4

A Christian Approach to Racism Joseph Morecrajt III

Jj I have despised the claim oj my 'male or jemale slaves 'lvhen they filed a co·mplaint against me, what then could I do when God arises, and when He calls me to account, what 'lvill I anS'lver I-lim? Did not lie who made me in the womb 'make hirn, and the same onejashion us in the womb?

Job 31:13-15

Although a rich and powerful man in the East, Job did not abuse-other human beings. He treated everybody with dignity, respect, courtesy, compassion and justice. Although he understood that people differ, that some are superiors and others inferiors in office, talents, gifts, strengths, and the like, he believed that all people are equal before the Law of God that judges all people justly and "blindly," i.e., without regard for race, sex or status. People were not things to be used by him, but people created in the image of God to be respected. He would even allow his slaves, if there ever had a complaint against him, to take him to court to adjudicate their claim. He held this position for two reasons. First, if he despises his slaves' case against him, what will he do when God arises and enters into judgment with him who is God's inferior? Second, both slaves and masters are created by the same God, in the same manner of birth, through the same human means, therefore,

slaves and masters are substantially "brothers" with equal accountability before the Law of God. To declare and maintain his integrity, which was under assault by three of his friends, who were really his tormentors, Job took a vow swearing to his just treatment of others. He said, in effect: "May God rise and judge me, if I have treated other human beings as less than they are: the image of God. May God rise up against me, if I ever see those who are in lower places of power and wealth and productivity, as created inferior to me and to be treated by me as if they were physically, spiritually, intellectually and socially inferior to me. May God rise up against me if I ever become a racist. May God judge me if I ever discriminate against another human being because of the color of his skin. May God judge me if I do not regard others as more important than myself, and if I look out only for my own personal interests, and not for the interests of others."

INFAMOUS RACISTS

This brings us to the subject of racism, i.e., discrimination based on race with the belief in the supremacy of one race over all others that are seen as inferior1 . Influential racists of the past two centuries include such infamous people as Thomas Malthus2

, Charles DarwinJ , Adolph Hitler and Margaret Sanger4 .. Thoma.s Malthus, "whose mathematical theories convinced an entire generation of scientists, intellectuals and social reformers that the world was facing an imminent economic crisis caused by unchecked human fertility," believed that "if man Was to survive, men would have to be sacrificed ... the materially poor, the spiritually diseased, the racially inferior, and the mentally incompetent would have to be eliminated." The majority of his disciples felt that the solution had to be genetic, i.e., the elimination of "bad racial stocks" by "selective breeding, eugenic re patterning

The Counsel of Chalcedon

and orani0111etrio speoifioity," and "through segregation, sterilization, birth oontrol and abortion ... to winnow the 'lower' and 'inferior' races out of the populations. "Charles Darwin took Malthus a step further. With his worldview based on the survival of the fittest, Darwin and his followers saw the responsibility of man oolleotively to assist and guide "the forward progress of the evolutionary asoent," seeing as the leading obstacle to this progress "the n1indless interference of Christian bleeding-hearts" who would "sustain the weak and inferior races" longer than "their natural due."6 In 1972, another darwinist, Irving Thalberg, in an article in THE MONIST, entitled, "Visceral Racisn1," (Vol. 56, No.1, p. 44), stated "soientifically" that "negroid h01110 sapiens evolved n1uoh later, and from different sub sapiens anoestors, than Caucasoids; and that the resulting differences in Negroid and Cauoasoid braiu n10rphology deten11ine such things as sohool aohievement and orin1e rates. 7 "Adolph Hitler "adopted the ideas of Malthus in a wholesale fashion. His exten11inative 'final solution,' his ooeroive abortion progranl in Poland, Yugoslavia and Czeohoslovakia ... all eohoed the Malthusian oall to 'rid the earth of dysgenio peoples by whatever l11eans available."8 "Margaret Sangel', the founder of Planned Parenthood, "the world's oldest, largest and best­organized provider of abortion and birth oontrol services," was also greatly influenoed by Malthus. She believed that the "inferior raoes" were aotually

Mahing the Nations Oh1'ist's Disciples

"hunlall weeds" and a "111enaoe to oivilization," and that the solution was "to eliIninate the [raoial] stooks," that were 1110St detriI11ental to the future of the white raoe and the world, by l11eans of abortion, eto. She said, "the l110st l11eroiful thing that a large family oan do to one of its infant l11el11bers is to kill it."9 To this day Sanger's organization, Planned Parenthood is "forever devising new plans to penetrate blaol{, Hispanio, and Third-World oonll11unities with its orippling n1essage of eugenio raoisl11."10 It should be observed that raoisnl and abortion appear together!

