26. Javellana vs. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 33

8/19/2019 26. Javellana vs. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 33

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EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-36142. March 31, 1973.]

JOSUE JAVELLANA, petitioner , vs. THE EXECUTIVESECRETARY, THE SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE,THE SECRETARY OF JUSTICE and THE SECRETARY OFFINANCE, respondent s.

[G.R. No. L-36164. March 31, 1973.]

VIDAL TAN, J. ANTONIO ARANETA, ALEJANDRO ROCES,MANUEL CRUDO, ANTONIO U. MIRANDA, EMILIO DEPERALTA and LORENZO M. TAÑADA, petitioners, vs. THEEXECUTIVE SECRETARY, THE SECRETARY OFFINANCE, THE SECRETARY OF JUSTICE, THESECRETARY OF LAND REFORM, THE SECRETARY OFNATIONAL DEFENSE, THE AUDITOR GENERAL, THEBUDGET COMMISSIONER, THE CHAIRMAN OF

PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON REORGANIZATION,THE TREASURER OF THE PHILIPPINES, THECOMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and THE COMMISSIONEROF CIVIL SERVICE, respondent s.

[G.R. No. L-36165. March 31, 1973.]

GERARDO ROXAS, AMBROSIO PADILLA, JOVITO R.SALONGA, SALVADOR H. LAUREL, RAMON V. MITRA,

JR. and EVA ESTRADA-ALA!, petitioners, vs.ALEJANDRO MELCHOR, "n #"$ %a&a%"'( a$ E)*%+'"*S*%*'a( JUAN PONCE ENRILE, "n #"$ %a&a%"'( a$S*%*'a( /0 Na'"/na1 D*0*n$* G*n*a1 ROMEO ESPINO,"n #"$ %a&a%"'( a$ C#"*0 /0 S'a00 /0 '#* A2*d F/%*$ /0 '#* "1"&&"n*$ CONSTANCIO E. CASTAÑEDA, "n #"$%a&a%"'( a$ S*%*'a( /0 G*n*a1 S*"%*$ S*na'/ GIL J.PUYAT, "n #"$ %a&a%"'( a$ P*$"d*n' /0 '#* S*na'* and


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S*na'/ JOSE ROY, "n #"$ %a&a%"'( a$ P*$"d*n' P/T*2&/* /0 '#* S*na'*, respondent s.

[G.R. No. L-36236. March 31, 1973.]

EDDIE B. MONTECLARO, 3&*$/na11( and "n #"$ %a&a%"'(P*$"d*n' /0 '#* Na'"/na1 P*$$ C1+4 /0 '#* P#"1"&&"n*$5,

petitioner , vs, THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, THESECRETARY OF PUBLIC INFORMATION, THE AUDITORGENERAL, THE BUDGET COMMISSIONER 6 THENATIONAL TREASURER, respondent .

[G.R. No. L-36283. March 31, 1973.]

NAPOLEON V. DILAG, ALFREDO SALAPANTAN, JR.,LEONARDO ASODISEN, JR., and RAUL M. GONZALEZ, petitioners, vs. THE HONORABLE SECRETARY OFNATIONAL DEFENSE, THE HONORABLE BUDGETCOMMISSIONER, THE HONORABLE AUDITOR GENERAL,respondent s.

Ramon A. Gonzales for p!"!"o#r $o%& $a'((a#a.

Lorenzo M . Tañada & Associates for p!"!"o#r% )"*a( +a#, ! a(.

Tañada, Salonga, Ordoñez, Rodrigo, Sanidad Roxas Gonzales a#* Arroyofor p!"!"o#r% Grar*o Roa%, ! a(.

Joker . Arroyo a#* Rogelio !. adilla for p!"!"o#r E**" Mo#!c(aro.

Ra"l M . Gonzales & Associates for p!"!"o#r% Napo(o# ). "(a, ! a(.

Art"ro M . Tolentino for r%po#*#!% G"( $. /&0a! a#* $o% Ro0.

Solicitor General #stelito . Mendoza, Solicitor $icente $ . Mendoza a#*Solicitor Reynato S. "no for o!hr r%po#*#!%.

R E S O L U T I O N

CONCEPCION, J &

+h ao' #!"!(* f"' 5 ca%% ar a %&( of ca%% G.R. No%.


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L-35925, L-35929, L-3594, L-35941, L-35942, L-35948, L-35953, L-35961, L-35965 a#* L-35979, *c"** o# $a#&ar0 22, 1973, !o h"ch "(( hraf!r rfr co((c!"'(0 p("%c"! ca%%.

!ackgro"nd o% te le'iscite (ases

+h fac!&a( %!!"# !hrof "% %! for!h "# !h *c"%"o# r#*r*, fro h"ch

&o!

:;# March 16, 1967, Co#r%% of !h /h"("pp"#% pa%%*R%o(&!"o# No. 2, h"ch a% a#** 0 R%o(&!"o# No. 4 of %a"*o*0, a*op!* o# $ 17, 1969, ca(("# a co#'#!"o# !o propo%a#*#!% !o !h Co#%!"!&!"o# of !h /h"("pp"#%. "("p"#o pop( for ra!"f"ca!"o# or r?c!"o# !h Co#%!"!&!"o# of !h Rp&("c of !h /h"("pp"#% propo%* 0 !h 1971

Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o#, a#* appropr"a!"# f*% !hrfor,= a%(( a% %!!"# !h p("%c"! for %a"* ra!"f"ca!"o# or r?c!"o# of !h/ropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# o# $a#&ar0 15, 1973.

:


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"# %&ff"c"#! !" !o "#for !h pop( of !h co#!#!% !hrof.=

:


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/ropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#. No fora( ac!"o# !o !h"% ffc! a% !a#!"( $a#&ar0 7, 1973, h# G#ra( ;r*r No. 2 a% "%%&*,*"rc!"# =!ha! !h p("%c"! %ch*&(* !o h(* o# $a#&ar0 15,1973 po%!po#* !"( f&r!hr #o!"c.= r&ar0 19 a#* March 5@


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:[4]+h op#"# of !h r&(ar %%%"o# o# $a#&ar0 22"# accor*a#c "!h !h "%!"# Co#%!"!&!"o# *%p"! Mar!"a(La.: [B&((!"# +o*a0, $a#&ar0 3, 1973.]

=8.+ha! "! a% (a!r rpor!* !ha! !h fo((o"# ar !o !h for%of !h &%!"o#% !o a%* !o !h C"!"#% A%%("% F

:[1]o 0o& appro' of !h N


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# Co#%!"!&!"o#

:[4]o 0o& a#! !h (c!"o#% !o h(* "#No'r, 1973 "# accor*a#c "!h !h pro'"%"o#% of !h1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#

:[5]f !h (c!"o#% o&(* #o! h(*, h# *o 0o&

a#! !h #! (c!"o#% !o ca((*

:[6]o 0o& a#! ar!"a( (a !o co#!"#&: [B&((!"#+o*a0, $a#&ar0 11, 1973@ "!a("c% %&pp("*.]

=12.+ha! accor*"# !o rpor!%, !h r!&r#% "!h r%pc! !o !h %" 6a**"!"o#a( &%!"o#% &o!* ao' "(( o# a for %""(ar or "*#!"ca( !o A## :A: hrof@

=13. +ha! a!!ach* !o pa 1 of A## :A: "% a#o!hr pa h"ch ar* a% A## :A-1:, a#* h"ch ra*% F

:C;MMEN+< ;N

HIE


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ora!or"& o# (c!"o#% "(( #o&h for %!a"("!0 !o %!a("%h* "# !h co!r0, for rfor% !o !a roo!a#* #ora(c0 !o r!&r#.

HIE


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Co&r! for h"ch !h &%!"o# of !h 'a("*"!0 of !h p("%c"! o#!h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# "% #o p#*"#@

=16.+ha! p!"!"o#r% ha' ra%o# !o far, a#* !hrfor a((, !ha!"f a# aff"ra!"' a#%r !o !h !o &%!"o#% ?&%! rfrr* !o "(( rpor!* !h# !h"% Do#ora( Co&r! a#* !h #!"r #a!"o# "(( co#fro#!* "!h a %ait accompli h"ch ha% # a!!a"#* "# a h"h(0

co#%!"!&!"o#a( a#* *ocra!"c a##r@=17.+ha! !h %ait accompli o&(* co#%"%! "# !h %&ppo%*pr%%"o# of !h pop( appro'"# !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#@

=18.+ha!, "f %&ch '#! o&(* happ#, !h# !h ca% for !h"%Do#ora( Co&r! co&(*, !o a(( "#!#!% a#* p&rpo%%, co oo!ca&%, p!"!"o#r% far, a#* !h0 !hrfor a((, !ha! o# !ha%"% of %&ch %&ppo%* pr%%"o# of !h "(( of !h pop(!hro&h !h C"!"#% A%%("%, "! o&(* a##oc* !ha! !hpropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#, "!h a(( "!% *fc!%, o!h co##"!a( a#*

o!hr"%, ha% # ra!"f"*@

=19.+ha!, "# %&ch a %"!&a!"o#, !h /h"("pp"#% "(( fac"# a ra(cr"%"% a#* !hr "% ("("hoo* of co#f&%"o# "f #o! chao%, ca&%!h#, !h pop( a#* !h"r off"c"a(% "(( #o! #o h"ch Co#%!"!&!"o#"% "# forc.

=2.+ha! !h cr"%"% #!"o#* ao' ca# o#(0 a'o"** "f !h"%Do#ora( Co&r! "(( "*"a!(0 *c"* a#* a##oc "!%*c"%"o# o# !h pr%#! p!"!"o#@

=21.+ha! "!h !h "!h*raa( 0 !h /r%"*#! of !h (""!*fr*o of *"%c&%%"o# o# !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# h"ch a%"'# !o !h pop( p&r%&a#! !o


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r%!ra"#"# or*r a#* "#c(&%"o# of a**"!"o#a( r%po#*#!%,= pra0"#F

=. . . !ha! a r%!ra"#"# or*r "%%&* #?o"#"# a#*r%!ra"#"# r%po#*#! Co"%%"o# o# E(c!"o#%, a% (( a%!h par!#! of Loca( Go'r##!% a#* "!% ha*,


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co#%!"!&!"o#a( a#*#!% ar !o %&"!!*for ra!"f"ca!"o#, ar (c!"o#% a! h"ch o#(0&a("f"* a#* *&(0 r"%!r* 'o!r% arpr"!!* !o 'o!, hra%, !h %o ca((*C"!"#%= A%%("% r par!"c"pa!* "# 0pr%o#% 15 0ar% of a a#* o(*r, rar*(%%

of &a("f"ca!"o#% or (ac !hrof, a% pr%cr"* "#!h E(c!"o# Co*@

[]E(c!"o#% or p("%c"!% for !hra!"f"ca!"o# of co#%!"!&!"o#a( a#*#!%co#!p(a!* "# Ar!"c( K) of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#ha' pro'"%"o#% for !h %crc0 of cho"c a#* of 'o!, h"ch "% o# of !h %af&ar*% of fr*oof ac!"o#, &! 'o!% "# !h C"!"#%= A%%("%r op# a#* r ca%! 0 ra"%"# ha#*%@

[c]+h E(c!"o# Co* a% ap(pro'"%"o#% for fr, or*r(0 a#* ho#%!(c!"o#%, a#* %&ch pro'"%"o#% ar a "#"&r&"r#! for (c!"o#% or p("%c"!% for !hra!"f"ca!"o# of co#%!"!&!"o#a( a#*#!%, &!!hr r #o %""(ar pro'"%"o#% !o &"* a#*r&(a! proc*"#% of !h %o ca((* C"!"#%= A%%("%@

[*]! "% %r"o&%(0 !o *o&!* !ha!, for

(ac of a!r"a( !", or !ha# a ha#*f&( of !h%o ca((* C"!"#%= A%%("% ha' #ac!&a((0 for*, ca&% !h cha#"c% of !h"r ora#"a!"o# r %!"(( "# *"%c&%%* a *a0 or %o for !h *a0 !h0 r %&ppo%* !o "#fc!"o#"# F

=/ro'"#c"a( o'r#or% a#* c"!0 a#*"c"pa( a0or% ha* # !"# "!h

arr"o cap!a"#% a#* co"!0 (a*r%%"#c (a%! Mo#*a0 [$a#&ar0 8, 1973] !o!hr%h o&! !h cha#"c% "# !hfora!"o# of !h C"!"#%= A%%("%a#* !h !op"c% for *"%c&%%"o#.= [B&((!"#+o*a0, $a#&ar0 1, 1973].

=! %ho&(* rca((* !ha! !h C"!"#%= A%%("%r or*r* for* o#(0 a! !h "##"# of !h 0ar


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[a"(0 Epr%%, $a#&ar0 1, 1973], a#* co#%"*r"# !h (acof pr"#c of !h (oca( ora#"r% of %a"* a%%("%, a%(( a% !h a%#c of %&ff"c"#! &"*("#% for ora#"a!"o#,"! "% !oo &ch !o ("' !ha! %&ch a%%("% co&(* ora#"* a! %&ch a %hor! #o!"c.

=5.+ha! for (ac of a!r"a( !", !h appropr"a!a#** p!"!"o# !o "#c(&* !h a**"!"o#a( off"c"a(% a#*o'r##! a#c"% #!"o#* "# pararaph 3 of !h"%


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[c]/!"!"o#r% pra0* for %&ch o!hr r("f h"ch a0 ?&%! a#* &"!a(. [p. 39,/!"!"o#].

=+hrfor, '""# !h ca% fro a(( a#(%, !hoff"c"a(% a#* o'r##! a#c"% #!"o#* "# pararaph3 of !h"%


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of !h %o-ca((* C"!"#%= A%%("% "(( ar&!ha!, G#ra( ;r*r No. 3, h"ch %ha(( a(%o ** ra!"f"* p&r%&a#! !o !h +ra#%"!or0/ro'"%"o#% of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#, ha%p(ac* /r%"*#!"a( cr No%. 73 a#* 860o#* !h rach a#* ?&r"%*"c!"o# of !h"%Do#ora( Co&r!.=

:;# !h %a *a! F $a#&ar0 15, 1973 F !h Co&r! pa%%* ar%o(&!"o# r&"r"# !h r%po#*#!% "# %a"* ca% G.R. No. L-35948 !o f"( =f"( a# a#%r !o !h %a"* o!"o# #o! (a!r !ha# 4/.M., +&%*a0, $a#&ar0 16, 1973,= a#* %!!"# !h o!"o# for har"# =o# $a#&ar0 17, 1973, a! 93 a..= h"( !h ca% a%"# har*, o# !h *a! (a%! #!"o#*, a! #oo#!", !h


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=DEREA


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!o aff"*.

=o# "# !h C"!0 of Ma#"(a, !h"% 17 !h *a0 of $a#&ar0,"# !h 0ar of ;&r Lor*, #"#!# h*r* a#* %'#!0-!hr.

ERNAN E. MARC;<

=/r%"*#! of !h /h"("pp"#%

=B0 !h /r%"*#!

=ALE$ANR; MELCD;R=Ec&!"'


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"#'o('* !hr"#, af!r h"ch h rcap"!&(a!* !h '"% of !h Mr% of!h Co&r!, a% f o((o%

:1.+hr "% a#""!0 o# !h ?&%!"c"a( #a!&r of !h "%%& o# !h(a("!0 of /r%"*#!"a( cr No. 73.

:2.;# !h 'a("*"!0 of !h *cr "!%(f, $&%!"c% Maa("#!a(, Ca%!ro,>r#a#*o, +ha#, E%&rra a#* 0%(f, or %" 6 Mr%

of !h Co&r!, ar of !h op"#"o# !ha! !h "%%& ha% co oo!a#* aca*"c, hra% $&%!"c% Barr*o, Maa%"ar a#* A#!o#"o'o!* !o &pho(* !h 'a("*"!0 of %a"* cr.

