Titel

SNOWMAN NETWORKKnowledge for sustainable soils

Titel

IBRACSIntegrating Bioavailability in Risk Assessment

of Contaminated Soils: opportunities and feasibilities

Period : Oct 2011-Sep 2014; Total founding : € 654 236National founders : Formas & SGI (Sweden), ADEME & INRA (France), OVAM (Flanders), DGARNE (Wallonia)

Dan Berggren Kleja (coordinator), Swedish Geotechni cal Institute (SGI) / (IVL on subcontract)

Jurate Kumpiene, Luleå University of Technology (LTU )

Gerard Cornelissen, Stockholm University (SU) / (NG I on subcontract)

Erik Smolders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL)

Philippe Sonnet, Université Catholique de Louvain (U CL)

Thibault Sterkeman, Institut National de la Recherc he Agronomique (INRA), Université de Lorraine

Aims IBRACS

• The overall aim of IBRACS is toprovide policymakers, other authorities and service providers with guidelines on how chemical bioavailability testscan be used in site specific risk assessments.

• To improve accuracy in risk assessments giving more reliable decisions on how much soil that needs to be remediated.

• To open up for management options based on immobilization of contaminants (reducing bioavailability).

• Probably more cost effective site management

Why account for bioavailability?

WP1. Project management

WP3. Comparison of existing risk assessment models for soil with focus on bioavailability

WP4. Ecotoxicity and bioavailability testing

WP5. Uptake of contaminants by plants

WP2. Dissemination and Exploitation

WP6. Application of frameworks on some contaminated sites – cost benefit analysis

WP6. Incorporating soil chemical tests in site specific risk assessment frameworks

Project structure IBRACS

PAHsmetals, PAH Zn, Cu, Ni, PAHs

PAHs - EnchytraeidaetestMetals - plant test

SGI

SGI

SGI

KUL

LTU

INRA

Results

Recommended approach for site specific ERA -

PAHs

The theory behind the method -equilibrium partition theory

Cell membrane

Soil organic matter

Mineral

Pore water

KTOCKLIPID

key parameter!

Method for porewater determination of PAHs – equilibration with polyoxymethylene membrane (POM)

Simple and cheap method!

a) 10 g soil + POM + 35 ml 0.001 M CaCl2 + 0.015 NaN3 (biocide).

b) Shake for 28 days

c) Extract POM (aceton/hexan)

d) Cpw = CPOM/ KPOM

Cpw = pore water concentrationCPOM = POM concentrationKPOM = POM-partitioning coefficient

Arp et al., 2014

Biouptake experiments with Enchytraeus crypticus (4 weeks exposure, 22 soils)

Results indicate equilibrium between soil, porewater and worms

RIVM compilation links toxic response to concentration of PAHs in fat tissue

log (critical PAH concentration in fat), mmol/kg

Num

ber

of a

ffect

ed s

peci

es

NOEC-values for 54 different species, means for all PAH-16

Verbruggen, 2012

HC5=0.39 mmol/kg

HC50=4.7mmol/kg

13

31

HC5/5 → MPCMaximum Permissible Concentration

HC50 → SRCSerious Risk Concentration

Proposed procedure for site specific ERA

Measuring bioavailable

concentration with POM

Relate to risk limits, e.g.

RIVM’s MPC or SRC values

Assume additive effect and

calculate toxic unit (TU) value

TU >1 = risk TU <1 = no risk

Derive porewater

concentration in µg L-1

An Excel based TU calculator, plus instructions, can be downloaded from IBRACS home page http://projects.swedgeo.se/ibracs/

The procedure is in line with recommendations from RIVM (Brand et al., 2013)

Assessing plant uptake of PAHs by chemical methods

Plant uptake of PAHs by Zea mays (5 weeks growth, 14 soils)

Uptake cannot be desribed as a simple partitioning → POM method does not work

Root uptake

•Implementation of methods that determine pore water concentration in risk assessments would not improve predictions of PAH uptake by plants

•Existing models for soil/plant transfer of PAHs should be reconsidered (e.g. Briggs et al.,1982)

•If intake of plants is an important exposure pathway for humans, uptake experiments are recommended to be used in site specifid risk assessments

Conclusions and recommendation

Recommended approach for site specific ERA -

metals

• The approach is based on the concepts in the Excel based program SOIL PNEC calculator .

