Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
!
!
!"#$
!
AMS on ISS Construction of a particle physics detector
on the International Space Station
"#$!%&'!()**+,)-+./)0!!
(121!(#3045!'1!6)775!"#1!8/-05!91!8+-7/0:;/5!81!<=,$*:>$?$-5!'1!'@#+$*5!%1!'@#3*.A!B)0!C-+.A/45!D1!'@#E$-/045!"#1!'/$F$0,3-45!G1!'/$F*/045!91!9+**-+HH5!&1!9*)@#+*!
I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH, D-52056 Aachen, Germany !
21IJ1!J-)$;$-5!K1!()>>/@#+35!D1!6*3$44$5!81!2+04+-.$-!III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
!
L$:!&+F:$0!Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
!
21!J)$-!G));#3/A$05!(1!'0/77$5!J1!K$-*++.!National Institute for Nuclear Physics and High Energy Physics, NIKHEF, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam,
The Netherlands !
(1!%F*)HH5!61!(+F)3M5!D1!()/40$.5!<1!D/-+-F5!(1!D)?5!G1!2$->$*5!G1!8)::+;)E:;/!5!L1!N)@#)05!!'1!G):/$-I<$$:5!L1IN1!K/+**$!
Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux CEDEX, France !
%1!N$B:0$-!Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
!
'1J1!J+/5!O1P1!6$045!61!D+)5!Q1L1!2+05!81!<3)5!61Q1!'#$05!G121!9$/5!'121!Q/+045!<1L1!Q35!'1!O+045!R121!R#3!
Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, BISEE, 100029 Beijing, China !
R1D1!(#$05!(1&1!</5!S1!</5!Q1J1!N$045!L1D1!"+04!Chinese Academy of Launching Vehicle Technology, CALT, 100076 Beijing, China
!O1&1!C+/5!S121!')045!P1<1!9+045!O1L1!O3
Institute of Electrical Engineering, IEE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080 Beijing, China
!D1&1!(#$05!21'1!(#$05!R121!</5!O1'1!<35!Q191!"+045!(1D1!O+045!&1!O+045!R1P1!O35!21<1!R#3+04!!
Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039 Beijing, China
!&1!J+:/*$TU5VU5!K1!J/0F/TU5VU5!C1!(+:+F$/TU5VU5!61!(/0F)*)TU5!%1!()0./0TU5VU5!%1!WB+04$*/:.+TU5!'1!6/0$**/TU5!
61!D/)B+@@#/0/TU5VU5!(1!D3+0F+*/0/TU5!D1!<+3-$0./TU5!D1!<$B/TU5VU5!&1!<)**/TU5!G1!&+-.$**/TU5VU5!<1!P3+F-+0/TU5VU5!61!N+*>)0+-/TU5VU5!D1!'+-.)-$**/TU5VU5!(1!',+--+TU5VU5!%1!R/@#/@#/TU5VU5!%1!R3@@#/0/TU!
University of Bologna and INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy TU!INFN-Sezione di Bologna,!
VU!Universita’ di Bologna!
!
S1!C/03TU5!&1!X)0/@+VU5!G1!X)0/@+YU5!61!&+0)*$:@3TU5!Z1!&+-/:TU5!%1!&/#3*[U!Institute of Microtechnology, Institute for Space Sciences and University of Bucharest, R-76900 Bucharest,
Romania TU Institute for Space Science, ISS, VU Institute for Microtechnology, IMT, YU University Politechnica, UPB, [U University of Bucharest, UB
!
G1!J$@;$-5!\1!J$@;$-5!N1!J$-4$:5!L1C1!J3-4$-5!Q1C1!(+/5!&1!(+7$**5!D1!(+-):/5!K1!(#)3.;)5!J1!C$>/-;)A5!N1!C$00$..5!61L1!W77*/045!N121!6/:#$-5!%1!8*/>$0.)B5!%1!8)3*$>A/0$5!%1!8)30/0$5!K1!8)3.:$0;)5!
%1!<$,$F$B5!J1!&)0-$+*5!%1!G)A#;)B5!81!'@#)*,$-45!'+>3$*!(1(1!"/045!'1&1!"/045!&1!'.$3$-5!'1!Q/+)5!'1C1!Q35!&1!K$-4+/05!O1!9+045!Q1R1!9+04!
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA !
O121!(#+045!(121!</0!National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054
!
%1!&+*/0/0$5!W1I'1!'$)!IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
!
G1!'+4F$$B!East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
!
21!%#>$F5!(121!(#3045!D1S1!8/>5!&191!<$$5!9121!N+-;5!L191!'#/05!C1!')05!8191!'3045!S1!"+:0$$>!CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, South Korea
!
%1%1&1!C$*/*5!%1!N+3E5!D1!B+0!C)0;5!L1!B+0!W:5!%1%1!9)$-/04!National Aerospace Laboratory, NLR, NL-1 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
!
D1!(+:.$**/0/TU5VU!CNR-IROE, I-50125 Florence, Italy
TU!XS6S5!'$A/)0$!F/!J)*)40+5!VU!XS%65(SG5!6/-$0A$!!
L1!"-=>7$-!Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, D-85740 Garching, Germany
!
N#1!%AA+-$**)5!N#1!J)3B/$-5!&1!J)3-]3/05!W1!()-./0+5!C1!2++:5!21!2+;),?+05!(1!<$*3@5!'1!S+.+*$5!&1!N+0/@@/+5!W1!N$--/05!&1!N)#*5!C1!G+7/05!(1&1!"/045!&1!9/**$0,-)@;!
DPNC, Université de Genevè, CH-1211 Genevè 4, Switzerland !
'1!J-$)0!NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
!
J1!J+-$.5!%1!J+--+35!D1!J)3F)3*5!&1!J3^0$-F5!<1!C$-)>$5!81!N-).+:)B5!&1!K+-4+:I"-$B/0)5!Z1!K^A/+0.!Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, LPSC, IN2P3/CNRS and Université J. Fourier,
F-38026 Grenoble, France !
8121!D3)5!R121!2$5!O121!23+045!Q121!L/+045!"1Q1!</!5!'1'1!<35!L1P1!S/5!Q1&1!P/5!'1L1!O35!S1'1!Q3!Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
!
(1IG1!(#$05!(1!2:/+)5!<1(1!<$$5!L1IG1!":+/!National Space Program Office, NSPO, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan 300
!
<1!(#$045!R1D1!D3)5!81!</5!"1!<3+05!<1P1!9+04!Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
!
91!F$!J)$-5!61!2+3*$-5!<1!L304$->+005!(1!'+0F$-5!&1!'@#>+0+35!K1!R#3;)B!IEKP, University of Karlsruhe, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
%1!&3_30$05!L1!G/.+;+-/!Metsahovi Radio Observatory, Helsinki University of Technology, FIN-02540 Kylmala, Finland
!!!
!
61!J+-+)TU5VU5!D1!J+--$/-+TU5!&1!N/>$0.+TU5VU5!N1!D)0@+*B$:TU5!<1!%--3F+TU5!G1!N$-$/-+TU!Laboratorio de Instrumentacao e Fisica Experimental de Particulas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
TU LIP, Av. Elias Garcia, 14 1-andar 1000 Lisboa, VU IST, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049 Lisboa
!!
O1IL1!6+0@#/+045!21!L/0@#/5!O1I"1!"/04!Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, CSIST, Lung-Tan, Tao Yuan 325, Taiwan
!
&1!%43/*+-IJ$0`.$A5!L1!%*@+-+A5!L1!J$-F34)5!L1!(+:+3:5!L1!C$!K/@$0.$5!(1!C`+A5!<1!D+-@`+I"+,+-^:5!W1!<+0@/)../5!D1!&+-.`0$A5!(1!N+*)>+-$:5!(1!&+a+5!L1!&+-`05!&1!&)**+5!W1!'+0@#$A5!'1!'+0A5!X1!'$B/**+5!
61!")-+*5!%1!")--$0.)5!(1!K+A]3$A!Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
!
%1!&$0@#+@+!G)@#+!Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico D. F., 01000 Mexico
!
D1!J)$**+TU5VU5!&1!L1!J):@#/0/TU5VU5!&1!D$-B+:/TU5VU5!C1!D-+0F/TU5VU5!C1!N$F-/0/TU5VU5!'1!N$0:)../!TU5VU5!N1D1!G+0@)/.+TU5!<1!G)::/!TU5!D1!K)*7/0/TU5VU!
University of Milano-Bicocca and INFN-Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy TU!INFN-Sezione di Milano,!
VU!Universita’ di Milano
!
L1!J)*>)0.5!%1!L+@#)*;)E:;+5!&1!'+7/0:;/5!(1!R3-,+@#!Groupe d'Astroparticules de Montpellier, GAM, IN2P3/CNRS-Universite Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier,
France !
W1!(#3>/*)B5!O31!D+*+;./)0)B5!K1!N*?+:;/05!%1!'3B)-)B!Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, ITEP, Moscow, 117259 Russia
!
X1!&/.-)H+0)B!Institute for Space Research, IKI, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117810 Russia
!
%1!D-$@#;)5!'1!K):.-/;)B5!S1!(#$-0)7*$;)B!Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 123182 Russia
!
D1!J+:#/0FA#+4?+05!&1!&$-;/05!&1!N+0+:?3;!Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
!
L1!D)045!D1P1!D35!L1P1!</!5!P1!</!5!L1R1!<3)5!P1!&$045!<1D1!'#3+/5!21!O/5!(1G1!R)3!Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
!
%1!(#/;+0/+05!W1!6/0@#5!G1!&+_;+5!L1!'+0FE$/::!Physics Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
!
J1!%*7+.TU5!D1!%>,-):/TU5!%1!C+>/+>)VU5!%1!N/*3:)VU5!G1!J+../:.)0TU5VU5!J1!J$-.3@@/TU5VU5!'1!J/AA+4*/+TU5!'1!J*+:;)TU5VU5!91L1!J3-4$-TU5!C1!(+-+HH/0/TU5VU5!(1!($@@#/TU5VU5!D1!W:7):/.)TU5VU5!W1!6/+0F-/0/!TU5VU5!W1!6/)-/TU5VU5!D1!<+>+00+YU5!&1!&$0/@#$**/TU5!&1!N+3*3AA/TU5VU5!N1!R3@@)0TU5!%1!N+7/TU5!&1!J/AA+--/TU5VU5!<1!C/!&+:::)TU5VU5!
D1!'@)*/$-/TU5!'1!P/3[U!INFN-Sezione di Perugia and Universitá Degli Studi di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
TU!INFN, Sezione di Perugia, VU!Universita’ di Perugia,
YU!Present address CPPM, Marseille, France, [U!Present address China
!
61!($-B$**/TU5!'.1!C/!6+*@)TU5VU5!'.1!D+*$)../TU5!61!D#$-+-F3@@/TU5!&1!X0@+4*/TU5!"1!<)>.+FA$TU5!(1!&+4+AAbTU5!%1!Z-:/0/TU5!W1!N$F-$:@#/TU5!&1!N/$0F/,$0$TU5!61!N/*)TU5VU5!61!'7/0$**+TU5VU5!(1!K+00/0/TU!
INFN-Sezione di Pisa and Universitá di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy TU!INFN-Sezione di Pisa,
VU!Universita’ di Pisa
!
!
61!J-+@@/+H$--/!5!&1!()0.$5!'1!C/!N/77)!Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI, I-00198 Roma, Italy
!
%1!%40$0/YU5[U5!'.1!J+@@+-)TU5[U5!%1!J+-.)*)0/!TU5VU5!J1!J)-4/+TU5VU5!(1!J):/)TU5VU5!(1!D+-4/3*)TU5VU5!'1!D$0./*$TU5VU5!&1!&)0.$@@#/TU5[U5!%1!N+)*)AA/TU5YU5!N1!G+7+40+0/TU5VU5!W1!K+*$0.$TU!
INFN-Sezione di Roma and Universitá di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma, Italy TU!INFN, Sezione di Roma,!VU!Universita’ di Roma,!YU!Dip. Ingegneria Aerospaziale, Roma,
!
!
Contents!
Introduction: The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) !!!T!
Chapter One: AMS-01, engineering flight on the Space Shuttle TIT!
T1T! ()0:.-3@./)0!)H!.#$!%&'IeT!&+40$.! TIT!
T1V! %&'IeT!'/*/@)0!"-+@;$-! TI[!
T1Y! %&'IeT!()30.$-!'?:.$>:! TIf!
T1[! %&'IeT!W*[email protected])0/@:! TIg!
T1h! %&'IeT!Z7$-+./)0:! TITT!
T1i! %&'IeT!N#?:/@:! TITY!
Chapter Two: AMS-02, particle physics on the International Space VIT!
V1T! (-?)>+40$.! VIV!
V1V! "-+0:/./)0!G+F/+./)0!C$.$@.)-!j"GCU! VIVg!
V1Y! '/*/@)0!"-+@;$-! VIh[!
V1[! "/>$!)H!6*/4#.!j"Z6U! VIkT!
V1h! %0./@)/0@/F$0@$!()30.$-:!j%((U! VIgk!
V1i! G/04!X>+4/04!($-$0;)B!C$.$@.)-!jGX(2U! VITeV!
V1f! W*[email protected])>+40$./@!(+*)-/>$.$-! VITTi!
V1k! W*[email protected])0/@:! VITYi!
V1g! "#$->+*!()0.-)*! VITik!
V1Te! X0.$4-+./)0! VITff!
V1TT! Z7$-+./)0:! VITge!
V1TV! %&'IeV!N#?:/@:!WM+>7*$:! VITgY!
Conclusion and Acknowledgements! !
Appendices! !
%! %,,-$B/+./)0!+0F!%@-)0?>:! !
J! %&'!7-/0@/7+*!73,*/@+./)0:! !
(! ()**+,)-+./04!X0:./.3./)0:!+0F!\0/B$-:/./$:! !
! T
Introduction: The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)
%&'! /:! +! 7+-./@*$! 7#?:/@:! $M7$-/>$0.! /0! :7+@$1! ! "#$! 73-7):$! /:! .)! 7$-H)->! +@@3-+.$5! #/4#!
:.+./:./@:5!*)04!F3-+./)0!>$+:3-$>$0.:!)H!$0$-4$./@!j37!.)!>3*./I"$KU!7-/>+-?!@#+-4$F!@):>/@!-+?!:[email protected]+!/0!:7+@$1!!')>$!)H!.#$!7#?:/@:!4)+*:!+-$l!!!
jTU Dark Matterl!"#$-$!+-$!>+0?!.#$)-$./@+*!:344$:./)0:!.#+.!7+-./@*$:!7-$F/@.$F!,?!'\'O!.#$)-/$:5!
H)-!$M+>7*$!.#$!0$3.-+*/0)!!"#+-$!+!@)>7)0$0.!)H!.#$!C+-;!&+..$-!E#/@#!@)0:./.3.$:!)0$!]3+-.$-!)H!.#$!>+::!)H!.#$!30/B$-:$!mTn1!!()**/:/)0:!)H!F+-;!>+..$-!/0!.#$!4+*+@./@!#+*)!7-)F3@$! 7 5!$o!+0F!$!B/+l!!!
!#%#!#&# 7 + ...
# # & $+ +...
&#$! +...
"#$! 7 5!$o!+0F!$! H-)>!.#$:$!@)**/:/)0:!E/**!7-)F3@$!F$B/+./)0:!H-)>!.#$!:>)).#!$0$-4?!:[email protected]+1!
"#$-$H)-$5! .#$! 7-$@/:/)0! >$+:3-$>$0.! )H! .#$! 7 ,! $o! +0F! $! :[email protected]+! E/**! $0+,*$! 3:! .)! $:.+,*/:#!E#$.#$-! '\'O! 7+-./@*$:! +-$! .#$! )-/4/0! )H! C+-;! &+..$-1! ! "#$-$! +-$! +*:)! 7-$F/@./)0:! .#+.!+0./F$3.$-)0:!@+0!,$!7-)F3@$F!H-)>!.#$!@)**/:/)0!)H!'\'O!7+-./@*$:5!E#/@#!E$!E/**!F$.$@.!mVn1!
jVU! Antimatterl! "#$! :.-)04! $B/F$0@$! E#/@#! :377)-.:! .#$! J/4! J+04! .#$)-?! )H! .#$! )-/4/0! )H! .#$!30/B$-:$! -$]3/-$:!>+..$-! +0F!+0./>+..$-! .)!,$!$]3+**?!+,30F+0.! +.! .#$!B$-?!#).!,$4/00/041! !"#$!
+,:$0@$!)H!:#+-7!+00/#/*+./)0!$!-+?!7$+;:!$M@*3F$:!.#$!7-$:$0@$!)H!*+-4$!]3+0././$:!)H!+0./>+..$-!E/.#/0!)3-!@*3:.$-!)H!4+*+M/$:1! !2)E$B$-! .#$-$! /:!0)!F/-$@.!$M7$-/>$0.+*!$B/F$0@$!-$4+-F/04! .#$!-$>+/0F$-!jTekU!)H!.#$!30/B$-:$1!!
! "#$)-/$:!j,+:$F!)0!+!0$E!.?7$!)H!(NIB/)*+./)05!J+-?)0!K/)*+./)05!.#$!'.+0F+-F!&)F$*5!+0F!D-+0F!\0/H/@+./)0U!E#/@#!7-$F/@.! $/.#$-! .#$! $M/:.$0@$!)H! +0./>+..$-! /0! :$4-$4+.$F!F)>+/0:!)-! .#$! .).+*!+,:$0@$!)H!+0./>+..$-5!+-$!#/4#*?!:7$@3*+./B$1!!")!F+.$5!.#$-$!/:!0)!$B/F$0@$!)H!+!0$E!.?7$!)H!(NIB/)*+./)0!j0$/.#$-!H-)>!J+J+-!0)-!J$**$U!)-!7-).)0!F$@+?1!!"#$:$!.#$)-/$:!#+B$!0)!H/->!H)30F+./)0!/0!$M7$-/>$0.+*!F+.+1!!!
"#$!-$:)*3./)0!)H!.#/:!/>7)-.+0.!7-),*$>!E/**!-$]3/-$!H3-.#$-!F+.+l!!H-)>!.#$!@3--$0.!4$0$-+./)0!)H!7+-./@*$!@)**/F$-:!+0F!.#$!J!6+@.)-/$:!+.!'<%(!+0F!/0!L+7+0!.)!/>7-)B$!)3-!30F$-:.+0F/04!)H!(NIB/)*+./)0p!H-)>!.#$!374-+F$F!"$B+.-)0!+0F!.#$!<2(!.)!7-)B/F$!@*3$:!.)!.#$!@)--$@.!$M.$0:/)0!)-!>)F/H/@+./)0!)H!.#$!'.+0F+-F!&)F$*p!H-)>!.#$!$M@$**$0.!7-).)0!F$@+?!$M7$-/>$0.:!.)!/>7-)B$!)3-!30F$-:.+0F/04! )H! 7-).)0! :.+,/*/.?! +0F! H-)>! .#/:! $M7$-/>$0.! .)! />7-)B$! j,?! +! H+@.)-! )H! TeYU! .#$!),:$-B+./)0+*!,+:/:!)H!)3-!30F$-:.+0F/04!)H!.#$!>+..$-I+0./>+..$-!,+*+0@$!/0!.#$!30/B$-:$1!!!
jYU! Cosmic raysl!%&'!E/**!@)**$@.!q!Teg!03@*$/!+0F!/:).)7$:!jC5!2$5!</5!J$5!J5!(!r6$U1!!%>)04!.#$!/0.$-$:./04!/::3$:!/0!7#?:/@:!+-$l!!!
%@@3-+.$! F$.$->/0+./)0!)H! .#$! -+./)! )H! ,)-)0! .)! @+-,)0!)B$-! +!E/F$! -+04$!)H! $0$-4/$:!7-)B/F$:!@-3@/+*!/0H)->+./)0!-$4+-F/04!.#$!7-)7+4+./)0!)H!@):>/@!-+?:!/0!.#$!4+*+M?1!!X0!7+-./@3*+-5!.#$!-+./)!)H! TeJ$! j>$+0! */H$./>$! )H! V1Y! M! Tei! ?$+-:U! .)! .#$! :.+,*$! gJ$!E/**! $0+,*$! 3:! .)! $M.$0F! .#$! *)EI$0$-4?! >$+:3-$>$0.:! )H! .#$! \*?::$:! :+.$**/.$! .)! #/4#$-! $0$-4/$:! +0F! .)! 7-)B/F$! />7)-.+0.!/0H)->+./)0!)0!.#$!30F$-:.+0F/04!)H!@):>/@!-+?!7-)7+4+./)01!!!
!
!
!V!
X0!.#$!*+:.!#+*H!@$0.3-?5!.#$-$!#+B$!,$$0!>+0?!H30F+>$0.+*!F/:@)B$-/$:!/0!+:.-)7#?:/@:!>$+:3-/04!>/@-)E+B$:5!QI-+?:!+0F!4+>>+!-+?:1!')>$!$M+>7*$:!/0@*3F$l!!!
j/U! .#$!F/:@)B$-?!)H!73*:+-:!,?!G?*$!+0F!2$E/:#!mYnjS),$*!N-/A$5!Tgf[U1!!!
j//U! .#$!F/:@)B$-?!)H!>/@-)E+B$!,+@;4-)30F!-+F/+./)0!,?!N$0A/+:!+0F!9/*:)0!m[njS),$*!N-/A$5!TgfkU1!!!
j///U! .#$! F/:@)B$-?! )H! 0$E! .?7$:! )H! 73*:+-:5! E#/@#! #+:! )7$0$F! 37! 7)::/,/*/./$:! H)-! .#$! :.3F?! )H!4-+B/.+./)0+*!-+F/+./)0!7#$0)>$0+5!,?!23*:$!+0F!"+?*)-!mhnjS),$*!N-/A$5!TggYU1!!!
j/BU! .#$!>+0?!F/:@)B$-/$:!)H!GZ'%"!min5!(Z'IJ!mfn5!(ZJW!mkn5!(DGZ!mgn5!%'(%!mTen5!GQ"W!mTTn!+0F!.#$!23,,*$!'7+@$!"$*$:@)7$!mTVn1!!!
X0! -$@$0.! ?$+-:5! .#$-$! #+B$! ,$$0! >+0?! )3.:.+0F/04! $M7$-/>$0.:! E/.#! ,+**))0:! jJW''!mTYn5!X&%Q!mT[n5!2W%"!mThn5! (%NGX(W!mTin5!9XR%GC!mTfn5!&%''!mTkn5! .#$!GX(2!WM7$-/>$0.!mTgn5! $.@1U!+0F! +@@3-+.$! 0)0I>+40$./@! $M7$-/>$0.:! )0! :+.$**/.$:! j2W%ZIYI(V!mVen5! %-/$*Ih5i!mVTn5! %(W!mVVn5!WN%("!mVYn5! \*?::$:!mV[n5! K)?+4$-! T! +0F! V!mVhn5! $.@1U1! ! X0! +FF/./)05! .#$-$! +-$! /04$0/)3:! 4-)30FI,+:$!$M7$-/>$0.:! :3@#! +:! (%'%!mVin5! DG%SC! +0F! .#$! H3.3-$! N1 %34$-! 7-)_$@.!mVfn5! +0F! 30F$-4-)30F!$M7$-/>$0.:!/0@*3F/04!X&J5!&%(GZ!mVkn5!')3F+0IV!mVgn5!'37$-!8+>?);+0F$!mYen1!!"#$!-$:3*.:!)H!.#$:$!$M7$-/>$0.:!#+B$!+0F!E/**!@)0./03$!.)!7-)B/F$!/>7)-.+0.!/0H)->+./)0!)0!.#$!30F$-:.+0F/04!)H!.#$!)-/4/0!)H!@):>/@!-+?:1!!!