:3.;# !h a&!hor"!0 of !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# !o pa%%!h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# or !o "#corpora! !hr"# !h pro'"%"o#%co#!%!* 0 !h p!"!"o#r% "# L-35948, $&%!"c% Maa("#!a(,Ca%!ro, +ha# a#* E%&rra op"# !ha! !h "%%& ha% cooo! a#* aca*"c. $&%!"c% >r#a#*o, Barr*o, Maa%"ar,

A#!o#"o a#* 0%(f ha' 'o!* !o &pho(* !h a&!hor"!0 of !h

Co#'#!"o#.

:4.$&%!"c >r#a#*o, (""%, pr%%* !h '" !ha! !h 1971Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# ha* a&!hor"!0 !o co#!"#& "# !hprfora#c of "!% fc!"o#% *%p"! !h proc(aa!"o# of Mar!"a(La. # ffc!, $&%!"c% Barr*o, Maa%"ar a#* A#!o#"o ho(* !h%a '".

:5.;# !h &%!"o# h!hr !h proc(aa!"o# of Mar!"a( Laaffc!* !h propr %&"%%"o# of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# !o ap("%c"!, "#%ofar a% !h fr*o %%#!"a( !hrfor "% co#cr#*$&%!"c >r#a#*o "% of !h op"#"o# !ha! !hr "% a rp&#a#c!# !h (c!"o# co#!p(a!* *r Ar!. K) of !h 1935Co#%!"!&!"o# a#* !h "%!#c of Mar!"a( La, a#* o&(*,!hrfor, ra#! !h p!"!"o#% r !h0 #o! oo! a#* aca*"c.$&%!"c% Barr*o, A#!o#"o a#* E%&rra ar of !h op"#"o# !ha!"%%& "#'o('% &%!"o#% of fac! h"ch ca##o! pr*!r"#*,a#* !ha! Mar!"a( La per se *o% #o! #c%%ar"(0 prc(&* !hfac!&a( po%%""("!0 of a*&a! fr*o for !h p&rpo%%co#!p(a!*.

:6.;# /r%"*#!"a( /roc(aa!"o# No. 112, !h fo((o"# '"%r pr%%*

:a.$&%!"c% Maa("#!a(, Ca%!ro, >r#a#*o,+ha#, Maa%"ar, E%&rra a#* 0%(f ar of !hop"#"o# !ha! !h &%!"o# of 'a("*"!0 of %a"* /roc(aa!"o#ha% #o! # propr(0 ra"%* for !h Co&r!, h"ch,accor*"#(0, %ho&(* #o! pa%% &po# %&ch &%!"o#.


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:.$&%!"c Barr*o ho(*% !ha! !h "%%& o# !hco#%!"!&!"o#a("!0 of /roc(aa!"o# No. 112 ha% #%&"!!* !o a#* %ho&(* *!r"#* 0 !h Co&r!, a#*!ha! !h p&rpor!* ra!"f"ca!"o# of !h /ropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# .. . a%* o# !h rfr#*& ao# C"!"#%= A%%("%fa((% %hor! of "# "# %!r"c! co#for"!0 "!h !h r&"r#!%of Ar!"c( K) of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#,= &! !ha! %&chfor!a! *raac #o!"!h%!a#*"#, =co#%"*r"# a((o!hr r(a!* r('a#! c"rc&%!a#c%, . . . !h #Co#%!"!&!"o# "% (a((0 rco#"a( a#* %ho&(* rco#"* a% ("!"a!(0 "# forc.=

:c.$&%!"c a(*"'ar a"#!a"#% &a("f"*(0 !ha! !h/ropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# ha% #o! # ra!"f"* "# accor*a#c"!h Ar!"c( K) of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#, a#* !ha!,accor*"#(0, "! ha% #o forc a#* ffc! ha!%o'r.

:*.$&%!"c A#!o#"o f(% =!ha! !h Co&r! "% #o!cop!#! !o ac!= o# !h "%%& h!hr !h /ropo%*Co#%!"!&!"o# ha% # ra!"f"* 0 !h pop( or #o!, ="# !ha%#c of a#0 ?&*"c"a((0 *"%co'ra( a#* a#aa(%!a#*ar*%,= %"#c !h "%%& =po%% a &%!"o# of fac!.=

:7.;# !h &%!"o# h!hr or #o! !h% ca%% %ho&(* *"%"%%*, $&%!"c% Maa("#!a(, Ca%!ro, Barr*o, Maa%"ar,

A#!o#"o a#* E%&rra 'o!* "# !h aff"ra!"', for !h ra%o#% %!

for!h "# !h"r r%pc!"' op"#"o#%. $&%!"c% >r#a#*o, +ha#,a#* !h r"!r %""(ar(0 'o!*, cp! a% rar*% Ca% No. L-35948 a% !o h"ch !h0 'o!* !o ra#! !o !h p!"!"o#r% !hr"# ara%o#a( pr"o* of !" "!h"# h"ch !o f"( appropr"a!p(a*"#% %ho&(* !h0 "%h !o co#!%! !h (a("!0 of /r%"*#!"a(/roc(aa!"o# No. 112. $&%!"c a(*"'ar fa'or% !h ra#!"# of %a"*pr"o* !o !h p!"!"o#r% "# %a"* Ca% No. L-35948 for !hafor#!"o#* p&rpo%, &! h ("'%, "# ffc!, !ha! !h Co&r!%ho&(* o far!hr a#* *c"* o# !h r"!% 'r0o# of !h ca%%*r co#%"*ra!"o#.:

Accor*"#(0, !h Co&r! F ac!"# "# co#for"!0 "!h !h po%"!"o# !a# 0 %"

6 of "!% r%, 7 "!h !hr 3 r% *"%%#!"#, 8 "!h r%pc! !o

G.R. No. L-35948, o#(0, a#* a#o!hr r 9 *"%%#!"#, a% rar*% a(( of !h ca%% F *"%"%%* !h %a, "!ho&! %pc"a( pro#oc#! a% !oco%!%.

Te resent (ases


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/r"or !hr!o, or o# $a#&ar0 2, 1973, $o%& $a'((a#a f"(* Ca% G.R. No.L-36142 aa"#%! !h Ec&!"' "("p"#o

c"!"#, a#* a &a("f"* a#* r"%!r* 'o!r: a#* a% :a c(a%% %&"!, for h"%(f,a#* "# ha(f of a(( c"!"#% a#* 'o!r% %""(ar(0 %"!&a!*,: a% a#** o# or ao&! $a#&ar0 24, 1973. Af!r rc"!"# "# %&%!a#c !h fac!% %! for!h "# !h*c"%"o# "# !h p("%c"! ca%%, $a'((a#a a((* !ha! !h /r%"*#! ha*a##oc* :!h "*"a! "p(#!a!"o# of !h N Co#%!"!&!"o#, !hr& h"%Ca"#!, r%po#*#!% "#c(&*"#,: a#* !ha! !h (a!!r :ar ac!"# "!ho&!, or "#c%% of ?&r"%*"c!"o# "# "p(#!"# !h %a"* propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#: &po#!h ro* :!ha! !h /r%"*#!, a% Coa#*r-"#-Ch"f of !h Ar* >orc%of !h /h"("pp"#%, "% "!ho&! a&!hor"!0 !o cra! !h C"!"#% A%%("%:@ !ha!!h %a :ar "!ho&! por !o appro' !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# . . .:@ :!ha!

!h /r%"*#! "% "!ho&! por !o proc(a" !h ra!"f"ca!"o# 0 !h >"("p"#opop( of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#:@ a#* :!ha! !h (c!"o# h(* !o ra!"f0 !hpropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# a% #o! a fr (c!"o#, h#c #&(( a#* 'o"* .:

r&ar0 3, 1973, 0 E**" Mo#!c(aro, pr%o#a((0 a#* a% /r%"*#! of !hNa!"o#a( /r%% C(& of !h /h"("pp"#%, aa"#%! !h Ec&!"'


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Grar*o Roa%, ! a(. a((, inter alia, !ha! !h !r of off"c of !hr 3 of !h afor#!"o#* p!"!"o#r% > o&(* p"r # cr 31, 1975, a#*

!ha! of !h o!hr% ? o# cr 31, 1977@ !ha! p&r%&a#! !o o&r 1935Co#%!"!&!"o#, :h"ch "% %!"(( "# forc,: Co#r%% of !h /h"("pp"#% :&%!co#'# for "!% 8!h


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"((a(, co#%!"!&!"o#a( a#* 'o"* a#* . . . ca# #o! ha' %&pr%** a#*r'o* !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#,: for !h ra%o#% %pc"f"* "# !h p!"!"o# a%a#**@ !ha!, 0 ac!"# a% !h0 *"*, !h r%po#*#!% a#* !h"r :a# !%,rpr%#!a!"'% a#* %&or*"#a!% . . . ha' c(&** !h p!"!"o#r% fro a#off"c !o h"ch: !h0 :ar (af&((0 #!"!(*:@ !ha! :r%po#*#!% G"( $. /&0a! a#*$o% Ro0 ha' (af&((0 rfra"#* fro co#'#"# !h

R&"r* !o co#! o# !h ao'-#!"o#* p!"!"o#% a#*Jor a#**p!"!"o#%, r%po#*#!% f"(*, "!h !h (a' of Co&r! f"r%! ha* a#* o!a"#*, a

co#%o("*a!* co#! o# %a"* p!"!"o#% a#*Jor a#** p!"!"o#%, aco#%o("*a!* co#! o# %a"* p!"!"o#% a#*Jor a#** p!"!"o#%, a(("#!ha! !h %a o&h! !o ha' # *"%"%%* o&!r"h!@ co#!ro'r!"#p!"!"o#r%= a((a!"o#% co#cr#"# !h a((* (ac or "pa"r#! of !hfr*o of !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# !o appro' !h propo%*Co#%!"!&!"o#, "!% a((* (ac of a&!hor"!0 !o "#corpora! cr!a"# co#!%!*pro'"%"o#% !hrof, !h a((* (ac of a&!hor"!0 of !h /r%"*#! !o cra! a#*%!a("%h C"!"#%= A%%("% :for !h p&rpo% of %&"!!"# !o !h !h


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a!!r of ra!"f"ca!"o# of !h # Co#%!"!&!"o#,: !h a((* :"propr or "#a*&a! %&"%%"o# of !h propo%* co#%!"!&!"o#,: !h :proc*&r f or ra!"f"ca!"o# a*op!* . . . !hro&h !h C"!"#% A%%("%:@ a#* a"#!a"#"#!ha! 1 :!h Co&r! "% "!ho&! ?&r"%*"c!"o# !o ac! o# !h% p!"!"o#%:@ 2 !h&%!"o#% ra"%* !hr"# ar :po("!"ca( "# charac!r a#* !hrfor #o#-

?&%!"c"a(:@ 3 :!hr a% %&%!a#!"a( cop("a#c "!h Ar!"c( K) of !h 1935

Co#%!"!&!"o#:@ 4 :!h Co#%!"!&!"o# a% propr(0 %&"!!* !o !h pop( "# afr, or*r(0 a#* ho#%! (c!"o#:@ 5 :/roc(aa!"o# No. 112, cr!"f0"# !hr%&(!% of !h (c!"o#, "% co#c(&%"' &po# !h co&r!%:@ a#* 6 :!h a#*"#proc%% o&!("#* "# Ar!"c( K) of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# "% #o! c(&%"' o f o!hr o*% of a#*#!.:

R%po#*#!% /&0a! a#* Ro0, "# %a"* Ca% G.R. No. L-36165, f"(* !h"r %para! co#! !hr"#, a(("# !ha! :!h %&?c! a!!r: of %a"* ca%:"% a h"h(0 po("!"ca( &%!"o# h"ch, *r !h c"rc&%!a#c%, !h"% . . . Co&r!o&(* #o! "# a po%"!"o# !o ac! &po# ?&*"c"a((0,: a#* !ha!, "# '" of !hop"#"o#% pr%%* 0 !hr r% of !h"% Co&r! "# "!% *c"%"o# "# !hp("%c"! ca%%, "# ffc! &pho(*"# !h 'a("*"!0 of /roc(aa!"o# No. 112,:f&r!hr proc*"#% "# !h"% ca% a0 o#(0 a# aca*"c rc"% "#f &!"("!0.:

;# >r&ar0 5, 1973, !h Co&r! "%%&* a r%o(&!"o# r&"r"# r%po#*#!% "#L 36236 !o co#! o# !h p!"!"o# !hr"# #o! (a!r !ha# r&ar01, 1973, a#* %!!"# !h ca% for har"# o# >r&ar0 12, 1973, a! 93a.. B0 r%o(&!"o# *a!* >r&ar0 7, 1973, !h"% Co&r! r%o('* !o co#%"*r !h co#!% of !h r%po#*#!% "# ca%% G.R. No%. L-36142, L-36161, L-36165, a% o!"o#% !o *"%"%% !h p!"!"o#% !hr"#, a#* !o %! %a"* ca%% f or har"# o# !h %a *a! a#* !" a% L-36236. ;# !ha! *a!, !h par!"% "#G.R. No. L-36283 7@ ar* !ha! !h %a , (""%, har*, a% "! a%, "#fac!, har* ?o"#!(0 "!h !h afor#!"o#* ca%% G.R. No%. L-36142, L-36164, L-36165 a#* L 36236. +h har"#, h"ch a# o# >r&ar0 12,%hor!(0 af!r 93 a.., a% co#!"#&* #o! o#(0 !ha! af!r &!, a(%o, o#>r&ar0 13, 14, 15 a#* 16, or#"# a#* af!r#oo#, af!r h"ch !h par!"%r ra#!* &p !o >r&ar0 24, 1973, #oo#, "!h"# h"ch !o %&"! !h"r #o!% ar&#!% a#* a**"!"o#a( ar&#!%, a% (( a% !h *oc&#!%r&"r* of !h or ho% pr%#!a!"o# a% r%r'* 0 !h. +h %a

r%o(&!"o# ra#!* !h par!"% !"( March 1, 1973, !o rp(0 !o !h #o!% f "(*0 !h"r r%pc!"' oppo##!%. Co%( for !h p!"!"o#r% "# G.R. No%. L-36164 a#* L-36165 f"(* !h"r afor#!"o#* #o!% o# >r&ar0 24, 1973 ,o# h"ch *a! !h


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o# March 1, 1973, "!h"# h"ch !o f"(, a% !h0 *"*, !h"r #o!% "# rp(0 !o!ho% %&"!!* 0 !h


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*r !h% c"rc&%!a#c%, :"! %% ro! or "proa( !ha! !h#c%%ar0 "h! 8 'o!% *r !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#, a#* &ch (%% !h !#1 'o!% r&"r* 0 !h 1972 1973 Co#%!"!&!"o#, ca# o!a"#* for !hr("f %o&h! "# !h A#** /!"!"o#: "# G.R. No. L-36165 .

a a( !o %har !h"% '". +o "# "!h, Mr. $&%!"c Barr*oa##oc* p&("c(0, "# op# co&r!, *&r"# !h har"# of !h% ca%%, !ha! h

a% a#* "% "(("# !o co#'"#c* !ha! h"% afor#!"o#* op"#"o# "# !hp("%c"! ca%% %ho&(* rco#%"*r* a#* cha#*. # ffc!, h !h&%*c(ar* !ha! h ha* a# op# "#* "# co##c!"o# "!h !h ca%% a! ar, a#*!ha! "# *c"*"# !h %a h o&(* #o! #c%%ar"(0 a*hr !o %a"* op"#"o# "f !h p!"!"o#r% hr"# %&cc** "# co#'"#c"# h" !ha! !h"r '" %ho&(* %&%!a"#*.