RACISM AS HERESY

First, raoism is a denial of the faot that "the ultin1ate raoial issue of mankind is the issue of oovenant headship," Ron1ans 5:12f.11 All hUl11an beings are represented by AdaI11 as their oovenant head or by Jesus Christ, the Last Adal11, reoeiving the oonsequenoes of the aotions of their representatives. This n1eans that all people belong either to the raoe of the depraved, whose head is Adal11, or to the raoe of the redeel11ed, whose head is Christ. All other raoial differenoes are insignifioant in the light of this one and only raoial issue of ultiI11ate iI11portanoe. Vvithin the raoe of the depraved and the raoe of the redeel11ed, inter-raoial n1arriages l11ay take plaoe, but no l11arriages are to take plaoe between meillbers of the raoe of the depraved and the raoe of the redeel11ed, all "unequal yoking" of believer and unbeliever is forbidden by the Word of God. Seoond, it is the

A Ohristian Approach to Racisl1~

reintroduotion of raoisn1 into the dootrine of justifioation by faith in Christ alone regardless of ethnio origin-For you are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus. For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourself with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free l11an, there is neither nlale nor feluale; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you belong to Christ, then you are AbrahaI11's offspring, heirs aooording to pron1ise, Galatians 3:26-29.Paul had to rebuke Peter by naI11e for his Jewish raoism that was interfering with and 0011lprOn1ising his preaohing of the gospel, whioh is not by raoe, even the Jewish raoe, but by graoe through faith in Christ alone totally apart frol11 ethnio origins-But when Cephas [Peter] oan1e to Antiooh, I opposed hiI11 to his faoe, beoause he stood oondenlned. For prior to the ootning of oertain 111en fron1 JaI11eS, he used to eat with the Gentiles; but when they oanle, he began to withdraw and hold hiI11self aloof, fearing the party of the oiroumoision. And the rest of the Jews joined hin1 in hypoorisy, with the result that even Barnabas was oarried away by their hypoorisy. But when I saw that they were not straightforward about the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas in the presenoe of all, "If you, being a Jew, live like the Gentiles and not like the Jews, how is it that you o0111pel the Gentiles to live like Jews? We are Jews by nature, and not sinners frol11 aI110ng the Gentiles; nevertheless knowing that a n1an is not justified by the works of the Law but

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A Christian Approach to Racism

through faith iIi Christ Jesus, even we have believed in Christ Jesus, that we may be justified by faith in Christ, and not by the works of the Law; since by the works of the Law shall no flesh be justified," Galatians 2:11-16. Paul's point is a powerful one: what ultimately defines a person is not his race but his relationship to Jesus Christ, and any interjection of racism in our thinking or behavior blurs that central fact of the gospel. Third, racism is a contradiction of the doctrine of the unity and catholiCity of the church, and is therefore destructive to the communion of believers in the church­walk in a manner worthy of the calling with which you have been called, with all humility and gentleness, with patience, showing forbearance to one another in love, being diligent to preserve the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. There is one body and one Spirit, just as also you were called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all who is over all and through all and in all, Ephesians 4:1-6. In Acts 15, the great presbytery at Jerusalem, made up of representatives from a variety of congregations, and under the gUidance of the Holy Spirit, made several rulings pertinent to racism. (1). Gentile converts, which were of different races than Jewish Christians were to be received into the church on equal terms and accepted as full and equal partners in salvation. (2). It would be an infringement of the Christian's newly found freedom in Christ to enforce Jewish cultural, ceremonial and ethnic

