojia n o H T H T C J i b n o cToajia y

Asepa

H C M O T p e ji H n a nero. flsa Bspocjibix nejioBeKa Α Ο Λ Κ Η Μ O H J I H c

CaMbIM Cepbe3HbIM BHHMaHHeM CMOTpeTb KaK TpCTHH Hb6T ΚΟΦ6 H

rpH36T cyxapHKH. 3το, n o Bcen BepoaTnocTH,

C M C U I H O

H A H K O , H O a n e

B H f l e j i

ajia ceöa nanero

yHHSHTejibHoro

B

T O M , ιτο

n p H X O f l H J i o c b CToaTb

O K O J I O

A B e p H ,

x o T a

6biJi T a K H M

ace

A B O P H H H H O M H

oöpasoßaHHbiM

HejioseKOM, KaK

caM

Opjios.

V Mena TorAa HaMHnajiacb naxoTKa, a c H C K » em e κοεπτο,

noacajiyö

noBaacnee laxoTKH. He

3Haio,

Π Ο Α B jr a a H H e M J I H

G o i i e s H H ,

H J I H

HaBuieöca nepeMeHw MHposo33peHHa, κοτοροο a

Toraa

H e

M H O I O

H3o A H a B A C H b

OBJiaAeßajia

CTpacraaa, paaApaacaHJmaa

, oöbisaTejibCKOH » C H S H H . M ne xoTejiocb


9/11

P H O N E T I C S A N D

PH O N E M I C S

O F

STAN D ARD RUSSIAN

81

Π Ο Κ Ο Η ,

aßopoBb«, xopomero BO3flyxa, C B I T O C T H . Ά cxaHOBHJica

H

KEK Μ6ΗΤΕΤ6Λϊ> HC

3HaJI HTO COÖCTBeHHO MHC

(Hs

Paccicasa HensBecTHoro HejioBeica

A.

Π .

Phonetic

transcription

[ps pf i i s jnam α katpryx ήι vr?ma

tip^r

gavafjit padrobn a ja

dplzan

b yl

pastupjit vlak^t k a d n a m u pttirburkskamü tsinpvmkü pa

famjfiu

arlpvü.

byla

jimu

pkste t f l t t sat j

pi t j

ist

t

zvalt

jivp

giiprgtiam

yvanytsam.

k?tamü

arlpvü pastupji ja radt

jivp attsa

izvesnsva

gasudarstvinava

tsttavfka

katpravs ssital

ja

sifJQznym

vragpm

βνφνφ

d t̂e.

ja

rassjtyval

sts zyva u syns pa razgavpram katpryi

usiysü

ι pg bumagam y zapjskam

kakjit

budü

naxadjit na

stcds

ja fpadrpbnastt izutsu plany ι narii^nmia

attsa.

abykn av?n n a tsispf vadjnattsat utra vmaipi }ak?iskai tf issal

iliktfji

tstskii zvanpk davaia mn e znat sta

prasnutss

ba f tn .

kagda

ja

svyisi

ssmym

platjam

y

sapctgarin

p f txadj l fspainü gtiprgti ivanyis sidfl

ntpadvjzna fpast?it m zaspanai

α

skaf^t utamlpnai snom

ι

ghd?l vadnu

tptskü ή ΐ

vykazyvaia

pa

ppvadü svaiivp prabuzdôiia

ntkakpva

udavpl-

stvtia. ja pamagal jimu adivattsa α on maxptna pattsinalsa mns mpltsa

χ ήΐ zamitsaia maiivp pf isuts ivtia. patpm

smpkraiü

at umyvanja galavpi

ι paxnüssii sv^zymi duxaim on sol fstalpvüiü p'it kpf t. on sid^l za stalpm

pil kpf t t ptnljstyval gaz^ty a ja

ι gprmsnaia ppla patsijiitina

stai^lt

u

dv?ft ι smatfît n a mvp. dva vzrpslyx istlav^ka dalzny

by l t

ssamym

stfjpznym vmmamiam

smatf^t

kak tfîti

p jpt

kpft ι gryzpt suxanki.

fta

p a fsei vtraiatnastt smisnp ι djka n o ja n t vfdal dla siba ntts ivp unizjitti

nava ftom sta pfixadjlas stai^t pkala dv?ft xaia b yl takjm

za

dvaf injnam

ι

abrazpvanym

tstlav?kam

kak

sa m

arlpf.

u mm a tagda n atsmalas ts ixp tka α snfiü

jissp

kpjista pazalüi pavazo?i

tsixptkt. m znaiü pad νΐι^ήφηι ίΐ bai^znt

ι ΐ ΐ

natsinafsajsa ptf im^ny

miravazzf^mia katprai ja tagda ή ϊ zamttsal mnpiü

ιζα

dna vden

avladivala strasnaia razdrazaiüsstia zazda abyknav^nnaj abyvattiskaj

zyzm. mns xatslas dussvnava pakpia zdarpvja xarpsava vpzdüxa sytastt.

ja stanavjlsa mtistaitlam ι kak

mitstattl

m znal

sto sopsivma

m n s nuzna.]