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of !h o'r##! F !h Ec&!"' a#* !h L"%(a!"' F "% pr%#!, h"chc"rc&%!a#c "% a%#! "# !h ca% of r&(%, r&(a!"o#% a#* c&!"'or*r%. #**, a (a%!a!&! pa%%* 0 Co#r%% "% %&?c! !o !h appro'a(or '!o of !h /r%"*#!, ho% *"%appro'a( ca##o! o'rr"**# cp! 0

!h 'o! of !o-!h"r*% 2J3 of a(( r% of ach Do&% of Co#r%%. 78 A!ra!0 "% #!r* "#!o 0 !h /r%"*#! "!h !h co#c&rr#c of !h


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*!r"#a!"o# of !h &%!"o# h!hr or #o! "! "% #o "# forc, "! "% o'"o&%!ha! %&ch &%!"o# *p#*% &po# h!hr or #o! !h %a"* # Co#%!"!&!"o#ha% # ra!"f"* "# accor*a#c "!h !h r&"r#!% of !h 1935Co#%!"!&!"o#, &po# !h a&!hor"!0 of h"ch %a"* Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# a%ca((* a#* appro'* !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#. ! "% (( %!!(* !ha! !ha!!r of ra!"f"ca!"o# of a# a#*#! !o !h Co#%!"!&!"o# %ho&(* %!!(*0 applying te pro7isions o% te (onstit"tion in %orce at te time o% t ealleged rati%ication, or te old (onstit"tion/ 7<

8oes te iss"e on te 7alidity o% roclamation 0o/ ))*+ partake o% te nat "reo% a political, and, ence, non16"sticia'le 9"estion:

+h


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rco#%"*r !h ac!"o# !h&% !a# 0 !h Co&r! a#* !o r'r! !o a#* fo((o !h

'"% pr%%* "# Barc(o# '. Bar a#* Maa#a '. Lop )"!o. 8:

+h ra%o#% a**&c* "# %&ppor! !hrof ar, ho'r, %&%!a#!"a((0 !h%a a% !ho% "'# "# %&ppor! of !h po("!"ca(-&%!"o# !hor0 a*'a#c* "#%a"* a'eas corp"s a#* p("%c"! ca%%, h"ch r carf&((0 co#%"*r* 0!h"% Co&r! a#* fo* 0 "! !o (a((0 %o* a#* co#%!" !&!"o#a((0

!#a(. A% a co#%&#c, ;&r *c"%"o# "# !h afor#!"o#* a'eascorp"s ca%% par!a% of !h #a!&r a#* ffc! of a stare decisis, h"cha"#* a*** "h! 0 "!% '"r!&a( r"!ra!"o# "# !h p("%c"! ca%%.

+h ra%o# h0 !h "%%& *r co#%"*ra!"o# a#* o!hr "%%&% of %""(ar charac!r ar ?&%!"c"a(, #o! po("!"ca(, "% p(a"# a#* %"p(. ;# of !hpr"#c"pa( a%% of !h #o#-?&%!"c"a"("!0 of %o-ca((* po("!"ca( &%!"o#% "% !hpr"#c"p( of %para!"o# of por% F charac!r"%!"c of !h /r%"*#!"a( %0%!of o'r##! F !h fc!"o#% of h"ch ar c(a%%"f"* or *"'"**, 0 ra%o#of !h"r #a!&r, "#!o !hr 8 ca!or"%, #a(0 1 !ho% "#'o('"# !h

a"# of (a%, h"ch ar a((oca!* !o !h ("%(a!"' *par!#!@ 2 !ho%co#cr#* a"#(0 "!h !h #forc#! of %&ch (a% a#* of ?&*"c"a( *c"%"o#%app(0"# a#*Jor "#!rpr!"# !h %a, h"ch (o# !o !h c&!"'*par!#!@ a#* 3 !ho% *a("# "!h !h %!!(#! of *"%p&!%,co#!ro'r%"% or co#f("c!% "#'o('"# r"h!%, *&!"% or prroa!"'% !ha! ar(a((0 *a#*a( a#* #forca(, h"ch ar appor!"o#* !o co&r!% of

?&%!"c. "!h"# "!% o# %phr F &! only 5itin %&ch %phr F ach*par!#! "% %&pr a#* "#*p#*#! of !h o!hr%, a#* ach "% *'o"* of a&!hor"!0, #o! o#(0 !o #croach &po# !h por% or f"(* of ac!"o# a%%"#* !oa#0 of !h o!hr *par!#!%, &!, a(%o, !o "#&"r "#!o or pa%% &po# !ha*'"%a"("!0 or 5isdom of !h ac!% prfor*, a%&r% !a# or *c"%"o#%a* 0 !h o!hr *par!#!% F pro'"** !ha! %&ch ac!%, a%&r% or *c"%"o#% ar 5itin !h ara a((oca!* !hr!o 0 !h Co#%!"!&!"o#. 8;

+h"% pr"#c"p( of %para!"o# of por% *r !h /r%"*#!"a( %0%! o%ha#* "# ha#* "!h !h %0%! of chc% a#* a(a#c%, *r h"ch ach*par!#! "% '%!* 0 !h >*a#!a( La "!h %o por% !o f or%!a((,r%!ra"# or arr%! a po%%"( or ac!&a( "%&% or a&% of por% 0 !h o !hr *par!#!%. D#c, !h appo"#!"# por of !h Ec&!"', h"% par*o#"#por, h"% '!o por, h"% a&!hor"!0 !o ca(( !h L"%(a!&r or Co#r%% !o%pc"a( %%%"o#% a#* '# !o pr%cr" or (""! !h o?c! or o?c!% of ("%(a!"o# !ha! a0 !a# &p "# %&ch %%%"o#%, !c. Co#'r%(0, Co#r%%or a# a#c0 or ar !hrof F %&ch a% !h Co"%%"o# o# Appo"# !#!%@F a0 appro' or *"%appro' %o appo"#!#!% a* 0 !h /r%"*#!, !,a(%o, ha% !h por of appropr"a!"o#, !o :*f"#, pr%cr", a#* appor!"o# !h

?&r"%*"c!"o# of !h 'ar"o&% co&r!%,: a% (( a% !ha! of "pach#!. Ipo# !ho!hr ha#*, *r !h ?&*"c"a( por '%!* 0 !h Co#%!"!&!"o#, !h


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:*. 852, 16 C.C.A. 516, 3 L.R.A. 9@>(!chr '%. +&!!(, 151 ((. 41 37 N.E. 683, 25 L.R.A. 143, 42 A.


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po5er con%erred/ D"% discretionary ac!% ca##o! co#!ro((a(, #o!pr"ar"(0 ca&% !h0 ar of a po("!"ca( #a!&r, &! ca&% !hCo#%!"!&!"o# a#* (a% ha' p(ac* !h par!"c&(ar a!!r *r h"%co#!ro(. !"t e7ery o%%icer "nder a constit"tional go7ernment m"st act according to la5 and s"'6ect to its restrictions, and e7ery

depart"re tere%rom or disregard tereo% m"st s"'6ect im to t&at

restraining and controlling po5er o% te people, acting tro"g t&eagency o% te 6"diciary= %or it m"st 'e remem'ered tat te people

act tro"g co"rts, as 5ell as tro"g te exec"ti7e or t&e

Legislat"re. ;# *par!#! "% ?&%! a% rpr%#!a!"' a% !h o!hr,a#* te 6"diciary is te department 5ic is carged 5it t&especial d"ty o% determining te limitations 5ic te la5 places

"pon all o%%icial action/ +h rco#"!"o# of !h"% pr"#c"p(, #o#cp! "# Gra! Br"!a"# a#* Ar"ca, is necessary, to :te end t&at te go7ernment may 'e one o% la5s and not o% men: F or*%h"ch %!r %a"* r te greatest co#!a"#* "# a#0 r"!!#co#%!"!&!"o#a( *oc&#!.= !a("c% %&pp("*.:

a#*, "# a# a!!p! !o *%cr" !h #a!&r of a po("!"ca( &%!"o# "# !r%, "!a% hop*, *r%!a#*a( !o !h (a0#, a*** !ha! :. . . !h !r=po("!"ca( &%!"o#= co##o!%, "# (a( par(a#c, ha! "! a#% "# or*"#ar0par(a#c, #a(0, a &%!"o# of po("c0: "# a!!r% co#cr#"# !ho'r##! of a

*(a!* !o !h L"%(a!&r or c&!"' ra#ch of !h o'r##!.= ! "%co#cr#* "!h "%%&% *p#*#! &po# !h 5isdom, not legality , of apar!"c&(ar a%&r.:

Accor*"#(0, h# !h ra#! of por "% &a("f"*, co#*"!"o#a( or %&?c! !o(""!a!"o#%, !h "%%& o# h!hr or #o! !h pr%cr"* &a("f"ca!"o#% or co#*"!"o#% ha' # !, or !h (""!a!"o#% r%pc!*, "! ?&%!"c"a( or #o#-po("!"ca(, !h cr& of !h pro( "# o# of legality or 7alidity of !hco#!%!* ac!, not "!% "%*o. ;!hr"%, %a"* &a("f"ca!"o#%, co#*"!"o#% or (""!a!"o#% F par!"c&(ar(0 !ho% pr%cr"* or "po%* 0 !h Co#%!"!&!"o# F

o&(* %! a! #a&h!. ha! "% or, !h ?&*"c"a( "#&"r0 "#!o %&ch "%%& a#*!h %!!(#! !hrof ar !h main fc!"o#% of co&r!% of ?&%!"c *r !h/r%"*#!"a( for of o'r##! a*op!* "# o&r 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#, a#* !h%0%! of chc% a#* a(a#c%, o# of "!% a%"c pr*"ca!%. A% aco#%&#c, ha' #"!hr !h a&!hor"!0 #or !h *"%cr!"o# !o *c("#pa%%"# &po# %a"* "%%&, &! ar "nder te inel"cta'le o'ligation F a*par!"c&(ar(0 or ac!"# a#* prp!or0 0 o&r oa!h, a% r% of !hh"h%! Co&r! of !h (a#*, !o %&ppor! a#* *f#* !h Co#%!"!&!"o# F !o %!!(


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"!. +h"% p(a"#% h0, "# M"((r '. $oh#%o#, 8> "! a% h(* !ha! co&r!% ha' a:d"ty , ra!hr !ha# a po5er :, !o *!r"# h!hr a#o!hr ra#ch of !ho'r##! ha% :p! 5itin constit"tional limits.: No! %a!"%f"* "!h !h"%po%!&(a!, !h co&r! #! far!hr a#* %!r%%* !ha!, "f !h Co#%!"!&!"o#pro'"*% ho "! a0 a#** F a% "! "% "# o&r 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# F :!h#,"nless te manner is %ollo5ed, te 6"diciary as te interpreter o% t at

constit"tion, 5ill declare te amendment in7alid/: 8? # fac!, !h"% 'r0 Co&r! F%pa"# !hro&h $&%!"c La&r(, a# o&!%!a#*"# a&!hor"!0 o# /h"("pp"#Co#%!"!&!"o#a( La, a% (( a% o# of !h h"h(0 r%pc!* a#* f oro%!(a*r% of !h Co#'#!"o# !ha! *raf!* !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# F *c(ar*, a%ar(0 a% $&(0 15, 1936, !ha! :"# !"% of %oc"a( *"%&"!&* or po("!"ca(c"!#!, !h ra! (a#*ar% of !h Co#%!"!&!"o# ar ap! !o foro!!# or arr*, "f #o! #!"r(0 o("!ra!*. # ca%% of co#f("c!, !h 6"dicial *par!#!"% !h only constit"tional organ h"ch ca# ca((* &po# !o *!r"# !hpropr a((oca!"o# of por% !# !h %'ra( *par!#!%: of !h

o'r##!.9@

+h

!h L"%(a!&r, a% r #c%%ar0 !o a*ap! "! !o "!% %&%&#! co#*"!"o# a%a# "#*p#*#! %!a!. ! a% *r !h"% for of o'r##! h# Rho*%(a#* ?o"#* o!hr Ar"ca# %!a!% "# !h c(ara!"o# of #*p#*#c a#*,0 %&%&#!(0 ra!"f0"# !h Co#%!"!&!"o# of !h I#"!*

/r"or !hr!o, ho'r, a#0 c"!"#% ha* co *"%%a!"%f"* "!h !hchar!r o'r##!. Mor"a(% a**r%%* 0 !h !o !h L"%(a!&r ha'"#


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fa"(* !o r"# ao&! !h *%"r* ffc!, !"#% r h(* a#* a%%oc"a !"o#%for* F 0 !ho% ho (o#* !o !h"% %#! of !h pop&(a!"o# F h"ch'#!&a((0 r%&(!* "# a co#'#!"o# ca((* for !h *raf!"# of a #Co#%!"!&!"o# !o %&"!!* !o !h pop( for !h"r a*op!"o# or r?c!"o#. +hco#'#!"o# a% not a&!hor"* 0 a#0 (a of !h "%!"# o'r##!. +h*(a!% !o %&ch co#'#!"o# fra* a # Co#%!"!&!"o# h"ch a%%&"!!* !o !h pop(. Ipo# !h r!&r# of !h 'o!% ca%! 0 !h, !h

co#'#!"o# *c(ar* !ha! %a"* Co#%!"!&!"o# ha* # a*op!* a#* ra!"f"* 0a a?or"!0 of !h pop( a#* ca !h parao! (a a#* Co#%!"!&!"o# of Rho* %(a#*.

+h char!r o'r##!, h"ch a% %&ppor!* 0 a (ar #&r of c"!"#%of !h %!a!, co#!%!*, ho'r, !h 'a("*"!0 of %a"* proc*"#%. +h"%#o!"!h%!a#*"#, o# +hoa% . orr, ho ha* # (c!* o'r#or *r !h # Co#%!"!&!"o# of !h r(%, prpar* !o a%%r! a&!hor"!0 0forc of ar%, a#* a#0 c"!"#% a%%(* !o %&ppor! h". +hr&po#, !hchar!r o'r##! pa%%* a# Ac! *c(ar"# !h %!a! *r Mar!"a( La a#*

a*op!* a%&r% !o rp( !h !hra!#* a!!ac a#* %&*& !h r(%.+h"% a% !h %!a! of affa"r% h# !h *f#*a#!%, ho r "# !h "("!ar0%r'"c of !h char!r o'r##! a#* r !o arr%! L&!hr, for #a"# "#!h %&ppor! of !h r( o'r##! F h"ch a% ne7er a( !o rc"% any a&!hor"!0 "# !h %!a! F ro "#!o h"% ho&%.

Ma#h"(, !h char!r o'r##! ha* !a# a%&r% !o ca(( "!% o#co#'#!"o# !o r'"% !h "%!"# for of o'r##!. E'#!&a((0, a #co#%!"!&!"o# a% *raf!* 0 a co#'#!"o# h(* *r !h a&!hor"!0 of !hchar!r o'r##!, a#* !hraf!r a% a*op!* a#* ra!"f"* 0 !h pop(. :

+h !"% a#* p(ac% a! h"ch !h 'o!% r !o pr%o#% ho r !o "'#, !h rc"' a#* r!&r# !h &a("f"ca!"o#% of !h 'o!r% a7ing all 'een pre7io"sly a"torized and pro7ided %or 'y la5 passed 'y te carter

go7ernment ,: !h (a!!r fora((0 %&rr#*r* a(( of "!% por !o !h #o'r##!, %!a("%h* *r "!% a&!hor"!0, "# Ma0 1843, h"ch ha* # "#opra!"o# "ninterr"ptedly %"#c !h#.