distinctions upon the Gentile Christians, such as requiring them to be circumcised. Gentile Christians were not to be segregated from Jewish Christians, nor was integration between the two to be forced by making the Gentile Christians adopt the Jewishness of the Jewish Christians. Not long after this presbytery made its pronouncements aimed at removing racial discrimination and a false gospel from the church, the church of Christ­neither Jew nor Greek-became the target of unconverted Jews and unconverted Gentiles alike, who hated it with equal intensity. The church of Christ is a brotherhood, a new race, a communion of believers regardless of sex, race, status or nationality. And nothing must be allowed to disrupt or spoil that communion. Racism rips it apart. Fourth, racism is antithetical to the intention of Christ in His death on the cross. It is a working against what Christ intended to accomplish by His death. He is the King of kings and the Lamb of God that takes away the sins of the world. By His shed blood He has purchased a people for God from every tribe, tongue and people and nation, Revelation 5:9. By the preaching of the gospel, He will lead all the nations ... and many people to stream into His kingdom, Isaiah 2:3. All the families of the nations will worship before [ Christ], for the kingdom is the Lord's and He rules over the nations, Psalm 22:27,28. All the way back in the time of the patriarchs, God promised them that God would make "the seed of Abraham" a

company of peoples, Genesis 28:3, i.e., a congregation comprised of many ethnic groups. As John said in Revelation 7:9-10-After these things I looked, and behold, a great multitude, which no one could count, from every nation and all tribes and peoples and tongues, standing before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed in white robes, and palm branches were in their hands; and they cry out with a loud voice, saying, "Salvation to our God who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb.'" Even in the perfected heaven and earth God's one people will be comprised of a variety of perfected ethnic groups: He shall dwell among them, and they shall be,His peoples, and God Himself shall be among them, Revelation 20:3. The holy city, the new Jerusalem will be one city inhabited by many perfected races. This is what Christ intended to accomplish by His death. Christ is no racist, therefore no human being may be.

RACISM AS IDOLATRY

Racism is not only heresy, it is idolatry! Racism like all other "isms" is idolatry in that it absolutizes something that is relative and finite, and whenever that happens everything else becomes distorted. Taking an aspect or sphere of creation and making it the absolute principle by which all human beings are judged and all of life understood is to give that which has been absolutized the status of God. It is to create an idol. Many such idols fill modern western culture: rationalism,

The Gottnsel 'oj' Ghalcedon

empiricisn1, materialisl11, individualism, statisn1, sciencism, and racism. "Racist doctrine judges mankind according to hereditary, bio­physical characteristics ... instead of according to whether there is obedience or disobedience to the Word of the Lord. Our rejection of racism (n1eans) that not only white raciSl11 but also black raciSll1 is to be condemned. (Olthius)"12

FAILED APPROACHES TO TI-IE RACE ISSUE

First, ANNIHILATION AND GENOCIDE. This approach of Hitler and Stalill, and others, is inconceivable to the Christian

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Christian worldv/ew V

Alahing the Nations Christ's Disciples

because of these revealed truths: (1). Murder is a capital critlle. (2). God has created all hUll1an beings of every race, color and nationality under heaven in His own itllage. As Acts 17:24 and 26 tell us: The God who l11ade the world and all things in it, since He is Lord of heaven and earth ... He made frOlll one, every nation of l11ankind to live on all the face of the earth, having detern1ined their appointed titlles, and the boundaries of their habitation. Originally God created one hUll1an pair, Adan1 and Eve, frOlll WhOlll descended all the peoples of the earth. Then, after the Flood, Noah and his wife becal11e the second hun1an pair from whon1 all

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liberal '{.S, conservative ideas. hut flUfI-I."'" ''>LIIAII '{.S. Chrlstit;m ideas

leaders

A Christian ApP1'oach to Racisl1~

human beings have descended. Therefore all people as hUl11an beings aTe cousins, related to one another by ties of blood and con1n10n faIllily origin. (3). God who is Lord of heaven and earth has ordained that the human race should live in accordance with His law. Legally, 1110l'ally and spiritually the races of the world have been given a COl111110nlaw~ God's Law in the Bible-by which they are to live, and obedience to which binds them together and detennines all their relationships. So then, the htllllan race is of one blood, created by one God, and under one Law. Therefore we can speak of the created and legal unity of the

(continued on page 30)

