2.Principle and Design of Waste Minimization

8/13/2019 2.Principle and Design of Waste Minimization

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EVT627

HAZARDOUS WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

NUR SYAHIZA ZAINUDDIN



Learning Outcomes At the end of lectures of week 3 student will

Be able to interpret the principle of waste

minimization Able to identify the responsibility of many parties

involves in minimization process

Be able to identify the technique of waste

minimization Able to identify the current management

practice/disposal technique



TOPIC TO COVER

Introduction

Principles of waste minimization

Responsibility Techniques of waste minimization

Example of waste types

Phase separation process

Design criteria and examples



INTRODUCTION Minimization is defined as practices to reduce the

volume generated, the toxicity, or the recycle, reclaim,or reuse of the wastes to the extent practicable.

Hazardous waste minimization is the first optionbefore treatment or final disposal, and is preferably thesource reduction rather than recycling, recovering orreusing.

Minimization is an environmental option to solve thehazardous waste management problems and aneconomic opportunity to reduce production costs as well as treatment and disposal costs.



PRINCIPLE OF WASTE MINIMIZATION

Reduction of waste disposal costs

Reduce the volume and toxicity of waste minimization

waste minimization by volume reduction representsignificant opportunities for protection of humanhealth and the environment.

The concepts of waste reduction and waste

minimization can and should apply equally toindustry, government, and other institutions, and tothe private citizen.



RESPONSIBILITY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (EHS)

Environmental Health and Safety’s responsibilitiesinclude:

Act as a resource to College personnel, providing technicalassistance and guidance on waste minimization.

Review and monitor existing waste minimization practices.

Conduct College-wide waste minimization studies to identify

new waste minimization programs to be implemented. Provide training as requested.



RESPONSIBILITY (Cont..)

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATIORS AND SUPERVISORS Principal Investigator and Supervisor responsibilities include:

Promote and practice waste minimization concepts. Establish procedures for conducting specific waste minimization

activities. Ensure that all personnel and/or contractors adhere to the waste

minimization concepts provided in this procedure and Departmentinternal procedures.

4.3 PERSONNEL USING CHEMICALS Personnel using chemicals should: Practice the waste minimization concepts provided in this

procedure. Follow internal procedures developed by their Principal Investigator

(PI) and/or supervisor.



RESPONSIBILITY (Cont..)

CONTRACTORS

Contractors must ensure that:

All unopened or unused portions of chemicals brought on-siteare removed by the contractor upon completion of services.

Waste minimization techniques are used when feasible.



TECHNIQUES OF WASTE MINIMIZATION

Waste minimization and pollution preventiontechniques include the following:

TRAINING Personnel should be trained when they are first hired, yearly

thereafter, and when procedures change.

CHEMICAL REDISTRIBUTION

Unopened or unused portions of chemicals may beredistributed within the College to other users. For example, ifa chemical is needed, especially exotic, high-hazard andsingle-use chemicals, check with other laboratory personneland colleagues within the College for availability beforeordering.



PROCESS MODIFICATION

To the extent that it does not compromise research,

teaching, or service, laboratories are encouraged tomodify experimental or standard processes todecrease the quantity of hazardous chemicalsused and generated.

Where possible, micro and semi-microtechniques should be used to reduce the

volumes of waste generated.


(Cont..)



PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION Substitute non-hazardous or less toxic materials in your chemical processes and

experiments. Some examples include: Non-mercury thermometers (e.g., Enviro-Safe™). Detergents and enzymatic cleaners can be substituted for sulfuric acid/potassium dichromate (chromerge) cleaning solutions and ethanol/potassium hydroxide cleaning solutions.

Avoid the use of known carcinogens, mutagens, or extremely hazardouschemicals where possible.