Ao&! a 0ar for, or "# Ma0 1842, orr, a! !h ha* of a "("!ar0 f orc,ha* a* a# %&cc%%f&( a!!p! !o !a po%%%%"o# of !h %!a! ar%#a( "#/ro'"*#c, &! h a% rp&(%*, a#*, af!r a# :a%%(a of %o

h*r*% of ar* # *r h"% coa#* a! Chpa!ch! "# !h $fo((o"# h"ch *"%pr%* &po# approach of !h !roop% of !h o(*o'r##!, #o f&r!hr ffor! a% a* !o %!a("%h: h"% o'r##!. :. . .!"( !h Co#%!"!&!"o# of 1843: F a*op!* *r !h a&%p"c% of !h char!r o'r##! F :#! "#!o opra!"o#, !h char!r o'r##! contin"ed !oa%%! "!% a&!hor"!0 a#* rc"% "!% por% a#* !o en%orce o'ediencetro"go"t te state . . .:


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Da'"# offr* !o "#!ro*&c '"*#c !o pro' !ha! !h co#%!"!&!"o# of !hr(% ha* # ra!"f"* 0 !h a?or"!0 of !h pop(, h"ch !h C"rc&"! Co&r!r?c!*, apar! fro r#*r"# ?&*#! for !h *f#*a#!%, !h p(a"#!"ff !oo!h ca% for r'" !o !h >*ra(

6"dges 5o decided tat te case eld teir a"tority "nder t&at

constit"tion= and it is admitted on all ands tat it 5as adopted 'y

te people o% te State, and is te la5%"l and esta'lis&ed

go7ernment/ >t is te decision, tere%ore, o% a State co"rt, 5&ose

6"dicial a"tority to decide "pon te constit"tion and la5s o%

Rode >sland is not 9"estioned 'y eiter party !o !h"% co#!ro'r%0,

a(!ho&h !h o'r##! *r h"ch "! ac!* a% fra* a#*a*op!* *r !h %a#c!"o# a#* (a% of !h char!r o'r##!.

:+h po"#!, !h#, ra"%* hr ha% # a(ra*0 *c"** 0 !hco&r!% of Rho* %(a#*. +h &%!"o# r(a!%, a(!o!hr, !o !hco#%!"!&!"o# a#* (a% of !ha!

*&r"# !h !" of !h"% co#!%!.:98

! "% !h&% appar#! !ha! !h co#!! "!h"# h"ch !h ca% of L&!hr '. Bor*#a% *c"** "% a%"ca((0 a#* f*a#!a((0 *"ffr#! fro !ha! of !h ca%% a!ar. +o "# "!h, !h ca% *"* #o! "#'o(' a f*ra( &%!"o#, &! o# p&r(0"c"pa( "# #a!&r. D#c, !h >*ra(


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ha!'r (% a% %a"* "# !ha! ca% co#%!"!&!%, !hrfor, a# o'iter dict"m.B%"*%, #o *c"%"o# a#a(oo&% !o !ha! r#*r* 0 !h *ra( Go'r##! a0#o! #croach, hra% o&r% "% a "!ar0 for of o'r##!, *r h"ch o&r (oca( o'r##!% *r"' !h"r a&!hor"!0 fro !h #a!"o#a( o'r##!.

Aa"#, "nlike o&r 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#, !h char!r or ora#"c (a of Rho*

%(a#* co#!a"#* no pro'"%"o# o# !h a##r, proc*&r or co#*"!"o#% for "!%a#*#!.

+h#, !oo, !h ca% of L&!hr '. Bor*# h"#* or o# !h &%!"o# o f rco#"!"o# of go7ernment , !ha# o# rco#"!"o# of constit"tion, a#* !hr "% af*a#!a( *"ffr#c !# !h% !o 2 !0p% of rco#"!"o#, !h f "r%!"# #ra((0 co#c** !o a po("!"ca( &%!"o#, hra% !h #a!&r of !h (a!!r *p#*% &po# a #&r of fac!or%, o# of !h "# h!hr !h# Co#%!"!&!"o# "# forc a! !h !" of !h p&rpor!* ra!"f"ca!"o# of !hforr, h"ch "% essentially a 6"sticia'le &%!"o#. +hr a%, "# L&!hr '.

Bor*#, a co#f("c! !# t5o 2 ri7al o'r##!%, a#!ao#"%!"c !o acho!hr, h"ch "% a%#! "# !h pr%#! ca%%. Dr, !h Go'r##!%!a("%h* *r !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# "% !h 'r0 %a o'r##! ho%Ec&!"' par!#! ha% &r* !h a*op!"o# of !h # or r'"%*Co#%!"!&!"o# propo%* 0 !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# a#* #oa((% !ha! "! ha% # ra!"f"* 0 !h pop(.

# %hor!, !h '"% pr%%* 0 !h >*ra( *ra(


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!h co!"% of !h *ra(


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o*# d"ty !o *c"* %&ch &%!"o#.

+h "("p"#o pop( of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#:@ a#* 4,!ha!

:!h (c!"o# h(* "# !h C"!"#%= A%%("% !o ra!"f0 !h propo%*Co#%!"!&!"o# a% #o! a fr (c!"o#, h#c #&(( a#* 'o"*.:

Apar! fro %&%!a#!"a((0 r"!ra!"# !h% ro*% %&ppor! of %a"* #a!"''", !h p!"!"o#r% "# L-36164 co#!#* 1 !ha! !h /r%"*#! :ha% #o por !o ca(( a p("%c"! for !h ra!"f"ca!"o# or r?c!"o#: of !h propo%*Co#%!"!&!"o# or :!o appropr"a! f*% for !h ho(*"# of %a"* p("%c"!:@ 2 !ha!!h propo%* # or r'"%* Co#%!"!&!"o# :"% 'a& a#* "#cop(!,: a% ((a% :co#!a"#% pro'"%"o#% h"ch ar 0o#* !h por% of !h 1971 Co#'#!"o#!o #ac!,: !hr0 r#*r"# "! :f"! for . . . %&"%%"o# !o !h pop(@: 3 !ha!

:!h pr"o* of !" !# No'r 3, 1972 h# !h 1972 *raf! a%appro'* a#* $a#&ar0 11-15, 1973,: h# !h C"!"#%= A%%("%%&ppo%*(0 ra!"f"* %a"* *raf!, :a% !oo %hor!, or% %!"((, !hr a%prac!"ca((0 #o !" for !h C"!"#%= A%%("% !o *"%c&%% !h r"!% of !hCo#%!"!&!"o# h"ch !h a?or"!0 of !h ha' #o! ra* a#* h"ch !h0 #'r # o&(* %&"!!* !o !h for ra!"f"ca!"o# !"( !h0 r a%* !h&%!"o# F =*o 0o& appro' of !h N Co#%!"!&!"o#= *&r"# !h %a"* *a0%of !h 'o!"#:@ a#* !ha! :!hr a% a(!o!hr #o fr*o of *"%c&%%"o# a#*#o oppor!"!0 !o co#c#!ra! o# !h a!!r %&"!!* !o !h h# !h1972 *raf! a% %&ppo%*(0 %&"!!* !o !h C"!"#%= A%%("% f or

ra!"f "ca!"o#.:

/!"!"o#r "# L-36236 a***, a% ar&#!% "# %&ppor! of !h #a!"' '",!ha! 1 :"!h a o'r##!-co#!ro((* pr%%, !hr ca# #'r a fa"r a#*propr %&"%%"o# of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# !o !h pop(:@ a#* 2/roc(aa!"o# No. 112 "% #&(( a#* 'o"* :"#a%&ch a% !h ra!"f "ca!"o#


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proc%%: pr%cr"* :"# !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# a% #o! f o((o*.:

B%"*% a*op!"# %&%!a#!"a((0 %o of !h ro*% r("* &po# 0 !hp!"!"o#r% "# !h ao' #!"o#* ca%%, !h p!"!"o#r% "# L-36283 ar&!ha! :!h cra!"o# of !h C"!"#%= A%%("% a% !h 'h"c( for !hra!"f"ca!"o# of !h Co#%!"!&!"o# a% a *cp!"o# &po# !h pop( %"#c !h/r%"*#! a##oc* !h po%!po##! of !h $a#&ar0 15, 1973 p("%c"! !o

"!hr >r&ar0 19 or March 5, 1973.: 9>

+h ra%o#% a**&c* 0 !h p!"!"o#r% "# L-36165 "# fa'or of !h #a!"''" ha' a(ra*0 # %! for!h ar("r "# !h"% op"#"o#. D#c, "! "%#c%%ar0 !o rpro*&c !h hr.


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0ar% of a or o'r a#* ar a( !o ra* a#* r"!, a#* ho %ha((ha' r%"** "# !h /h"("pp"#% for o# 0ar a#* "# !h "c"pa("!0hr"# !h0 propo% !o 'o! for a! (a%! %" o#!h% prc*"# !h(c!"o#. +h Na!"o#a( A%%(0 %ha(( !#* !h r"h! of %&ffra!o o#, "f "# a p("%c"! h"ch %ha(( h(* for !ha! p&rpo%"!h"# !o 0ar% af!r !h a*op!"o# of !h"% Co#%!"!&!"o#, #o! (%%

!ha# !hr h*r* !ho&%a#* o# po%%%%"# !h #c%%ar0&a("f"ca!"o#% %ha(( 'o! aff"ra!"'(0 o# !h &%!"o#.:


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#o# of !h *"%&a("f"ca!"o#%, pr%cr"* 0 (a, a#* !ha! %a"* r"h! a0 '%!* 0 cop!#! a&!hor"!"% "# pr%o#% lacking %o or a(( of !hafor#!"o#* &a("f"ca!"o#%, a#* possessing %o of !h af or%a"**"%&a("f"ca!"o#%. # %&ppor! of !h"% '", h "#'o% !h pr"%%"' #a!&r of !h (a#&a F :%&ffra a0 rc"%*: F &%* "# %c!"o# 1 of Ar!. )of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#, a#* !h pro'"%"o#% of !h R'"%* Barr"o Char!r,

Rp&("c Ac! No. 359, par!"c&(ar(0 %c!"o#% 4 a#* 6 !hrof, pro'"*"# !ha!c"!"#% of !h /h"("pp"#% :"h!# 0ar% of a or o'r,: ho ar r"%!r*"# !h ("%! of arr"o a%%(0 r%, %ha(( mem'ers !hrof a#* a0par!"c"pa! a% %&ch "# !h p("%c"!% pr%cr"* "# %a"* Ac!.

ca##o! accp! !h


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%o *a! o# h!hr !h >*a#!a( La %ho&(* %pc"f0 !h (a#&aor *"a(c! !ha! !h 'o!r co&(* ra* a#* r"!, h"ch a% *c"** "# !h#a!"'. :9

ha! "% r('a#! !o !h "%%& for I% "% !h fac! !ha! !h co#%!"!&!"o#a(pro'"%"o# *r co#%"*ra!"o# a% a#! !o a#* "% a grant or con% erment of a r"h! !o pr%o#% po%%%%"# !h &a("f"ca!"o#% a#* #o# of !h

*"%&a("f"ca!"o#% !hr"# #!"o#*, h"ch "# !&r#, co#%!"!&! a limitation of or restriction !o %a"* r"h!, a#* ca##o!, accor*"#(0, *"%p#%* "!h, cp!0 co#%!"!&!"o#a( a#*#!. ;'"o&%(0, 'r0 %&ch co#%!"!&!"o#a( ra#! or co#fr#! of a r"h! "% #c%%ar"(0 a #a!"o# of !h a&!hor"!0 of Co#r%%or of a#0 o!hr ra#ch of !h Go'r##! !o *#0 %a"* r"h! !o !h %&?c! of !h ra#! F a#*, "# !h"% %#% o#(0, a0 !h %a par!a of !h #a!&r of a&ara#!. B&!, !h"% *o% #o! "p(0 #o! '# ro!(0, !ha! !h >*a#!a(La a((o% Co#r%% or a#0o*0 (% !o '%! "# !ho% (ac"# !h&a("f"ca!"o#% a#* ha'"# !h *"%&a("f"ca!"o#% #!"o#* "# !h Co#%!"!&!"o#!h r"h! of %&ff ra.

A! !h"% ?c!&r, "! "% #o!or!h0 !ha! !h co"!! o# %&ffra r%po#%"(for !h a*op!"o# of %c!"o# 1 of Ar!. ) of !h Co#%!"!&!"o# a% :%!ro#(0"#f(&#c* 0 !h (c!"o# (a% !h# "# forc "# !h /h"("pp"#%.: ;&r f "r%!E(c!"o# La a% Ac! 1582, pa%%* o# $a#&ar0 9, 197, h"ch a% par!(0a#** 0 Ac!% 1669, 179, 1726 a#* 1768, a#* "#corpora!* "#!o !h

A*"#"%!ra!"' Co* of 1916 F Ac! 2657 F a% chap!r 2 !hrof, a#* !h#"# !h A*"#"%!ra!"' Co* of 1971 F Ac! 2711 F a% chap!r 18 !hrof,h"ch, "# !&r#, a% a#** 0 Ac! 3387, appro'* o# cr 3, 1927.


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a!r"a(" o# acco! of !h *c"%"o# of !h"% Co&r! "# +o(#!"#o '.Co"%%"o# o# E(c!"o#%, :; ra#!"# !h r"!% of proh""!"o# a#* "#?c!"o#!hr"# app("* for, &po# !h ro* !ha!, *r !h Co#%!"!&!"o#, a(( of !ha#*#!% a*op!* 0 !h Co#'#!"o# %ho&(* %&"!!* "# :a#(c!"o#: or a %"#( (c!"o#, #o! %para!(0 or "# %'ra( or *"%!"#c! (c!"o#%,a#* !ha! !h propo%* a#*#! %o&h! !o %&"!!* !o a p("%c"!

a% not e7en a complete &! a :par!"a( a#*#!: of %a"* %c!"o# 1, 5icco"ld 'e amended %"rter, a%ter its rati%ication ha* !h %a !a# p(ac, %o!ha! !h afor#!"o#* par!"a( a#*#! a%, for (a( p&rpo%%, #o or!ha# a pro7isional or temporary a#*#!.


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ple'iscite, lesser &a("f"ca!"o#% !ha# !ho% pr%cr"* "# *a("# "!h or*"#ar0a%&r% for h"ch %&ch p("%c"! #* not h(*.

! "% %""(ar(0 "#co#c"'a( !ha! !ho% ho *raf!* !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#"#!#** %c!"o# 1 of Ar!. ) !hrof !o app(0 only !o (c!"o#% of p"'lic o%%icers, #o! !o ple'iscites for !h ra!"f"ca!"o# of a#*#!% !o !h>*a#!a( La or a r'"%"o# !hrof, or of a# #!"r(0 # Co#%!"!&!"o#,

a#* !o pr"! !h ("%(a!&r !o r&"r (%%r &a("f"ca!"o#% for %&chra!"f"ca!"o#, #o!"!h%!a#*"# !h fac! !ha! !h %&?c! !hrof "% &ch or"por!a#! F "f #o! f*a#!a(, %&ch a% !h a%"c cha#% "#!ro*&c* "# !h*raf! of !h r'"%* Co#%!"!&!"o# a*op!* 0 !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a(Co#'#!"o#, h"ch ar "#!#** !o "# forc pra##!(0, or, a! (a%!, f or a#0 *ca*%, a#* !o affc! !h a0 of ("f of !h #a!"o# F a#*, accor*"#(0*a#*% ra!r pr"#c a#* a!&r"!0 o# !h par! of !h (c!ora! !ha#!ha! r&"r* for !h (c!"o# of p&("c off"cr%, :? ho% a'ra !r ra#%fro 2 !o 6 0ar%.