6/43-$!T! :#)E:! .#$! E)-*FE/F$! 7+-./@/7+./)0! /0! %&'1! ! %77$0F/M!(! */:.:! .#$! 30/B$-:/./$:! +0F!/0:./.3.$:!@)**+,)-+./04!/0!%&'1!!!
!
Mexico
56 Universities, 498 Physicists56 Universities, 498 Physicists
NASA provides: Three shuttle flights with Mission Management at JSCNASA provides: Three shuttle flights with Mission Management at JSCAMS is an International Experiment
CHINA
RUSSIAFINLAND
GERMANY
DENMARKEUROPE ASIAUSA
USA
NETHERLANDS
ITALY
MEXICO
BISEECALTIEEIHEPSJTUSEUSYSUSDUAcademia SinicaCSISTNCUNCKUNCTUNSPO
(Taiwan)
(Beijing)(Beijing)(Beijing)(Beijing)(Shanghai)(Nanjing)(Guangzhou)(Jinan)
(Taiwan)(Chung Li)(Tainan)(Hsinchu)(Hsinchu)
KOREAEWHAKYUNPOOK NAT. UNIV.
MOSCOW STATE UNIV.KURCHATOV INST.ITEPI.K.I.
PORTUGALLAB. OF INSTRUM. LISBON
SPAINCIEMAT - MADRIDI.A.C. , CANARIAS
SWITZERLANDETH-ZurichUNIV. OF GENEVA
ROMANIAUNIV. OF BUCHAREST
ESTECNLRNIKHEF
UNIV. OF AARHUS
UNAM
USAA&M FLORIDA UNIV.JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV.MIT - CAMBRIDGENASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTERNASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTERUNIV. OF MARYLAND-DEPRT. OF PHYSICSUNIV. OF MARYLAND-E.W.S..S.CENTERYALE UNIV.- NEW HAVEN
CARSO TriesteIROE FlorenceINFN and UNIV. OF BOLOGNAINFN and UNIV. OF MILANOINFN and UNIV. OF PERUGIAINFN and UNIV. OF PISAINFN and UNIV. OF ROMAINFN and UNIV. OF SIENA
HELSINKI UNIV.UNIV. OF TURKU
RWTH-IRWTH-IIIMAX-PLANK INST.UNIV. OF KARLSRUHE
FRANCEIN2P3 MONTPELLIERLAPP ANNECYLPSC GRENOBLE
y96673_20
Portugal
Spain
France
NetherlandsDenmark
Finland
Germany
Switzerland
Italy
Russia
China
Taiwan
KoreaRomania
!!
Figure 1: Participation in AMS from the U.S.A., Europe and Asia.
! Y
")!7$-H)->!+!#/4#!+@@3-+@?!>$+:3-$>$0.!)H!.#$!:[email protected]+!)H!$0$-4$./@!@#+-4$F!7+-./@*$:!/0!:7+@$5!E$!#+B$!F$:/40$F!.#$!%&'!F$.$@.)-!,+:$F!)0!$M7$-/$0@$!+0F!),:$-B+./)0:!H-)>!$M7$-/>$0.:!.)!:.3F?!-+-$!
:/40+*:!+>)04!/0.$0:$!,+@;4-)30F:5!:3@#!+:!.#$!:.3F?!)H!*$7.)0/@!F$@+?:!)H!B$@.)-!>$:)0:!H-)>!$!o!S!&!S!o!j'"#("#)#&!$o$!U!+.!CW'O!mYTn!+0F!.#$!F/:@)B$-?!)H!.#$!L!7+-./@*$!H-)>!7!o!S!&!L!j&!$o$!U!o!111!mYVn!@)>,/0$F!E/.#!.#$!7-$@/:/)0!>$+:3-$>$0.:!>+F$!/0!.#$!:.3F?!)H!R!F$@+?:!mYYn1!!"#$:$!$M7$-/>$0.:!E$-$!:3@@$::H3*!,$@+3:$!.#$?!#+B$l!
j+U! &/0/>+*!>+.$-/+*!/0!.#$!7+-./@*$!.-+_$@.)-?!:)!.#+.!.#$!>+.$-/+*!/.:$*H!/:!0).!+!:)3-@$!)H!,+@;4-)30F!0)-!+!:)3-@$!)H!*+-4$!+04*$!03@*$+-!:@+..$-/04p!
j,U! &+0?! -$7$+.$F! >$+:3-$>$0.:! )H! >)>$0.3>! +0F! B$*)@/.?! :)! +:! .)! $0:3-$! .#+.! ,+@;4-)30F!7+-./@*$:!E#/@#!#+F!$M7$-/$0@$F! *+-4$!+04*$!03@*$+-!:@+..$-/04!H-)>!.#$!F$.$@.)-! /.:$*H!,$!:E$7.!+E+?!,?!.#$!:[email protected])>$.$-!+0F!0).!@)0H3:$F!E/.#!.#$!:/40+*1!
X.!E+:! .#$! :.-/@.! +F#$-$0@$! .)! .#$:$! .$@#0/]3$:! .#+.! $0:3-$F! .#+.! +!,+@;4-)30F! -$_$@./)0!)H!TeTe!E+:! /0F$$F! 7)::/,*$! +0F! >+F$! .#$:$! $M7$-/>$0.:! :3@@$::H3*1! ! %&'! /:! F$:/40$F! H)**)E/04! .#$! :+>$!7-/0@/7+*:1!!6/43-$!V!:#)E:!.#$!%&'IeV!F$.$@.)-!@)0H/43-+./)0!H)-!.#$!X0.$-0+./)0+*!'7+@$!'.+./)0!jX''U1!!!
!
!
Figure 2: A TeV Detector in Space: AMS-02 on the Space Station. "#$!B+*3$!)H!sPs!/:!>$+:3-$F!/0F$7$0F$0.*?!/0!"-+@;$-5!GX(2!+0F!"Z61!"#$!:/40$F!@#+-4$5!tP5!+0F!.#$!>)>$0.3>!)H!.#$!7+-./@*$5!N5!+-$!>$+:3-$F!,?!.#$!k!*+?$-:!)H!F)3,*$FI:/F$F!:/*/@)0!.-+@;$-!/0!.#$!>+40$.1!
"#$!B$*)@/.?5!* = B/c5!/:!>$+:3-$F!,?!.#$!"Z65!"GC!+0F!GX(21!
B
![!
Z0!.#$!X''5!%&'!@)0.+/0:!.#$!H)**)E/04!>+/0!@)>7)0$0.:l!!!
jTU! %!.E$0.?!*+?$-!"-+0:/./)0!G+F/+./)0!C$.$@.)-!j"GCU!E#/@#!/F$0./H/$:!$*[email protected])0:!+0F!7):/.-)0:!E/.#!+!>$+:3-$F!-$_$@./)0!H+@.)-!+4+/0:.!#+F-)0:!)H!TeY!.)!TeV!H-)>!T1h!D$K!.)!Yee!D$K1!
jVU! 6)3-! *+?$-:! )H! "/>$! )H! 6*/4#.! j"Z6U! #)F):@)7$:! .#+.! 7-)B/F$! 7-$@/:/)0! ./>$! )H! H*/4#.!>$+:3-$>$0.:!jq!TVe!7/@):$@)0F:U!+0F!FWuFQ!>$+:3-$>$0.:1!
jYU! "#$!:37$-@)0F3@./04!>+40$.5!E#/@#!7-)B/F$:!+!,$0F/04!7)E$-!)H!J<V!v!e1ki!">V1!
j[U! W/4#.! *+?$-:!ji1[h!>VU!)H!:/*/@)0! .-+@;$-5!E#/@#!7-)B/F$!+!7-).)0!-/4/F/.?!jv!>)>$0.3>u@#+-4$U!-$:)*3./)0!)H!Vew!+.!e1h "K!+0F!+!#$*/3>!j2$U!-$:)*3./)0!)H!Vew!+.!T!"K1!!6/43-$!Y!:#)E:!.#$!@+*@3*+.$F!-/4/F/.?!-$:)*3./)0!)H!%&'IeV1!
jhU! K$.)5! )-! +0./@)/0@/F$0@$5! @)30.$-:! j%((U!E#/@#! $0:3-$! .#+.! )0*?! 7+-./@*$:! 7+::/04! .#-)34#! .#$!>+40$.!+7$-.3-$!E/**!,$!+@@$7.$F1!
jiU! %!G/04!X>+4/04!($-$0;)B!()30.$-!jGX(2U5!E#/@#!>$+:3-$:!.#$!B$*)@/.?!j.)!e1TwU!+0F!@#+-4$!sRs!)H! 7+-./@*$:! )-! 03@*$/1! ! "#/:! /0H)->+./)05! .)4$.#$-! E/.#! .#$!>$+:3-$>$0.! )H! >)>$0.3>! /0! .#$!.-+@;$-5!E/**!$0+,*$!%&'!.)!30+>,/43)3:*?!F$.$->/0$!.#$!>+::!)H!.#$:$!7+-./@*$:!+0F!03@*$/1!!!
jfU! %! YIC! :+>7*/04! @+*)-/>$.$-! jW(%<U! >+F$! )3.! )H! Ti1f! Q)! j-+F/+./)0! *$04.#:U! )H! *$+F! +0F!:@/0./**+./04! H/,$-:! E#/@#! >$+:3-$:! .#$! $0$-4?! )H! 4+>>+! -+?:5! $*[email protected])0:! +0F! 7):/.-)0:! +0F!F/:./043/:#$:!$*[email protected])0:!+0F!7):/.-)0:!H-)>!#+F-)0:!E/.#!+!-$_$@./)0!)H!Te[! /0!.#$!-+04$!,$.E$$0!T1h!D$K!.)!T!"$K1!
!
!
Figure 3: Rigidity Resolution of protons and He in AMS-02. !
! h
J?!/0:.+**/04!+!'.+-!"-+@;$-!jE#/@#!7-)B/F$:!+0!+043*+-!-$:)*3./)0!)H!+!H$E!+-@!:$@)0F:U5!%&'!
E/**!,$@)>$!+!:$0:/./B$!#/4#!$0$-4?!j37!.)!Yee!D$KU!4+>>+!-+?!F$.$@.)-1!!"#$!>$+:3-$>$0.!)H!$#&!$o!$!!E/**!,$!F)0$!,?!.#$!>$.#)F!:/>/*+-!.)!.#$!)0$!3:$F!/0!$+-*/$-!E)-;!+.!CW'Ol!!!
+ S)!:/40+*!/0!.#$!.)7!*+?$-:!)H!.#$!"GC!+0F!/0!.#$!K$.)!()30.$-:1!
+ "-+_$@.)-?! /0! .#$! >+40$.! >$+:3-/04! .#$! )7$0/04! +04*$! +0F! >)>$0.3>! )H! $o5$!! H-)>!
$#&!$o!$!!mY[n1!
+ W0$-4?!>$+:3-$>$0.!)H!.#$!$o!+0F!$!!/0!.#$!W(%<1!
X0F$7$0F$0.*?5!$!@+0!,$!>$+:3-$F!F/-$@.*?!/0!.#$!W(%<!,?!:$*$@./04!$B$0.:!E/.#l!
+ S)!:/40+*!/0!"GC!+0F!"-+@;$-5!"Z6!+0F!%0./@)/0@/F$0@$!()30.$-:1!!
+ Z0$!*+-4$!$*[email protected])>+40$./@!:#)E$-!/0!.#$!W(%<!7)/0./04!.)E+-F:!.#$!).#$-!F$.$@.)-:1!!!
6/43-$![! :#)E:! +!S%'%! @)>73.$-! :/>3*+./)0! )H!%&'IeV! /0:.+**$F! )0! .#$! X0.$-0+./)0+*! '7+@$!'.+./)01! !%&'! /:! .#$! )0*?! +77-)B$F! +0F! :@#$F3*$F! *+-4$! :@+*$! 7#?:/@:! $M7$-/>$0.!)0! .#$! X0.$-0+./)0+*!'7+@$!'.+./)01!!!
References
mTn! L1!W**/:!et al.5!N#?:1!<$..1!B214 jTggkU!Yp!&1!"3-0$-!+0F!61!9/*@A$;5!N#?:1!G$B1!D42!jTggeU![p!W1%1!J+*.A!+0F!L1!WF:_)5!!N#?:1!G$B1!D59!jTgggU!VYhTTp!"1!&)-)/!+0F!<1!G+0F+**5!S3@1!N#?:1!B570!jVeeeU![hh1!
mVn! N1!'+*+./5!et al.5!S3@*1N#?:1N-)@1'377*1!81!jVeeeU!Yf1!
mYn! &1!G?*$!+0F!%12$B/:#5!S),$*!6)30F+./)0!C/-$@.)-?!jVeeYU1!
m[n! N1<1!8+7/:.+5!%1N$0A/+:!+0F!G191!9/*:)05!S),$*!6)30F+./)0!C/-$@.)-?!jVeeYU1!
mhn! G1%1!23*:$!+0F!L1!"+?*)-5!S),$*!6)30F+./)0!C/-$@.)-?!jVeeYU1!
"#$!$M7$-/>$0.:!0).$F!#+B$!73,*/:#$F!>+0?!B+*3+,*$!7+7$-:5!E#/@#!+-$!*/:.$F!+.!.#$!0).$F!\G<:l!
min! #..7luu#$+:+-@14:H@10+:+14)BuF)@:u-):+.u-):4)H1#.>*!
mfn! #..7luu#$+:+-@14:H@10+:+14)BuF)@:u@):,u@):,1#.>*!
mkn! #..7luu*+>,F+14:H@10+:+14)Bu7-)[email protected]@),$u!
mgn! #..7luu#$+:+-@14:H@10+:+14)BuF)@:u@4-)u@4-)1#.>*!
mTen! #..7luu#$+:+-@14:H@10+:+14)BuF)@:u+:@+u+:@+4)H1#.>*!
mTTn! #..7luu#$+:+-@14:H@10+:+14)BuF)@:uM.$uM.$xT:.1#.>*!
mTVn! #..7luu#3,,*$10+:+14)Bu!
mTYn! #..7luu*#$+EEE14:H@10+:+14)BuF)@:u4+>@):-+?u#$@-uJW''uJW''1#.>*p!21!&+.:30+4+!et al.5!N#?:1!G$B1!<$..1!81!jTggkU
!i!
mT[n! #..7luu/F+T17#?:/;130/I:/$4$01F$uX&%Q1#.>*p!L1!91!&/.@#$**!et al.,!VY-F!X(G(!1!jTggYU!hTg1!!
mThn! J+-E/@;!et al15!SX&!400!jTggfU!Y[1!
mTin! #..7luu/F+T17#?:/;130/I:/$4$01F$u@+7-/@$1#.>*p!&1!J)$A/)!et al.,!%71!L1!532!jVeeeU!ihYp!&1!J)$A/)!et al.,!N#?:1!G$B1!D62!jVeeeU!eYVeef!L1!8-$>$-!et al.,!N#?:1!G$B1!<$..1!83,!y!VT!jTgggU
! f
mVYn! #..7luu*#$+EEE14:H@10+:+14)BuF)@:u4+>@):-+?u*$@-uWN%("[email protected]#.>*p!C1K1!G$+>$:!$.!+*15!%FB1!'7+@$!G$:1!19.5!jTggfU!keg1!
mV[n! #..7luu#$*/)1$:.$@1$:+10*u3*?::$:up!C1C1!J+-,):+!+0F!&1D1!8/B$*:)05!'@/$0@$!257!jTggVU!T[kf1!!
mVhn! #..7luuB)?+4$-1_7*10+:+14)Bu/0F$M1#.>*p!#..7luuB)?+4$-1_7*10+:+14)Bu:@/$0@$u,/,*/)4-+7#?x@-:1#.>*1!
mVin! N121!6)E*$-!et al.,!%:.-)1!N+-.1!N#?:1!15!jVeeTU
!k!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
AM
S
Fig
ure 4
: View
of A
MS
on
the IS
S.
! "#"
Chapter One: AMS-01, engineering flight on the Space Shuttle
$%&'(%! )*+,-..-,)'*! '*! ,/%! 01-2%! 0,-,)'*3! 450! 1%(&'(6%7! -*! %*8)*%%()*8! &.)8/,! '*! ,/%! 01-2%!
0/9,,.%!,'!%*+9(%!,/-,:!!!
+ ;/%!450!%<1%()6%*,!2-*!&9*2,)'*!1('1%(.=!)*!+1-2%>!)*!?-2996!@),/!'(A),-.!,%61%(-,9(%!2/-*8%+!
&('6!!BC!,'!DE!,F!-*7!)*!,/%!)*,%*+%!(-7)-,)'*!A-2G8('9*7!H@/)2/!2'*,-)*+!/%-?=!*92.%)!2-9+)*8!+)*8.%!%?%*,!.-,2/#91!)*!2/)1+IJ!!
+ ;/%!7%,%2,'(!2-*!@),/+,-*7! ,/%! ,(%6%*7'9+!?)A(-,)'*+!H"CE!7$I!-*7!-22%.%(-,)'*!HK!8I!-,! .-9*2/!-*7!,/%!7%-22%.%(-,)'*!HBJC!8I!-,!.-*7)*8>!
;/)+! 6)++)'*! @-+! +9A+%L9%*,.=! (%&%((%7! ,'! -+! 450#E"J! ! ;/%! %<1%()6%*,-.! 2'*&)89(-,)'*! )+! +/'@*! )*!M)89(%!"J"J!
!
Honeycomb
Silicon Wafers
Honeycomb
Computers
Time of FlightCounters
Aerogel
Magnet
Electronics
Foam
Time of FlightCounters
Low Energy Particle Shield
Veto
Cou
nter
s
!
Figure 1.1: AMS-01, the configuration for the Space Shuttle flight.
1.1 Construction of the AMS-01 magnet!;/%!450#E"!6-8*%,!@-+!6-7%!&('6!BD!/)8/#8(-7%!N7#M%#$!+%2,'(+J!!O-2/!+%2,'(!@-+!2'61'+%7!
'&!"EE!HPQ!<!PQ!<!"QI!A.'2G+J!!M)89(%!"JP!+/'@+!,/%!-((-*8%6%*,!'&!,/%!&)%.7!7)(%2,)'*!'&!,/%!BD!+%2,'(+J!!;/%!/)8/%+,!8(-7%!N7#M%#$!A.'2G+3!@),/!-*!%*%(8=! .%?%.!'&! H$RI6-<!S!CE!<!"E
B!TU%3!@%(%!9+%7J! !;/)+!
AMS-01/Magnet
!"#P!
2'*&)89(-,)'*!1('792%7!-!7)1'.%! &)%.7!'&!"JC!GT!-*7!-!*%8.)8)A.%!7)1'.%!6'6%*,"J! ! V*!-77),)'*3! ,/%!&.9<!.%-G-8%P!-,!-!P#6%,%(!7)+,-*2%!&('6!,/%!2%*,%(!'&!,/%!6-8*%,!)+!K!TJ!!!
Permanent Magnet(with high grade Nd-Fe-B)
B (Earth) ! 0.5 G
The Magnetic Dipole Moment = 0
1 2 3 4 56
78
910
1112
1314
1516
"""" " " " "
""
""
""
""
""
""
""
"
""
""
"""""""
"""
""
""
""
"" " " " "
"""""
""
""
""
""""
B!1.5KG1.5KG
X
Y
!1 ML !1 M#
!!
Figure 1.2: Magnetic field orientation of the AMS-01 magnet.
$%&'(%! ,/%! 2'*+,(92,)'*!'&! ,/%! &9..! +2-.%!6-8*%,+3! -! ":K! +2-.%!6-8*%,!@-+!A9).,! ,'! 2'*&)(6!-*7!6%-+9(%! ,/%! &)%.7! )*+)7%! ,/%! 6-8*%,3! ,/%! 7)1'.%! 6'6%*,! -*7! ,/%! &.9<! .%-G-8%J! ! ;/%*! ,/(%%! &9..! +2-.%!6-8*%,+!@%(%!A9).,:!!
H)I! ,/%!&)(+,!6-8*%,!@-+!9+%7!)*!-22%.%(-,)'*!-*7!?)A(-,)'*!,%+,+!&'(!+1-2%!L9-.)&)2-,)'*>!
H))I! ,/%!+%2'*7!6-8*%,!@-+!,/%!&.)8/,!6-8*%,>!
H)))I! ,/%!,/)(7!6-8*%,!@-+!A9).,!@),/'9,!8.9%!&'(!N404!+-&%,=!,%+,+J!
M)89(%!"JK!+/'@+!,/%!7)6%*+)'*+!'&!,/%!450#E"!&.)8/,!6-8*%,J!!4+!+/'@*!)*!M)89(%+!"JD!-*7!"JC3!,/%+%!6-8*%,+!@%(%!+9AW%2,%7!,'!-!&9..!A-,,%(=!'&!+1-2%!L9-.)&)2-,)'*!,%+,)*8J!!!
;/%!,/)(7!&9..!+2-.%!6-8*%,!@-+!A9).,!A%2-9+%!'&!,/%!.-2G!'&!G*'@.%78%!'&!,/%!8.9%!1%(&'(6-*2%!'?%(!-*!%<,%*7%7!1%()'7!'&!,)6%!)*!,/%!+1-2%!%*?)('*6%*,J!!V,!@-+!A9).,!@),/'9,!9+)*8!-*=!8.9%!,'!A%!,%+,%7!,'!7%+,(92,)'*!,'!%*+9(%!,/-,!450!2'9.7!A%!(%,9(*%7!'*!,/%!0/9,,.%!,'!O-(,/!%?%*!)&!,/%!8.9%!2'61.%,%.=!&-).%7!@/).%!'*!'(A),J!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!! ;/%!8%'6-8*%,)2!&)%.7!)+!EJC!T!'*!,/%!+9(&-2%!-*7!?-()%+!@/%*!'*!'(A),J!!4!+,('*8!7)1'.%!6'6%*,!@'9.7!(%+9.,!)*!-*!
9*7%+)(-A.%!&'(2%!'*!,/%!+1-2%!+/9,,.%!'(!,/%!+1-2%!+,-,)'*J!P!! N404!(%L9)(%+!,/%!.%-G-8%!&)%.7!,'!A%!X!KEET!+'!-+!*',!,'!)*,%(&%(%!@),/!,/%!.)&%!+911'(,!+=+,%6!'&!,/%!-+,('*-9,+J!
AMS-01/Magnet
! "#K
Innershell
OuterShell
Nd-Fe-B
x
y
z
0
86.5
1115
3
800
1299
Acceptance = 0.82 m2srBL2 = 0.15 TM2
Weight = 1900 kg
Bx=1.5 KG
!!
Figure 1.3: Properties of the AMS-01 flight magnet. !
!!
Figure 1.4: AMS-01 magnet during vibration tests at the Beijing Institute
of Spacecraft Environment and Engineering in Beijing, China.