Everyday Life v Our particular calling V How to tum AmericQ hack to

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A Christian j\pproach to Racisrn

(continued from page 7) races of mankind.13 Second, EXPULSION, PARTITION AND APARTHEID BASED ON RACE. The most brutal forms of apartheid have been in the old USSR, South Africa and American Indian reservations. Such systems result from an unbiblical nationalism that believes that citizens of a nation should all be of the same ethnic group. This expression of racism can be illustrated time and again throughout the world, e.g., Sudan, Ethiopia, Bosnia, Croatia. Consistent Christians however cannot hold this view because they know that a nation is defined by its covenant to its God, not its race. Israel, as a model for the world's nations, was multi­racial, but it was committed to the Lord by covenant, and that covenant was its unifying bond as a nation. Third, SEGREGATION AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION. This we have practiced for over one hundred years in the United States. It is the policy of requiring'minorities by the force of law and public opinion to function only in a way that benefits and serves the interests of the majority or dominant race. Segregation is most completely developed in the traditiona,l Hindu caste system in India. Consistent Christians however are opposed to racial segregation and discrimination for several reasons. (1). Such segregation is the tyrannical usurpation of authority by the state not given it by God. (2). It is a denial of the unity and catholicity of the Christian Church. (3). It is disobedience to the clear injunctions of the law of God regarding the identity

and treatment of superiors, inferiors and equals, as spelled out in the Westminster Larger Catechism Questions 123-133. And (4). It hinders Christians from practicing the ethical and religious segregation and discrimination that is required of them in the Bible, Deuteronomy 7 and II Corinthians 6.Fourth, FORCED INTEGRATION AND ASSIMILATION. The solution most preferred by apostate white humanists today is total racial, religious, ethical integration and assimilation into a common culture known as "the American way of life." This common culture is one where Biblical Christianity is viewed as divisive. It involves the forced assimilation of whites and non-whites. In this process all Christians are required to give up their distinctively Biblical Christian worldview, and the black man and woman are required to give up their identity and integrity as black people, to destroy all ties of loyalty to one's family, history and locality. Such assimilation requires the black man to become a carbon copy of the white man. He must become a white black man to be absorbed into a supposedly "color-blind" society. However, to be color-blind in this senses is to be anti-God, for God is not oolor blind. He gave the human race its vast array of colors because He thinks they are all beautiful colors, or as Annie Dillard says, because God loves pizzazz. To be color-blind is to deprive a man of his color, thereby makitlg him white in your eyes. That is racism. Such approaches that have dominated our society since

the 1950's have only increased raCism, are total failures when evaluated according to their own goals, and have contributed to the present fragmentation of American society in multiculturalism which is ~ complete rejection of the old integration mentality. As Hebden~ Taylor wrote: If a person "must first become integrated before he· can become a Christian, then we deny that Christ alone of His own sovereign grace is able to save us. By claiming that we have first to be integrated before we can be saved the humanists and the ecumenists have perverted and destroyed the glorious Gospel of God. If we cannot be saved even as we now are-black, white; red or yellow, but must first lose our racial, national, cultural and psychological identities, then Christ has been dethroned and God's grace is mocked.14 "Fifth, BLACK SEPARATISM. Many young Black people are seeking a renewed consciousness of and pride in their own racial nature, the problem is that many are attempting to understand themselves and to redefine their cultural and historical roles in terms of humanistic presuppositions rather than by the light of the Word of GOd.15 No meaning, freedom, dignity or morality is to be found outside Christ and His Word, because in Christ is deposited all the riches of wisdom and knowledge, and as Psalm 36:9 says For with Thee is the fountain of life; in Thy light we see light. Without the light of the Word of God, we walk in darkness. As Black evangelist, Tom Skinner said, in explaining his stance on