! "% a*"!!* !ha! pr%o#% 15 0ar% of a or o'r, &! (o 21 0ar%,rar*(%% of h!hr or #o! !h0 po%%%%* !h o!hr &a("f"ca!"o#% (a"**o# "# o!h !h Co#%!"!&!"o# a#* !h pr%#! E(c!"o# Co*, ;@ a#* of h!hr or #o! !h0 ar *"%&a("f"* *r !h pro'"%"o#% of %a"* Co#%!" !&!"o#

a#* Co*, ;7 or !ho% of Rp&("c Ac! No. 359, ;8 ha' par!"c"pa!* a#*'o!* "# !h C"!"#%= A%%("% !ha! ha' a((*(0 ra!"f"* !h # or r'"%* Co#%!"!&!"o# *raf!* 0 !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o#.

# fac!, accor*"# !o !h (a!%! off"c"a( *a!a, !h !o!a( #&r of r"%!r*'o!r% 21 0ar% of a or o'r "# !h #!"r /h"("pp"#%, a'a"(a( "# $a#&ar0

1973, a% less !ha# 12 "(("o#. !, /roc(aa!"o# No. 112 %!a!% !ha!14,976,561 :r% of a(( !h Bara#a0% C"!"#% A%%("% 'o!* f or !h a*op!"o# of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#, a% aa"#%! . . . 743,869 ho 'o!*for "!% r?c!"o#,: hra%, o# !h &%!"o# h!hr or #o! !h pop( %!"((a#!* a p("%c"! !o ca((* !o ra!"f0 !h # Co#%!"!&!"o#, :. . .14,298,814 a#%r* !ha! !hr a% #o #* for a p("%c"! a#* !ha! !h'o! of !h Bara#a0% C"!"#% A%%("% %ho&(* co#%"*r* a% a 'o!"# a p("%c"!.: # o!hr or*%, "! "% co#c** !ha! !h #&r of pop( hoa((*(0 'o!* a! !h C"!"#%= A%%("% %or exceeded te n"m'er o% registered 7oters *r !h E(c!"o# Co* "# forc "# $a#&ar0 1973.

! "% !h&% c(ar !ha! !h proc*"#% h(* "# %&ch C"!"#%= A%%("% F a#* ha' or !o %a0 o# !h"% po"#! "# %&%&#! pa% F rf*a#!a((0 "rr&(ar, "# !ha! pr%o#% (ac"# !h &a("f"ca!"o#% pr%cr"*"# %c!"o# 1 of Ar!. ) of !h Co#%!"!&!"o# r a((o* !o 'o! "# %a"*

A%%("%. A#*, %"#c !hr "% #o a#% 0 h"ch !h "#'a("* 'o!% of !ho%(%% !ha# 21 0ar% of a ca# %para!* or %ra!* fro !ho% of !h&a("f"* 'o!r%, !h proc*"#% "# !h C"!"#%= A%%("% &%!


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co#%"*r* #&(( a#* 'o"*. ;9

! ha% # h(* !ha! :!h por !o r?c! a# entire po(( . . . so"ld 'eexercised . . . "# a ca% hr "! "% impossi'le !o a%cr!a"# "!h ra%o#a(cr!a"#!0 !h !r& 'o!,: a% hr :"! "% impossi'le to separate !h (a( 'o!%

fro !h "((a( or %p&r"o&% . . .: ;:

# I%a# '. Co"%%"o# o# E(c!"o#%, ! a(., ;; h(*

:


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C"!"#%= A%%("% a% a#* "% #&(( a#* 'o"* a' initio/

.@o5 so"ld te ple'iscite 'e eld: (OM#L#( s"per7ision indispensa'le=essential re9"isi t esB

$&%! a% %%#!"a( a% cop("a#c "!h %a"* Ar!. ) of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# "%!ha! of Ar!. K !hrof, par!"c&(ar(0 "!% %c!"o#% 1 a#* 2. #**, %c!"o# 1

pro'"*% !ha! :!hr %ha(( a# independent Co"%%"o# o# E(c!"o#% . . .:+h po"#! !o %!r%%* hr "% !h !r :"#*p#*#!.: #**, h0 a%!h !r &%*

# !h a%#c of %a"* co#%!"!&!"o#a( pro'"%"o# a% !o !h "#*p#*#c of !hCo"%%"o#, o&(* "! ha' # *p#*#! &po# "!hr Co#r%% or !h$&*"c"ar0 +h a#%r &%! "# !h #a!"', ca&% !h fc!"o#% of !hCo"%%"o# F :#forc#! a#* a*"#"%!ra!"o#: of (c!"o# (a% F ar#"!hr ("%(a!"' #or ?&*"c"a( "# #a!&r, a#*, h#c, 0o#* !h f "(*a((oca!* !o "!hr Co#r%% or co&r!% of ?&%!"c.


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(o# !r of off"c of "!% r% F #"# 9 0ar%, cp! !ho% f "r%!

appo"#!* ;? F !h (o#%! *r !h Co#%!"!&!"o#, %co#* o#(0 !o !ha! of !h

A&*"!or G#ra(


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%!a("%h#! of (c!"o# prc"#c!%@ !h *%"#a!"o# a#* arra##! of po(("# p(ac%, "#c(&*"# 'o!"# oo!h%, !o pro!c! !h %crc0 of !h a((o!@!h fora!"o# of ("%!% of 'o!r%, !h "*#!"f"ca!"o# a#* r"%!ra!"o# of 'o!r%, !hproc*"#% !hrfor, a% (( a% for !h "#c(&%"o# "#, or c(&%"o# or ca#c((a!"o# fro %a"* ("%! a#* !h p&("ca!"o# !hrof@ !h %!a("%h#! o f "c"pa(, pro'"#c"a( a#* #a!"o#a( f"(% of r"%!r* 'o!r%@ !h copo%"!"o#

a#* appo"#!#! of oar*% of (c!"o# "#%pc!or%@ !h par!"c&(ar% of !hoff"c"a( a((o!% !o &%* a#* !h prca&!"o#% !o !a# !o "#%&r !ha&!h#!"c"!0 !hrof@ !h proc*&r for !h ca%!"# of 'o!%@ !h co!"# of 'o!% 0 oar*% of "#%pc!or%@ !h r&(% for !h apprc"a!"o# of a((o!% a#*!h prpara!"o# a#* *"%po%"!"o# of (c!"o# r!&r#%@ !h co#%!"!&!"o# a#*opra!"o# of "c"pa(, pro'"#c"a( a#* #a!"o#a( oar*% of ca#'a%%r%@ !hrpr%#!a!"o# of po("!"ca( par!"% a#*Jor !h"r ca#*"*a!% "# ach (c!"o#prc"#c!@ !h proc(aa!"o# of !h r%&(!%, "#c(&*"#, "# !h ca% of (c!"o# of p&("c off"cr%, (c!"o# co#!%!%@ a#* !h ?&r"%*"c!"o# of co&r!% of ?&%!"c "#ca%% of '"o(a!"o#% of !h pro'"%"o#% of %a"* E(c!"o# Co* a#* p#a(!"% f or

%&ch '"o(a!"o#%.> (a% a0 fo* "!h %&ch a !"c&(o&% a#* (aora! %! of pro'"%"o#% a"* a! :"#%&r"# fr, or*r(0, a#* ho#%! (c!"o#%,: a%#'"%a* "# %c!"o# 2 of Ar!. K of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#. !, #o# of !hforo"# co#%!"!&!"o#a( a#* %!a!&!or0 pro'"%"o#% a% fo((o* 0 !h %o-ca((* Bara#a0% or C"!"#%= A%%("%. A#* no ra%o#% ha' # "'#,or '# so"gt !o "'# !hrfor. # a#0, "f #o! o%!, "#%!a#c%, !h(c!"o#% r h(* a 7i7a 7oce, !h&% *pr"'"# !h (c!ora! of !h r"h! !o'o! %cr!(0 F o# of !h o%! f*a#!a( a#* cr"!"ca( fa!&r% of o&r

(c!"o# (a% fro !" "or"a( F par!"c&(ar(0 a! a !" h# !h %aa% of &!o%! "por!a#c, o"# !o !h existence o% Martial La5 .

# G(## '. G#a&,


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alia, !ha! :!h pro'"%"o#% of !h E(c!"o# Co* of 1971, "#%ofar a% !h0 ar#o! "#co#%"%!#!: "!h %a"* *cr F cp!"# !ho% :rar*"# r"h!% a#*o("a!"o#% of po("!"ca( par!"% a#* ca#*"*a!%: F :sall apply !o !h co#*&c!of !h p("%c"!.: #**, %c!"o# 2 of %a"* E(c!"o# Co* of 1971 pro'"*%!ha! :a(( (c!"o#% of p&("c off"cr% cp! arr"o off"c"a(% and ple'isci t es%ha(( co#*&c!* "# !h a##r pro'"** 0 !h"% Co*.: G#ra( ;r*r No .

2, *a!* $a#&ar0 7, 1973, po%!po#"#, !"( f&r!hr #o!"c, :!h p("%c"!%ch*&(* !o h(* o# $a#&ar0 15, 1973,: %a"* #o!h"# ao&! !hproc*&r !o fo((o* "# !h p("%c"! !o !a p(ac a! %&ch #o!"c, a#*#o o!hr or*r or *cr ha% # ro&h! !o ;&r a!!#!"o#, pr%%(0 or "p("*(0 rpa("# !h pro'"%"o#% of /r%"*#!"a( cr No. 73, "#%ofar a%%a"* proc*&r "% co#cr#*.

Ipo# !h o!hr ha#*, %a"* G#ra( ;r*r No. 2 pr%%(0 %&%p#** :!hpro'"%"o#% of


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'(op#! "% #o! #c%%ar"(0 "#co#%"%!#! "!h, a#* &%! %&or*"#a !!o !h co#%!"!&!"o#a( por of !h Co"%%"o# o# E(c!"o#% !o rc"% "!%:c(&%"': a&!hor"!0 o'r !h :#forc#! a#* a*"#"%!ra!"o# of a(( (a%r(a!"' !o !h co#*&c! of (c!"o#%,: "f !h proc*"#% "# !h A%%("%o&(* par!a of !h #a!&r of a# :(c!"o#: or p("%c"! for !h ra!"f"ca!"o# or r?c!"o# of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#.

ar !o(* !ha! /r%"*#!"a( cr No. 86 a% f&r!hr a#** 0/r%"*#!"a( cr No. 86-B, *a!* $a#&ar0 7, 1973, or*r"# :!ha!"por!a#! #a!"o#a( "%%&% %ha(( fro !" !o !" rfrr* !o !hBara#a0% C"!"#% A%%("% for r%o(&!"o# "# accor*a#c "!h/r%"*#!"a( cr No. 86-A *a!* $a#&ar0 5, 1973 a#* !ha! !h "#"!"a(rfr#*& %ha(( "#c(&* !h a!!r of ra!"f"ca!"o# of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#propo%* 0 !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o#: a#* !ha! :!h


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%a ar c(a"* !o ha' ra!"f"* !h r'"%* Co#%!"!&!"o# propo%* 0 !h1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o#. :. . . aBll te a"torities agree !ha! !h (a(*f"#"!"o# of a# (c!"o#, a% (( a% !ha! h"ch "% &%&a((0 a#* or*"#ar"(0*r%!oo* 0 !h !r, "% a choo%"# or a %(c!"o# 0 !ho% ha'"# a r"h!!o par!"c"pa! "# !h %(c!"o# of !ho% ho %ha(( f"(( !h off"c%, or o% t eadoption or re6ection o% any p"'lic meas"res a%%ecting te territory in7ol7ed /

15 C0c. 279@ L"% '. Bo0#!o#, 25 Co(o. 486, 55 /ac. 732@

te (itizen.s Assem'lies allegedly eld tro"go"t te ilippines:

R%po#*#!% a"#!a"# !h aff"ra!"', r(0"# &po# /roc(aa!"o# No. 112,!h 'a("*"!0 of h"ch "% prc"%(0 "# co#!%!* 0 p!"!"o#r% hr"#.R%po#*#!% c(a" !ha! %a"* proc(aa!"o# "% :co#c(&%"': &po# !h"% Co&r!, or "%, a! (a%!, #!"!(* !o f&(( fa"!h a#* cr*#c, a% a# #ro((* "((@ !ha! !hpropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# ha% #, "# fac!, ra!"f"*, appro'* or a*op!* 0 !h:o'rh("#: a?or"!0 of !h pop(@ !ha! Ar!. K) of !h 1935 Co#%!" !&!"o#ha% !h&% # :%&%!a#!"a((0: cop("* "!h@ a#* !ha! !h Co&r! %ho&(* r f ra"#fro pa%%"# &po# !h 'a("*"!0 of /roc(aa!"o# No. 112, #o! o#(0 ca&%%&ch &%!"o# "% po("!"ca( "# #a!&r, &!, a(%o, ca&% %ho&(* !h Co&r!

"#'a("*a! !h proc(aa!"o#, !h forr o&(*, "# ffc!, '!o !h ac!"o# of !hpop( "# ho %o'r"#!0 r%"*% a#* fro ho "!% por% ar *r"'*.

+h a?or f(a "# !h"% proc%% of ra!"o#a("a!"o# "% !ha! "! a%%&%, a% a f ac!,!h 'r0 pr"% o# h"ch "! "% pr*"ca!*, a#* h"ch, oro'r, "% co# !%!*0 !h p!"!"o#r%. A% !h


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Accor*"#(0, !h "%%& o"(% *o# !o h!hr or #o! !h Ec&!"' ac!*"!h"# !h (""!% of h"% a&!hor"!0 h# h cr!"f"* "# /roc(aa!"o# No. 112:!ha! !h Co#%!"!&!"o# propo%* 0 !h #"#!# h*r* a#* %'#!0-o#1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# ha% # ra!"f"* 0 a# o'rh("#a?or"!0 of a(( of !h 'o!% ca%! 0 !h r% of a(( !h Bara#a0%C"!"#% A%%("% !hro&ho&! !h /h"("pp"#%, a#* ha% !hr0 co "#!off c!.:

# !h"% co##c!"o#, "! "% #o! c(a"* !ha! !h Ch"f Ec&!"' ha* pr%o#a(#o(* of !h *a!a h cr!"f"* "# %a"* proc(aa!"o#. Moro'r, Ar!. K of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# a% prc"%(0 "#%r!* !o p(ac 'eyond !h Ec&!"'!h por !o %&pr'"% or '# rc"% any a&!hor"!0 ha!%o'r o'r :all (a% r(a!"' !o !h co#*&c! of (c!"o#%,: a#*, h#c, h!hr !h (c!"o#%ar for !h cho"c or %(c!"o# of p&("c off"cr% or for !h ra!"f"ca!"o# or r?c!"o# of a#0 propo%* a#*#!, or r'"%"o# of !h >*a#!a( La,%"#c !h proc*"#% for !h (a!!r ar, a(%o, rfrr* !o "# %a"* Ar!. K) a%:(c!"o#%.:

+h ra#c"%co Cr&, a% /r%"*#! or ac!"# /r%"*#! of !h Na!"o#a( A%%oc"a!"o#or >*ra!"o#, hr&po# Mr. Cr&, ac!"# "# a cro#"a( capac"!0, rpor!*%a"* r%&(!% !a&(a!* 0 !h par!#! of Loca( Go'r##!% a#*Co"!0 '(op#! !o !h Ch"f Ec&!"', ho, accor*"#(0, "%%&*/roc(aa!"o# No. 112.