AMS-01/Magnet
!"#D!
!
Figure 1.4: AMS-01 magnet undergoing centrifuge (static load) testing
at the Laboratory for Centrifugal Modeling in Beijing, China.
1.2 AMS-01 Silicon Tracker M)89(%!"JB!+/'@+!,/%!.'2-,)'*!'&!,/%!+)<!1.-*%+!'&!,/%!0).)2'*!;(-2G%(!H;"#;BI!)*!450#E"J!!!
!Particle trajectory
B = 0.14T
Perm
an
en
t M
ag
net
Nd
-Fe-B
: 4
6 M
GO
e
AC
C
AC
C
1 m
AerogelCerenkov
TOF Layers
LEPS
S2
yz
x
T1T2
T3
T4
T5T6
TrackerPlanes
S3
S4
S1 !
"
#
$
%
!!
Figure 1.6: Location of the Silicon Tracker in AMS-01. M'(!,/)+!%*8)*%%()*8!&.)8/,!K!'&!,/%!B!6P!'&!+).)2'*!@%(%!)*+,-..%73!-+!+/'@*!)*!(%7J!
!
AMS-01/Tracker
! "#C
;/%! 7%+)8*! -*7! 2'*+,(92,)'*! '&! ,/%! ;(-2G%(! A%*%&),%7! &('6! ,/%! 2'*+,(92,)'*! -*7! '1%(-,)'*-.!%<1%()%*2%!'&! ,/%!0).)2'*!5)2('?%(,%<!Y%,%2,'(! H05YI!-,! ,/%!ZK!%<1%()6%*,J! !M'(! ,/%!450#E"! +/9,,.%!&.)8/,3!K!6P!'&!7'9A.%#+)7%7!+).)2'*!+%*+'(+!@%(%! )61.%6%*,%73!-! ,',-.!'&![E3EEE!(%-7'9,!2/-**%.+J! !;/%!
(%+'.9,)'*!@-+!"E!-6#)*!,/%!A%*7)*8!1.-*%!-*7!KE!-6!)*!,/%!*'*#A%*7)*8!1.-*%3!'(!.\]\!S![^!-,!"E!T%_J!!!
;/%! +).)2'*! .-77%(+! @%(%! @(-11%7! )*! -*! 9.,(-#,/)*! 2'11%(! 2'-,%7! %.%2,('6-8*%,)2! +/)%.7J! ! ;/%!.-77%(+! @%*,! ,/('98/! %.%2,('6-8*%,)2! HO5I! 2'61-,)A).),=! ,%+,+! )*! ,/%! GR`3! 5R`! -*7! TR`! (-*8%+! ,'!%+,-A.)+/!O5!)669*),=!.%?%.+J!!;/%!2'61.%,%7!.-77%(+!@%(%!-++%6A.%7!'*!+)<!,/)*!/'*%=2'6A!1.-,%+!@),/!-! 2'6A)*%7! ,/)2G*%++3! )*! (-7)-,)'*! .%*8,/+3! '&! a]aE! X! KJP^J! ! O-2/! 1.-,%3!6%-+9()*8! "!6! )*! 7)-6%,%(3!2'*,-)*%7! 1(%2)+)'*! /'.%+! &'(! -,,-2/)*8! ,/%! +).)2'*! .-77%(+! -*7! %*+9()*8! ,/%)(! &.-,*%++! ,'! bE!-6J! !;/%=!@%(%!7%+)8*%7!,'!-..'@!,/%!.-77%(+!,'!A%!-.)8*%7!)*7%1%*7%*,.=!'&!,%61%(-,9(%3!/96)7),=!-*7!-)(!1(%++9(%!2/-*8%+J!!!
M)89(%!"J[! +/'@+! ,/%! )*,%8(-,)'*! '&! ,/%! +).)2'*! .-77%(+! '*! '*%! '&! ,/%! +)<! 1.-,%+J! ;/%! +911'(,!+,(92,9(%!&'(!,/%!+)<!1.-*%+3!-.+'!+/'@*!)*!M)89(%!"Jb3!@-+!6-7%!&('6!-!2-(A'*!2'61'+),%!6-,%()-.!,'!A%!.)8/,#,)8/,! -*7! %L9)11%7!@),/! -! 2''.)*8! +=+,%6! ,/-,! (%6'?%+! /%-,! 1('792%7! A=! ,/%! ,(-2G%(c+! &('*,#%*7!%.%2,('*)2+J!!!!
! !! !!
Figure 1.7: Integration of silicon ladders on one of six ultralight plates (left). Final
preassembled silicon tracker carbon-fiber composite (CFC) mechanical
structure including the CFC upper and lower support flanges (right). !
;'!%*+9(%!,/-,!,/%!450#E"!7%,%2,'(!/-7!,/%!7%+)(%7!-229(-2=3!-*!)*&(-(%7!.-+%(!-.)8*6%*,!+=+,%6!@-+! 7%?%.'1%7J! ! ;/%! .-+%(! A%-6+! 1-(,)-..=! )'*)`%! ,/%! +).)2'*! -+! ,/%=! ,(-?%(+%! ,/%!;(-2G%(! 1.-*%+J! ! ;/%!+=+,%6!1('?)7%+!1'+),)'*-.!-229(-2=!'&!-!1-++)*8!1-(,)2.%!,/('98/!%-2/!'&!,/%!+)<!1.-*%+!,'!@),/)*!-!&%@!6)2('*+J!;/)+!+=+,%6!)+!+/'@*!)*!M)89(%!"JbJ!!!
!
AMS-01/Tracker
!"#B!
Honeycomb Plane 1
Honeycomb Plane 2
Honeycomb Plane 3
Honeycomb Plane 4
Honeycomb Plane 5
Honeycomb Plane 6
Support Shell
AMS trackerSTS 91 configuration
Beamport Channel
TAS Laser Beams
xAMS
yAMS
Si detectorson ladders
Ladder readout (hybrids)
Support Foot
Inner Thermal Bars
Outer Thermal Bars
Tracker Flange
Thermal ContactSquare Tubes
!
Figure 1.8: Laser alignment system for the AMS-01 Tracker.
;/%!&('*,#%*7!%.%2,('*)2+!'&!,/%!;(-2G%(!@%(%!6-7%!'&!?%(=!.'@!*')+%!_Z0V!9*),+J!!O-2/!2/-**%.!2'*+)+,+!'&!-!+-61.%!-*7!/'.7!.'@#*')+%!2/-(8%!1(%-61.)&)%(J!!;/%=!-(%!(%-7!'9,!+%L9%*,)-..=!-,!+1%%7+!91!,'!C!5R`J!!;/%!7-,-!(%792,)'*!%.%2,('*)2+!&'(!,/%!;(-2G%(!@%(%!+1%2)-..=!7%+)8*%7!,'!A%!.)8/,!@%)8/,!-*7!9+%! 6)*)696! 1'@%(J! ! ;/%! .-77%(+! -*7! -..! ,/%! 7-,-! (%792,)'*! +=+,%6+! @%*,! ,/('98/! ?)8'('9+! +1-2%!L9-.)&)2-,)'*!,%+,)*8!)*2.97)*8!-22%.%(-,)'*3!?)A(-,)'*3!,/%(6-.!?-2996!-*7!,%61%(-,9(%!,'.%(-*2%J!!!
;/%! .-77%(+!@%(%! ,%+,%7! )*!-!/%-?=! )'*! ,%+,!A%-6!-,! ,/%!T%+%..+2/-&,! &d(!02/@%()'*%*&'(+2/9*8!HT0VI!Y-(6+,-7,3!T%(6-*=3!@),/!R3!R%3!Z)!-*7!FJ!!M)89(%!"Je!7%6'*+,(-,%+!,/%!7O]7a!(%+1'*+%!.)*%-(),=!)*!6)*)696!)'*)`)*8!1-(,)2.%!H5V\I!%L9)?-.%*,+J!
!
H
He
Li
B
C
He, Li, B, C carbon beam data
H electron beam data
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ch
arg
e (A
DC
ch
an
nels
)
MIP equivalent !!
Figure 1.9: Response of AMS-01 Silicon Ladders.
AMS-01/Counters
! "#[
1.3 AMS-01 Counters 450#E"!2'*,-)*%7!,/(%%!,=1%+!'&!2'9*,%(+:!_%,'3!;)6%!'&!M.)8/,!-*7!4%('8%.!F%(%*G'?J!
1.3.1 The veto counters
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
!
!!
Figure 1.10: Final flight assembly of the 16 module veto counter system in the AMS-01 magnet
at ETH-Zürich. The carbon fiber reinforcement cylinder is visible inside. !
1.3.2 The AMS-01 Time of Flight hodoscopes
;/%! ;)6%! '&! M.)8/,! 0=+,%6! 1('?)7%+! ,/%! &)(+,#.%?%.! ,()88%(3! 6%-+9(%+! ,/%! ,)6%! '&! &.)8/,! ,'! -*!-229(-2=!'&!f!"EE!1+!-*7!6%-+9(%+!7O]7a!,'!7%,%(6)*%!,/%!-A+'.9,%!2/-(8%!HgIJ!!;/%!&'9(!.-=%(+!'&!;)6%!'&!M.)8/,!F'9*,%(+!H0"#0DI!%-2/!2'*,-)*!"D!+2)*,)..-,'(!/'7'+2'1%+!H1-77.%+IJ!!O-2/!/'7'+2'1%!)+!?)%@%7!A=!,/(%%!1/','69.,)1.)%(+!-,!%-2/!%*73!-+!+/'@*!)*!M)89(%!"J""J!
!
AMS-01/Counters
!"#b!
Adobe Systems
!
Figure 1.11: Schematic of AMS-01 Time of Flight counter design.
;/%! ;)6%! '&! M.)8/,! %.%6%*,+! 9*7%(@%*,! %<,%*+)?%! 2-.)A(-,)'*! -*7! +1-2%! L9-.)&)2-,)'*! ,%+,+!)*2.97)*8!?)A(-,)'*!-*7!,/%(6-.!?-2996!,%+,+!)*!,/%!V,-.)-*!-%('+1-2%!)*79+,(=J!!;/%!,/%(6-.!?-2996!,%+,+!@%(%! )*,%*7%7! ,'! 2/%2G! -*7! 2'((%2,! -*=! 1',%*,)-.! /-`-(7'9+! %.%2,()2-.! 7)+2/-(8%! )*! +1-2%J! ! M)89(%!"J"P!+/'@+!,/%!;)6%!'&!M.)8/,!2'9*,%(+!)*+,-..%7!)*,'!450#E"J!!
!
!!
Figure 1.12: Mounting of Time of Flight on AMS-01. !
1.3.3 Aerogel Cerenkov Counter
M'(! ,/%! 450#E"! 0/9,,.%! &.)8/,! @%! (%1.-2%7! ,/%! hVFR! -*7! OF4Z! @),/! 4%('8%.! F%(%*G'?!F'9*,%(+! @/)2/! /-7! -! (%&(-2,)?%! )*7%<! *! S! "JEDJ! ! ;/%! 4%('8%.! 2'9*,%(+! @%(%! 6-7%! '9,! '&! ,@'!+91%()61'+%7! .-=%(+! '&! 2%..+! ""! <! ""! 26P3! %-2/! .-=%(! 2'*+)+,)*8! '&! bE! H,'1I! -*7! bb! HA',,'6I! 2%..+! '&!4%('8%.! A.'2G+J! ! ;/%! 2%..! 7%+)8*! )+! +/'@*! )*! M)89(%!"J"KJ! ! O-2/! 2%..!@-+! )*7)?)79-..=! 2'91.%7! ,'! ,@'!1/','69.,)1.)%(!,9A%+!@/)2/!7%,%2,!F%(%*G'?!.)8/,!&('6!%.%2,('*+!H&('6!PJ"!5%_I3!1)'*+!H&('6!CBE!5%_I!-*7!1(','*+!H&('6!DJEC!T%_IJ!!;/)+!)*&'(6-,)'*!%*-A.%7!9+!,'!)7%*,)&=!-*,)1(','*+!91!,'!D T%_J!
!
Discriminators
PMTs
Paddle
AMS-01/Counters
! "#e
Aerogel 113,5 • 113,5 • 10
Carbon fibre
Teflon3 • 10 ml
PMT
Circuit
Shielding
Shim
!
Figure 1.13: A cell of the Aerogel Counter.
1.4 AMS-01 Electronics ;/%! %.%2,('*)2+! &'(! 450! )+! 7%()?%7! &('6! '9(! %<1%()%*2%! )*! )*+,(96%*,)*8! ,%((%+,()-.! 1-(,)2.%!
1/=+)2+!7%,%2,'(+J!!592/!2-(%!-*7!-,,%*,)'*!-(%!*%2%++-(=!,'!%*+9(%!,/-,!,/%+%!1-(,)2.%!1/=+)2+!%.%2,('*)2+!2-*!A%!9+%7!)*!+1-2%J!!;/%(%!-(%![E3EEE!2/-**%.+!'&!,(-2G%(!+)8*-.+!@/)2/!1('?)7%!-!2''(7)*-,%!-229(-2=!
'&!"E!-6J!!;/%(%!-(%!&'9(!.-=%(+!'&!;)6%!'&!M.)8/,!/'7'+2'1%+!1('?)7)*8!-!,)6%!(%+'.9,)'*!'&!f!"EE!1+J!!$',/!,/%!0).)2'*!;(-2G%(!-*7!;)6%!'&!M.)8/,!2'9*,%(+!-.+'!1('?)7%!)*7%1%*7%*,!7O]7a!6%-+9(%6%*,+!,'!)7%*,)&=! 1-(,)2.%! 2/-(8%J! ! $%2-9+%! '&! 1'@%(! -*7! @%)8/,! (%+,()2,)'*+3! -..! ,/%! %.%2,('*)2+! @%(%! +1%2)-..=!7%+)8*%73!6-*9&-2,9(%7!-*7!+1-2%!L9-.)&)%7!A=!450!)*+,),9,)'*+!-*7!-%('+1-2%!)*79+,()%+!)*!O9('1%!-*7!4+)-J!
M)89(%!"J"D! +/'@+! -*! '?%(?)%@! '&! ,/%! 450#E"! %.%2,('*)2+! 7%+)8*!@/)2/! )+! A-+%7! '*!69.,)1.%!(%79*7-*2)%+!,'!+-&%89-(7!-8-)*+,!,/%!.'++!'&!7-,-!)*!+1-2%J!!;'!+1-2%!L9-.)&=!,/%!%.%2,('*)2+3!,/%!+=+,%6!@%*,! ,/('98/! %<,%*+)?%! ,%+,+! @/)2/! )*2.97%7:! ?)A(-,)'*3! ,%61%(-,9(%3! ,/%(6-.! ?-29963! (-7)-,)'*! -*7!%.%2,('6-8*%,)2! 2'61-,)A).),=J! ! ;/%! (-7)-,)'*! ,%+,+!@%(%! +1%2)-..=! 2-(()%7! '9,! -,!Y9A*-! -*7! ,/%+%! ,%+,+!@%(%!1-(,)29.-(.=!)61'(,-*,!,'!%*+9(%!,/%(%!@'9.7!A%!*'!+)*8.%!%?%*,!.-,2/!91!)*!+1-2%J!!;-A.%!"J"!+/'@+!,/%!A%-6!-*7!%*%(8=!9+%7! )*! ,/%+%! ,%+,+J! !;/%! +1-2%!L9-.)&)2-,)'*! ,%+,+! H?)A(-,)'*3! ,%61%(-,9(%! JJJI!@%(%!2-(()%7! '9,! -,! ,/%!5-<! \.-*G! V*+,),9,%! &'(! O<,(-,%((%+,()-.! \/=+)2+! )*!T%(6-*=! -*7! -,! ,/%! F/9*8#0/-*!V*+,),9,%!'&!02)%*2%!-*7!;%2/*'.'8=!HF0V0;I!)*!;-)@-*>!,/%!.-,,%(!'&!@/)2/!-.+'!6-*9&-2,9(%7!6'+,!'&!,/%!%.%2,('*)2!9*),+J!!!
!
$%-6! O*%(8=!H5%_I!
N%! P[E!
49! DBE!
i(! DKE!
Table 1.1: Beam characteristics used for AMS-01 electronic component tests at Dubna.
AMS-01/Electronics
!"#"E!
!
DAQ Switch
S2
Tracker
S4
CoincLevel-1
ORPlane Discr
PMT+HV
Trigger
ComputerLevel-3
Earth
Level-1
Level-2
ADC
DAQTrack
PMT+HV TDC,ADC
Readout
S1
S3
LatchHitEncode
Level-2Deflection
(1100/plane)
(3) (6) (8)
(3) (3) (3)
(3)
(3)
(4) (3) (4-8)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3) (3)
(3)
(5)
Processor
!
Figure 1.14: AMS-01 electronics. The numbers of redundant elements are given parenthetically. !
AMS-01/Operations
! "#""
1.5 AMS-01 Operations 450#E"!@-+!.-9*2/%7!'*!,/%!0/9,,.%!Y)+2'?%(=!H0;0#e"!&.)8/,I!'*!P!j9*%!"eebJ!!Y9()*8!,/%!,%*#
7-=!6)++)'*!'&!Y)+2'?%(=3!450!@-+!-..'2-,%7!"EE!/'9(+!'&!1()6-(=!,)6%!,'!1%(&'(6!+=+,%6!,%+,+J! !;/%!(%+,! '&! ,/%! ,)6%3!Y)+2'?%(=!@-+! 9+%7! &'(! 7'2G)*8! -*7! ,(-*+&%(()*8! .'8)+,)2! +911'(,!@),/! ,/%!5Vh! +1-2%!+,-,)'*J!!M)89(%!"J"C!+/'@+!,/%!.)&,#'&&!'&!0/9,,.%!Y)+2'?%(=!@),/!450#E"!'*!A'-(7J!!;/%!1/','8(-1/!)*!M)89(%!"J"B3!,-G%*!&('6!5Vh!+/'(,.=!A%&'(%!7'2G)*83!+/'@+!450#E"!-,!,/%!(%-(!'&!,/%!0/9,,.%!2-(8'!A-=J!!!
!
!!
Figure 1.15: The launch of the Space Shuttle Discovery with AMS-01 on board.
AMS-01/Operations
!"#"P!
!
!Figure 1.16: Discovery with AMS-01 seen from MIR.
AMS-01/Physics
! "#"K
1.6 Physics results of AMS-01!M('6!,/%!0;0#e"!&.)8/,!'&!450#E"3!@%!8-)*%7!%<1%()%*2%!-*7!G*'@.%78%!'*!/'@!,'!%<%29,%!-!
1-(,)2.%!1/=+)2+!%<1%()6%*,!)*!+1-2%J!!;/%!2'*+,(92,)'*!'&!,/%!2'61.%,%!7%,%2,'(!@/)2/!@)..!A%!7%1.'=%7!'*! ,/%! 01-2%! 0,-,)'*! A%*%&),+! &('6! ,/)+! 1(-2,)2-.! 9*7%(+,-*7)*8! '&! ,/%! ,%2/*)2-.! 2-1-A).),)%+! -*7!1%(&'(6-*2%!'&!%-2/!2'61'*%*,!9*7%(!-2,9-.!&.)8/,!2'*7),)'*+J!
;@'! /'9(+! -&,%(! ,/%! +/9,,.%! .)&,#'&&! '*! P! j9*%! "eeb3! @%! A%8-*! 1%(&'(6)*8! ,%+,+! '*! 450J!!M)89(%!"J"[-! +/'@+! ,/%! '*#'(A),! 0).)2'*! ;(-2G%(! 7)+1.-2%6%*,! &('6! ,/%! 6%-+9(%6%*,! '&! ,/%! .-+%(!-.)8*6%*,! +=+,%6J! ! M)89(%!"J"[A! +/'@+! ,/%! +-6%! 6%-+9(%6%*,! @/%*! 450! @-+! '*! ,/%! .-9*2/! 1-7J!F'61-()*8! ,/%+%! ,@'! 6%-+9(%6%*,+! )*7)2-,%+! ,/-,! ,/%! (%.-,)?%! -.)8*6%*,! '&! ,/%! ,(-2G%(! .-=%(+! @-+!
6'*),'(%7!@),/!-*!-229(-2=!'&!K!-6J!!;/%!450!Y)8),-.!Y-,-!h%2'(7%(!@-+!-2,)?-,%7!)*!,/%!0/9,,.%!2(%@!2'61-(,6%*,!%*+9()*8!,/-,!-..!7-,-!@%(%!A%)*8!(%2'(7%7J!!!
!
98-06-0501:21:05centroid
at20 391.8 µm
on orbit
measureddisplacement:
1.1 µm ± 3 µm
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
on pad
16
0
16
5
17
0
17
5
18
0
18
5
Si strip no. (110 µm per strip)
(a) (b)
Ave
rag
e p
uls
eh
eig
ht
(ad
c c
han
nels
, m
ip~
40
)
19
0
19
5
20
0
20
5
21
0
21
5
0
500
98-05-1412:05:05centroid
at 20 390.7 µm
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
!
Figure 1.17: Laser displacement measured in orbit (a) and on launch pad (b).
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
4&,%(! ,/%! &.)8/,3!450#E"!@-+!2/%2G%7!-8-)*J! !;/%!7%,%2,'(!@-+!1.-2%7! )*! -!/%-?=! )'*! HR%3!FI!A%-6!&('6!"JE!,'!CJB!T_!-,!BEE!7)&&%(%*,!)*2)7%*,!-*8.%+J!!;/)+!,%+,!@-+!7'*%!@),/!-!,',-.!'&!DC!6)..)'*!%?%*,+! -*7!@-+! 2-(()%7! '9,! -,!T0V#Y-(6+,-7,J! ! M)89(%!"J"b! +/'@+! ,/%! .'2-,)'*! '&!450!-,! ,/%!T0V! )'*!-22%.%(-,'(!-*7!M)89(%!"J"e!+/'@+!'*%!'&!,/%!2-(A'*#A%-6!,%+,!(%+9.,+J!!!
4&,%(!T0V3!,/%!7%,%2,'(!@-+!1.-2%7!)*!-!1(','*!-*7!1)'*!A%-6!-,!FOhN3!@),/!6'6%*,96!&('6!P!,'!"D!T%_!-,!"PEE!7)&&%(%*,!)*2)7%*,!-*8.%+J!!;/)+!,%+,!@-+!7'*%!@),/!-!,',-.!'&!"EE!6)..)'*!%?%*,+J!
;/%!2'*,)*9%7!6'*),'()*8!'&!450#E"!2'*&)(6%7!,/-,!,/%!7%,%2,'(!1%(&'(6-*2%!A%&'(%3!79()*8!-*7!-&,%(!,/%!&.)8/,!(%6-)*%7!,/%!+-6%J!!V*!1-(,)29.-(3!,/%!-.)8*6%*,!%(('(!'&!,/%!+).)2'*!,(-2G%(!@-+!2'*,('..%7!
,'!A%!.%++!C!-6!,/('98/!'9,J!
AMS-01/Physics
!"#"D!
AMS
October 1998
!!
Figure 1.18: Location of AMS at the GSI Ion Accelerator.
GSI Carbon-beam
( peaks at Z=1 and 2 are
proton and helium
background )
Z
Eve
nts
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
p He
C
!
Figure 1.19: Results of tests of AMS-01with the GSI carbon beam.