The Counsel of Chalcedon

the race crisis: "Basically it is this. I don't have to go out and struggle for human dignity any nlore. Christ has given me my true dignity.16 "This Blaok separatisnl has a wide strain of racisnl that is often as violent as white racism. This blacl{ racism says: "Blacks don't need whites to give then1 worth or to learn." This is a flagrant denial of the God­created interdependence of the races, of the falnilies of SheIn, Ham and Japheth, each with its own distinct contributions to make to the whole, so that without those contribUtions, all of mankind suffers. According to the way God has Inade us: Whites need blacks. Blacks need whites. Whites need reds. Blacks need yellows. Yellows need reds. Reds need blacks. And so on. The 16th Century Refornler, Martin Luther offers us a critique of and answer to today's black and white racism. He taught "that to be a Christian nleant to occupy a status that was at once more elevated than any other, yet those who did occupy it entered a condition of equality each with his fellows. Yet this equality of condition, however, did not carry the SaIne lneaning as in later secular delnocratic thought; that is, the idea of equality of claiIns or rights. Rather it Ineant smnething at once nl0re provocative and ominous: an equality of nlutual subservience to our Lord Jesus Christ where 'no one desires to be the other's superior, but each the other's inferior [and servant]."'17 If Christians got this mindset, we would soon see the death of racism, and according to the promises of God in the Bible, racism will

M'c('king the Nations Ohr'ist's Disciples

cOlne to au end, Isaiah 11:1-10, 19:23-25, Psalnl 22:27-28.

THE PRESUPPOSITIONS OF TI-IE HUMANIST APPROACH TO RACE

First, the humanist goal for mankind is the establishnlent of a harmoniOUS, (utopian), society based on a conlnlitment to In an's reason rather than to

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the Word of God, hence based upon an idolatrous principle of revolt against the Creator of lnankind. The hUlnanist aSSU111eS that Anlerican society is founded on and centered in the alleged conlnl0nness of lnau's reason. Everyone is reasonable and therefore free and equal to all other people

A Ohristian Approach to Ra.oisn~

on that basis. A person can be a free individual and at the same tinle an equal nle111ber of American society because everyone without exception is reasonable, (except Bible­belieVing Christians). Second, humanistic norms and values equate freedo111, equality and justice. Equality, along with fraternity and liberty were the great watchwords of the French Revolution of the late 18th Centurv that soueht to

destroy the last relnnants of a Christian moral order in France and to replace that order with a hUlnanistic, anti-christian order. It is this humanistic idea of equality and justice that relnains the basis of the appeal of the civil rights movement,18 the wOlnen's liberation nl0venlent,19 and the

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A Christian Approach to Racism

homosexual movement.20 This humanist view that equates freedom, justice and equality is schizophrenic.2.1 The two concepts, free and equal, are opposed to each other outside a Biblical frame of reference. In fact, in a purely humanist worldview these two concepts negate each other. If everyone is free "to do his own thing," anarchy will result. To avoid anarchy, it is necessary for the group in power in a society to deny the equality of all men, to limit an individual's freedom "to do his own thing." The few at the top, whether it is the Bolshevik Party under Communism' or the WASP establishment in the USA, become the self~appointed elite who make the rules-might makes right!--and the rest of the people become the masses who obey the rules or suffer the consequences. If everyone is considered equal in the sense of similarity or sameness, a leveling process results which restricts the individual freedom and self-expression of the more productive and more gifted members of society. Since a humanistic worldview has no room for a Biblical awareness of sin, freedom cannot be conceived as freedom from the power and guilt of sin, and of man's true service to God. Instead, freedom is independence from God and . from the claims of one's neighbor, it is freedom from restraints on human desire. Freedom, acoording to the humanist is freedom from leveling, and therefore freedom negates equality.The same thing applies to justice and equality. Outside the Biblical view that. God is the

source, of all earthly justice, no true justice between men can exist. Liberty and justice are empty terms arbitrarily and subjectively defined. God alone can provide man with a limit upon the power of some men to exploit their fellow man, and He has defined those limits in His revealed Word. Neither can we equate justice and equality, since it is precisely such an identification that gives rise to the individualistic idea of society, (libertarianism), which in terms leads to the dissolution of all true community between people. The Christian idea of justice gives to the element of inequality or unlikeness between human beings its due place alongside that of their equality before the Law. God has created all of us equally in His own image, but He has not created us all alike. On the contrary, He has created each of us with his own personality, talents, gifts, callings and spheres of usefulness. Human beings are equal in their relation to God as His creations subject to His Law, and so we