+h rcor* %ho%, ho'r, !ha! Mr. Cr& a% not e7en a mem'er of a#0arr"o coc"( %"#c 1972, 8 !ha! h co&(* #o! po%%"(0 ha' # a mem'er


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o# $a#&ar0 17, 1973, of a m"nicipal a%%oc"a!"o# of presidents of arr"o or ar* c"!"#%= a%%("%, &ch (%% of a /ro'"#c"a(, C"!0 or Na!"o#a(

A%%oc"a!"o# or >*ra!"o# of residents of a#0 %&ch pro'"#c"a( or c"!0a%%oc"a!"o#%.

r&ar0 16,1973, a#* "# !h r%o(&!"o# of !h"% Co&r! of !h %a *a!, !h


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+h ca% of # r McCo#a&h0 =8 "% %&ar(0 "# po"#!. :A% !h Co#%!"!&!"o#%!oo* fro !h ora#"a!"o# of !h %!a!: F of M"##%o!a F :a(( !a% rr&"r* !o ra"%* *r !h %0%! #o# a% !h =#ra( propr!0 !a.="%%a!"%fac!"o# "!h !h r%&(!% of !h"% !ho* a#* !h *'(op#! of or%c"#!"f"c a#* %a!"%fac!or0 !ho*% of ra"%"# '#& "#*&c* !h L"%(a!&r!o %&"! !o !h pop( a# a#*#! !o !h Co#%!"!&!"o# h"ch pro'"**

r(0 !ha! !a% %ha(( "for &po# !h %a c(a%% of %&?c!%. +h"%propo%* a#*#! a% %&"!!* a! !h #ra( (c!"o# h(* "#No'r, 196, a#* "# *& !" "! a% certi%ied 0 !h %!a! ca#'a%%"#oar* a#* proc(a"* 0 !h Go'r#or a% ha'"# # (a((0 a*op !*.

Ac!"# &po# !h a%%&p!"o# !ha! !h a#*#! ha* co a par! of !hCo#%!"!&!"o#, !h L"%(a!&r #ac!* %!a!&!% pro'"*"# for a

Rfrr"# !o !h ffc! of !h certi%ication of !h

#a%&ch a% Ar!. K of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# p(ac% *r !h :c(&%"':char of !h Co"%%"o# o# E(c!"o#%, :!h #forc#! a#* a*"#"%!ra!"o#of a(( (a% r(a!"' !o !h co#*&c! of (c!"o#%,: independently of !hEc&!"', a#* tere is not e7en a certi%ication 'y te (ommission "# %&ppor!


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of !h a((* r%&(!% of !h c"!"#%= a%%("% r("* &po# "# /roc(aa !"o#No. 112 F apar! fro !h fac! !ha! o# $a#&ar0 17, 1973 #"!hr !h a((*pr%"*#! of !h >*ra!"o# of /ro'"#c"a( or C"!0 Bara#a0% #or !hpar!#! of Loca( Go'r##!% ha* cr!"f"* !o !h /r%"*#! of !ha((* r%&(! of !h c"!"#=% a%%("% a(( o'r !h /h"("pp"#% F "! f o((o%#c%%ar"(0 !ha!, fro a co#%!"!&!"o#a( a#* (a( '"po"#!, /roc(aa!"o# No.

112 "% not '# prima %acie '"*#c of !h a((* ra!"f"ca!"o# of !hpropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#.

Rfrr"# par!"c&(ar(0 !o !h ca%% for I%, "! "(( #o!* !ha!, a% po"#!*o&! "# !h *"%c&%%"o# of !h prc*"# !op"c, !h # or r'"%* Co#%!"!&!"o#propo%* 0 !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# a% not ra!"f"* "#accor*a#c "!h !h pro'"%"o#% of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#. # fac!, it as not e7en 'een rati%ied in accordance 5it said proposed (onstit"tion, !h"#"& a r&"r#! !hr"# for !h rc"% of !h r"h! of %&ff ra"# eigteen 18 0ar%, apar! fro !h fac! !ha! Ar!. ) of !h propo%*

Co#%!"!&!"o# r&"r% :%cr!: 'o!"#, h"ch a% #o! o%r'* "# a#0, "f #o !o%!, C"!"#%= A%%("%. B%"*%, 'ot !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# a#* !hpropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# r&"r a :a?or"!0 of !h 'o!% cast : "# a# (c!"o# or p("%c"! ca((* for !h ra!"f"ca!"o# of a# a#*#! or r'"%"o# of !h f "r%!Co#%!"!&!"o# or !h ffc!"'"!0 of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#, a#* !h phra%:'o!% ca%!: ha% # co#%!r&* !o a# :'o!% a* "# r"!"#,: #o! ora((0,a% "! a% "# a#0 C"!"#%= A%%("%. =;

E'# co%( for G"( $. /&0a! a#* $o% Ro0, a% r%po#*#!% "# L-36165,a%%r!% op#(0 !ha! Ar!. K) of !h Co#%!"!&!"o# ha% #o! # cop("* " !h,

a#* %"#c !h a((* %&%!a#!"a( cop("a#c "!h !h r&"r#!% !hrof par!a% of !h #a!&r of a *f#% %! &p 0 !h o!hr r%po#*#!% "# !h%ca%%, !h &r*# of pro'"# %&ch *f#% F h"ch, "f !r&, %ho&(* " !h"#!h"r pc&("ar #o(* F "% c(ar(0 o# %&ch r%po#*#!%. Accor*"#(0, "f *%p"! !h !#%"' #o!% a#* *oc&#!% %&"!!* 0 !h par!"% hr"#,!h r% of !h Co&r! *o #o! #o or ar #o! prpar* !o %a0 h!hr or #o! !h a?or"!0 of !h pop( or of !ho% ho !oo par! "# !h C" !"#%=

A%%("% ha' a%%#!* !o !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#, !h (o"ca( %!po&(* !o "' *& co&r% !o !h% ca%%, r&"r !h r%po#*#!% !o f "(!h"r a#%r%, a#* !h p(a"#!"ff% !h"r rp(0, a#*, !hraf!r, !o rc"' !h

pr!"##! '"*#c a#* !h# proc* !o !h *!r"#a!"o# of !h "%%&%ra"%* !hr0. ;!hr"%, o&(* p(ac"# &po# !h p!"!"o#r% !h&r*# of *"%pro'"# a *f#% %! &p 0 !h r%po#*#!%, ho ha' not so%ar %!a("%h* !h !r&!h of %&ch *f #%.

E'# or "por!a#!, a#* *c"%"', !ha# !h foro"# "% !h c"rc&%!a#c!ha! !hr "% ap( ra%o# !o ("' !ha! a#0, "f #o! o%!, of !h pop( *"*#o! #o !ha! !h C"!"#%= A%%("% r, a! !h !" !h0 r h(*,


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p("%c"!% for !h ra!"f"ca!"o# or r?c!"o# of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#.D#c, "# ;&r *c"%"o# "# !h p("%c"! ca%%, %a"*, inter aliaC

:Ma#h"(, or o# cr 17, 1972, !h /r%"*#! ha* "%%&*a# or*r !porar"(0 %&%p#*"# !h ffc!% of /roc(aa!"o# No.181, for !h p&rpo% of fr a#* op# *a! o# !h /ropo%*Co#%!"!&!"o#. ;# cr 23, !h /r%"*#! a##oc* !h

po%!po##! of !h p("%c"! for !h ra!"f"ca!"o# or r?c!"o# of !h /ropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#. No fora( ac!"o# !o !h"% ffc! a%!a# !"( $a#&ar0 7, 1973, h# G#ra( ;r*r No. 2 a%"%%&*, *"rc!"# =!ha! !h p("%c"! %ch*&(* !o h(* o#$a#&ar0 15, 1973, h po%!po#* !"( f&r!hr #o!"c.=


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%a"* postponement rco#c"(* "!h !h !hor0 !ha! !h proc*"#% "# !hC"!"#%= A%%("% %ch*&(* !o h(* fro $a#&ar0 1, !o $a#&ar0 15,1973, r :p("%c"!%,: "# ffc!, accelerated , accor*"# !o !h !hor0 of !h


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h"ch !h f"r%! pr%o#, ho'r, f"#*% !o oo*, "% or %a!"%fac!or0. +happro'a( of !h a?or"!0 of !h 'o!% ca%! "# a p("%c"! "%, ho'r,essential for a# a#*#! !o !h Co#%!"!&!"o# !o 'a("* a% par! !hrof.+h"r*(0, "f !h proc*"#% "# !h C"!"#%= A%%("% co#%!"!&!* ap("%c"!, &%!"o# No. 8 o&(* ha' # #c%%ar0 a#* "propr,rar*(%% of h!hr &%!"o# No. 7 r a#%r* aff"ra!"'(0 or

#a!"'(0. f !h a?or"!0 of !h a#%r% !o &%!"o# No. 7 r "# !haff"ra!"', !h Co#%!"!&!"o# o&(* ha' co ffc!"' a#* #o o!hr p("%c"! co&(* h(* !hraf!r "# co##c!"o# !hr"!h, '# "f !ha?or"!0 of !h a#%r% !o &%!"o# No. 8 r, a(%o, "# !h aff"ra!"'. f !ha?or"!0 of !h a#%r% !o &%!"o# No. 7 r "# !h #a!"', #"!hr a0a#o!hr p("%c"! h(*, '# "f !h a?or"!0 of !h a#%r% !o &%!"o#No. 8 r "# !h aff"ra!"'. # "!hr ca%, #o! or !ha# one p("%c"!co&(* h(* for !h ra!"f"ca!"o# or r?c!"o# of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#. #%hor!, !h "#%r!"o# of %a"* !o 2 &%!"o#% F apar! fro !h o!hr &%!"o#% a*'r!* !o ao' F "#*"ca!% %!ro#(0 !ha! !h proc*"#%

!hr"# *"* not par!a of !h #a!&r of a p("%c"! or (c!"o# for !hra!"f"ca!"o# or r?c!"o# of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#.

#**, ca# #o!, "# oo* co#%c"#c, *c(ar !ha! !h propo%* Co#%!" !&!"o#ha% # appro'* or a*op!* 0 !h pop( "# !h c"!"#%= a%%("% a((o'r !h /h"("pp"#%, h# "! "%, !o 0 "#*, a a!!r of ?&*"c"a( #o(*!ha! !hr ha' # no %&ch c"!"#%= a%%("% "# many par!% of Ma#"(aa#* %&&r%, #o! !o %a0, a(%o, "# o!hr par!% of !h /h"("pp"#%. # a (!!r of Go'r#or Efr# B. /a%c&a( of Ba!aa#, *a!* $a#&ar0 15, 1973, !o !h Ch"f Ec&!"', !h forr rpor!*

:. . . +h"% rpor! "#c(&*% a r%& %"c of !h ac!"'"!"% *r!oo "# ffc!"# !h re%erend"m o# !h ('# &%!"o#% 0o&a#!* o&r pop( cons"lted o# a#* !h


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L&o#, "# !h B"co( r"o#, "# !h )"%a0a# %(a#*% a#* M"#*a#ao. # f ac!,%'ra( r% of !h Co&r!, "#c(&*"# !ho% of !h"r "*"a! f a"("%a#* !h"r ho&%ho(*, a(!ho&h *&(0 r"%!r* 'o!r% "# !h ara of Gra!r Ma#"(a, r not e7en noti%ied !ha! c"!"#%= a%%("% o&(* h(* "# !hp(ac% hr !h"r r%pc!"' r%"*#c% r (oca!*. # !h /roh""!"o# a#*

A#*#! ca%, == a!!#!"o# a% ca((* !o !h :d"ty ca%! &po# !h co&r! of

taking 6"dicial cognizance of a#0!h"# affc!"# !h "%!#c a#* 'a("*"!0 of a#0 (a or por!"o# of !h Co#%!"!&!"o# . . .: # ("# "!h "!% o# pro#oc#!"# a#o!hr ca%, !h >*ra(

)

@a7e te people ac9"iesced in te proposed (onsti t "t ion:

! "% &r* !ha! !h pr%#! Go'r##! of !h /h"("pp"#% "% #o a#* ha%# r, %"#c $a#&ar0 17, 1973, *r !h Co#%!"!&!"o# *raf!* 0 !h 1971Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o#@ !ha! !h po("!"ca( *par!#! of !h Go'r##!ha% rco#"* %a"* r'"%* Co#%!"!&!"o#@ !ha! o&r for"# r(a!"o#% ar "#co#*&c!* *r %&ch # or r'"%* Co#%!"!&!"o#@ !ha! !h L"%(a!"'par!#! ha% rco#"* !h %a, a#* !ha! !h pop(, "# #ra(, ha',0 !h"r ac!% or o"%%"o#%, "#*"ca!* !h"r co#for"!0 !hr!o.

A% rar*% !h %o ca((* po("!"ca( ora#% of !h Go'r##!, a!hr !ha!r%po#*#!% rfr a"#(0 !o !h off"c% *r !h Ec&!"' par!#!. # a%#%, !h (a!!r prfor% %o fc!"o#% h"ch, fro a co#%!"!&!"o#a('"po"#!, ar po("!"ca( "# #a!&r, %&ch a% "# rco#""# a # %!a! or o'r##!, "# accp!"# *"p(oa!"c rpr%#!a!"'% accr*"!* !o o&r Go'r##!, a#* '# "# *'"%"# a*"#"%!ra!"' a#% a#* a0% !o !!r carr0 "#!o ffc! Ac!% of Co#r%% h"ch *f"# !h oa(% or o?c!"'%!hrof, &! ar "!hr "prc"% or %"(#! o# !h par!"c&(ar a%&r% !o r%or!* !o "# or*r !o ach"' !h %a"* oa(% or *(a! !h por !o *o %o ,pr%%(0 or "p("*(0, !o !h Ec&!"'. +h"%, #o!"!h%!a#*"#, !h po("!"ca(

ora# of a o'r##! !ha! p&rpor!% !o rp&("ca# "% %%#!"a((0 !hCo#r%% or L"%(a!"' par!#!. ha!'r a0 !h f c!"o#%a((oca!* !o !h Ec&!"' par!#! F %pc"a((0 *r a r"!!#, r""*Co#%!"!&!"o#, "!h a rp&("ca# %0%! of Go'r##! (" o&r% F !h ro( o f !ha! par!#! "% "#hr#!(0, a%"ca((0 a#* f*a#!a((0 exec"ti7e "##a!&r F !o :!a car !ha! !h (a% fa"!hf&((0 c&!*,: "# !h (a#&aof o&r 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#. =?