AMS-01/Physics
! "#"C
;/'98/! ,/%! &)(+,! &.)8/,! @-+! -*! %*8)*%%()*8! &.)8/,3! '?%(! "EE!6)..)'*! %?%*,+! @%(%! 2'..%2,%7J! ! V*!-77),)'*!,'!?-.)7-,)*8!,/%!450!2'*2%1,3!-*-.=+)+!'&!,/%+%!%?%*,+!.%7!,'!,/%!&'..'@)*8!+)8*)&)2-*,!(%+9.,+:!
+ Search for antihelium in cosmic rays 4!,',-.!'&!PJbB!<!"EB!/%.)96!*92.%)!@),/!()8)7),)%+!91!,'!"DE!T_!@%(%!'A+%(?%7J!!N'!-*,)/%.)96!
*92.%)!@%(%!7%,%2,%7!-,!-*=!()8)7),=J!!;/%!6'+,!1(%2)+%!911%(!.)6),!'*!,/%!(-,)'!'&!,/%!&.9<!'&!-*,)/%.)96!,'!,/%!&.9<!'&!/%.)96!'&!.%++!,/-*!"J"!<!"E!B!)+!'A,-)*%7J!
+ Protons in near earth orbit ;/%! 1(','*! +1%2,(96! )*! ,/%! G)*%,)2! %*%(8=! (-*8%! EJ"! ,'! PEE! T%_! @-+! 6%-+9(%7J! ! 4A'?%! ,/%!
8%'6-8*%,)2! 29,'&&3! ,/%! 'A+%(?%7! +1%2,(96! )+! 1-(-6%,%()`%7! A=! -! 1'@%(! .-@J! !$%.'@! ,/%! 8%'6-8*%,)2!29,'&&3! -! +9A+,-*,)-.! +%2'*7! +1%2,(96!@-+! 'A+%(?%7J! !5'+,! '&! ,/%+%! +%2'*7! +1%2,(96! 1(','*+! &'..'@! -!2'61.)2-,%7!,(-W%2,'(=!-*7!'()8)*-,%!&('6!-!(%+,()2,%7!8%'8(-1/)2!(%8)'*J!!
+ Leptons in near earth orbit!;/%!.%1,'*!+1%2,(-!)*!,/%!G)*%,)2!%*%(8=!(-*8%+!EJP!,'!DE!T%_!&'(!%!!-*7!EJP!,'!K!T%_!&'(!%k!@%(%!
6%-+9(%7J! !M('6!,/%!'()8)*!'&!,/%!.%1,'*+!,@'!7)+,)*2,!+1%2,(-!@%(%!'A+%(?%7:!-!/)8/%(!%*%(8=!+1%2,(96!-*7!-! +9A+,-*,)-.! +%2'*7!+1%2,(96!@),/!1'+),('*+!692/!6'(%!-A9*7-*,! ,/-*!%.%2,('*+J! !;(-2)*8! .%1,'*+!&('6! ,/%! +%2'*7! +1%2,(-! +/'@+! ,/-,!6'+,! '&! ,/%+%! .%1,'*+! ,(-?%.! &'(! -*! %<,%*7%7! 1%()'7! '&! ,)6%! )*! ,/%!8%'6-8*%,)2!&)%.7!-*7!,/-,!,/%!%k!-*7!%!!'()8)*-,%!&('6!,@'!2'61.%6%*,-(=!8%'8(-1/)2!(%8)'*+J!!
+ Cosmic protons:!;/%!1(%2)+%!1()6-(=!1(','*!+1%2,(96!)*!,/%!G)*%,)2!%*%(8=!(-*8%!EJP!,'!PEE!T%_!@-+!-229(-,%.=!
6%-+9(%7J!!V,!)+!-*!)61'(,-*,!)*19,!,'!-,6'+1/%()2!*%9,()*'!%+,)6-,)'*+J!
+ Helium in near earth orbit:!;/%! /%.)96! +1%2,(96! &('6! EJ"! ,'! "EE! T%_]*92.%'*! @-+! 6%-+9(%7J! ! 4A'?%! ,/%! 8%'6-8*%,)2!
29,'&&3! ,/%!+1%2,(96!)+!1-(-6%,%()`%7!A=!-!1'@%(! .-@J! !$%.'@!,/%!8%'6-8*%,)2!29,'&&3!-!+%2'*7!/%.)96!+1%2,(96!@-+!'A+%(?%7J!!V*!,/%!+%2'*7!/%.)96!+1%2,(-!'?%(!,/%!%*%(8=!(-*8%!EJ"!,'!"JP!T%_]*92.%'*3!)*!,/%!8%'6-8*%,)2!.-,),97%!&('6!lEJD!,'!kEJD!(-73!,/%!&.9<!@-+!6%-+9(%7!,'!A%!HBJK!mEJeI!<!"E!K!]H6P+%2!+(I!-*73!2'*,(-(=! ,'!%<1%2,-,)'*+3!6'(%! ,/-*!*)*%,=!1%(2%*,!'&! ,/%!/%.)96!@-+!7%,%(6)*%7! ,'!A%!KR%!H-,! ,/%!eE^!FJZJIJ!
+ Deuterons in near earth orbit:!4! ,',-.!'&!"!<!"ED!7%9,%()96!*92.%)! )*! ,/%!%*%(8=! (-*8%!EJ"! ,'!"JE!T%_]*92.%'*!@%(%!'A+%(?%7!
-..'@)*8!,/%!&)(+,!-229(-,%!!,%+,!'&!8-.-2,)2!2'*&)*%6%*,!6'7%.+J!!
+ Search for antideuterium in cosmic rays: !V*! -! ,',-.! '&! "! <! "ED! 7%9,%()96!*92.%)! )*! ,/%!6'6%*,96! (-*8%! "! ,'! K!T%_]2! *'! -*,)7%9,%()96!
*92.%)!@%(%!7%,%2,%7!-,!-*=!6'6%*,96J!!;/%!6'+,!1(%2)+%!.)6),!'*!,/%!&.9<!'&!-*,)7%9,%()96!'&!.%++!,/-*!
"!<!"E!D!/-+!A%%*!'A,-)*%7J!
+ Study of trapped and quasi-trapped high energy Cosmic Rays in near earth orbit:!Y%,-).%7! -*-.=+)+! '&! ,/%! 1-(,)2.%+! A%.'@! 8%'6-8*%,)2! 29,'&&! /-?%! %+,-A.)+/%7! ,/%! %<)+,%*2%! '&!
1%(6-*%*,.=!,(-11%7!/)8/!%*%(8=!13!%k!-*7!%!!!@),/!,(-W%2,'()%+!2('++)*8!,/%!0'9,/!4,.-*,)2!4*'6-.=J!!!
M)?%! 1-1%(+! 2'?%()*8! ,/%! &)(+,! &)?%! (%+9.,+! /-?%! A%%*! 19A.)+/%7! )*! \/=+)2+! Z%,,%(+! $J! ! 4,! ,/%!)*?),-,)'*!'&!,/%!%7),'(3!@%!/-?%!-.+'!19A.)+/%7!-!\/=+)2+!h%1'(,!'*!,/%!2'*+,(92,)'*!'&!450#E"!-*7!-..!'&!,/%!1/=+)2+3!)*2.97)*8!(%+9.,+!'*!7%9,%()96!-*7!-*,)1(','*+J!!U,/%(!19A.)2-,)'*+!-(%!)*!1(%1-(-,)'*J!!4!A)A.)'8(-1/=!)+!)*2.97%7!)*!411%*7)<!$J!!
!
!
2-1
Chapter Two: AMS-02, particle physics
on the International Space Station
AMS is scheduled to be installed on the Space Station in April 2007 for a period of three to five
years. This configuration of AMS, AMS-02, is shown in Figure 2.1. As will be described in the
following sections, the construction of the detector is progressing well. Because this is the major
scientific experiment on the Space Station, NASA is following the progress of AMS with detailed reviews
concerning the design and construction, safety and ground operations to ensure the detector can be
launched in April 2007.
Figure 2.1: The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) as it will appear on the ISS (AMS-02).
In addition to the detector elements of Figure 2, this figure shows the structural interface
(USS) which connects the detector to the shuttle and to the ISS, the thermal radiators, debris
shields, the electronics crate racks and the location of the Cryomagnet Avionics Box (CAB).
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-2
2.1 Cryomagnet
The purpose of the superconducting magnet is to extend the energy range of our measurements of
particles and nuclei to the multi-TeV region [1,2]. The AMS-02 magnet design is under the overall
responsibility of ETH-Zürich and MIT. The magnet design was based on the following technical
considerations:
(i) Experience in designing and manufacturing the AMS-01 magnet which was 10 times safer than
stress limits allowed.
(ii) The result of many years of intensive R&D collaboration between ETH and the R&D group of
Oxford Instruments Ltd. to design a magnet with the following properties :
+ Identical field configuration to the AMS-01 magnet to maintain mechanical stability and
follow NASA safety standards, as shown in Figure 2.2.
+ Minimized heat loss (~100 mW) and minimized quench probability.
-100.0
-50.0
X
X
Y-100.0
Y-50.0
Y50.0
Y100.0
BL2=0.86 Tm2
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 1
1 12 13 14 15
!!
!!
!!!!
!!
!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!
!!
!
!!!
!!!!!!!
!!
!!
!!
!! !
!!
!!
!!
!!!!!!!!
BL2=0.14 Tm2
Both haveAMS-01 AMS-021- Same inner radius
2- Dipole moment = 03- B at 2.0 m ! 300 G
Figure 2.2: Identical magnetic field configuration between AMS-01 and AMS-02 magnets.
(iii) We have chosen to have the magnet built by experts from the Oxford Instruments R&D group,
who have an excellent record to produce highly reliable magnets running in persistent mode
without quench. This group has produced the 8 OSCAR magnets (2.36 Tesla) used in cyclotrons
in Japan and England and which have operated for close to 30 years without any quench. This
group also built the CLEO magnet at CORNELL and the CLAS torus at Jefferson Laboratory and
the KLOE magnet in Frascati. All are large, high-field, special-purpose magnets which have
operated for years without quench.
To ensure that these experts are able to devote all their efforts to the construction of the AMS-02
magnet, we have supported a new company: Space Cryomagnetics Ltd., entirely staffed by the
experts of the Oxford Instruments R&D group and entirely dedicated to the AMS-02 magnet.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-3
(iv) Most importantly, we are using a new, small cross-section, aluminium stabilized conductor
developed and mass-produced by the ETH-Zurich magnet group [1,2]. Based on test results, this
conductor reduces the quench probability by a factor of 2000. ETH has pioneered many of the
key technologies for producing Al stabilized conductors [1,2,3]. Aluminium stabilized conductor
is now widely used in high energy physics (HEP) detectors [4]. Figure 2.3 shows the non-
destructive quality control apparatus developed at ETH. It consists of an ultrasonic phased array
which ensures the continuous bonding between the superconductor and the high purity Al (see
Figure 2.7). It also includes a laser dimension measuring system and an eddy current check for
quality control. The system shown in Figure 2.3 ensures that Al stabilized superconducting cable
can be produced uniformly and reliably with lengths up to 2.5 km.
Figure 2.3:Technology developed at ETH for producing
high quality Al stabilized superconducting cable.
Two identical magnets are being built. One is the flight magnet and the other is used for space
qualification tests. The magnet has no magnetic field during the shuttle launch and landing and so there is
no force among the coils, hence for the test magnet the coils are replaced by mass equivalents.
The magnet system [1], as shown in Figures 2.4 and 2.5, consists of superconducting coils, a
superfluid helium vessel and a cryogenic system, all enclosed in a vacuum tank. Outside of the vacuum
tank are supporting electronics, located in the Cryomagnet Avionics Box (CAB), valves and cabling. The
vacuum tank is toroidal with inner diameter of 1.1 m, outer diameter of 2.7 m and a length of the central
cylinder surrounding the tracker of 0.9 m.
The magnet operates at a temperature of 1.8 K, cooled by superfluid helium stored in the vessel.
It is launched at the operating temperature, with the vessel full of 2500 litres of superfluid helium. The
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-4
magnet will be launched with no field, it will be charged only after installation on the ISS. Because of
parasitic heat loads, the helium will gradually boil away throughout the lifetime of the experiment. After
the project time of 3 to 5 years, the helium will be used up and the magnet will warm up and no longer be
operable.
Figure 2.4: AMS-02 superconducting magnet layout.
VCS3
VCS2
VCS1
VCS4(68K)
BB
COLD HEATEXCHANGER
NON-LINEARSTRAPS
CRYOCOOLERS (4)
TOP VIEW SECTION VIEW
VACUUMTANK (270K)ø
ø2.5m
2.7m,3.2mm MIN THICK
+Y
+X +Z
LC
He2 TANK (1.6K)
3.0 mmMIN THICK He2
He2
CoilCoil
8600 G
Figure 2.5: Sectional view of the AMS-02 superconducting magnet (VCS – Vapor Cooled Shield).
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-5
2.1.1 Magnet Coil System
The coil system consists of a set of 14 superconducting coils arranged, as shown in Figure 2.4,
around the inner cylinder of the vacuum tank. The coil set has been designed to give the maximum field
in the appropriate direction inside the bore tube, while minimising the stray field outside the magnet.
As seen from Figure 2.6, the single large pair of coils generates the magnetic dipole field
perpendicular to the experiment axis. The twelve smaller flux return coils control the stray field and, with
this geometry, they also contribute to the useful dipole field. Figure 2.6 also shows the strength and
direction of the magnetic field within the set of coils. The magnetic flux density at the geometric centre
of the system is 0.86 T. Table 2.1 summarizes some of the magnet parameters.
Figure 2.6: Coil arrangement of the AMS-02 superconducting magnet, showing the two large dipole
coils and the 12 smaller flux return coils and the field map inside the magnet bore.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-6
Central Magnetic Field Bx (0,0) [T] 0.860
Dipole Bending Power [Tm2] 0.862
Maximum Stray Magnetic Field at R=2.3 m [mT] 15.2
Maximum Stray Magnetic Field at Y=2.3 m [mT] 7.6
Maximum Stray Magnetic Field at R=3.0 m [mT] 3.9
Peak Magnetic Field on the Dipole Coils [T] 6.59
Peak Magnetic Field on the Racetrack Coils [T] 5.91
Maximum Torque in geomagnetic field [Nm] 0.272
Nominal Operating Magnet Current [A] 459.5
Stored Energy [MJ] 5.15
Nominal Magnet Inductance [H] 48
Table 2.1: AMS-02 Cryomagnet parameters.
The superconducting wire for the AMS magnet was developed specifically to meet the
requirements of the AMS cryomagnet by ETH-Zürich [2]. The current is carried by tiny (22.4 -m
diameter) filaments of niobium titanium (NbTi) which - given the magnetic flux and current densities
within the coils – carries the current without resistance provided the temperature is kept below 4.0 K.
Because pure NbTi has rather low thermal conductivity, it is prone to instability. This can be overcome if
it is in intimate contact with a material which has a high thermal conductivity at the cryogenic operating
temperature, such as a pure metal. For this reason, the NbTi filaments are embedded in a copper matrix,
which is encased in high-purity aluminium. The copper is required for manufacturing reasons, but the
aluminium is extremely conductive and much less dense, thus providing maximum thermal stability for
minimum weight.
Figure 2.7 shows a cross section of the aluminium-stabilized conductors developed by the ETH
group and a magnified section through the wire. The diameter of the round copper strand at the centre is
0.76 mm, and the aluminium dimensions are 2.0 mm x 1.5 mm. The current density in the
superconductor is 2300 A/mm2 or 157 A/mm2 including the aluminium.
To manufacture the coils, the superconducting wire was first cleaned then insulated using 85 -m
thick polyester tape. Each coil was wound separately onto an aluminium former from a single length of
conductor before being impregnated under vacuum with epoxy resin. The impregnation process gives the
coils mechanical integrity, and also provides electrical insulation between turns and layers. After
completion, each coil is tested individually under conditions as representative as possible of flight, to test
the integrity of the design and the quality of the build, as shown in Figure 2.8.
Each of the two larger (dipole) coils, which generate most of the useful field, has 3360 turns, and
the 12 smaller (flux return) coils each have 1457 turns. The 14 coils are connected in series, with a single
conductor joint between each pair of adjacent coils. The current when the magnet is operating is 459.5 A.
All of the coils have been manufactured and tested (see Figure 2.9).
If magnet coils are not well designed, heating in a quench can be so rapid that the conductor may
actually melt in the region where the quench began. Another problem can occur in systems consisting of
a number of coils, where quenching of one coil - and the collapse of its associated magnetic field – can
lead to increased current flow and field in other coils coupled by mutual inductance. In some cases this
can lead to excessive stresses within the windings and between the coils.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-7
Figure 2.7: Cross sections of the Aluminum stabilized NbTi/copper composite conductor.
Dimensions in mm.
Figure 2.8: Testing the coils to flight loads.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-8
Figure 2.9: Arrangement of the completed 2 dipole coils, 12 flux return coils and structural
members in roughly the positions they will have in the flight magnet.
The AMS magnet has been specifically designed to avoid these hazards. The aluminium-
stabilised conductor is sufficiently conductive that the coils are very stable. If a quench does occur, the
heat generated is conducted throughout the coil so quickly that the peak temperatures reached are not
hazardous. Because all 14 coils are connected in series they have to carry the same current at all times, so
there is no danger of magnetically induced stresses causing damage. However, the coils are not very
closely coupled thermally. This means that a quench in one coil, leading to a rise in temperature, will not
necessarily propagate to any of the others. If this were allowed to happen, the entire stored energy of the
magnet (5 MJ) could be dissipated as heat in the coil which quenched. While the temperatures reached in
that coil would not be dangerous, sufficient thermal stresses could be induced (by differential thermal
contraction between parts of the coil) that the performance of the coil might be permanently reduced. For
this reason, all the coils are constantly monitored by an electronic protection system. If the onset of a
quench is detected in any coil, heaters are powered in the other coils to quench all 14 simultaneously.
This distributes the stored energy between the coils, preventing any single coil from taking a
disproportionate amount of energy which could otherwise result in degradation. The operation of these
quench heaters is an important part of the testing and qualification procedure for the magnet coils.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-9
2.1.2 Mechanical System
The mechanical loads on the system are either magnetic or inertial. Magnetic loads apply
whenever the magnet is charged, and can be between or within coils. Significant inertial loads are applied
during launch, re-entry and landing of the Space Shuttle. But, because the magnet will not be charged
during launch or landing, magnetic and inertial loads are never superimposed.
In general, the magnetic loads are much greater than the inertial loads. All magnetic loads are
reacted within the structure of the coil set, and none are transmitted to the vacuum tank or other parts of
the AMS system. These loads are resisted by components made from high strength aerospace grade
aluminium alloy, chiefly 6061-T6.
Each coil is subject to internal forces as a result of its own magnetic field. In general, these are
burst forces, trying to expand the racetrack-shaped coil into a ring. These loads are in the plane of the
coil, and are resisted by the former on which the coil was wound. In addition, each coil is attracted or
repelled by all the other coils in the magnet. This leads to a relatively complicated load system on some
of the coils, with forces perpendicular to the plane of the coil.
The magnetic loads are quite large: the two dipole coils feel a net attraction to each other of
around 250 tonnes. During individual coil testing, each coil is charged until some part of the winding is
subject to the same force it will experience in flight.
The cold mass of the magnet is more than 2000 kg. This has to be supported from the experiment
structure (in particular the vacuum tank), which is at ambient temperature (~270/40 K). The design of
the support straps is therefore crucial, as they have to be able to carry the load without conducting
significant heat across the large temperature gradient.
During normal operation on the ground, inertial loads are relatively small: once on orbit they
disappear altogether. At these times, the function of the straps is only to position the magnet correctly
within the vacuum tank. During launch and landing, however, inertial loads and vibration become very
significant. Now the straps have to resist large forces, and also require high stiffness to prevent low
frequency resonance which could lead to mechanical damage.
For high strength and stiffness, the straps need large cross-sections. However, this inevitably
leads to high levels of heat conduction, which would reduce the endurance of the superfluid helium
system and thus shorten the life of the experiment. For minimum heat conduction, the straps need to be
very thin, but this gives poor strength, low stiffness and a low resonant frequency.
The straps have been designed to satisfy all of these requirements. Each consists of a pair of
composite bands connected in parallel. One band is thin, with low stiffness and strength, and is
permanently connected between the cold mass and the vacuum tank. The other band is much thicker and
stronger, but possesses a passive disconnect feature. This means that it only forms a thermal path
between the vacuum tank and the magnet during launch and landing. At other times (when it is not
needed), differential thermal contraction between the bands and the removal of the high inertial load
cause the disconnect to open, dramatically reducing the thermal conduction of the support.
A total of 16 straps support the magnet from the vacuum tank (see Figure 2.10). During normal
operations on the ground or in space, only the low-stiffness band is engaged, and the heat conduction is
very low (less than 3 mW per support). During launch, the high-stiffness band engages as well. The
conducted heat load is much higher but because the launch takes only a few minutes the effect on the
overall endurance of the system is not significant.
The dual stiffness characteristic of the straps makes their behaviour non-linear and, as major
structural components of the magnet system, they have been subject to special scrutiny and testing,
particularly testing to failure to understand the safety margins (see Figure 2.11).
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-10
Figure 2.10: The Magnet support straps. The cold mass at 1.8 K has to be supported to the vacuum
case which is at approximately 270 K. This is achieved by 16 straps, which hold the 2 ton
cold mass in position during launch (acceleration 3g) and landing (deceleration 10g). In
space, the straps are designed to be nearly disconnected so as to not transfer heat from the
vacuum case to the cold mass.
Figure 2.11: .Testing of strap to failure to understand the critical failure mode.
Assembly failure caused by failure of the glass fiber “bod”, other damage
observed caused by impact loading as strap failed, not by static loading.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-11
2.1.3 Cryogenic System
The cooling of terrestrial superconducting magnets using liquid helium is a well-established
technology, but there is little experience of helium cryogenics in space. Apart from a few very small-
scale experiments, the only major missions involving liquid helium have been the Infrared Astronomical
Satellite (IRAS) [5], the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) [6], the Infrared Space Observatory
(ISO) [7] and the Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer demonstration (SHOOT) [8].
The cryogenic system for the AMS magnet combines technologies from terrestrial magnet
cryogenics and space cryogenics to meet the particular challenges of the Space Shuttle launch and the
environment of the ISS [9]. It maintains the magnet at a temperature of 1.8 K, under all operating
conditions, for the duration of the experiment. It therefore has to be able to store enough helium to last
the entire mission, to transfer any heat from the cold components to the helium, to allow the magnet to be
charged and discharged safely from the external power supply, and to re-cool the magnet after a quench.
On the ground, it also has to control the cool down of the magnet from ambient temperature.
Figure 2.12 shows all the elements of the AMS-02 cryogenics system, including the passive
phase separator (PPS), which removes the gaseous He which is then used to cool the 4 vapour cooled
shields, the two thermo-mechanical pumps (TMP), one to cool down the magnet in the unlikely event of a
quench and the other to cool down the current leads during magnet charging and discharging, the helium
gas pressure activated cold valves which operate at 1.8 K, the warm valves outside the vacuum tank
which operate at ambient temperature but with cold He gas flowing through them and the burst disks (0.8,
3, 10 and 20 bar) for safety. The valves are implemented redundantly in parallel (for example DV06A,
B), or series (DV16A, B) or both (DV15A, B, C, D).
i) Helium Management and Endurance
Liquid helium (4He) can exist in two forms. Normal liquid helium behaves in a conventional
manner. But if it is cooled below 2.17 K, some of its properties change dramatically as it becomes a
superfluid. In particular, its viscosity falls almost to zero, and its apparent thermal conductivity increases
by many orders of magnitude.