• SOIL PNEC calculator is based on results from the EU REACH testing protocol for metal ecotoxicity (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb) using spiked soils.

• Two factors are affecting bioavailability:1. Soil properties (CEC, pH)2. Leaching-ageing factor (dafault, metal specific)

Smolders et al. , 2009

Plant toxicity experiments with 10 historically contaminated soils

1. Bioavailability of Zn and Cu in spiked and field contaminated soils was assessed in plant toxicity experiments

2. Isotopic dilution using a stable isotope technique was applied on field contaminated soils

Pla

nt to

xici

ty(f

ield

/ sp

iked

)

Isotopic dilution(labile / total)

The isotopic dilution method can be used to determine site specific leaching-ageing factors

A version of SOIL PNEC calculator with option to add a site specific leaching-ageing factors can be downloaded from http://www.arche-consulting.be/metal-csa-toolbox/soil-pnec-calculator/

Dissemination and exploitation

Published papers

• Dupuy, J., S. Ouvrard, P. Leglize and T. Sterckeman. Morphological and physiological responses of maize (Zea mays) exposed to phenanthrene. Chemosphere, in press.

• Arp, H. P. H., S. Lundstedt, S. Josefsson, G. Cornelissen, A. Enell, A.-S. Allard and D. B. Kleja (2014). "Native Oxy-PAHs, N-PACs, and PAHs in Historically Contaminated Soils from Sweden, Belgium, and France: Their Soil-Porewater Partitioning Behavior, Bioaccumulation in Enchytraeus crypticus, and Bioavailability." Environmental Science & Technology. 48, 11187−11195.

• Josefsson, S., H. P. H. Arp, D. Berggren Kleja, A. Enell and S. Lundstedt. 2015. "Determination of POM-water partition coefficients for oxy-PAHs and PAHs." Chemosphere 119, 1268–1274.

• Hamels F., J. Malevé, P. Sonnet, D. Berggren Kleja and E. Smolders 2014. “Phytotoxicity of trace metals in spiked and field-contaminated soils: linking soil-extractable metals with toxicity.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 33, 2479-2487.

Selected conference contributions

• Kleja D.B. et al. A presentation of the SNOWMAN project “IBRACS”(Integrating Bioavailability in Risk Assessment of Contaminated Soils: opportunities and feasibilities). AquaConSoil, Barcelona 16-19 April 2013. Poster.

• Hamels, F., Sonnet, P., Kleja, D.B. and Smolders, E. Phytotoxicity of Trace Metals in Field Contaminated Soils: Linking Soil Extractable Metals with Toxicity. 12th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements (ICOBTE), Athens, Georgia, June 16-20, 2013. Oral presentation.

• Enell, A., Lundstedt, S., Arp, H.P.A., Josefsson, S., Kleja, D.B. Assessment of soil-water partitioning PACs using passive samplers and leaching tests. NORDROCS, Stockholm 16-17 Sepember 2014. Oral presentation.

• Dupuy J., Ouvrard S., Leglize P., Sterckeman T. Intégration de la biodisponibilité dans l'évaluation du transfert sol/plante des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques. 3èmes Rencontres Nationales de la Recherche sur les Sites et Sols Pollués, Paris, 18-19 November 2014. Oral presentation

• Kleja D.B., Enell, A., Lundstedt, S., Cornelissen, G., Arp, H.P.A. A recommended approach to apply bioavailability methods in a framework for improved ecological risk assessments of PAH contaminated soils. AquaConSoil Copenhagen, June 9-12, 2015. Oral presentation.

For more information, http://projects.swedgeo.se/ibracs/

The team at IBRACS final meeting in Leuven 21-22 May 2014

Thank you for your attention