Phonemic transcription

/pa pfIcjn am a katprix

nl

vf?ma tlp?f gavafjT padrpb n a ja dolzan

b vl

paStupiT

y

lakî

k

adnamu pltlrburKSkamu

clnpynlku pa

famjllt


10/11

82 F. H. H.

K O RT L AN D T

arlovu. b j la jlmu okala t r lTTsat j p l t j

IeT

ι zvali jlvp glprgllm ivamclm.

k etamu

arlpvu

paStupjl ja radi jlvp aTTsa

izvesnava gasudar

Stvlnava cllaveka

katprava

27sltal

ja

sIrJ9zmm

yragom

svaivp

dela.

ja

ra27sitival

Sta

ztva

u

s jn a

pa

raSgavpram

katpru

usljsu

ι

ρα bumagam

ι zapjSkam kakj i budu naxadji na Stal? ja F padrpbnaStt izucu

plant

ι

ηαώφί ΐή ΐα

aTTsa.

abiknavenna

cIspF

v adjnaTTsai utra γ

moj?j lak^jSklj

trIZ'sal

lilKtfiöISklj ζναηφΚ davaja mn e znaT Sta prasnulsa b a fl n . kaKda ja s

vicIZsImm platjlm

ι

sapagami

p f lxad j l F Spalnu

glprglj ivamc sld?l

olpadvjzna F paSi?h ol zaSpanlj a Skaf^i utamlpnlj snom ι glldfl v

a d n u

tpcku

∆ Ι

vtkaztvaja pa

ppvadu

svaivp

prabu§d?Ma

nlkakpva

udavplStvIa.

ja pamagal jlmu

adlvaTsa

a on

nlaxptna paTcInalsa

mn e

mplca ι M zamlcaja maivp pflsuTStvIa. patpm s mpkraju at

umtvanja

galavpj ι paxnu2TsIj sv^zimi

duxami

on

so l

F

Stalpvuju

piT

kpf i . on

sld^l

za Stalgm pil

kpf i

ι plfl l jStival

gaz^ti

a ja ι gornlsnoja ρφία

pactjtlina Stajak u

dven

ι smatf^k na ήΐνφ . dva

Fztgslixcllav^kadalzni

btli S

samim

slrJQzmm vnlmanllm

smatr^l?

kaß. tf^tlj

pjoT

kgf i

ι

gnz^T

suxarlki. eta pa Fse j vlrajatnaSti smlsnp ι djka no ja

nl

vjdll

dla

slba

Mclvp unlzjtllnava

F tom Sta pflxadjlaS StajaT pkala dv?fi

xata

b il

takjm

za

dvaflo jn am

ι

abrazpvamm

cllav^kam

kaK.

sa m

arlpF.

u

m l n a

taß.da naölnalaS cIxpTka

a s neju

jI27sp kpt-Sta

pazalUj

ραναζήφι cIxpTki.

nl znaju pad

vllanllm

h

balezm

ili nacInaFsI jsa

p l f lmeni

mlravaSzfenla

katorlj

ja

taKda

nl

zamlcal

mn p ju

ιζα dna

F den ayladlvala §trasnaja

raSdrazajU^TsIa

za§da a b i k n a v e n n l j

abivatllSklj

zjzm. mne

xaielaS dusevnava pakpja Sdarpyja xarpsava

vpSduxa sjtaSii. ja Stanavjlsa mlctailllm ι kaK mlctatll nl znal Sto

spPStvIna

mne nuzna./

Amsterdam

REFERENCES

B.

Malmberg,

La phonetique (=

Que

saisje No.

637)

(Paris, 1970

8

).

A.

Cohen

et alii Fonologie van

het

Neder lands en het Fries

(The

Hague, 196l

2

).

E.

Alarcos Llorach, Fonologia

espanola I

(Madrid, 1965

4

).

N. S. Trubetzkoy,

Grundzüge der Phänologie

(Prague,

1939).

P. H. AsaHecoB, Φο π β η ακ α coepeMemozo

pyccKOzo

au m e pam ypn ozo nsbma (Moscow,

1956).

M. B.

IlaH OB,

PyccKaa

φοηβηι ι ικα

(Moscow,

1967).

C. K. fflayMflH, Π ρ ο β Μ Μ ί ι

meopemmecKOÜ Φ Ο Η Ο Λ Ο Ζ Η Ι *

(Moscow, 1962).

M. Halle,

The

Sound Pattern

of

Russian

(The

Hague,

1959).

E. Öuroviö, Paradigmatika spisovnej ruStiny (Bratislava, 1964).

H. Kuöera, The Phonology of

Czech (The Hague, 1961).

R.

Jakobson

and M. Halle,

Fundamentals ofLanguage

(The Hague, 1956).


11/11

PHONETICS AND PHONEMICS OF STANDARD RUSSIAN 83

R.

Jakobson,

C. G.

Fant,

and M.

Halle, Preliminaries to

Speech A nalysis

(Cambridge,

Mass., 1965 ).

M.

Halle, Phonology

in

Generative

Grammar ,

Word,

18

(1962), 54-72.

N.

Chomsky,

Current Issues

in Linguistic

Theory

(The Hague, 1964), 65-110.

C. L. Ebeling,

On

Accent

in Dutch and the

Phoneme

/g/ , Lingua 21

(1968),

135-43.

F. Danes, Sentence

Intonation

from a

Functional Point

of

View , Word,

16 (1960),

34-54.

Documents

4 Phonetics and Phonemics of Standard Russian [Tijdschrift Voor Slavische Taal- En Letterkunde 2 73-83] 1973