The AMS magnet is cooled by superfluid helium. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly,
the specific latent heat and density of superfluid helium are both higher than in normal liquid helium.
Since the amount of cryogen that can be carried is limited by the size of the helium vessel, this gives a
useful endurance benefit (there is a greater mass of helium, and each kilogram has a higher cooling
capability). Secondly, in zero gravity there can be no convection currents. In normal liquid helium this
can result in thermal stratification, making it difficult to ensure that all parts of the system are fully cold.
In the superfluid state, however, the very high thermal conductivity makes it impossible for the helium to
support large temperature gradients, so the system remains isothermal.
Superfluid helium is obtained by reducing the pressure above a vessel of normal liquid helium.
The boiling point of helium at atmospheric pressure is 4.2 K, and this can be reduced to 1.8 K if the
absolute pressure is reduced to 16 mbar. On the ground, this pressure reduction is achieved using large
vacuum pumps to remove helium vapour. Once on orbit, the vacuum of space itself is used as a pump,
and the low temperature can be achieved simply by venting the helium vessel to space.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-12
~ P06 T05H
Valve - Electrically A
ctuated
Pressure Transducer
Thermom
eter
Valve - Heliom
atic
Pum
p
Nozzle
Valve - Non-R
eturn
HR
01
HR
02
Mass
Gauging
Heaters
Cold H
eatE
xchangerandC
old Buffer
T01NT01R
T02NT02RT03N
T03R
T04RT04N
T05NT05R
T06NT06R B
D02
20 bar
Superfluid
Cooling Loop
H DV
02H
T14NT14R
H
DV
07
DV
14
LiquidH
eliumFill P
ort
H
DV
03H
DV
12R
V02
1.6 bar
T08NT09R
VapourC
ooledLeadsT15NT15R
T17RT17N
T16RT16N
T18RT18N
BD
10A10 bar
HD
V05
Vapour Cooled Shield
0403
02
01
T10NT10R
T11NT11R
T12NT12R
BD
05A10 barD
V08B
DV
08A
DV
09AVentP
ump
~ ~~
DV
15B
DV
15A
~~
DV
15D
DV
15C
~~
BD
07A0.8 bar
BD
07B0.8 bar
BD
07C0.8 bar
BD
033 bar
BD
06A3 bar
BD
06B2 bar
Em
ergencyH
eliumVent
RV
03
0.5 bar
TMP
TMP
PP
S
P07P06
Mass
Gauging
Thermom
eters
T23NT22R
Main H
elium Tank
Vacuum Vessel
H
DV
10
DV
11BD
V11A ~
~
DV
11DD
V11C ~
~
L02L03
Helium
LevelM
eters(G
round use only)
L02H
elium level probe
Sm
all flight vent
Large flight vent
DV
08D
DV
08C
~~
BD
05B10 bar
~~
DV
06BD
V06A
BD
10A10 bar
Valve - Manually A
ctuated
Valve - Pressure R
elief
Burst D
isc
T09NT09R
Cryocooler
Helium
IITherm
ometers
T07NT07RS
W02
SW
01Persistent
Sw
itchesT22R T22N
T19N T19R
T20RT20N
T21NT21R
Cool D
own
Circuit
T2190
T1190
T0190
T2191
T1191
T0191
HH
DV
16BD
V16A
MV
17BM
V17A
MV
30
MV
31
MV
32
MV
33AM
V33B
MV
34B
MV
34A
DV
09B
~
GS
E Interface
BD
11B10 bar
BD
11A10 bar
MV
36
BD
12A10 bar
BD
12B10 bar
MV
37
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
To Cryogenic Valves
~~
~~
T24NT24R
1 4T27N
T27R
T26NT26R
3
T25NT25R
2
DV52
DV53
DV55
DV56A
DV56B
DV57
DV60
DV62
DV64
Warm
Helium
Supply
To VCS4
MV
40A
MV
40B
DV
20A
DV
20B
DV
20C
DV
20D
Vacuum Vessel
P04P05
~
~
~
~
DV21A
DV21B
DV21C
DV21D
To Current Lead D
isconnect
Fig
ure 2
.12
: AM
S-0
2 C
ryo
gen
ics
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-13
ii) Helium Vessel
The helium vessel is a toroidal tank, with inner and outer diameters of 1.92 m and 2.58 m, length
1.18 m and volume 2500 litres. It is a fully welded construction of aluminium alloy 5083-H321. For
maximum strength and minimum weight, both cylinders are ribbed and they are joined together by cross-
bracing at the mid-plane.
The sixteen support straps have to pass through the volume occupied by the helium vessel as they
support the coils from the outer cylinder of the enclosing vacuum tank. Because a high heat load would
result if the straps came into contact with the helium itself, the vessel is equipped with 16 tubes which
pass completely through it. These allow the straps to pass through the vessel while remaining in vacuum.
Figure 2.13 shows the construction of the vacuum tank and Figure 2.14 shows the welding of the
He tank.
Figure 2.13: Construction of the vacuum tank, also showing the location of the support straps.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-14
Figure 2.14: Welding of the He tank.
iii) Phase Separation
The heat which leaks into the system is transferred to the helium in the 2500 litre vessel, which is
the ultimate low temperature heat sink for the system where the heat is dissipated by boiling the
superfluid helium. For efficient use of the helium, the gas which is generated has to be separated from the
liquid and used to remove heat from other parts of the system. On the ground, phase separation can be
achieved simply by placing the vapour vent at the highest point in the vessel: gravity will then ensure that
the liquid remains at the bottom and the vapour is released from the top. In space this approach clearly
will not work, so the system uses a special zero-gravity passive phase separator (PPS) [10] developed by
Linde in Germany. The phase separator is similar in construction to that used on ISO, consisting of a
porous plug of sintered stainless steel in a steel housing. In flight, a slight (~30 mK) temperature
difference is maintained between the two faces of the plug. The separator takes advantage of the thermo-
mechanical effect [11] that superfluid He liquid moves from cold regions to hot regions, thus the He gas
can be removed and the superfluid He liquid retained, see Figure 2.15. The phase separator for AMS has
been tested (see Figure 2.16) and is ready for welding into the helium vessel.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-15
GasColder
Warmer
Coils
Coils
Cold Heat ExchangerCold Heat Exchanger
Passive Phase Separator (PPS)
"T = 0.030KHe cannot escape.
SuperfluidSuperfluidHeHe
Figure 2.15: Schematic of the principal of phase separation as used in AMS-02.
Figure 2.16: Passive phase separator under test at Linde, Germany.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-16
iv) Vapour Cooled Shields (VCS)
A series of four concentric shields completely encloses the magnet and helium vessel (see
Figure 2.5). By cooling these shields with the vapour from the helium vessel (separated by the phase
separator, PP), the heat leak into the coldest parts of the system is dramatically reduced, and thus the
lifetime of the experiment increased. The vapour flows through pipes connected to the shields, removing
radiated heat as well as intercepting conducted heat from the support straps and other components.
The design of the shields is particularly challenging, as there is very little space available for
them. To maximise the useful field in the bore of the magnet system, the coils have to be large, and also
as close as possible to the inner surface of the vacuum tank. Likewise, the helium vessel has to be large
to be able to carry the maximum volume of superfluid helium.
Two of the shields are rigid, consisting of variable-thickness aluminium honeycomb with
fibreglass skins. These are designed for minimum thickness while retaining sufficient strength to
withstand launch and landing loads. The other two shields are flexible, made from thin sheets of soft
aluminium. Figure 2.17 shows one of the completed (honeycomb) shields.
Figure 2.17: One of the four vapour cooled shields ready for installation.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-17
v) Cryocoolers
Cryocooler technology has made great progress in recent years but, for fundamental
thermodynamic reasons, coolers capable of reaching temperatures approaching 1.8 K require extremely
large amounts of power at ambient temperature to be able to provide significant cooling. This power is
not available on the ISS, so it is not feasible to provide mechanical cooling to the magnet itself.
However, the heat load to the 1.8 K parts of the system can be reduced significantly if heat is removed at
a higher temperature.
For this reason, four Stirling cycle coolers are connected to the outer vapour cooled shield. The
coolers are qualified and tested (see Figure 2.18) by a team at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and
are expected to remove a total of about 12 W at 68 K. This should be sufficient to reduce the rate of
consumption of superfluid helium by a factor of four. A high (~92%) efficiency power supply to drive,
control and monitor the coolers has been developed by ETH-Zürich, MIT and RWTH-Aachen. One of
the initial concerns over the cryocoolers was whether their performance might be compromised by the
presence of the magnetic field. However, testing carried out by NASA at MIT [12] has demonstrated that
the cryocoolers can be operated without problems or degradation in the stray field generated by the
magnet in the locations where they are installed.
Each cooler consumes 100 W, which, along with the heat removed from the cryogenic system, is
conducted using a dual redundant capillary pumped loop to a quarter panel zenith facing radiator on the
top of the experiment (see § 2.9).
Figure 2.18: Vibration test of Cryocooler at NASA-GSFC.
vi) Mass Gauging
In zero gravity there is no clearly defined liquid level, so conventional helium level probes cannot
be used. Instead, a calorimetric method is used to determine the mass of helium in the tank. Detailed
analysis of this technique has been published [13] but the principle is simple. A small heat pulse is
applied to the helium while the temperature is monitored some distance away in the vessel by an accurate
thermometer. Because of the high thermal conductivity of the superfluid, the helium in the vessel is
isothermal. The heat pulse is therefore manifest not by local boiling of helium but by a small rise in the
temperature of the entire helium bath, measured by the thermometer. Knowing the energy dissipated by
the heater and the temperature rise in the bath, the mass of helium can be deduced.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-18
The mass gauging system for AMS is similar to the one used on ISO [7] and has been developed
by Linde, Germany. The performance depends critically on the accuracy of the temperature
measurement, and is therefore limited by the electronics. Two redundant mass gauges will be used on
AMS. Both have been tested and qualified.
vii) Coil Cooling System
The most obvious feature about the cooling system is that the coils are dry; they are not mounted
inside the helium vessel, see Figure 2.19. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, if the coils were inside
the helium space, the geometry of the vessel itself would become very complicated, and this would add
considerable mass. Secondly, and more importantly, it must be possible to recover from a magnet quench
in space (however unlikely this may be) by re-cooling the magnet using the onboard helium. If a magnet
immersed in helium quenches, the heat transfer is so rapid that the helium quickly pressurises and is lost
through the vessel pressure relief devices.
Figure 2.19: Arrangement of the coils surrounded by the He tank.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-19
If the coils cannot be physically inside the helium vessel, they must be cooled instead by
conduction to the superfluid helium. The ideal conductor would have very high thermal conductivity at
very low temperatures (to remove steady state and charging heat loads from the coils) but much lower
conductivity at higher temperatures (to avoid transferring heat too quickly to the superfluid following a
quench). Fortunately, helium itself fulfils both these requirements, having extremely high thermal
conductivity below 2.17 K but relatively low conductivity above this temperature.
The coil cooling scheme, based on this principle, is shown schematically in Figure 2.20. Each
coil is connected at two positions to a thermal bus bar which consists of a copper pipe filled with
superfluid helium. This helium is at a pressure of around 1 bar, so that it is supercooled and boiling is
suppressed. Part of the thermal bus bar is inside the main superfluid helium vessel and so acts as a heat
exchanger (see Figure 2.12). Heat radiated to (or generated in) the coils is transferred by Gorter-Mellink
conduction (the heat transfer mechanism in superfluid helium) through the superfluid helium in the
thermal bus bar and is dissipated by boiling the helium in the vessel.
The copper pipe forms a sealed circuit, filled with helium while the magnet is being cooled down,
but there is no net flow through it. Analysis of the flow of heat around the thermal bus bar requires the
solution of the non-linear differential equations describing Gorter-Mellink conduction. The methodology
used in this case was based on that developed by Mord and Snyder [14] and adapted for the AMS
geometry.
Figure 2.20: Principal of AMS-02 coil cooling system.
viii) Current Supply
The magnet can be operated at currents up to 459.5 A. It is equipped with persistent switches
which, when closed, form a superconducting link across the terminals of the magnet. This allows it to
continue to operate, once charged, in persistent mode without connection to the external power supply.
The leads, which supply current from the power supply to the magnet, are therefore only used for
charging or discharging: since the magnet will mostly be operated at a constant field, the leads will be
used only rarely.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-20
For this reason, the leads are designed for minimum heat leak when they are carrying no current.
This makes them less efficient during charging but, because their overall duty cycle is very small, results
in total in much reduced helium consumption. To achieve this, the cross section of the leads is relatively
small. When the magnet field is constant and the leads carry no current, the conducted heat load is
therefore minimised. During charging, the leads generate a substantial amount of Ohmic heating because
their resistance is rather high. This heat can only be removed by helium from the superfluid helium
vessel. However, the vessel itself operates at a pressure of just 16 mbar, which is not high enough to
ensure a sufficient flow of helium.
A thermo-mechanical pump (TMP) is therefore mounted in the superfluid helium vessel. The
TMP is used to pump helium from the vessel through the current leads to provide cooling when required
(see Figure 2.12). The TMP operates like the PPS in reverse. A small heater is used to induce a slight
temperature difference across the TMP, but with the warmer side towards the current leads and the cooler
side towards the He vessel, causing sufficient He to be pumped out to cool the leads. TMP technology in
space was first demonstrated by NASA in the SHOOT demonstration but the TMP for AMS differs in
details of its operation, and is developed by the Institut für Luft und Kältetechnik (ILK), Dresden,
Germany [15].
A further reduction in the heat conducted by the current leads when the magnetic field is constant
(no current through the leads) is given by a disconnect feature near the warm end of the leads. This
device provides a complete thermal and electrical break in the leads when the persistent switch is closed
(see Figure 2.21).
ix) Cryogenic Ground Support Equipment
To cool the magnet and fill the He tank a substantial amount of cryogenic ground support
equipment (CGSE) is being provided by Shanghai Jiao Tung University (SJTU), ETH, MIT and the
Kurchatov Institute. The 2 ton cold mass has to be cooled from 300 K to 1.8 K while maintaining a
temperature gradient of less than 50 K and the 2500 liter tank must be filled with superfluid He at a
pressure of 16 mbar. In addition, to support the installation and testing of AMS-02 in various locales (see
§ 2.10 and 2.11) the system must be portable. To maintain the reliability of the system, the system must
be very clean and the He filtered to 0.5 µm (nominal grade).
The CGSE scheme is depicted in Figure 2.21. Cooling proceeds in three phases: from 300 K to
90 K using liquid nitrogen externally to cool gaseous He which circulates through the internal system,
from 90 K to 4.2 K using gaseous and liquid He and from 4.2 K to the working point of 1.8 K by
pumping. From room temperature to the operational condition the three phases together are estimated to
take less than three weeks and require 2.4 tons of N2 and 1 ton of He. Subsequently the He tank can be
topped off, for example while AMS is installed in the space shuttle on the launch pad, using just the
equipment indicated. All equipment is manufactured under strict quality and cleanliness controls.
x) Cryogenic Safety
Any large cryogenic vessel has to be viewed as a potential safety hazard, particularly when it is in
an enclosed space such as the payload bay of the Space Shuttle. Safety of the AMS magnet has to be
assured in ground handling operations, during launch, on orbit and during landing. All cryogenic
volumes, as well as the vacuum tank, are protected by burst discs to prevent excessive pressures building
up in any fault conditions. Some of the burst discs have to operate at temperatures below 2 K, and these
have been the subject of a special development and testing programme.
In addition, extra protection is provided to mitigate the effect of a catastrophic loss of vacuum.
This could be caused, during ground handling operations, by a serious rupture of the vacuum case. If the
vacuum case had a large puncture, air could rush through the gap and condense on the surface of the
helium vessel. This would result in rapid pressurisation and venting of the helium in the vessel. To slow
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-21
down the rates of pressurisation and venting (making the pressure relief path smaller and more
manageable) a 3 mm layer of lightweight cryogenic insulation will be applied to the outside surface of the
helium vessel. Carefully constructed experiments have shown that this insulation reduces the heat flux to
the superfluid helium by a factor of 8 following a sudden, total loss of vacuum.
Figure 2.21: Cryogenic Ground Support Equipment schematic. The equipment in
the upper right is also used to top off the He tank and is designed to be
compact and portable.
2.1.4 Cryomagnet Avionics
The electronics to power, monitor and control the magnet is housed primarily inside the
Cryomagnet Avionics Box (CAB) under the responsibility of CIEMAT and MIT. As illustrated in
Figure 2.22, this avionics includes:
a) the Cryomagnet Current Source (CCS) and precision shunt, used to charge the magnet,
b) the dump diode arrays mounted on the port and starboard USS (CDDP and CDDS), which
dissipate the energy stored in the magnet when it is ramping down,
c) the Cryomagnet Self Protection (CSP), used to detect and protect the magnet in case of a quench
or the loss of power or communications,
d) the dual redundant uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), which power the self protection
functions,
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-22
e) the Cryomagnet Controller and Signal Conditioner (CCSC), which gather the monitoring data
from the rest of the avionics data and forwards it to the JMDC (see § 2.8) and receives and
executes commands from the JMDC,
f) the Power Switches module, which activates valves and heaters as directed by the CCSC, and
g) the Cryocooler electronics box (CCEB), (see § 2.1.3.v).
Figure 2.22 also shows the major electrical features of the magnet which include the
superconducting coils with a load of zero ohms and an inductance of 48 henries (see § 2.1.1), the
persistent switch and mechanical disconnecting current leads (§ 2.1.3.viii), the quench heaters (§ 2.1.1),
warm and cryogenic valves and associated temperature, pressure and voltage sensors (§ 2.1.3).
Additional sensors are located within the CAB itself.
Operationally, the magnet will be launched cold but at zero field and charged only after
installation on the ISS. Charged or not, the CCSC will continuously monitor the magnet state and relay
these readings through the AMS CAN bus housekeeping network to the JMDC. Altogether about 150
values are monitored including 23 prime and 23 redundant cryogenic temperature measurements based on
CERNOX sensors, which cover ranges from 1.4 to 400 K with accuracies down to 1 mK. These exacting
measurements allow the proper functioning of the cryogenics and magnet to be accurately controlled.
The information will then flow to ACOP, the AMS computer inside the ISS, and through the NASA air to
ground links to the POCC, the AMS ground operations center. Commands follow the reverse path to
reach the CCSC, which then initiates the appropriate action within the CAB and the magnet.
The magnet is charged by the CCS. After various checks to ensure, for example, that the magnet
coils are superconducting, the complete charging operation consists of five phases: preparation, output
voltage limited charging, power limited charging, current limited charging and disconnection. To prepare
the magnet for charging, the current leads are cooled by He vapor generated by the differentially heating
the associated TMP, the superconducting persistent switch is "opened" by heating it into the normal state
and the current leads are mechanically connected. The CCS then draws power directly from the ISS
120 VDC “A” feed and it is converted to a maximum of 10 VDC using six DC-DC converters in parallel.
The resulting current flows through the precision shunt to the current leads and serially through all the
magnet coils and back. In the third phase the power drawn from the ISS is limited to 1875 W and the
current in the coils continues to increase while the output voltage drops. Then the target coil current of
459.5 A, as monitored by the precision shunt is smoothly approached. After the target current is reached
the persistent switch is allowed to cool and it again becomes superconducting and the current is trapped
within the closed circuit of the magnet coils plus switch. Then the current leads are disconnected and no
longer need to be cooled by the TMP and the CCS is shutdown. In total the charging process is estimated
to take less then 2 hours.
Ramping down the magnet current is less complicated. The CCS remains powered off and
disconnected, the current leads are cooled and connected and the persistent switch is again driven open.
The current in the magnet coils then flows through the dump diodes (CDD-P,-S) which are mounted
directly on the Unique Support Structure (USS) and the stored magnetic energy is converted into heat
dissipated by these diodes. To dissipate the 5 MJ stored in the magnet is estimated to take less than
1.5 hours.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-23
Fig
ure
2
.22
: A
MS
-02
Cry
om
ag
net
Av
ion
ics
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-24
The CSP has two overlapping functions: to detect and protect the magnet should a quench occur
and to automatically ramp down the magnet after a fixed delay should either power or communication to
the experiment be interrupted. As noted in § 2.1.1, an uncontrolled quench, though unlikely, could
damage the magnet. If the onset of a quench is detected, as indicated by a voltage drop anywhere over
the coils or persistent switch, a fast pulse of energy is required to fire the quench heaters wound within
each coil and dissipate the stored magnetic energy evenly over the cold mass. As the power level
required is never available from the ISS, this energy is drained directly from the UPS to the quench
heaters. If, during a charge or discharge operation, the current leads start to overheat, they can also be
damaged quite rapidly, so current lead temperature sensors are also tied into the quench heater trigger.
It should be stressed that, owing to the advanced properties of the AMS superconductor and the
cryogenics design, none of these conditions, including a spontaneous magnet quench, is anticipated to
occur on orbit. However, should it ever happen, this design ensures that the magnet will not be damaged
and that, after re-cooling, it can be recharged and the mission can proceed successfully. In any case, no
hazard will be presented.
When charged, the magnet current would continue to circulate indefinitely, even if the experiment
was powered down or the command path to the experiment was broken. To obviate concerns arising from
this when attached to the ISS, the CSP also contains an auto ramp down timer. In the event that no
external communication is received for 8 hours the CSP initiates the ramp down sequence, while
continuing to monitor and protect against a quench. Consequently, even in the event that power or
communication to AMS is interrupted, after 8+1.5 hours the magnet is guaranteed to be at zero field.
A critical element of the magnet avionics is then the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), which
provides the power to the CSP and through the CSP to the quench heaters, in the unlikely event of a
quench. After an extensive investigation of capacitors and battery technologies it was determined that
only the highest quality Lithium-Ion cells would fulfill the requirements of energy density, thermal
operating range and rate of discharge, as well as reliable and safe operation on orbit. These cells are
being produced by Yardney/Lithion. They are based on the mechanical design space proven in the Mars
Lander and Exploration Rover programs and the cell chemistry used in the B2 Bomber upgrade. In
addition they are supplied with a Battery Management Systems (BMS) adapted for the AMS-02
requirements from a space qualified system developed for JPL. The BMS ensures that the eight cell
battery is neither over charged nor over discharged, both of which could reduce the battery capabilities,
though with the implemented mechanics and chemistry neither condition would be a hazard. However, as
even the highest reliability batteries may not perform at full capacity at end of life, two UPS (cell pack
plus BMS) will be installed on AMS-02. Either is sufficient to meet the requirements.
Owing to the amount of stored power and because the CCS within the CAB is connected directly
to the ISS power bus, detailed analysis has been done to ensure proper grounding and isolation, both
against possible breakdowns and against electromagnetic interference within the CAB, between the CAB
and the rest of AMS, and between the CAB and the ISS.