'have dignity as persons. But human beings are unlike in their personal individuality and in their functions and calling in God's creation. Nevertheless individual differences between individuals and races remain important on this side of eternity, since what God has created differently in this world cannot be irrelevant or negligible. Therefore no one race has any moral right to impose its definition of the situation upon all other races, and yet this is precisely what the humanists in power have tried to do in America. They have tried to make all groups

and minorities in America subscribe to what they are . pleased to call "the American Way of Life." All Americans, according to the humanist, must bfelong to that one secular humanist community if they would belong to America. Not to be a part of it is abnormal and anti-American. "To be separated from the Great Community, as John Dewey once called it, is to be less than American. It is only in terms of this absolutization of the humanist's "American way of life" that makes sense of the attempt made by [the humanists and statists] in America to forcibly integrate children in the nation into the public school system.

THE IMPOTENCE OF NON-CHRISTIAN ANALYSES AND "SOLUTIONS" OF RACISM

Without presupposing the divine authority of the Bible, the non-Christian has neither the logical nor the ethical basis for morality or knowledge. He has no basis, apart from Christ and the Bible, to declare an action or attitude right or wrong. In fact, he has no basis for defining problems or offering solutions and hope to the crises of our culture. This means that with reference to racism, his analysis and approach will be off mark and counterproductive.22 Although unbelievers often condemn racism, they have no logical or moral basis to do SO.23 We hear non-Christians argue that "race is irrelevant," or "it's immoral to presume inferiority," or "it is wrong to base prejudice on

The Counsel Qf Ghalcedon

unoontrollable oiroumstanoes," REOONSTRUOTION, Vbl. xn~ No.2, or "raoisnl is a violation of equal Spr'ing 1997), p. 7.1/. oonsideration of interests." 2) F(wa refutution qfMalthusianism However, they have no basis read, E. Oalvin Beis1le1; PROSPECTS

f 1 I FOR GROWTH: A BIBLIOAL VIEW or 111a dng suo 1 statements in O:F POPULA1'10N, RESOUROES AND

their own seoular humanistio THE FUTURE, (Westcheste1~ Illinois: worldview. In saying these Orossway Books, 1990).

things they have "sl11uggled in Biblioal standards ... to provide a legitimate basis on whioh to 111ake the judgl11ent that raoisnl is inll11oral.".?4 Fronl the basis of their hUl11anisnl they oan offer only despair and in the final analysis breed l110re raoism. Given their own secular presuppositions they cannot logically condenln raoism as evil.

3) Ii()1" a n:/utation qf'Da1"'l.vinisnt read Bolton D(J,vidheise1~ EVOl~UTION AND OHRISTIAN Ji"'Al1YI, (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Rc:f'onned Publishing Co., 1969).

4) For a expose of Sanger and Planned Pa,renthood 1'ead Ge(n-ge Grant, GRAND ILLW9IONS: THE LEGAOY OF PLANNED PARENTHOOD, (B1'entwood, 'l'N: Wolgemuth and H.vatt, 1989).

5) Ge01"ge Grant, THE QUIOK AND THE DEAD: RU-486 AND TIlE NEW OHEMICAL WARIMRE AGAINST

Recent non-Christian attempts YOUR FAMILJ~ (Wheaton, Illinois: in the networks and educational Omssway Books, 1991), pp. 70-71, institutions to raise the nation's "social consciousness" about raciSl11 are ultit11ately hollow for111s of I1101'al breast-beating, sinoe unbelievers have no legitimate non-arbitrary ethical standard by which to condenln racist practices. The non-Christian worldview must logically and horribly el11brace racisll1 . .?5

PART II - TJ-IEBIBLICAL APPROACH TO THE RACE ISSUE (NEXT ISSUE)

The Biblical.Appmach to the Race Issue, The Ethics qf a Christian Unde1'stctnding Qf Racism" The State ctnd Racism, The Ohurch and Racism The Family [tnd Racism, Private Associations and Racism" A W01-d to Blach Christians StTiving f01' Justice

1) ]i'm' a C1'itique of a new f01'171 qf moism going under the guise Qf Clwist-ian Identit.v, see: (1). Ovid Need, J1:, IDENTIFYING IDEN'11TY: A Biblical examination qf assumptions found in B1'i.tish­lsmelism, An,glo~Sw~~onism, Ohristian-Identity, obtained for $15 /nnn ICing & Kingdom, Publishe1's, P.O. Box 6, Linden, Indiana, 47955; ftnd (2). Jmnes M. Jarrell, "The Modenl A1:van HeTesy," in THE JOURNAL OF CHRISTIAN

Making the Nations Ch1'ist's Diseiples

6) Michael Fletche1' quoted by George G1'ttnt in THE QUIOI( AND THE DEAD, p. 72.

