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Phonetics and

Phonemics

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Phonetics and Phonemics :

The principle goal of Phonetics is to provide an exact description of every known speech sound

Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language

Phonemics is used for the study of speech sounds as they are perceived by speakers of a particular language

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Phonetics :

Articulatory phonetics

How any given speech sound is produced, with particular emphasis on anatomical detail

Acoustic phonetics

The emphasis is on observable, measurable characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds

Provides theoretical and experimental background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware

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Articulatory phonetics : The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe

speech sounds in the terms of position of the vocal

organs

Phonetic alphabet

Phoneticians have had to devise their own

system of notation

IPA

ARPAbet

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Excitation Of The Speech System

Phonation

Whispering

Frication

Compression

Vibration

Articulatory phonetics (consonants)

Consonants are easy to define in anatomical terms

Point of articulation is the location of the principal constriction in the vocal tract

Bilabial

Labiodental

Apicodental

Apicogingival

Apicoalveolar

Apicodomal

Laminoalveolar

Laminodomal

Centrodomal

Dorsovelar

Pharyngeal

Glottal

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…Consonants: Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at

the point of articulation and the manner of release

into the following sound

Plosive

Aspirated

Affricative

Fricative

Lateral

Semivowel

Nasal

Trill

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…Consonants: Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of

phonation

Voiced

Unvoiced

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Articulatory phonetics (vowels):Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants,

this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by

Tongue high or low

Tongue front or back

Lips rounded or unrounded

Nasalized or unnasalized

Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another

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Articulatory phonetics :

Coarticulation:

No speech sound is produced accurately in

the context of other sound

Overlapping of phonetic features from

phone to phone is termed coarticulation

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Phonemics : Phonetics is a view of speech sounds

independent of the language

Phonemics is the view of speech sounds

within a specific language

Phonemes

Phonetics: an individual sound is a phone

Phonemics: the smallest meaningful unit in a

specific language is the phoneme

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Phonemics (phonemes): A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a

given language that is sufficient to

differentiate one word from another

Example:

In English, Voicing is a feature which

distinguishes between two phonemes

‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’

In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in

German

‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k]

World’s languages tree

(Oxford Encyclopedia)

60,000

Eskimo-Aleut

45 million

SOUTH-ASIANVietnamese

Khmer

…

130 million

JAPANESE-KOREAN

150 million

BANTU and RelatedSwahili

Zulu

…

1,500 million

INDO-EUROPEAN*

800 million

SINO-TIBETANBurmese

Chinese

Thai

Tibetan

…

150 million

SEMITIC and RelatedArabic

Ethiopic

Hamitic

Hebrew

…140 million

MALAY-POLYNESIANHawaiian

Indonesian

Maori

…

100 million

URAL-ALTAICFinnish

Hungarian

Mongolian

Turkish

…

130 million

DRAVIDIANMalayalam, Tamil, Telugu

…10 million

LATIN-AMERICAN INDIANQuechua

Guarani

Arawak

Carib

…

10 million

NORTH-AMERICAN

INDIANAztecan, Algonquin, Iroquoian,

Sioan, …

BalticLithunian

Lettish

CelticBreton

Irish Gaelic

Welsh

…

HellenicGreek

GermanicDutch, Flemish

English

German

Scandinavian

Danish

Icelandic

Norwegian

Swedish

Yiddish

SlavicBulgarian

Czech

Macedonian

Polish

Russian

Serbo-Croatian

Slovak

Slovene

Ukrainian

…

Armenian

Albanian

RomanceItalian

French

Portuguese

Romanian

Spanish

…

Indo-IranianAfghan

Bengali

Hindi

Kurdish

Persian

Sanskrit

Singhalese

Urdu

…

World’s languages tree

(Cont’d )

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Phonemics (phonemes):

The largest number of phoneme known is

45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in

Hawaiian

English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29

to 45 phonemes, depending on how they

are analyzed

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Phonemics (Allophones):

A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically

similar sound which are accepted by the

speakers of the language as being the

same sound. Members of the set are

called allophones.

Example:

The /k/ in “kin” and “cup”.

The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”.

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English PhonemesVowels

Semi-vowels

Fricatives

Nasals

Stops

Aspiration

uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae eh

ih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr el

y r l el w

jh ch s z sh zh f v th dh

m n ng em en eng nx

b d g p t k dx q

bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kcl

hv hh

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Parsian Phonemesواكه ها

o

u

a

e

i

G

g

k

c

d

t

p

b

)(

)(

يه، ي

،به

و

،و

و

ا،آ

انفجاري هابپ

ت، طدكك

گگق،غ

، عء

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Parsian Phonemes (Cont’d)سايشي ها

h

Z

s

v

f

انفجاري سايشي ها

فو

ث، س، ص

ز، ذ، ض، ظ

ش

ژ

خ

ه، ح

t

dجچ

شبه واكه ها

j

n

m

r

lلر

م

ن

يه، ي

Phonemes in Persianدر اينجا بر اساس ميزان ايستان بودن. گيردىبه اشكال مختلف انجام مىواجها در فارسىتقسيم بند

. گيردىصورت ممداوم

continuant

واكه هاvowels

همخوان هاconsonants

پيشينfront

ا ىئ

پسينback

او ا ا

ىميانmid

آ

ىسايشfricative

ىنجوائwhisper

حه

ىخيشومnasal

م ن

واكدارvoiced

غو ز ژ

بيواكunvoiced

خف س ش

Phonemes in Persian (cont’d)

غير مداومnon continuant

شبهه واكه هاsemivowels

وقفه هاplosives

ىتركيبىواكه هاdiphthongs

اوىا

واكدارvoiced

ب د گ

بيواكunvoiced

ع قءپ ت ك

لرزشيهاliquids

ر ل

روانهاglides

ى

ىنيمه سايشaffricate

ج چ

تقريبا فراموش شده استىدر فارسىشود ولىاستفاده مىردو ك ىعربىدر زبانها/ و/ واج روان *

. شودىاستفاده مىفارسىاز لهجه هاىو فقط در بعض

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