The level of space qualification required for the CAB project is significantly more stringent then
for the bulk of the electronics in AMS-02. From design and procurement through production and testing
the CAB will use space quality techniques. The entire CAB has been designed to be single fault tolerant
and certain critical blocks have been replicated to allow successful operation after multiple faults. For
example, should one of the six primary DC-DC converters fail in the CCS, the remaining five are
sufficient to reach full field. Even if a second converter were to fail, the field value could reach over 80%
of nominal. As another example, the target current is obtained by using the median result between three
independent circuits which compare the voltage drop measured across the precision shunt to a reference
voltage, where each circuit is fed by an independently generated reference. Also, the control, signal
condition blocks of the CCSC and the power switching are redundantly duplicated and cross strapped,
with the primary and redundant sides being independently powered with dedicated converters and
28 VDC feeds.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-25
2.1.5 Test Results
All parts of the AMS magnet system are subject to a battery of tests to ensure their quality and
integrity, and their suitability for the mission.
i) Coil Tests
Every one of the 14 superconducting coils will have been tested before assembly into the final
magnet configuration. All twelve of the flux return coils have been tested successfully, and the first of
the two dipole coils is undergoing final preparations for testing. A special test facility has been
constructed (Figure 2.23) which allows the coil to be operated under cryogenic conditions as close as
possible to flight. In particular, the coil is mounted in a vacuum space, and is cooled by a thermal bus bar
of the same construction as the one in the flight system.
Figure 2.23: Coil test facility.
Although the maximum current in the fully-assembled magnet system is 459.5 A, individual coils
are tested to different currents. This is because the distribution of magnetic field is different when a coil
is tested in isolation. The coils have therefore been tested at currents high enough that some part of the
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-26
coil is subject to the same stress that it will experience in the full configuration. If the test current was
higher, then this part of the coil would be over-stressed. In practice, this means that some of the flux
return coils are tested at 600 A, others at 562 A and the dipole coils at 335 A.
The procedure for testing the flux return coils was to charge to the maximum current (600 A or
562 A), then reduce to 459.5 A. With the coil held at this current, the quench heater was powered at
200 W for a controlled time period. Heater pulses were applied in increments of 10 ms until the coil
quenched. After the quench, the coil was re-cooled and charged again to 459.5 A, to check that there was
no damage. The two dipole coils will follow a similar testing procedure. Completion of all coil testing is
expected in the first half of 2004.
ii) Coil Cooling System Tests
A full-scale replica of the superfluid thermal bus bar system outlined above was designed and
assembled. The replica consisted of a thermal bus bar in the form of a 20 m long sealed copper pipe with
a 15 mm bore. Part of the pipe was inside a 200 litre helium vessel to provide a cold heat exchanger: the
rest was in the vacuum space.
The copper pipe was connected to an external, clean supply of helium. The vessel was cooled
down and filled with liquid helium which was then further cooled to 1.8 K by pumping. Helium was
drawn into the copper pipe due to the cooling, but the pressure was maintained at around 1 bar.
Eventually, the 200 litre vessel contained boiling superfluid helium at 1.8 K and 16 mbar, and the pipe
was filled with supercooled helium at 1.8 K and 1 bar.
Heaters on the part of the thermal bus bar outside the helium vessel were then used to simulate
the heat load due to the magnet coils being charged. Up to 6 W could be generated by the heaters and
transferred by Gorter-Mellink conduction through the thermal bus bar to be dissipated in the vessel of
boiling helium. If the heaters were used to generate more power, the Gorter-Mellink conduction broke
down: the thermal bus bar was unable to transfer the heat and the temperatures within it began to rise
rapidly. These results corresponded to the calculations carried out before the tests.
iii) Cryogenic Safety Tests
A series of experiments has been carried out to determine what happens in the event either of a
catastrophic loss of vacuum or of a much smaller vacuum leak. A test facility was designed and
assembled in which either of these scenarios could be investigated on a small scale. The test facility
contained a 12 litre helium vessel, together with a system of valves, sensors and high-speed data
acquisition. To carry out a test, the 12 litre vessel was filled with superfluid helium at 1.8 K. A fast-
acting valve was then used to open a large hole in the insulating vacuum to simulate a catastrophic leak,
or a very small hole to simulate a small leak. By monitoring the rise of pressure and temperature, and the
rate of change of mass of the vessel, the heat flux and venting rate could be calculated.
These results can be extrapolated directly to the AMS magnet, and have been used to qualify the
cryogenic system for flight on the Space Shuttle.
In addition to these investigations, tests have also been carried out on prototype burst discs.
Discs for protecting the vacuum tank have undergone vibration testing followed by controlled bursts.
These tests have shown that the discs are not affected by the levels of vibration encountered during a
launch. Further tests have been carried out on discs for protecting the helium vessel, which operate at
1.8 K. These discs have been shown to have extremely good leak tightness against superfluid helium.
Although the burst pressure is increased as a result of the low temperature, this increase has been found to
be predictable and reproducible. The next planned test is a vibration test under cryogenic conditions,
followed by a controlled burst.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-27
iv) Avionics In addition to extensive testing with the magnet, the CAB will undergo the full battery of space
qualification procedures for avionics listed in detailed in § 2.8. The UPS have an even more rigorous
series of tests at both the cell (currently in progress) and battery levels to ensure that they are safe and
reliable under all conditions.
The magnet has passed a special NASA Safety Review. Figure 2.24 shows the assembly of the
flux return coils.
Figure 2.24: Coil Assembly.
AMS-02/Cryomagnet
2-28
2.1.6 References
[1] B. Blau, E. Ettlinger, S. Harrison et al., “The AMS02 superconducting magnet for astrophysical
research”, Gravitation and cosmology 5 (2000), Supplement pp. 1.
[2] B. Blau, S. Harrison, H. Hofer et al. “The superconducting magnet system of AMS-02 – a particle
physics detector to be operated on the International Space Station”, IEEE Transactions on
Applied Superconductivity 12 (2002) 349.
[3] G. Baccaglioni, B. Blau et al., “Production and Qualification of 40 km of Al-stabilized NbTi
Cable for the ATLAS Experiment at CERN”, IEEE Trans. On Applied Superconductivity, 12.1
(2002) 1215.
[4] L. Rossi, "Superconducting accelerators and detectors", Cryogenics 43 (2003) 281, see § 6.
[5] F. M. Ohlen, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 65.4 (1986) 607, and references
therein.
[6] S. M. Volz et al., “Cryogenic on-orbit performance of the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer
(COBE)”, SPIE Vol. 1340 Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments IV (1990).
[7] M. F. Kesseler et al., The ISO Handbook, Vol I “ISO - Mission & Satellite Overview”, ESA
SAI/2000-035/Dc, Ver. 2 (Nov 2003).
[8] M. J. DiPirro et al., “The transfer of superfluid helium in space”, Cryogenics 1994 vol. 34 ICEC
supplement.
[9] S. Harrison, E. Ettlinger, G. Kaiser, et al. “Cryogenic system for a large superconducting magnet
in space”, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity Vol. 13 pp. 1381-1384.
[10] A. Nekano, D. Petrac and C. Paine, “He II liquid/vapour phase separator for large dynamic range
operation”, Cryogenics Vol. 36, pp. 823-827.
[11] A. Kent, “Experimental low-temperature physics”, Macmillan, pp. 54-57.
[12] S. Breon et al., “Operation of a Sunpower M87 cryocooler in a magnetic field”, Cryocoolers 12,
Edited by Ron Ross, Jr., Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 761-769, 2003.
[13] M. DiPirro, P. Shirron and J. Tuttle “Mass gauging and thermometry on the superfluid helium on-
orbit transfer flight demonstration”, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Vol. 39, pp. 129-136,
1994.
[14] A. Mord and H. Snyder, “Self-driven cooling loop for a large superconducting magnet in space”,
Cryogenics Vol. 32, pp. 205-211, 1992.
[15] G. Kaiser et al., “Thermo-mechanical superfluid helium pumps for Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
(AMS-02) mission”, Proceedings of the 19th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference,
pp. 523-526.
AMS-02/TRD
! "#"$
2.2 The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) !
!!
Figure 2.25: Computer generated view of the TRD on top of the magnet vacuum case.
!
%&'()*+*,(! &'-*'+*,(! ./0! *)! +12! 2324+&,5'6(2+*4! &'-*'+*,(! +1'+! *)! 25*++2-!712(! 41'&62-! 8'&+*432)!
+&'()92&)2!+12!:,;(-'&<!:2+722(!+7,!52-*'!7*+1!-*==2&2(+!-*2324+&*4!8&,82&+*2)!0/!'(-!0">!!?+!*)!+12!&2);3+!,=!+12! &2=,&5'+*,(! ,=! +12! 8'&+*432@)! =*23-!712(! +&'923*(6! =&,5!52-*;5!7*+1!0/! +,! '!52-*;5!7*+1! 0">! ! %12!8&,:':*3*+<! =,&! '! 8'&+*432! +,! 25*+! '! %A! 81,+,(! '+! '! )*(632! *(+2&='42! *)! 92&<! )5'33! B/C!"D>! ! %1*)! 4'(! :2!
)*6(*=*4'(+3<! 2(1'(42-! :<! '! 5;3+*3'<2&! )+&;4+;&2>! ! E,&! +12! FGH#C"I! +12! %&'()*+*,(! A'-*'+*,(! J2+24+,&!
B%AJD!*)!&2'3*K2-!:<!'!"C!55!+1*4L!=32242!71*41!*)!;)2-!')!&'-*'+,&>!!
%12!FGH#C"!%&'()*+*,(!A'-*'+*,(!J2+24+,&!*)!;(-2&!4,()+&;4+*,(!'+!AM%N#F'412(>!!%12!JFO!
2324+&,(*4)! '(-! 8,72&! )<)+25)! '&2! ;(-2&! +2)+! :<! %N#P'&3)&;12I! Q1;(6! H1'(! ?()+*+;+2! ,=! H4*2(42! '(-!
%241(,3,6<! BQH?H%D!'(-!P<;(68,,L!R'+*,('3!S(*92&)*+<>! !%12!6')!)<)+25! *)!:2*(6!:;*3+!:<!G?%!7*+1!
2324+&,(*4)!=&,5!?RER!A,52>!!!
E*6;&2!">"T!)1,7)!+12!%AJ!,(!+,8!,=!+12!5'6(2+!9'4;;5!4')2>!!F!41'&62-!8'&+*432!+&'92&)*(6!+1*)!
-2+24+,&!8&,-;42)!41'&'4+2&*)+*4!2324+&,5'6(2+*4! &'-*'+*,(!-282(-*(6!,(!*+)!5'))!'(-!2(2&6<>! !H*(42! +12!
8'&+*432!5,52(+;5!*)!-2+2&5*(2-!7*+1!+12!FGH#C"!)*3*4,(!+&'4L2&!:<!52');&*(6!+12!+&'U24+,&<!*()*-2!+12!
5'6(2+I! +12! -2+24+2-! +&'()*+*,(! &'-*'+*,(! B%AD! 4'(!:2!;)2-! +,!-*)+*(6;*)1!:2+722(!8'&+*432)!,=! -*==2&2(+!
5'))2)I!3*L2!8,)*+&,()!'(-!8&,+,()>!!!
AMS-02/TRD
!"#VC!
%12!%A!81,+,()!'&2!-2+24+2-! *(!)+&'7! +;:2)I! =*332-!7*+1!'!W2XQY"! BZC[X"C[D!6')!5*\+;&2! B)22!
E*6;&2!">"]D!'(-!,82&'+2-!'+!/]CC!^>!!M*+1!'!8&,:':*3*+<!,=!':,;+!TC[!%A!81,+,()!'&2!8&,-;42-!*(!+12!"C!
55!+1*4L!=32242!'(-!-2+24+2-!:<!+12!)+&'7>!%12!8&*(4*8'3!,=!%AJ)!*)!92&<!7233!;(-2&)+,,-!'(-!+12<!'&2!
;)2-! *(! 3'&62! 8'&+*432! 81<)*4)! 2\82&*52(+)! BF%_FH!."0! '+! Q`ARI! N`AF#a!.V0! '+! J`HbD>! ! %12! (27!
41'332(62!*)!+,!,82&'+2!);41!'!3'&62!6')!-2+24+,&!)'=23<!'(-!&23*':3<!*(!)8'42>!
!20
mm
6 mm
Xe/CO2
Fiber
Radiator
!!
Figure 2.26: The operating principal of the AMS-02 Transition Radiation Detector.
!
2.2.1 Mechanical Structure
?(! +,+'3! V"Z! %AJ! 5,-;32)I! 2'41! 4,(+'*(*(6! /]! )+&'7)I! ,=! 32(6+1)! :2+722(! C>Z! '(-! "!5! '&2!
'&&'(62-! *(! "C! 3'<2&)! 2'41! 7*+1! "C!55! ,=! C>C]!6c45V! 8,3<8&,8<32(2c8,3<2+1<32(2! /C!-5! =*:2&! =32242>!!%12!3,72&!'(-!;882&!=,;&!3'<2&)!'&2!,&*2(+2-!8'&'3323!+,!+12!FGH#C"!5'6(2+*4!=*23-!71*32!+12!5*--32!/"!
3'<2&)!&;(!82&82(-*4;3'&!+,!8&,9*-2!VJ!+&'4L*(6>!!%12<!'&2!);88,&+2-!:<!'!4,(*4'3!,4+'6,(I!')!)1,7(!*(!
E*6;&2!">"dI!5'-2!,=!'3;5*(;5#1,(2<4,5:!7'33)!7*+1!4'&:,(#=*:2&!)L*()!'(-!:;3L12'-)>!!F!5241'(*4'3!
8&24*)*,(! ,=! :2++2&! +1'(! /CC!-5! '));&2)! 6')! 6'*(! 1,5,62(2*+<! :2++2&! +1'(! /[>! ! Y(! +12! ,;+)*-2! ,=! +12!4,(*4'3! ,4+'6,(! )+&;4+;&2! '! 6&*-! )+&;4+;&2! B)22! E*6;&2!">"TDI! :;*3+! ,;+! ,=! 4'&:,(! =*:2&! +;:2)I! 7*33! :2!
'++'412-!+,!);88,&+!+12!)2&9*42)!B6')!+;:2)I!N^!4':32)I!)*6('3!4':32)D>!
F! 4,;832-! 3,'-! '('3<)*)! ,=! +12! 2(+*&2! %AJ! )+&;4+;&2!.e0! 1')! :22(! 4'&&*2-! ,;+! :<! 52'()! ,=! '!
-2+'*32-!E*(*+2!`3252(+!Q'34;3'+*,(>!!F)!+12!&2);3+!,=!+12!5,-'3!'('3<)*)!+12!=*&)+!('+;&'3!2*62(#=&2f;2(4<!
+;&()!,;+!+,!:2!Te!NKI!':,92!+12!&2f;*&2-!TC!NK>!!E*6;&2!">"Z!)1,7)I!=,&!+12!5,)+!4&*+*4'3!-*&24+*,(!KI!+12!
&23'+*92! -*)83'4252(+)>! !^'&*,;)! 2\82&*52(+'3! +2)+)! B)22!E*6;&2!">"$D! 1'92!:22(!;)2-! +,! 92&*=<!5'+2&*'3!
8&,82&+*2)!'(-!'('3<+*4'3!4'34;3'+*,()!.T0>!!!
!
AMS-02/TRD
! "#V/
!!
Figure 2.27: The TRD Octagon Support Structure.
!
!!
Figure 2.28: TRD modal analysis results.
AMS-02/TRD
!"#V"!
!!
Figure 2.29: Vibration test stand loaded with a TRD straw module at RWTH-Aachen.
!
F)!)1,7(!*(!E*6;&2!">VCI!+12!/]!)+&'7)!*(!2'41!5,-;32!'&2!:;*3+!,;+!,=! +7,!,92&3'88*(6!L'8+,(!
)+&*8)!4,92&2-!7*+1!'3;5*(;5!'(-!6&'81*+2!,(!,(2!)*-2!'(-!8,3<2+1<32(2!,(!+12!:'4L)*-2!'(-!'&2!7,;(-!
:'4L#+,#:'4L!'(-!12'+!)2'32-!+,!=,&5!)+&'7!+;:2)!,=!">"!5!*(!32(6+1I!]!55!*(!-*'52+2&!'(-!d"!-5!7'33!+1*4L(2))>! !H*\+22(!)+&'7)!'&2!;)2-!+,!:;*3-!'!5,-;32>! !H*\!3,(6*+;-*('3!4'&:,(!)+*==2(2&)!'(-!'--*+*,('3!
4'&:,(! )+&*8)! &;((*(6! '4&,))! +12! 5,-;32! 292&<! /C!45! '));&2! 5241'(*4'3! &*6*-*+<! +,! 7*+1)+'(-! 3';(41!
9*:&'+*,()>! !%12!)+&'7)!'&2!43,)2-!7*+1!+7,!8,3<4'&:,('+2!2(-8*242)I!71*41!8&,9*-2! +12!6')#);883<!'(-!
42(+2&!+12!Q;#%2!4&*58#83;6)!.]0!+,!1,3-!+12!VC!-5!6,3-!83'+2-!+;(6)+2(!7*&2)!+2()*,(2-!7*+1!/!R>!!%12!8&24*)*,(!,=!+12!7*&2!8,)*+*,(*(6!7')!92&*=*2-!7*+1!'!1*61#&2),3;+*,(!4,58;+2&#+,5,6&'81<#)4'(!')!)1,7(!
*(!E*6;&2!">V/!'(-!7')!=,;(-!+,!:2!7*+1*(!VC!-5>!!
!
Figure 2.30: AMS-02 TRD module with 16 straw tubes.
!
!!
Figure 2.31: TRD Module Computer Tomography. The straw
walls and the central wires are clearly visible.
AMS-02/TRD
! "#VV
%12!,8+*5*K2-!FGH#C"!%AJ!-2)*6(!7*+1!'!-*'52+2&!,=!">"!5!'(-!T"eZ!)+&'7!+;:2)!'&&'(62-!*(!
"C!3'<2&)!72*61)!32))!+1'(!TCC!L6!B)22!%':32!">"D> !
!
Component Weight [kg]
A'-*'+,&! ]C!
H+&'7!%;:2!G,-;32)! Te!
Y4+'6,(! //e!
H;88,&+IH1*23-*(6!'(-!H2&9*42)! /CC!
W2XQY"! Te!
g')!H<)+25! ]V!
Q&'+2!`324+&,(*4)! TV!
Total 498
!
Table 2.2: Breakdown of the TRD weight.
!
!
2.2.2 Module Construction and Quality Control
%12!6')!+*61+(2))!,=!+12!)+&'7!5,-;32)!*)!+12!5,)+!4&*+*4'3!-2)*6(!*));2>!!%12!'9'*3':32!);883*2)!,=!
6')I!e$>T!L6!,=!W2!'(-!e>T!L6!,=!QY"I!7*33!1'92! +,! 3')+! =,&! +1&22!<2'&)!,=!,82&'+*,(>! !S)*(6!')!)+'(-'&-!
4,(-*+*,()!/!:'&!'(-!"$Z!PI!+1*)!4,&&2)8,(-)!+,!Ze"C!3!,=!W2!'(-!"TVC!3!,=!QY">!!%12!QY"!32'L!&'+2!=,&!
,(2!52+2&!,=!)+&'7+;:2!7')!52');&2-!+,!:2!C>"V!\!/C]!3!5:'&c)!7*+1!+12!%AJ!6')!W2XQY"!ZCX"C!5*\+;&2!
BE*6;&2!">V"D>! ! %1*)! 32'L! &'+2! *)! '++&*:;+2-! +,! -*==;)*,(! +1&,;61! +12! )+&'7! 7'33)>! ! ?+! 4,&&2)8,(-)! +,!
/>ZT!\!/CT!3!5:'&c)! 82&!5,-;32#52+2&! ,&! $>V!\!/C!V!3!5:'&c)! =,&! +12! =;33! %AJ! BTCC!5,-;32!52+2&)D>! ! F!
)*(632! 8,3<#4'&:,('+2! 2(-8*242! 1')! '!QY"! 32'L! &'+2! ,=! C>$!\!/C!T!3!5:'&c)I! =,&! '33! V"Zh"! 2(-8*242)! +1*)!
+,+'3)! +,! T>$!\!/C!V!3!5:'&c)>! ! H;55*(6I! +12! +,+'3! %AJ! QY"! 32'L! &'+2! ,=! />T!\!/C!"!3!5:'&c)! 7,;3-!
4,&&2)8,(-!+,!'!3,))!,=!QY"!,92&!V!<2'&)!,=!"Zd!3!,&!'!i)'=2+<!='4+,&j!,=!Z>Z!7*+1!&2)824+!+,!+12!QY"!);883<>!!
E':&*4'+2-!%AJ!5,-;32)!'&2!'4428+2-!*=!+12<!1'92!7*+1!'!QY"!)'=2+<!='4+,&!:2++2&!+1'(!e>!!%1*)!4'(!,(3<!
:2!'));&2-!:<!+2)+*(6!2'41!,=!+12!T"eZ!)+&'7)!*(-*9*-;'33<!:2=,&2!8&,-;4*(6!'!5,-;32!.d0>!!
F!)*(632!)+&'7!+2)+!)+'(-!BE*6;&2!">VVD!1')!:22(!-2923,82-!712&2!123*;5!*)!;)2-!+,!'41*292!=')+!
'(-!'44;&'+2!52');&252(+)>!!k2&!52+2&!,=!5,-;32I!'!123*;5!32'L!&'+2!,=!/C!\!/C#T!3!5:'&c) 4,&&2)8,(-)!+,!
+12!+'&62+!)'=2+<!='4+,&!,=!e!=,&!QY"!BE*6;&2!">VeD>!!F!)+&'7!*)!63;2-!6')!+*61+!'+!,(2!2(-!;)*(6!'!:&'))!83;6>!!
F!)+223!+;:2!*)!63;2-!+,!+12!,+12&!2(-I!)2&9*(6!')!'!6')!*(32+>!!%12!)+&'7!*)!83'42-!*()*-2!'(!2\+2&('3!9,3;52!
71*41! *)!5'-2!6')! +*61+!7*+1! '! 3*-! '(-!Y#&*(6>! !%1*)!9,3;52! *)! 4,((24+2-! +,! '! &2=2&2(42!9,3;52!9*'! '!
9'392! '(-! '! -*==2&2(+*'3! 8&2));&2! )2(),&>! ! %12! 9,3;52)! '&2! *(! +12&5'3! 4,(+'4+! '(-! +12! +2582&'+;&2! *)!
5,(*+,&2->! ! F=+2&! *()+'33'+*,(I! +12! 9'392! *)! ,82(2-! :&*2=3<! +,! 2f;'3*K2! +12! 8&2));&2! :2+722(! +12! +7,!
9,3;52)>! !%12(! +12!)+&'7!*)! =*332-!7*+1!123*;5!'+!'!8&2));&2!,=!">Z!:'&>! !N23*;5!6')!2(+2&)! +12!2\+2&('3!
9,3;52!-;2!+,!-*==;)*,(!+1&,;61!+12!)+&'7!7'33)!,&!-;2!+,!5'4&,)4,8*4! 32'L)>! !%12!-*==2&2(+*'3!8&2));&2!