7) Ibid., p. 34.

8) Jl)1~d., pp. 72-73.

~) These quotes are Sange1"s own w01'(is, quoted by Ge01-ge Grant in THE QUIOK AND THE DEAD, p. 77.

10) Ibid., p. 77.

11) And1'ew Sandlin, "The Royal Rlwe of the Redeemed, II an internet al'ticle found on http://w'uJ'w. chaloedon.edu, p. 1.

12) E.L. Hebden-TaCl'I01; "The OhTistian UndeTstanding of Race Relations," delivered at the SU?nnw1' Institute, 1973, Wi:'t1Ten Wilson Oollege, Swannanoa, North Cam tina, p. 13.

13) ((Though we m'e not all qf the smnefct1nily qf.faith, 'we a1'e all pa1't Qf the same ultimate genetic family. II~ Douglas Jones, III, "The Biblical Qffense Qf Racism," (ANTITIlESIS, Vol. I, No.1 Jan/Feb 1990), p. 35.

14) E.L. Hebden-T[zvI01; REFORMATION OR REFOLUTION, (Nutley: NJ, 'l'he Om,ig Press, .197q), p, S31, 15) Oa1'l Ji" Bllis, J1:, BEYOND LIBERATION: THE GOSPEL IN THE BLAOKAMJiJRIOAN EXPERIENOE, (Downe1's Gmve, Illinois.'

A Chdstian AppToach to Racis1n

16) Tom Shinne1; BLAOK AND FREB, (Ol'and Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1969), pp . .149-.154.

.17) E.L. Hebden-Tay[ol' in ((The Christian Understanding of Race Relations," p. 10. The IAti:he1' q'Lwte can be found in POlJTIOS AND "ISION by Sheldon S. Wolin, (Boston: Little Brown Publishers), pp . .1S3-154.

18) l1wmas Sowell, OIFIL RIGHTS: RHETORIO OR REALJTY?, (NJ~ William M01TOW and Company, 1984).

19) Sylvia Ann Hewlett, LESSER LIFE: THE MYTH OF WOMBN'S LIBERATION IN AMERIOA, (N)~ Wl'tnwr Books, 1986), and Ge01-ge Gilder, MEN AND MARRIAGE, (G1'etna, LA: Pelican PuiJlishing Company, 1987).

20) GTeg Bahnsen, HOMOSEXUALITJ~ A BIBLICAL "1m¥, (Gmnd Rapids, Michigan: Bake1'13ooh House, 1978), Ohuch and Donna Mcilhenny, WHEN THE H'lOKBD SEIZE A GITJ~ (Lafayette, Louisiana: Huntington House Publishers, 1993).

2.1) This following few paragmphs a1'e based on an excellent (l.1,ticle by Douglas M. Jones, III, entitled, I<The Biblical Offense of Racism" II in ANTITHESIS, 11ol. I, No. I, Ja'nlFeb .1990), pp. 32j.

22) GTeg Bahnsen, ALWAYS READY: DIRJiJ01YONiS POR DEFENDING THE FAITH, (Texa1'hana, Texas: Covenant Media Foundation, 1996) and R.J. RushdoOl1)', BY WHAT STANDARD?, (Philadelphia: PTesbyteTian and RE(formed Publishing 00., 1965.

23) Douglas Jones has explained the four ]Jm111,inent m-guments the unbelieve1' uses to condemn 1'lWiSl11" and then shows that they have no basis to mahe such [tTguments, in his m'ticle, "The Biblical OfJense qf Racism," (AN1Y1YIESIS, Vol. 1, No.1, Jall/1.i'eb 1990), pp. 32j.

24) Ibi,d., p. 32.

25) Ibid., p. 32.

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