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Co#%&#!(0, a #o! prpar* !o co#c* !ha! !h ac!% of !h off"cr% a#*off"c% of !h Ec&!"' par!#!, "# ("# "!h /roc(aa!"o# No. 112,co##o! a rco#"!"o# !hrof or a# ac&"%c#c !hr!o. h!hr !h0rco#"* !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# or ac&"%c !hr!o or not "%%o!h"# !ha! ca##o! (a((0, &ch (%% #c%%ar"(0 or '# #ora((0, **&c* fro !h"r ac!% "# accor*a#c !hr"!h, ca&% !h0 ar 'o"nd !o

o0 a#* ac! "# co#for"!0 "!h !h or*r% of !h /r%"*#!, *r ho%:co#!ro(: !h0 ar, p"rs"ant to te )@ F c"!* 0r%po#*#!% hr"# "# %&ppor! of !h !hor0 of !h pop(=% ac&"%c#c F"#'o('* a co#%!"!&!"o# or*a"#* "# 192 a#* :proc(a"* 0 a co#'#!"o#*&(0 ca((* 0 a *"rc! 'o! of !h pop( of !h %!a! !o r'"% a#* a#* !hCo#%!"!&!"o# of 1869. +h r%&(! of !h or of !ha! Co#'#!"o# ha% #rco#"*, accp!* a#* ac!* &po# a% !h only 'a("* Co#%!"!&!"o# of !h


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1.+h :Go'r#or of !h

3.+h :"#*"'"*&a( oa!h% of "!% r% !o %&ppor! "!, a#* 'y its a7ing 'een

engaged %or nearly a year, "# ("%(a!"# *r "! a#* p&!!"# "!% pro'"%"o#%"#!o opra!"o# . . .:@

4.+h :?&*"c"ar0 "# !a"# !h oa!h pr%cr"* !hr0 !o %&ppor! "! a#* 0#forc"# "!% pro'"%"o#% . . . :@ a#*

5.+h :pop( "# !h"r pr"ar0 capac"!0 0 pacf&((0 accp!"# "! a#*ac&"%c"# "# "!, 0 r"%!r"# a% 'o!r% *r "! !o !h !#! of !ho&%a#*%!hro&ho&! !h


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#*"'"*&a( ac!% of rco#"!"o# 0 r% of o&r ("%(a!&r, a% (( a% o f o!hr co(("a! o*"% *r !h o'r##!, ar "#'a("* a% ac!% of %a"*("%(a!&r or o*"%, (%% "!% r% ha' prfor* %a"* ac!% "#session d"ly assem'led, or (%% !h (a pro'"*% o!hr"%, a#* !hr "%#o %&ch (a "# !h /h"("pp"#%. +h"% "% a ((-%!a("%h* pr"#c"p( of

A*"#"%!ra!"' La a#* of !h La of /&("c ;ff"cr%, a#* #o p(a&%"(

ra%o# ha% # a**&c* !o arra#! *par!&r !hrfro. >7

#**, "f !h r% of Co#r%% r #ra((0 ara( !o !hpropo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#, h0 *"* "! co #c%%ar0 !o pa*(oc "!% pr"%%!o pr'#! "!% !"# "# %%%"o# o# $a#&ar0 22, 1973, a#* !hraf!r a%pro'"** "# !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# ! "% !r& !ha!, !hor!"ca((0, !h r%of Co#r%%, "f #! o# *"%char"# !h"r fc!"o#% *r %a"* Co#%!" !&!"o#,co&(* ha' ! "# a#0 o!hr p(ac, !h &"(*"# "# h"ch !h0 prfor !h"r *&!"% "# "a!r"a( !o !h (a("!0 of !h"r off"c"a( ac!%. +h forc of !h"%ar&#! "%, ho'r, off%! or *"%%"pa!* 0 !h fac! !ha!, o# or ao&!

cr 27, 1972, "*"a!(0 af!r a co#fr#c !# !h Ec&!"',o# !h o# ha#*, a#* r% of Co#r%%, o# !h o!hr, %o of hopr%%* !h "%h !o ! "# %%%"o# o# $a#&ar0 22, 1973, a% pro'"** "#!h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#, a a"(0 Epr%% co(&#"%! /r""!"'o M"?ar%a!!r"&!* !o /r%"*#!"a( A%%"%!a#! G&"((ro * )a a %!a!#! !o !hffc! !ha! :=cr!a"# r% of !h 8 (""%, ha*("#*,o# "!% fro#! pa, a :or !h %a ra%o#%, %pc"a((0 ca&% of /roc(aa!"o# No. 181, p(ac"#!h #!"r /h"("pp"#% *r Mar!"a( La, #"!hr a prpar* !o *c(ar!ha! !h pop(=% "#ac!"o# a% rar*% /roc(aa!"o# No. 112, a#* !h"r


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cop("a#c "!h a #&r of /r%"*#!"a( or*r%, *cr% a#*Jor "#%!r&c!"o#%F %o or a#0 of h"ch ha' a*"!!*(0 ha* %a(&!ar0 ffc!% F "%%&*%&%&#!(0 !hr!o ao!%, co#%!"!&!% or a!!%!% !o a ra!"f "ca!"o#,a*op!"o# or appro'a( of %a"* /roc(aa!"o# No. 112. # !h or*% of !hCh"f Ec&!"', :ar!"a( (a co##o!% po5er o% te g"n, a#! coercion 0

!h "("!ar0, a#* comp"lsion a#* intimidation.: >9 +h fa"(&r !o &% !h

aa"#%! !ho% ho comply "!h !h or*r% of !h par!0 "(*"# !h apo#*o% #o! *!rac! fro !h "#!""*a!"o# !ha! Mar!"a( La #c%%ar"(0 co##o!%.! a0 rf(c! !h oo*, ra%o#a( a#* ho(%o a!!"!&* of !h pr%o#ho ha% !h , "!hr po"#!* a! o!hr%, "!ho&! p&(("# !h !r"r, or r(0 p! "# "!% ho(%!r, &! #o! "!ho&! ar#"# !ha! h a0 or o&(* &% "!"f h ** "! #c%%ar0.

A% rar*% !h app("ca"("!0 !o !h% ca%% of !h :#ro((* "((: r&(, "! "% ((!o rr !ha! !h %a rfr% !o a *oc&#! cr!"f"* !o !h /r%"*#! Ffor h"% ac!"o# *r !h Co#%!"!&!"o# F 0 !h


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h0 ;

ca##o! ho#%!(0 %a0, !hrfor, !ha! !h pop( ha' "p("*(0 or pr%%(0

"#*"ca!* !h"r co#for"!0 !o !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#.

)

Are te arties entitled to any relie% :

Bfor a!!p!"# !o a#%r !h"% &%!"o#, a f or*% &%! %a"* ao&!!h proc*&r fo((o* "# !h% f"' 5 ca%%. # !h"% co##c!"o#, "! %ho&(* #o!* !ha! !h Co&r! ha% #o! a% 0! *c"** h!hr or #o! !o "' *&co&r% !o !h p!"!"o#% hr"# or !o r&"r !h r%po#*#!% !o a#%r !hr!o. #%!a*, "! ha% r&"r* !h r%po#*#!% !o co#! o# !h

r%pc!"' p!"!"o#% F "!h !hr 3 r% of !h Co&r! 'o!"# !o *"%"%%!h o&!r"h! F a#* !h# co#%"*r* !h co#!% !h&% %&"!!* 0 !hr%po#*#!% a% o!"o#% !o *"%"%%, a% (( a% %! !h %a for har"#. +h"%a% *& !o !h !ra#%c#*#!a( #a!&r of !h a"# "%%& ra"%*, !h #c%%" !0of *c"*"# !h %a "!h &!o%! *"%pa!ch, a#* !h a"# *f#% %! &p 0r%po#*#!% hr"#, #a(0, !h a((* po("!"ca( #a!&r of %a"* "%%&, p(ac"#!h %a, accor*"# !o r%po#*#!%, 0o#* !h a"! of ?&*"c"a( "#&"r0 a#**!r"#a!"o#. f !h"% *f#% a% %&%!a"#*, !h ca%% co&(* ra*"(0


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Co&r! ha% #o!, a% 0!, fora((0 "'# *& co&r% !o !h p!"!"o#% hr"#.

A#*, #o, hr ar my '"% o# !h r("f% %o&h! 0 !h par!"%.

# L-36165, "! "% c(ar !ha! %ho&(* #o! "%%& !h r"! of a#*a&% pra0*for aa"#%! G"( $. /&0a! a#* $o% Ro0, a% /r%"*#! a#* /r%"*#! /ro+por r%pc!"'(0 of !h


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"%%&% a! ar "# roa* #ra( !r% "# f"' &%!"o#% for p&rpo%% of !a"#!h 'o!%. ! a% f&r!hr ar* of co&r% !ha! ach r of !h Co&r!o&(* po* "# h"% "#*"'"*&a( op"#"o# a#*Jor co#c&rr#c h"% o#approach !o !h %!a!* "%%&% a#* *a( "!h !h a#* %!a! or #o! h"%op"#"o# !hro# %"#(0 or ?o"#!(0 a#* "!h %&ch pr"or"!0, &a("f"ca!"o#% a#*o*"f"ca!"o#% a% h a0 * propr, a% (( a% *"%c&%% !hro# o!hr

r(a!* "%%&% h"ch h a0 co#%"*r '"!a( a#* r('a#! !o !h ca%% a! ar.+h f"' &%!"o#% !h&% ar* &po# a% rf(c!"# !h a%"c "%%&% hr"#"#'o('* ar !h f o((o"#

1.% !h "%%& of !h 'a("*"!0 of /roc(aa!"o# No. 112 a ?&%!"c"a(, or po("!"ca( a#* !hrfor #o#-?&%!"c"a(, &%!"o#

2.Da% !h Co#%!"!&!"o# propo%* 0 !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# #ra!"f"* 'a("*(0 "!h %&%!a#!"a(, "f #o! %!r"c!, cop("a#c co#fora(0 !o !happ("ca( co#%!"!&!"o#a( a#* %!a!&!or0 pro'"%"o#%

3.Da% !h afor#!"o#* propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# # ac&"%c* "# "!h or "!ho&! 'a("* ra!"f"ca!"o# 0 !h pop(

4.Ar p!"!"o#r% #!"!(* !o r("f a#*

5.% !h afor#!"o#* propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# "# f orc

+h r%&(!% of !h 'o!"#, pr"%* o# !h "#*"'"*&a( '"% pr%%* 0 !hr% of !h Co&r! "# !h"r r%pc!"' op"#"o#% a#*Jor co#c&rr#c%, ara% f o((o%

1.;# !h f"r%! "%%& "#'o('"# !h po("!"ca(-&%!"o# *oc!r"#, $&%!"c%Maa("#!a(, a(*"'ar, Ca%!ro, >r#a#*o, +ha# a#* 0%(f, or %" 6r% of !h Co&r!, ho(* !ha! !h "%%& of !h 'a("*"!0 of /roc(aa!"o# No.112 pr%#!% a ?&%!"c"a( a#* #o#-po("!"ca( &%!"o#. $&%!"c% Maa("#!a(a#* Ca%!ro *"* #o! 'o! %&ar(0 o# !h"% &%!"o#, &!, o#(0 "#fr#!"a((0, "#!h"r *"%c&%%"o# of !h %co#* &%!"o#. $&%!"c Barr*o &a("f"* h"% 'o!,%!a!"# !ha! :"#a%&ch a% "! "% c(a"* !ha! !hr ha% # appro'a( 0 !hpop(, !h Co&r! a0 "#&"r "#!o !h &%!"o# of h!hr or #o! !hr ha%ac!&a((0 # %&ch a# appro'a(, a#*, "# !h aff"ra!"', !h Co&r! %ho&(*p "!% ha#*%-off o&! of r%pc! !o !h pop(=% "((, &!, "# !h #a!"', !h

Co&r! a0 *!r"# fro o!h fac!&a( a#* (a( a#(% h!hr or #o! Ar!"c( K) of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o# ha% # cop("* "!h.: $&%!"c%Maa%"ar, A#!o#"o a#* E%&rra, or !hr 3 r% of !h Co&r! ho(* !ha!!h "%%& "% po("!"ca( a#* :0o#* !h a"! of ?&*"c"a( "#&"r0.:

2.;# !h %co#* &%!"o# of 'a("*"!0 of !h ra!"f"ca!"o#, $&%!"c% Maa("# !a(,a(*"'ar, Ca%!ro, >r#a#*o, +ha# a#* 0%(f, or %" 6 r% of


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!h Co&r! a(%o ho(* !ha! !h Co#%!"!&!"o# propo%* 0 !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a(Co#'#!"o# a% #o! 'a("*(0 ra!"f"* "# accor*a#c "!h Ar!"c( K), %c!"o# 1 of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#, h"ch pro'"*% o#(0 o# a0 for ra!"f"ca!"o#, ".., :"# a#(c!"o# or p("%c"! h(* "# accor*a#c "!h (a a#* par!"c"pa!* "# o#(0 0

&a("f"* a#* *&(0 r"%!r* 'o!r%.: >=

$&%!"c Barr*o &a("f"* h"% 'o!, %!a!"# !ha! :A% !o h!hr or #o! !h1973 Co#%!"!&!"o# ha% # 'a("*(0 ra!"f"* p&r%&a#! !o Ar!"c( K), %!"((a"#!a"# !ha! "# !h ("h! of !ra*"!"o#a( co#cp!% rar*"# !h a#"# a#*"#!#! of %a"* Ar!"c(, !h rfr#*& "# !h C"!"#%= A%%("%, %pc"a((0 "#!h a##r !h 'o!% !hr"# r ca%!, rpor!* a#* ca#'a%%*, fa((% %hor!of !h r&"r#!% !hrof. # '", ho'r, of !h fac! !ha! ha' #oa#% of rf&%"# !o rco#" a% a ?&* !ha! fac!&a((0 !hr a% 'o!"# a#*!ha! !h a?or"!0 of !h 'o!% r for co#%"*r"# a% appro'* !h 1973Co#%!"!&!"o# "!ho&! !h #c%%"!0 of !h &%&a( for of p("%c"! fo((o* "#pa%! ra!"f"ca!"o#%, a co#%!ra"#* !o ho(* !ha!, "# !h po("!"ca( %#%, "f #o! "#

!h or!ho*o (a( %#%, !h pop( a0 ** !o ha' ca%! !h"r fa'ora( 'o!% "# !h ("f !ha! "# *o"# %o !h0 *"* !h par! r&"r* o f !h 0 Ar!"c( K), h#c, "! a0 %a"* !ha! "# "!% po("!"ca( a%pc!, h"ch "%ha! co!% o%!, af!r a((, %a"* Ar!"c( ha% # %&%!a#!"a((0 cop("* " !h,a#*, "# ffc!, !h 1973 Co#%!"!&!"o# ha% # co#%!"!&!"o#a((0 ra!"f "*.:

$&%!"c% Maa%"ar, A#!o#"o a#* E%&rra, or !hr 3 r% of !h Co&r!ho(* !ha! *r !h"r '" !hr ha% # "# ffc! %&%!a#!"a( cop("a#c"!h !h co#%!"!&!"o#a( r&"r#!% for 'a("* ra!"f "ca!"o#.

3.;# !h !h"r* &%!"o# of ac&"%c#c 0 !h >"("p"#o pop( "# !h

afor#!"o#* propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o#, #o a?or"!0 'o! ha% # rach*0 !h Co&r!.

>o&r 4 of "!% r%, #a(0, $&%!"c% Barr*o, Maa%"ar, A#!o#"o a#*E%&rra ho(* !ha! :!h pop( ha' a(ra*0 accp!* !h 1973

Co#%!"!&!"o#.: >>

+o 2 r% of !h Co&r!, #a(0, $&%!"c a(*"'ar a#* 0%(f ho(* !ha!!hr ca# #o fr pr%%"o#, a#* !hr ha% '# # #o pr%%"o#, 0!h pop( &a("f"* !o 'o! a(( o'r !h /h"("pp"#%, of !h"r accp!a#c or

rp&*"a!"o# of !h propo%* Co#%!"!&!"o# *r Mar!"a( La. $&%!"c>r#a#*o %!a!% !ha! :f "! "% co#c** !ha! !h *oc!r"# %!a!* "# %o Ar"ca# *c"%"o#% !o !h ffc! !ha! "#*p#*#!(0 of !h 'a("*"!0 of !hra!"f"ca!"o#, a # Co#%!"!&!"o# o#c accp!* or ac&"%c* "# 0 !h pop(&%! accor** rco#"!"o# 0 !h Co&r!, a #o! a! !h"% %!a prpar* !o%!a! !ha! %&ch *oc!r"# ca((% for app("ca!"o# "# '" of !h %hor!#%% of !"!ha! ha% (ap%* a#* !h *"ff"c&(!0 of a%cr!a"#"# ha! "% !h "#* of !hpop( "# !h a%#c of !h fr*o of *a! !ha! "% a co#co"!a#! f a!&r


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of ar!"a( (a.:

+hr 3 r% of !h Co&r! pr%% !h"r (ac of #o(* a#*Jor cop!#c !o r&( o# !h &%!"o#. $&%!"c% Maa("#!a( a#* Ca%!ro ar

?o"#* 0 $&%!"c +ha# "# !h"r %!a!#! !ha! :I#*r a r" of ar!"a( (a, "!h !h fr pr%%"o# of op"#"o#% !hro&h !h &%&a( *"a'h"c(% r%!r"c!*, !h0 ha' #o a#% of #o"#, !o !h po"#! of ?&*"c"a(

cr!a"#!0, h!hr !h pop( ha' accp!* !h Co#%!"!&!"o#.: >?