RECYCLING Recycling means that less hazardous waste requires disposal

When a waste material is used for another purpose, treated and reused in thesame process, or reclaimed for another process. The following are someexamples: Re-distill used-solvents. When solvents are used for cleaning purposes, use contaminated solvents for the initial

cleaning and use new solvents for the final rinse. Purchase compressed gas cylinders (including lecture bottles) from manufacturers who

will accept the return of the empty or partially used cylinders. Return excess pesticides to the distributor.


(Cont..)



SEGREGATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Do not consolidate various process / experiment wastes into the same

container unless the wastes contain similar constituents or otherwiseauthorized to do so by EHS.

Accurately label waste containers including all chemical contents and

approximate percentages. Segregation and characterization simplifies the waste stream

facilitating treatment and disposal.

INVENTORY CONTROL It is important to audit chemical supplies and use inventory control

measures. Purchase only the quantity of chemical required for a specific project

and do not stockpile chemicals unnecessarily. Chemicals in storage should be examined periodically for changes in

the condition of the chemical, the container holding the chemical,and/or the storage area.

Before using or storing chemicals, become familiar with their physicaland chemical hazards.


(Cont..)



STORAGE PRACTICES Chemical Segregation and Secondary Containment

Chemical containers should be stored and segregated according to their hazard(e.g., flammables, acids, bases, oxidizers, reactive, and poisons) and away fromincompatible chemicals.

Examples include: Water reactive chemicals are not to be stored under sinks. Acids are not to be stored under sinks. Flammables are not to be stored near ignition sources.

Chemical Labelling Practices All containers must have an appropriate container label intact and legible at all

times. Any defaced, faded or separating labels should be addressed immediately,either by correcting the label or offering the chemical for disposal to EHS. Any unknown chemicals should be immediately submitted to EHS for disposal.

Expired Chemicals Expiration dates should be clearly marked for chemicals that are in reactive

groups or develop hazardous functional groups on long-term storage (e.g.,

peroxide forming chemicals).


(Cont..)





Example of waste types Industrial Hazardous Wastes

Acids (Sources : Petroleum & chemical industries)

Cyanide (Sources : Metal & chemical industries)

Arsenic (Sources : Glass manufacturing processes, pesticides)

Cadmium (Sources : paint & plastic industries, battery manufacturers)



Example of waste types Industrial Hazardous Wastes

Lead (Sources : electronic industry)

Infectious Waste (Sources : Hospitals, Clinics)

Organic Solvents (Sources : plastic, adhesive, cosmetic industries)

Radioactive Waste (Sources : nuclear power plant)



Example of waste typesDomestic Hazardous Waste

Batteries – Corrosive, toxic

Used oil – flammable, toxic

Empty Insecticide spray can – unstable, toxic

Broken thermometer – toxic

Unused drug or medicine – toxic Floor detergents – corrosive, toxic

Cigarette lighters - flammable



Separation Process Widely used both in minimization of hazardous

wastes and in the treatment of hazardous wastesbefore disposal.

The treatment before disposal is done to recover valuable components and at the same time removehazardous materials from the disposed stream.

Closely linked to waste minimization practicesbecause they recover valuable materials.



Waste Stream

Waste Generation

Waste Handling, Separation,

storage, and processing at sources

Collection

Disposal

Separation,processing and

transformation ofsolid waste

Transfer andTransport



Phase Separation Process Filtration, sedimentation, flocculation, centrifugation,

distillation, evaporation, flotation, ultrafiltration, andprecipitation, etc

Chemical transformation processes includeneutralization, precipitation, hydrolysis, oxidation,reduction, ozonolysis, calcination, chlorinolysis,electrolysis, and microwave treatment.

Biological methods of treatment - microorganisms in

nature that can break down anything into its constituentelements and thus detoxify it (unless of course theelements themselves are toxic, such as mercury orthallium).







Management Practices/DisposalUnderground storage

Secured LandfillIncineration

Deep well injection, etc.



Underground Storage



Secure Hazardous-Waste Landfill



Incineration



Deep Well Injection

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2.Principle and Design of Waste Minimization