*(4&2')2!*)!52');&2-!'(-!+12!32'L!&'+2!4'(!:2!-2+2&5*(2-!'=+2&!'!82&*,-!,=!T!5*(;+2)!BE*6;&2!">VTD>!
!
AMS-02/TRD
!"#Ve!
!!
Figure 2.32: Xe:CO2 leak rate measured with a mass spectrometer with three 1.3 m long straws.
!
!!
Figure 2.33: AMS-02 TRD single straw test stand.
!
AMS-02/TRD
! "#VT
F!-2+'*32-!-2)4&*8+*,(!,=!+12!)+&'7!5,-;32!8&,-;4+*,(!4'(!:2!=,;(-!*(!.ZI$0>!!F=+2&!=':&*4'+*,(!'33!
)+&'7!5,-;32)!;(-2&6,!+12!=,33,7*(6!+2)+)X!
+ k&2));&2!-&,8!+2)+X!%12!QY"!32'L!&'+2!,=!2'41!)+&'7!5,-;32!*)!52');&2-!:<!'!8&2));&2!-&,8!+2)+!'+!
/>d!:'&!*(!'!9'4;;5!92))23>!!F)!)1,7(!*(!E*6;&2!">V]I!+12!)'=2+<!='4+,&!'92&'62-!,92&!'33!5,-;32)!
)2324+2-!=,&!=3*61+!*)!d>$>!!%1*)!7,;3-!'33,7!;8!+,!"C!<2'&)!,=!,82&'+*,(!,(!+12!?HH>!!!
+ J'&L! 4;&&2(+X!%12! )+&'7)!5;)+! ,82&'+2!7*+1,;+! '(<! )*6(*=*4'(+! Bl! /!(FD! -'&L! 4;&&2(+! '+! '! 1*61!
9,3+'62!,=!/TCC!^!7*+1!F&XQY"!BZCX"CD>!!!
+ TTE2!6')!6'*(!1,5,62(2*+<! BE*6;&2!">VdDX! !%12!6')!6'*(!')! '! =;(4+*,(!,=! +12!8,)*+*,(!'3,(6! +12!
)+&'7)!*)!52');&2-!=,&!2'41!)+&'7!,=!+12!5,-;32!71*32!*+!*)!5,;(+2-!,(!'!8&24*)*,(!6&'(*+2!:3,4L!
+,! 2();&2! =3'+(2))>! ! %12! )+&'7! )*6('3)! '&2! 4';)2-! :<! 4,(92&+2-! T>$!L2^! 81,+,()! =&,5! '(! TTE2!
),;&42>!!%12!52');&2-!6')!6'*(!-*)82&)*,(!*)!&2f;*&2-!+,!:2!32))!+1'(!/>T![>!!
H8'42!f;'3*=*4'+*,(!+2)+)!1'92!:22(!4'&&*2-!,;+!=,&!2*61+!C>d!5!3,(6!)+&'7!5,-;32)>!!%12!5,-;32)!
;(-2&72(+!9*:&'+*,(!+2)+)!B'!C>T!6!)*(2!)7228!=,33,72-!:<!'!]>Z!6&5)!&'(-,5!+2)+!=,33,72-!'6'*(!:<!'!C>T!6!
)*(2!)7228DI!Z!4<432!+12&5,#9'4;;5!+2)+)!B)22!E*6;&2!">VZDI!:2+722(!!eC!!'(-!m]C!,QI!=,33,72-!'6'*(!:<!9*:&'+*,(!+2)+)>!!R,!)*6(*=*4'(+!41'(62)!*(!6')!+*61+(2))I!6')!6'*(!,&!2*62(#=&2f;2(4*2)!72&2!,:)2&92->!!!
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
leaky modules
flight modules
flight modules
Safety Factor CO
He
leak
rat
e (1
0-5
l mba
r/s/
m)
2, Vacuum
SF=3
SF=4
!!
Figure 2.34: Correlation between measured He and CO2 leak rates for modules that
underwent different processing methods. %12! ,82(! 4*&432)! &28&2)2(+!
5,-;32)!712&2! +12! *(-*9*-;'3! )+&'7)!72&2! +2)+2-!:2=,&2!'))25:3<I! =,&! +12!
5,-;32)!-2(,+2-!:<!43,)2-!4*&432)!+12<!72&2!(,+>!!R,+2!+1'+!,(3<!5,-;32)!
7*+1!'!)'=2+<!='4+,&!6&2'+2&!+1'(!e!'&2!;)2-!=,&!=3*61+>
AMS-02/TRD
!"#V]!
!!
Figure 2.35: Leak rate measurement of 3 straws, one acceptable,
two above the limit 10x10-5
l mbar/s/m (safety factor 4).
!
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Entries
Mean
RMS
332
7.934
1.673
Safety Factor CO2, Vacuum
!!
Figure 2.36: Straw module production: safety factor CO2.
Mo
du
les
AMS-02/TRD
! "#Vd
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Entries
Mean
RMS
316
1.456
0.5369
RMS Gasgain ArCO2 [%]
Figure 2.37: Straw module production status: Gas gain homogeneity
using Ar:CO2 (80:20) at a nominal gas gain of 3000.
Figure 2.38: TRD thermal vacuum test of 4 straw detector modules.
Mod
ule
s
!
AMS-02/TRD
!"#VZ!
2.2.3 TRD Electronics
%,! )28'&'+2! 8&,+,()! =&,5!8,)*+&,()I! 2+4I! '(,-2! )*6('3)! =&,5! *,(*K'+*,(! 3,))2)! '3,(2! 1'92! +,! :2!
-*)+*(6;*)12-!2==*4*2(+3<!=&,5!)*6('3)!4,(+'*(*(6!:,+1!+1*)!2(2&6<!-28,)*+!'(-!':),&:2-!%A!81,+,()!7*+1!'!
8;3)2!12*61+! &2'-,;+>! !%12! )*6('3)!,=! '33! )+&'7! +;:2)!'&2!-*6*+*K2-!'=+2&! '! )*6('3! =&,5! +12!62(2&'3!FGH!
+&*662&!'(-!=*3+2&2-!*(!+12!=*&)+!)+28!,=!-'+'!&2-;4+*,(>!!!Y(3<!6,,-!1*+)I!-2=*(2-!')!V"!':,92!+12!(,*)2!32923!
,&!':,;+!,(2! +2(+1! +12!)*6('3! 32=+!:<!'!)*(63<!41'&62-!5*(*5;5!*,(*K*(6!8'&+*432! BG?kDI!'&2!)2(+! +,! +12!
1*612&!32923)!)<)+25!,=!FGH!-'+'!'4f;*)*+*,(!BJFOD!)<)+25>!!!
%12! JFO! )<)+25! ,=! +12! %AJI! E*6;&2!">V$I! *)! -*9*-2-! *(+,! =&,(+! 2(-! 2324+&,(*4)I! 71*41! '&2!
5,;(+2-!-*&24+3<!,(! +12!-2+24+,&I! +7,!S#Q&'+2)I!71*41!1,)+! +12!JFO!'(-!)3,7!4,(+&,3!:,'&-)!'(-! +7,!
SkJ)!*(!71*41!+12!"Z!^JQ!);883*2-!=&,5!+12!kJH!*)!+&'()=,&52-!*(!+,!+12!3,7!9,3+'62)!(22-2-!:<!+12!
,+12&!%AJ!2324+&,(*4)>!!!
!
UPDUCrateFront End
Temp. meas.
to UGcrate
UFE
Trigger / DAQ
UTEUHVD
DataUDR2
UPSFE
JINF
UHVG
UPDfilter
Power / Data
HV
from / to
Ctrl PowerUBP
S90xxDC / DC
28VDC from PDS
Octagon
!!
Figure 2.39: Overview of the TRD data acquisition system.
!
F3+,62+12&!+1*)!2324+&,(*4)!4,();52)!32))!+1'(!/CC!M!B"CI!e"!'(-!VT!M!*(!+12!=&,(+!2(-I!S#Q&'+2)!
'(-!SkJ)D! +,!8,72&I! &2'-,;+! '(-! 4,(+&,3! +12!T"eZ!41'((23)!,=! +12!%AJ>! !%12! =&,(+! 2(-!2324+&,(*4)! *)!
-2923,82-I!:;*3+!'(-!+2)+2-!*(!F'412(>!!%12!S#Q&'+2!'(-!SkJ!'&2!U,*(+3<!-2923,82-!:<!F'412(I!P'&3)&;12!
'(-!G?%!'(-!7*33!:2!8&,-;42-!'(-!)8'42!f;'3*=*2-!'+!+12!Q1;(6#H1'(!?()+*+;+2!,=!H4*2(42!'(-!%241(,3,6<!
BQH?H%DI!%'*7'(>!!%12!9'&*,;)!)+28)!,=!+12!-2923,852(+!=&,5!=*&)+!8&,+,+<82)!+1&,;61!+12!f;'3*=*4'+*,(!,=!
+12!=3*61+!;(*+)!'&2!-2)4&*:2-!*(!n">Z>T>!!!
i) Front End electronics
`'41!,=! +12!V"Z!)+&'7!5,-;32)! *)!2f;*882-!7*+1!'!S%`!:,'&-!71*41!-*)+&*:;+2)! +12!N^! +,! +12!
)*6('3!7*&2)!'(-!:&*(6)!,;+! +12!)*6('3)!9*'!'!)1,&+!)*\+22(!=,3-!+7*)+2-!8'*&!4':32!+,!+12!=&,(+!2(-!:,'&-!
BSE`D>!!E,;&!)+&'7!5,-;32)!7*+1!+12*&!S%`!:,'&-)!'&2!4,5:*(2-!*(!'!6&,;8!,&!i+,72&j>!!`'41!,=!+12!Z"!
+,72&)!*)!);883*2-!:<!'!)28'&'+2!N^!41'((23!'(-!&2'-!,;+!:<!,(2!SE`!:,'&->!!%12!N^!=,&!'!+,72&!'&&*92)!
'+!'!SN^J!:,'&-!'(-!*)!-*)+&*:;+2-!+,!+12!=,;&!S%`!:,'&-)>!!
%12!SE`!:,'&-I!)1,7(!*(!E*6;&2!">eCI!*)!:')2-!,(!^F!'('3,6!5;3+*832\2&)!./C0>!!?+!*)!2f;*882-!
7*+1!'!)2&*'3!/"#:*+!'('3,6!+,!-*6*+'3!4,(92&+2&)!BFJQD!'(-!4,92&)!'!-<('5*4!&'(62!,=!eC!G?k)!B'+!'!6')!
6'*(!,=!VCCCD>!!%12!&2'-,;+!+*52I!*(43;-*(6!+12!-*6*+*K'+*,(!,=!+12!]e!4,((24+2-!41'((23)I!*)!Zd!o)>!!!
AMS-02/TRD
! "#V$
!!
Figure 2.40: TRD Frontend readout board, UFE.
!
%12! 5,;(+*(6! ,=! +12! =&,(+! 2(-! 2324+&,(*4)! -*&24+3<! ,(! +12! ,4+'6,(I! *()*-2! +12! 5;3+*#3'<2&!
*();3'+*,(!BG_?DI!'));&2)!'(!2324+&*4'3!)1*23-*(6!71*41!L228)!+12!(,*)2!32923!:23,7!"!FJQ!41'((23)>!!%12!
-*))*8'+2-!12'+!L228)!+12!52'(!%AJ!+2582&'+;&2!:2+722(!!/T!'(-!mVT!,Q>!!F33!+12!=&,(+!2(-!:,'&-)!1'92!:22(!)8'42#f;'3*=*2-!7*+1!+12!)+&'7+;:2!5,-;32)>!!?(!'--*+*,(!+,!9*:&'+*,(!'(-!+12&5'3!9'4;;5!+2)+)I!+12!
2324+&,5'6(2+*4! *(+2&=2&2(42! 7')! 52');&2-! 7*+1! =,;&! />e!5! 5,-;32)! 5,;(+2-! *(! '! 4'&:,(#
=*:2&c'3;5*(;5#1,(2<4,5:!:,\!B')!+12!%AJ!,4+'6,(D!7&'882-!*(!G_?!=,*3>!%1*)!*(43;-2-!1*61!=&2f;2(4<!
25*))*,(! '(-! );)428+*:*3*+<! )+;-*2)>! ! E*6;&2!">e/! )1,7)! '(! '4428+':32! %AJ! =&,(+2(-! &2'-,;+! 25*))*,(!
)824+&;5!'=+2&!'88&,8&*'+2!)1*23-*(6>!!!
%2582&'+;&2!52');&252(+)!*()*-2!+12!,4+'6,(!'&2!5'-2!7*+1!-*6*+'3!+2582&'+;&2!)2(),&)!BJ'33')!
JH/ZH"CDI!71*41!'&2!'++'412-!+,!+12!Sg#Q&'+2!B)22!n!">">T>*D>!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.41: TRD Frontend electromagnetic emission test results.
!
! !
AMS-02/TRD
!"#eC!
ii) U-Crate
`'41!,=! +12!+7,!S#Q&'+2)!4,(+'*()! +12!-'+'!'4f;*)*+*,(!)<)+25I!+12!-*)+&*:;+*,(!,=!3,7!'(-!1*61!
9,3+'62!+,!+12!=&,(+!2(-!2324+&,(*4)!'(-!+12!4,(+&,3!,=!'33!:,'&-)!'(-!9,3+'62)!=,&!1'3=!+12!%AJ>!!%12!=&,(+!
2(-!2324+&,(*4)!*)!4,((24+2-!+,!)*\!:,'&-)!BSJA"D!71*41!8&,9*-2!+12!=*&)+!32923!,=!-'+'!&2-;4+*,(>!!%1*)!
+<82! ,=! :,'&-! 4,()*)+)! ,=! '! -;'3! &2-;(-'(+! 4,55,(! -*6*+'3! 8'&+! BQJkD! '(-! '! -2+24+,&! -282(-'(+! 8'&+!
BJJkD>!!!
!
DSP
PROM
Mem.
DSP
PROM
Mem.
Sequencer Sequencer
!2.0V+2.0V{4x
Tri
gg
erB
usy
Tri
gg
erB
usy
Dat
a
ISO
Dat
aC
om
man
ds/
Co
mm
and
s/
CLK
Reg
iste
r
Reg
iste
r
DAC
ISO
DAC
4x4x
CLK
SSF SSF
UFE
Digital Power+3.3V
JIN FUPSFE UP D
DACDAC
UPSFE
GateArray
GateArray
AM
Sw
ire
AM
Sw
ire
JIN F
CDP_a CDP_b
DDP
UFE UFE UFE UFE UFE UFE
Ctrl
!!
Figure 2.42: Design of the TRD data reduction board, UDR2.
!
%12!QJk!4,55;(*4'+2)!7*+1!+12!1*612&!32923)!,=!+12!FGH!JFO!)<)+25!9*'!'!1*61!)822-!)2&*'3!
3*(LI!FGH7*&2I!+1&,;61!+12!p?RE!:,'&->!!!%12!JJk!*)!'(!*(+2&='42!:2+722(!+12!4,55,(!-*6*+'3!8'&+!,=!+12!
SJA"!'(-!+12!SE`!:,'&-)>!!N2&2!+12!)*6('3)!=,&!+12!&2'-,;+!)2f;2(42!'&2!+&'()=2&&2-!+,!+12!SE`!:,'&-!
9*'!-24,;83*(6!41*8)!B?HYD!+,!'-U;)+!+12!-*==2&2(+!9,3+'62!32923)!,=!+12!QJk!BmV>V!^JQD!'(-!+12!=&,(+!2(-!
Bq">C!^JQD>!!F!-*6*+'3!+,!'('3,6!4,(92&+2&!BJFQD!=,&!4'3*:&'+*,(!8&,42-;&2)!*)!'3),!*(43;-2->!!E,&!2'41!
+&*662&I!2'41!SJA"!&2'-)!+12!-'+'!,=!d!SE`)!BeeZ!/"!:*+!7,&-)D!'(-!82&=,&5)!-'+'!&2-;4+*,(!:<!82-2)+'3!
);:+&'4+*,(!'(-!K2&,!);88&2))*,(!'(-!'++'412)!'!62,6&'81*4'3!'--&2))>!!a24';)2!,=!+12!'&&'(6252(+!,=!+12!
&2'-,;+!*(!e!3'<2&!+,72&)I!+<8*4'33<!,(3<!,(2!SE`!82&!SJA"!7*33!1'92!9'3*-!1*+)>!!
Y+12&!:,'&-)!*(!2'41!,=!+12!S#Q&'+2)!62(2&'+2!'(-!4,(+&,3!)+':32!3,7!'(-!1*61!9,3+'62)!=,&!+12!e/!
+,72&)>! ! %1*)! *)! '&&'(62-! *(! +1&22! 8,72&! 6&,;8)I! 2'41! 4,(+'*(*(6! /V! ,&! /e! +,72&)I! +7,! SJA")I! ,(2!
SkHE`I!=,&!+12!3,7!9,3+'62!4,(+&,3!'(-!+7,!SN^g!=,&!+12!1*61!9,3+'62!62(2&'+*,(>!%12!SkHE`!4,()*)+)!
,=! )292(! -;'3! &2-;(-'(+! 3*(2'&! &26;3'+,&)! B_AD!71*41! )+':*3*K2! +12! 9,3+'62)! -23*92&2-! +,! +12! SE`! '(-!
8&,+24+!'6'*()+!,92&!4;&&2(+!'(-!;(-2&!9,3+'62>!!`'41!_A!4'(!:2!)7*+412-!,==!9*'!'!4,55'(->!!%12!SN^g!
:,'&-)!4,(+'*(!)292(!-;'3!&2-;(-'(+!Q,4L&,=+#M'3+,(!2329'+,&)!*(!71*41!/"C!^JQ!*)!5;3+*83*2-!*(!'!/]!
AMS-02/TRD
! "#e/
)+'62!-*,-2!4'8'4*+,&!4')4'-2>!!Q,(+&,3!*)!8&,9*-2-!:<!'(!GN^/CC!'883*4'+*,(!)824*=*4!*(+26&'+2-!4*&4;*+!
BFH?QDI!-2923,82-!:<!_2Q&,<!A2)2'&41!H<)+25)!)824*=*4'33<!=,&!FGH>!!!
%12!p?RE!:,'&-!'3),!)2&92)!')!'!4,55'(-!'(-!5,(*+,&*(6!*(+2&='42! +,! +12!SkHE`I!SN^g!'(-!
+12!SkJ!;)*(6!]!)2&*'3!:;))2)>!!!
!
! iii) UPD
%12!SkJ!1,)+)!'(!*(8;+c,;+8;+!=*3+2&!BH$C//aD!'+!+12!"Z^JQ!=22-!*(8;+!)*-2I!'!-,;:32!&2-;(-'(+!
4,(+&,332&!:,'&-!BH$C//FSD!'(-!JQ#JQ!4,(92&+2&)>!!Y(2!H$CTV!62(2&'+2)!mV>V!^JQ!=,&!'33!-*6*+'3!8'&+)!
*(!+12!S4&'+2!'(-!+12!H$C//FS>!!%1&22!H$CeZ!62(2&'+2!q">]!^JQ!=,&!+12!=&,(+2(-!'(-!+12!JJk>!!%1&22!
H$CT]!62(2&'+2!m/"C!^JQ!')!*(8;+!9,3+'62!+,!+12!Q,4L&,=+#M'3+,(!2329'+,&!'(-!mT>C!^JQ!=,&!+12!GN^!
4,(+&,332&>! !F33! +12!JQ#JQ!4,(92&+2&)! '&2! -;'3! &2-;(-'(+! ;(*+)>! ! %12! '4+*92! ;(*+! 4'(! *)! 4,(+&,332-! '(-!
5,(*+,&2-!:<!+12!H$C//FS>!!!
2.2.4 Thermal Model
%12!+12&5'3!)+':*3*+<!,=!+12!%AJ!*)!2))2(+*'3!=,&!+12!82&=,&5'(42!,=!+12!-2+24+,&!')!+2582&'+;&2!
9'&*'+*,()!41'(62!+12!6')!-2()*+<!'(-!12(42!+12!6')!6'*(>!!%,!L228!+12)2!9'&*'+*,()!:23,7!+12!=27!82&42(+!
32923I! 4,58'&':32! +,! +12!5,-;32! +,!5,-;32! *(+2'3*:&'+*,(!;(42&+'*(+*2)!-*)4;))2-!:23,7I! +2582&'+;&2!
6&'-*2(+)!7*+1*(! +12!%AJ!)1,;3-!(,+!2\422-!//!,Q>! !%12! +12&5'3!4,(+&,3! )+;-<!1')!:22(!82&=,&52-!:<!YNa!H<)+25I!a&252(I!g2&5'(<>!
%,!L228! +12! )8'+*'3! '(-! +258,&'3! ,&:*+! +2582&'+;&2! 6&'-*2(+! :23,7!/!,Q! +12!%AJ!7*33! :2! =;33<!4,92&2-! *(!5;3+*#3'<2&#*();3'+*,(! BG_?DI! *(43;-*(6! +12! =&,(+! 2(-! 2324+&,(*4)>! !F! +12&5'3! )*5;3'+*,(! =,&!
,&:*+!8'&'52+2&)!71*41!7*33!6*92!+12!1*612)+!%AJ!+2582&'+;&2!)7*(6!')!)1,7(!*(!E*6;&2!">eV!8&,92)!+12!
2==24+*92(2))!,=!+1*)!'88&,'41>!!R,(2+1232))I!+1*)!7*33!:2!:'4L2-!;8!:<!'!=;33!)4'32!+12&5'3!9'4;;5!+2)+>!!
!
!
Figure 2.43: TRD thermal simulation.
2.2.5 Gas System
%12!62(2&'3!3'<,;+!,=!+12!FGH#C"!%AJ!6')!)<)+25!*)!)1,7(!*(!E*6;&2!">ee>!!a,\!H!1,3-)!+12!W2!
'(-!QY"!)+,&'62!92))23)!7*+1!);==*4*2(+!6')!=,&!+12!V#T!<2'&!FGH#C"!5*))*,(!7*+1!'!)'=2+<!5'&6*(!,=!=,;&>!!
?+! 8&,9*-2)!a,\!Q!7*+1!8&25*\2-!6')! =&,5!'! 3*5*+2-! +&'()=2&!9,3;52! Br/! 3*+2&D!;(-2&! 4,58;+2&! 4,(+&,3!
-'*3<>! ! a,\!Q! 4,(+'*()! 8;58)! '(-! 9'392)! +,! 4,(+&,3! +12! 6')! 4*&4;3'+*,(>! ! ?+! '3),!5,(*+,&)! 6')! f;'3*+<>!
G'(*=,3-)! -*)+&*:;+2! +12! 6')! +,! +12! T"eZ! 8&,8,&+*,('3! 7*&2! +;:2)I! 71*41! '&2! '&&'(62-! *(! e/! 8'&'3323!
)2652(+)>!!!
!
AMS-02/TRD
!"#e"!
Figure 2.44: AMS-02 TRD gas system general layout.
a,\2)! H! '(-! Q! '&2! 5,;(+2-! :21*(-! '! -2:&*)! )1*23-! ,(! +12! SHH! ,(! +12! 7'L2! )*-2! ,=! FGH!