4.;# !h fo&r!h &%!"o# of r("f, %" 6 r% of !h Co&r!, #a(0,$&%!"c% Maa("#!a(, Ca%!ro, Barr*o, Maa%"ar, A#!o#"o a#* E%&rra 'o!*!o o&r 4 r% of !h Co&r!, #a(0, $&%!"c% Maa("#!a(,

Ca%!ro, >r#a#*o a#* +ha# ca%! #o 'o! !hro# o# !hpr"% %!a!* "# !h"r 'o!% o# !h !h"r* &%!"o# !ha! !h0 co&(*#o! %!a! "!h ?&*"c"a( cr!a"#!0 h!hr !h pop( ha' accp!*or #o! accp!* !h Co#%!"!&!"o#@ a#*

+o 2 r% of !h Co&r!, #a(0, $&%!"c a(*"'ar a#*0%(f 'o!* !ha! !h Co#%!"!&!"o# propo%* 0 !h 1971Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# "% #o! "# forc@

"!h !h r%&(! !ha! !hr ar #o! #o&h 'o!% !o *c(ar !ha! !h #Co#%!"!&!"o# "% #o! "# f orc.

ACC;RNGL, 0 '"r!& of !h a?or"!0 of %" 6 'o!% of $&%!"c%Maa("#!a(, Ca%!ro, Barr*o, Maa%"ar, A#!o#"o a#* E%&rra "!h !h f o&r 4 *"%%#!"# 'o!% of !h Ch"f $&%!"c a#* $&%!"c% a(*"'ar, >r#a#*o a#*+ha#, a(( !h afor#!"o#* ca%% ar hr0 *"%"%%*. +h"% "#!h 'o! of !h a?or"!0, !hr "% #o f&r!hr ?&*"c"a( o%!ac( !o !h #Co#%!"!&!"o# "# co#%"*r* "# forc a#* ff c!.

! "% %o or*r*.


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Makalintal, (astro, !arredo, Makasiar, Antonio a#* #sg"erra, JJ/, co#c&r.

(oncepcion, (/J/, *"%%#!%.

Ealdi7ar, J/, *"%%#!% "# ("# "!h !h pr%o#a( op"#"o# of !h Ch"f $&%!"c,a#* a(%o *"%%#!% "# a %para! op"#"o#.

?ernando, J/, *"%%#!% "# co#for"!0 "!h !h pr%o#a( '"% of !h Ch"f $&%!"c, cp! a% !o %&ch por!"o#% !hrof o# h"ch h pr%%% h"% o#!ho&h!% a% %! for!h "# h"% *"%%#!"# op"#"o#.

Teeankee, J/, *"%%#!% "# co#for"!0 "!h !h Ch"f $&%!"c=% pr%o#a(op"#"o# a#* f"(% a %para! *"%%#!.

ANNEK A /ER+NEN+

/;R+;N< ;> +DE

MNNEorar, 46 ;h"o

722@ Loa&h '. Coo, 127 oa, 181,12 N.. 1121@ /op( '.


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(a!!r o* "% a*op!* e7ery re9"isite o% te (onstit"tion m"st 'e o'ser7ed /=! ha% # %a"*,= %a0% !h co&r!,= !ha! cr!a"# ac!% ar !o *o#, cr!a"#r&"%"!"o#% ar !o o%r'*, for a cha# ca# ffc!*@ &! !o ha !p&rpo% ar !h% ac!% r&"r*, or !h% r&"%"!"o#% #?o"#*, "f !hL"%(a!&r or a#0 o!hr *par!#! of !h o'r##! ca# dispense "!h!h. +o *o %o o&(* !o '"o(a! !h "#%!r&#! h"ch !h0 ar %or# !o%&ppor!@ a#* e7ery principle o% p"'lic la5 and so"nd constit"tional policy re9"ires te co"rt to prono"nce against e7ery amendment 5ic is so5nnot to a7e 'een made in accordance 5it te r"les prescri'ed 'y t e%"ndamental la5 /=

:#


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ad 'een %ollo5ed in te adoption o% pre7io"s amendments, a#* "! a% h(*!ha!, co#c*"# !h "rr&(ar"!0 of !h proc*"#% of !h L"%(a!&r a#* !h*o&!f&( %cop of !h pro'"%"o#% for !h (c!"o#, 0! "# '" of !h 'r0cr!a"#!0 of %&ch pro'"%"o#%, !h past legislati7e istory of %""(ar propo%"!"o#%, !h "ni7ersal prior ac9"iescence "# !h %a for% of proc*&r, a#* !h pop&(ar a#* "ncallenged accp!a#c of !h (a(

p#*#c0 for !h pop( of !h &%!"o# of !h a#*#! for *c"%"o#,a#* "# '" of te d"ty cast "pon te co"rt o% taking 6"dicial kno5ledge o% anyting a%%ecting te existence and 7alidity o% any la5 or portion o% t e(onstit"tion, "! &%! a*?&** !ha! !h propo%* a#*#! ca par!of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#. +h ffc! a% !o ho(* !ha! a pro'"%"o# of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#r&"r"# !h propo%* a#*#! !o #!r* "# f&(( o# !h ?o&r#a(% a%directory , a#* #o! a#*a!or0. +h"% li'eral '" a% appro'* "#


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a% po("!"ca(, a#* #o! ?&*"c"a(, "! a% %a"* !ha!, h"( "! "% #o! cop!#! f or co&r!% !o "#&"r "#!o !h 'a("*"!0 of !h Co#%!"!&!"o# a#* !h for of o'r##! *r h"ch !h0 !h%('% "%!, a#* fro h"ch !h0 *r"'!h"r por%, 0!, 5ere te existing (onstit"tion prescri'es a metod %or i t so5n amendment, an amendment tereto, to 'e 7alid, m"st 'e adopted instrict con%ormity to tat metod= a#* "! "% !h d"ty of !h co&r!% "# a propr ca%, h# a# a#*#! *o% #o! r(a! !o !h"r o# por or f c!"o#%,to in9"ire h!hr, "# !h a*op!"o# of !h a#*#!, te pro7isions o% t eexisting (onstit"tion a7e 'een o'ser7ed, a#*, "f #o!, to declare t eamendment in7alid and o% no %orce/ +h"% ca% 5as %ollo5ed "#

6"dicial &%!"o#. B0 !h Co#%!"!&!"o# a propo%* a#*#! a% r&"r* !o appro'* 0 !o L"%(a!&r% for "!% %&"%%"o# !o !h pop(. # !h"%"#%!a#c a "(( a% pa%%* h"ch co#!a"#* 17 a#*#!%. +h #!

L"%(a!&r re6ected < a#* a*op!* 8 of !h% a#*#!%, a#* %&"!!*!h !o !h pop(. Te ma6ority o% te people 7oted %or teir adoption= &! "!a% co#!#** !ha! !h Co#%!"!&!"o# co#!p(a!* a#* r&"r* !ha! !h%a "(( a#* !h %a a#*#!%, 5ito"t cange, %ho&(* appro'*0 'ot L"%(a!&r%, a#* !ha! "! *"* #o! fo((o !ha!, ca&% !h %co#*L"%(a!&r a*op!* %para!(0 H o"t o% te )I a#*#!% a*op!* 0 !hf"r%! L"%(a!&r, "! o&(* ha' a*op!* !h 17, or a#0 of !h, "f !h0 ha*# 'o!* &po# 0 !h %co#* "# !h for a*op!* 0 !h f"r%! o*0. +h%&%!a#c of !h co#!#!"o# a% !ha! !hr ha* #o! # a co#c&rr#c o f !h t5o L"%(a!&r% o# !h %a a#*#!%, accor*"# !o !h (!!r a#*%p"r"! of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#. +h co&r! h(* !ha! !h por of !h L"%(a!&r "#%&"!!"# a#*#!% co&(* not *"%!"#&"%h* fro !h por% of !hco#'#!"o#, a#* !ha!, a% !h pop( ha* %po# a#* ra!"f"* !ha#*#!%, !h0 ca a par! of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#.

:# %!"#ha&%# '. /op(, 44 M"ch. 265, 6 N.. 641, "! a% h(* !ha!pr"or !o 1876 a propo%* a#*#! !o !h Co#%!"!&!"o# co&(* #o! %&"!!* !o !h pop( a! a#0 o!hr !ha# a #ra( (c!"o#@ &!, a% !ha#*#! *r co#%"*ra!"o# ha* # %&"!!* a%ter !h Co#%!"!&!"o#ha* # cha#*, "! ha* # (a((0 %&"!!* a#* a*op!*.

:#


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+h (a *"* not *"rc! ho !h r%&(! of !h (c!"o# %ho&(* *!r"#*.Te Legislat"re 0 ?o"#! r%o(&!"o# rc"!* !ha! !h (c!"o# ha* # *&(0h(* !hro&ho&! !h %!a!, a#*, a% "! appar* fro !h r!&r#% a* !o !h

to te re9"irements o% te (onstit"tion, a#* h!hr !h propo%"!"o# a% in%act adopted, r all 6"dicial, a#* not political, &%!"o#%. = *o #o!,= %a"*Ch"f $&%!"c h"!f"(*, =% a ?&r"%*"c!"o# #o! "po%* &po# &% 0 !hCo#%!"!&!"o#. -e co"ld not, i% 5e 5o"ld, escape te exercise o% t at

6"risdiction h"ch !h Co#%!"!&!"o# ha% "po%* &po# &%. # !h par!"c&(ar "#%!a#c "# h"ch ar #o ac!"#, o&r *&!0 !o #o ha! !h Co#%!"!&!"o#of !h %!a! "%, a#* "# accor*a#c "!h o&r oa!h% !o %&ppor! a#* a"#!a"# "! "#"!% "#!r"!0, "po%* o# &% a o%! *"ff"c&(! a#* arra%%"# *&!0, one 5ic5e a7e not so"gt, '"t one 5ic, like all oters, m"st 'e discarged /.

:# Bo!! '. &r!, 63 N.$. La, 289, 43 A!(. 744, 881, 46 L.R.A. 251, "! a%h(* !ha! "! a% !h d"ty of !h ?&*"c"a( *par!#! of !h o'r##! todetermine 5eter te legislati7e department or its o%%icers ad o'ser7ed t econstit"tional in6"nctions in attempting to amend te (onstit"tion, and t oann"l teir acts i% tey ad not done so/ +h ca% "% a# "#!r%!"# a#* ((-co#%"*r* o#. +h Co#%!"!&!"o# pro'"** !h a##r "# h"ch propo%*a#*#!% %ho&(* %&"!!* !o !h pop(, &! *"* #o! pro'"* a


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metod %or can7assing !h 'o!%. +h L"%(a!&r, ha'"# ar* !o cr!a"#propo%* a#*#!%, pa%%* a# ac! for %&"!!"# !h %a !o !h pop( .+h"% %!a!&! pro'"** for !h !ra#%"%%"o# !o !h


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:+h rc#! ca% of R"c '. /a(r, 78 Ar. 432, 96

DEREA;RE, , >ERNAN E. MARC;


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rfr#*& %ha(( "#c(&* !h a!!r of ra!"f"ca!"o# of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#propo%* 0 !h 1971 Co#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o#.

+h


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a%cr!a"#"# !h pop(=% cho"c% ao# ca#*"*a!% for p&("c off"c%, or !h"r "(( o# "por!a#! a!!r% %&"!!* !o !h, p&r%&a#! !o (a, f or appro'a(. ! a% "# !h"% %#% !ha! !h or* a% &%* 0 !h frar% "#

Ar!"c( K) a(%o "# Ar!"c(% ) a#* ), a#* "# accor*a#c "!h %&chproc*&r !ha! p("%c"!% r h(* !o ra!"f0 !h 'r0 %a Co#%!"!&!"o# "#1935 a% (( a% !h %&%&#! a#*#!% !hr!o, !h&% "# 1939;r*"#a#c app#** !o !h Co#%!"!&!"o#@ 194 %!a("%h#! of a"cara( ("%(a!&r@ ("""("!0 of !h /r%"*#! a#* !h )"c /r%"*#! for r(c!"o# cra!"o# of !h Co"%%"o# of E(c!"o#%@ 1947 /ar"!0

A#*#!@ a#* 1967 "#cra% "# r%h"p of !h Do&% of Rpr%#!a!"'% a#* ("""("!0 of r% of Co#r%% !o r for !hCo#%!"!&!"o#a( Co#'#!"o# "!ho&! forf"!&r of !h"r off "c%.

+h E(c!"o# Co* of 1971, "# "!%


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h"ch !h0 ar %&"!!* !o !h pop( for !h"r ra!"f"ca!"o#p&r%&a#! !o Ar!"c( K) of !h Co#%!"!&!"o#.:

2Ar!"c( K),


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0ar% a#* a% appro'* 0 !h Co#'#!"o# for %&"%%"o# !o a p("%c" !aha* of a#* %para!(0 fro o!hr a#*#!% %!"(( "# or !o co#%"*r* 0 "!, %o a% !o #a( !h 0o&!h !o !h&% #fra#ch"%* !opar!"c"pa! "# !h p("%c"! for !h ra!"f"ca!"o# of %&ch o!hr a#*#!%(a!r. +h"% Co&r! h(* !ha! %&ch %para! %&"%%"o# a% '"o(a!"' of Ar!"c(K), r&ar0 19 or March 5@ !ha! h ha* or*r* !ha!!h r"%!ra!"o# of 'o!r% p&r%&a#! !o cr No. 73 !#** !o


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accoo*a! # 'o!r%@ a#* !ha! cop"% of !h # Co#%!"!&!"o# o&(* *"%!r"&!* "# "h! *"a(c!% !o !h pop(. !"lletin Today , cr 24,1972.

;# $a#&ar0 1, 1973 "! a% rpor!* !ha! o# or &%!"o# o&(* a***!o !h or""#a( fo&r h"ch r !o %&"!!* !o !h C"!"#% A%%("%.+h &%!"o# co#cr#"# !h p("%c"! a% ror** a% fo((o% :o 0o# ("!h p("%c"! !o h(* (a!r: +h "p("ca!"o#, "! a0 (""% #o!*,a% !ha! !h A%%("% %ho&(* pr%% !h"r '"% a% !o h# !h p("%c"!%ho&(* h(*, #o! a% !o h!hr or #o! "! %ho&(* h(* a! a(( .

+h #! *a0, $a#&ar0 11, "! a% rpor!* !ha! %" a**"!"o#a( &%!"o#% o&(* %&"!!*, #a(0

:1o 0o& appro' of !h c"!"#% a%%("% a% !h a% of pop&(ar o'r##! !o *c"* "%%&% of #a!"o#a( "#!r%!

:2o 0o& appro' of !h # Co#%!"!&!"o#

:3o 0o& a#! a p("%c"! !o ca((* !o ra!"f0 !h #Co#%!"!&!"o#

:4o 0o& a#! !h (c!"o#% !o h(* "# No'r, 1973 "#accor*a#c "!h !h pro'"%"o#% of !h 1935 Co#%!"!&!"o#

:5f !h (c!"o#% o&(* #o! h(*, h# *o 0o& a#! !h #!(c!"o#% !o ca((*

:6o 0o& a#! ar!"a( (a !o co#!"#&: [!"lletin Today , $a#&ar0

11, 1973 "!a("c% %&pp("

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