BE*6;&2!">eTD>! %12! 5'(*=,3-)! '&2! 5,;(+2-! ,(! +12! ;882&! 8'&+)! ,=! +12! &'5! '(-! 7'L2! )*-2)! ,=! +12! %AJ!
,4+'6,(I! *()*-2! *+)! +12&5'3! 2(43,);&2>! ! %,! L228! +12! ),32(,*-! 9'392)! *(!a,\2)! H! '(-!Q! ':,92! T!,QI! +12!'))25:3<!*)!2(43,)2-!*(!G_?!'(-!+12!9'392!:3,4L)!'&2!=*++2-!7*+1!12'+2&)>!!N2'+2&)!'&2!'3),!5,;(+2-!,(!+12!
6')!+'(L)!+,!L228!+125!':,92!+12!4&*+*4'3!+2582&'+;&2)!,=!W2!B/d!,Q!D!'(-!QY"!BV/!,QDI!),!+1'+!+12!'5,;(+!,=!6')!&25'*(*(6!4'(!:2!52');&2-!:<!+12!8&2));&2>!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.45: Location of TRD Gas system elements
%12! )4125'+*4! =,&! a,\!H! *)! )1,7(! *(! E*6;&2!">e]>! ! %7,! )+,&'62! 92))23)! )+,&2! +12! \2(,(! '(-!
4'&:,(! -*,\*-2! )28'&'+23<>! ! %7,!5*\*(6! 4*&4;*+)! 4,(92<! +12! 6')2)! +,! +12!5*\*(6! 92))23! 712&2! +12! eX/!
5*\+;&2!*)!5'-2!;)*(6!8'&+*'3!8&2));&2)!*(!k"'!'(-!k":>!!F!)<)+25!,=!9'392)!+12(!'33,7)!+12!+&'()=2&!,=!+12!
6')!=&,5!+12!5*\*(6!92))23!+,!a,\!Q>!!F+!'33!8,*(+)I!+12!9'392)!1'92!'!+7,!=,3-!&2-;(-'(4<>!!
AMS-02/TRD
! "#eV
!!
Figure 2.46: Schematics of Box S, Box C, and one of the 41 Manifold segments.!
AMS-02/TRD
!"#ee!
_2'L#:2=,&2#:;&)+!92))23)!2();&2!)'=2+<!*(!+12!292(+!,=!1*61!+2582&'+;&2)!4';)*(6!,92&!8&2));&2!*(!
+12!92))23)!-;&*(6!'!+*52!712(!6')!4'((,+!:2!92(+2-I!);41!')!712(!+12!)<)+25!1')!(,!2324+&*4'3!8,72&>!
E*6;&2!">e]!'3),!)1,7)!+12!a,\!Q!)4125'+*4>!!g')!=&,5!a,\!H!8'))2)!+1&,;61!+12!+&'()=2&!9'392)!
^]'! '(-!^]:>! !Y(2!,=! +7,!8;58)! 4*&4;3'+2! +12!6')! +1&,;61! +12!%AJ!9,3;52! *(!,&-2&! +,!L228! +12!6')!
5*\2-!'(-!'33,7!+12!QY"!)2(),&!'(-!6'*(!5,(*+,&!+;:2)!+,!'))2))!+12!8&,82&+*2)!,=!+12!6')>!!%12!8;58)!
'(-!QY"!)2(),&!'&2!5,;(+2-! *()*-2!'!6')! +*61+!92))23s! *(! +12!292(+!,=!'!8;58!,&!9'392!='*3;&2I!8&2));&2!
*(+26&*+<!,=!+12!)<)+25!7*33!(,+!:2!3,)+>!!
Y(2! ,=! +12! e/!5'(*=,3-! )2652(+)! *)! )1,7(! )4125'+*4'33<! '+! +12! :,++,5! ,=! E*6;&2!">e]>! ! `'41!
5'(*=,3-! )2652(+!1')! +7,!:*#)+':32!9'392)!'(-!,(2!8&2));&2! )2(),&! '+! 2'41!2(->! !%12!9'392)!'33,7! +12!
*),3'+*,(!,=!'!%AJ!)2652(+!*(!4')2!'!32'L!,44;&)!'(-!+12!8&2));&2!)2(),&)!'33,7!-2+24+*,(!,=!32'L)!=&,5!
8&2));&2!-*==2&2(+*'3!4';)2-!:<!':(,&5'3!=3,7>!!F33!9'392)!'&2!4,58;+2&!4,(+&,332-X!!?=!+12&2!*)!'!3'&62!32'L!
*(!'(<!)2652(+I!+1'+!)2652(+!*)!43,)2-!:<!+12!4,(+&,3!4,58;+2&>!!?=!+12&2!*)!'!3'&62!8&2));&2!-&,8!'+!kV!,&!
ke!*(!a,\!QI!'33!9'392)!'&2!43,)2-!:<!+12!6')!)<)+25!2324+&,(*4)I!292(!*=!+12!4,58;+2&!*)!(,+!&;((*(6>!
i) TRD Gas system electronics
%12!6')!4,(+&,3!)<)+25!,=!+12!%AJ!*)!'(!2))2(+*'3!=,&!+12!82&=,&5'(42!,=!+12!-2+24+,&>!%,!,:+'*(!
+12!&2f;*&2-!-*)4&*5*('+*(6!8,72&I!'!)+&*(62(+!4,(+&,3!,=!6')!8'&'52+2&)!*)!(242))'&<>!!E,&!2\'5832I!'!V!tQ!
41'(62! ,=! +2582&'+;&2! 4';)2)! /[! 6')! -2()*+<! 9'&*'+*,(I! 71*41! 4,&&2)8,(-)! '88&,\*5'+23<! +,! T[! 6'*(!
9'&*'+*,(>! ! %12&2=,&2! +12! -2)*6(! ,=! +12! 4,(+&,3! )<)+25! 522+)! +*61+! &2f;*&252(+)! =,&! )'=2+<! '(-!
&23*':*3*+<!./"0>!!%12!62(2&'3!3'<,;+!,=!+12!4,(+&,3!)<)+25!*)!)1,7(!*(!E*6;&2!">ed>!!%12!)<)+25!*)!-2)*6(2-!
*(!+1&22!32923)>!!F+!+12!3,72)+!32923I!1'&-7'&2!*(+2&3,4L)!2();&2!+1'+!+12!)<)+25!7*33!5'*(+'*(!+12!6')!*(!+12!
%AJ!*(!'!6,,-!4,(-*+*,(I!8&292(+*(6!'(<!;(4,(+&,332-! 32'L)I!,92&8&2));&2)I!2+4>! !%12!(2\+! 32923I!71*41!
,82&'+2)! *(! +12! SHQGI! '33,7)! +12! )<)+25! +,! ';+,(,5,;)3<! ,8+*5*K2! +12! 82&=,&5'(42! ,=! +12! 6')!
8'&'52+2&)!7*+1*(! )+&*4+! 3*5*+)>! ! %12! +1*&-! 32923! ,82&'+2)! *(! +12!5'*(! 4,58;+2&! BpGJQD! =,&! 1*61! 32923!
5,(*+,&*(6!'(-!4,(+&,3>!!!
%12!pGJQ!*)!-*)4;))2-!*(!n!">Z>!!%12!SHQGI!-2923,82-!:<!AM%N!F'412(I!*)!4,((24+2-!+,!+12!
pGJQ!9*'! '! -;'3! &2-;(-'(+!QFR! )2&*'3! :;)! '(-! +,! +12! 6')! )<)+25! 4,(+&,3! 2324+&,(*4)! 9*'! '! -2-*4'+2-!
4;)+,5! :;)>! ! %12!SHQG! 4,(+'*()! +12!5,(*+,&! 8&,6&'5I!71*41! +2)+)! +12! )+'+;)! *(=,&5'+*,(! ,=! +12! 6')!
)<)+25!'6'*()+!8&2)2+!4,(-*+*,()!'(-I!')!&2f;*&2-I!2\24;+2)!4,55'(-)>!!%12!4,(-*+*,()!'(-!4,55'(-)!'&2!
)+,&2-!*(!=,&5!,=!-24*)*,(!+':32)>!!!
%12!SgaHI!SgaQI!SgE^!'(-!SgkH!:,'&-)!8&,9*-2!+12!2324+&,(*4!*(+2&='42!:2+722(!+12!SHQG!
'(-!+12!2324+&,5241'(*4'3!6')!)<)+25!-29*42)>!%12!SgaH!4,(+&,3)!+12!,82&'+*,()!,=!a,\!HI!8&,9*-*(6!+12!
4,&&24+!6')!5*\+;&2!+,!&2=*33!+12!%AJ!'(-!5,(*+,&*(6!+12!8&2));&2!'(-!=*33*(6!)+'+;)>!!?+!7*33!)1;+!+12!6')!
)<)+25!-,7(!)'=23<! *(!4')2!,=!8,72&!,&!4,55;(*4'+*,()!='*3;&2>! ! ?(!4')2!,=!,92&8&2));&2!'!&23*2=!9'392!
7*33!:2!,82(2->!!%12!SgaQ!*(!4,((24+2-!+,!a,\!Q>!!?+!&;()!+12!8;58I!'4+*9'+2)!9'392)!+,!&2=*33!+12!%AJ!
'(-! &2'-)! ,;+! +12! 6')! 8&2));&2)! 5,(*+,&)>! ! ?(! +12! 4')2! ,=! '(! ;(2\824+2-! 8,72&! ,&! 4,55;(*4'+*,()!
*(+2&&;8+*,(!*+!7*33!)'=23<!)1;+-,7(!+12!)<)+25!'(-!62(2&'+2)!'!N*61!^,3+'62!)<)+25!)1;+-,7(!)*6('3!+,!
+12!SN^g!*(!+12!S#Q&'+2)>!!?(!4')2!,=!,92&8&2));&2!'!&23*2=!9'392!7*33!:2!,82(2->!!%12!SgE^!'(-!SgkH!
4,(+&,3)!'(-!5,(*+,&)!+12!*),3'+*,(!9'392)I!8&2));&2!)2(),&)!'(-!+2582&'+;&2!)2(),&)!,=!%AJ!5'(*=,3-)>!?+!
7*33!4,(+&,3!+12!=3,7!,=!6')!+1&,;61!+12!%AJ!5,-;32)I!-2+24+!'(-!+12(!*),3'+2!'(<!32'L*(6!)2652(+)>!!!
%12!SgkJ!4,(+'*()!'!=*3+2&!=,&!+12!"Z!^JQ!*(8;+!=&,5!+12!kJHI!'!4,(+&,3!:,'&-!'(-!+12!JQ#JQ!
4,(92&+2&)!(242))'&<!+,!8&,9*-2!9,3+'62!'(-!4;&&2(+!+,!,82&'+2!9'392)I!8;58)!'(-!,+12&!8'&+)!,=!+12!%AJ!
6')!)<)+25!'(-!+12!4,55'(-!2324+&,(*4)>!!!
F33!4,(+&,3!'(-!5,(*+,&!2324+&,(*4)!,82&'+2!*(!+12!)+&'<!=*23-!=,&5!+12!FGH!5'6(2+!,=!r/ZC!g>!!!
%12! 2(+*&2! %AJ! 6')! )<)+25! 2324+&,(*4)! *)! -;'3! &2-;(-'(+! '+! +12! :,'&-! 32923>! ! %12! )<)+25! 4'(!
4,(+*(;2! +,! ,82&'+2! 8&,82&3<! 292(! *(! +12! 292(+! ,=! 5;3+*832! ='*3;&2)! *(! -*==2&2(+! +<82)! ,=! :,'&-)>! ! %,!
*583252(+! +1*)! =2'+;&2I! =,&! 292&<! :,'&-! *(! ,82&'+*,(I! +12!hot board,! '! )+'(-:<! ;(*+I! +12! cold board,! *)!
8&,9*-2-!BE*6;&2!">eZD>!
AMS-02/TRD
! "#eT
%12! 2(6*(22&*(6! 5,-;32)! ,=! +12! 4,(+&,3! 2324+&,(*4)! BE*6;&2!">e$D! 1'92! :22(! +1,&,;613<! +2)+2-!
7*+1!+12!'4+;'3!8'&+)!,=!+12!6')!)<)+25>!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.47: TRD gas system command and control architecture.
!
UG-Crate
UGPD
TRD GAS
Box C Box S
ma
nif
old
s
TRD
CAN-BUS
120VDC28VDC
HV safety signal to U crate
Ctrl & monitor signals
Power
Gas
1553 LRDL (NASA Avionics)
USCM UGBC UGFVUGBS
UGPS
module
JMDC Monitoring &
control computer
Ctrl
Filter PDS
DC-DC
converters
AMS-02/TRD
!"#e]!
!!
Figure 2.48: Boards in the TRD gas system electronics crate, UG-Crate.
Figure 2.49: TRD gas system electronics boards.
!
ii) Box S Tests
Q,58,(2(+!+2)+)!1'92!:22(!4'&&*2-!,;+!,92&!+12!8')+!+1&22!<2'&)!,(!+12!)8'42!f;'3*=*2-!9'392)I!+12!
8&2));&2! )2(),&)! '(-! '33! +12! *(3*(2! 6')! =*++*(6)! B=3,7! &2)+&*4+,&)I! =*3+2&)I! :;==2&! 9,3;52)! '(-!5241'(*4)!
=*++*(6)D>!!%12!9'392)!'(-!)2(),&)!1'92!:22(!+2)+2-!'(-!,82&'+*,(!92&*=*2-!,92&!+12!,82&'+*(6!+2582&'+;&2!
&'(62! BC! +,! meC!,QD! '(-! +12! );&9*9'3! &'(62! B!"C! +,! m]T!,QD>! ! F33! +2)+)! 72&2! 4'&&*2-! ,;+! '+! 5'\*5;5!2\824+2-!,82&'+*(6!8&2));&2>!!!
AMS-02/TRD
! "#ed
%7,! 9*:&'+*,(! +2)+)! 1'92! :22(! 4'&&*2-! ,;+! ,(! +12! )+,&'62! )<)+25! 2(6*(22&*(6!5,-23! '+! `R`FI!
Q'))'44*'I! ?+'3<!7*+1! +12! ?RER!A,5'! 6&,;8! +,! 2();&2! +12!5241'(*4'3! *(+26&*+<! ,=! +12! )<)+25! '(-! +12!
=;(4+*,('3*+<!,=!+12!4,58,(2(+)!'=+2&!3';(41!')!7233!')!+,!9'3*-'+2!+12!=*(*+2!23252(+!4'34;3'+*,(>!!!
%12! )<)+25! ')! +2)+2-! *)! )1,7(! *(! E*6;&2!">TC>! ! %12! +2)+! 8&,42-;&2!7')! +,! 82&=,&5! =*&)+! '! )*(2!
)7228I!=,33,72-!:<!'!&'(-,5!9*:&'+*,(!'(-!'!=*('3!)*(2!)7228I!'33!'3,(6!+12!)'52!4,,&-*('+2!'\*)>!!%1*)!
8&,42-;&2!7')!4'&&*2-!,;+!=*92!+*52)X!,(42!'3,(6!+12!u!'\*)!'(-!+7*42!2'41!'3,(6!W!'(-!b>!!F=+2&!2'41!
)2&*2)! ,=! +1&22! 9*:&'+*,()I! '! =;(4+*,('3! +2)+! 7')! 82&=,&52-! ,(! +12! 6')! 4*&4;*+)! +,! 5'L2! );&2! '33! +12!
5241'(*4'3! 23252(+)! )+*33! =;(4+*,(>! ! ?(!2'41!4')2I! 4,58'&*),(!,=! +12! )*(2! )7228!4'&&*2-!,;+!:2=,&2!'(-!
'=+2&! +12!&'(-,5!9*:&'+*,(!)1,72-! +12&2!1'-!:22(!(,!41'(62! *(! +12!2*62(=&2f;2(4*2)!,=! +12!)<)+25!'(-!
12(42!(,!41'(62! *(! )+&;4+;&'3! *(+26&*+<>!%12! 3,72)+! 2*62(=&2f;2(4<!7')! =,;(-! +,!:2!':,92!d/!NKI!7233!':,92!+12!&'(62!,=!9*:&'+*,()!2\82&*2(42-!-;&*(6!3';(41!BE*6;&2!">T/D!.//0>!
S)*(6!'(!2(6*(22&*(6!5,-23!,=!+12!4,(+&,3!2324+&,(*4)I!'33!4,58,(2(+)!,=!a,\!H!72&2!);442))=;33<!
,82&'+2-!;(-2&!';+,(,5,;)!4,58;+2&!4,(+&,3!-;&*(6!)292&'3!5*\*(6!4<432)!BE*6;&2!">T"D>!!!
!!
Figure 2.50: Box S engineering prototype and test fixture (yellow) mounted on slip table.
71 Hz!!
AMS-02/TRD
!"#eZ!
Figure 2.51: Vibration testing of the Box S mechanics. The figure in the upper left shows the
results of finite element modeling and the figure on the upper right the locations of the
accelerometers during the test. The upper half of the graph shows response to the
excitations in the lower half during an x-axis sine sweep.
!
C
B
G
x
y z
C
B
G
Frequency (Hz)
0 20 100 200 50
Phase
Response
AMS-02/TRD
! "#e$
!Figure 2.52: Fill cycle using electronics under computer control for Box S. Pressure measurements
show the buildup of gas while mixing and then a release simulating filling.
iii) Box C Tests
%12!4*&4;3'+*,(!)<)+25!4,(+'*()! +7,!4*&4;3'+*,(!8;58)!7*+1!'44,58'(<*(6!9'392)! *()*-2!'!)+223!
92))23>!!%12!=;(4+*,(*(6!,=!+12!8;58)!,92&!+12!=;33!+2582&'+;&2!&'(62!1')!:22(!+2)+2-!*(!'!4,3-!:,\>!!%12<!
=;(4+*,(!7*+1!'!)3*61+!B/C[D!41'(62!*(!4;&&2(+>!%12!9'392)!1'92!'3),!:22(!+2)+2-!,92&!+12!2(+*&2!&'(62!'(-!
'&2!=,;(-!+,!7,&L!-,7(!+,!v/T!,Q!BE*6;&2!">TVDI!7233!:23,7!+12!5*(*5'3!,82&'+*,('3!+2582&'+;&2!,=!C!,Q>!!!
%12!5,(*+,&!+;:2!'))25:3<!1')!'3),!:22(!+2)+2-!:<!5'L*(6!6'*(!52');&252(+)!7*+1!F&XQY"!'(-!
W2XQY"!BZCX"CD>!!%12!52');&2-!6')!8'&'52+2&)!5'+41!+12!L(,7(!9'3;2)!7233!'(-!+12!5,(*+,&!+;:2!)<)+25!
82&=,&5)!&23*':3<>!%12!)8*&,52+2&I!71*41!*)!;)2-!+,!52');&2!+12!QY"!4,(+2(+!:<!52');&*(6!),;(-!923,4*+<I!
1')!:22(!+2582&'+;&2!4<432-!,92&!+12!);&9*9'3!&'(62!5'(<!+*52)!'(-!4,(+*(;2)!+,!7,&L>!
%12!2(6*(22&*(6!5,-23!,=!a,\!Q!1')!:22(!'))25:32-!7*+1!'33! *(+2&('3!4,58,(2(+)!83'((2-!=,&!
=3*61+I!E*6;&2!">Te>!!F!+2)+!'&+*432!=,&!+12!43,)2#,;+!723-)!1')!:22(!5'-2!'(-!+12!=*&)+!723-!+2)+!82&=,&52->!
E;(4+*,('3!+2)+)!,=!+12!92))23!1'92!:22(!4'&&*2-!,;+!'(-!'33!+12!*(+2&('3!4,58,(2(+)!82&=,&5!7233>!!F!=*&)+!
+2582&'+;&2! 4<432! +2)+! ,=! +12! 2(6*(22&*(6! 92&)*,(! ,=! +12! 92))23! 1')! :22(! 4'&&*2-! ,;+! );442))=;33<>! ! F)!
2\824+2-I!+12!8;58!-&'7)!),5271'+!5,&2!4;&&2(+!'+!3,7!+2582&'+;&2)>!?(!+1*)!+2)+!+12!9'392)!4,(+*(;2-!+,!
,82&'+2!'+!v"C!,Q!'5:*2(+>!!
iv) Manifold tests
%12! 9'392)! '(-! 8&2));&2! )2(),&)! 1'92! :22(! );442))=;33<! f;'3*=*2-! ,92&! +12*&! +2582&'+;&2! &'(62!
'(-! '! 5'(*=,3-! '))25:3<! 7')! 9*:&'+*,(! +2)+2-! '+! AM%N>! ! ! M*+1! +12! '--*+*,(! ,=! />V!55! ^'4,=3;\!
)1*23-*(6I!+12<!1'92!);442))=;33<!8'))2-!'!=;(4+*,('3!+2)+!*(!+12!"CC!g!5'6(2+*4!=*23-!71*41!4,&&2)8,(-!+,!
+12*&!,82&'+*,('3!2(9*&,(52(+>!
A2)2+!
"C[!QY"!
ZC[!W2!
M'*+!
A232')2!
AMS-02/TRD
!"#TC!
%12!5'(*=,3-!'))25:3*2)!1'92!:22(!+2)+2-!;)*(6!+12!2(6*(22&*(6!5,-23!,=!2324+&,(*4)!4,(+&,332-!
')!=,&!=3*61+>!!`'41!9'392!*(!'!9'392!)2+!7')!4<432-!;(-2&!/!:'&!,=!'&6,(!'(-!+12!8&2));&2!)2(),&)!&2'-!,;+!
'=+2&!2'41!4<432>!!?(!'33!4')2)I!+12!9'392)!'(-!8&2));&2!)2(),&)!=;(4+*,(2-!')!2\824+2->!!!
!
!
Figure 2.53: Histogram of temperatures at which the valve failed
to open (minimum operating temperature is 0 ,C).
! !!
Figure 2.54: Left - Engineering model of Box C vessel with pump visible at in the opening.
Right - Vessel with end cap in place and gas feedthrough.
AMS-02/TRD
! "#T/
2.2.6 TRD Prototype Performance
%,!92&*=<! +12!8&,+,(!&2U24+*,(!8,72&!,=! +12!FGH#C"!%AJ!-2)*6(!'! =;33!"C! 3'<2&!8&,+,+<82!7')!
:;*3+!7*+1! eC!5,-;32)! ,=! eC! 45! *(! 32(6+1! '&&'(62-! *(! +7,! '-U'42(+! +,72&)I! 2f;*882-!7*+1!^F! '('3,6!
5;3+*832\2&!:')2-!=&,(+2(-!2324+&,(*4)>!!?(!E*6;&2!">TT!+12!6')!8'(23!);883<*(6!)*\!41'*()!4'(!'3),!:2!)22(>!!!
!
!
Figure 2.55: AMS-02 TRD 20 layer prototype.
%1*)!)2+;8!7')!;)2-!*(!+12!Q`AR!%$I!Wd!'(-!N]!:2'5!3*(2)!+,!&24,&-!V!5*33*,(!+&'4L)!./V0>!!%12!
8'&+*432! +&*662&! 7*+1! )4*(+*33'+,&! 8'(23)! '(-! +1&2)1,3-! ,&! -*==2&2(+*'3! Q2&2(L,9! 4,;(+2&)! '33,72-! +12!
)2324+*,(! ,=! 2324+&,()I! 5;,()! '(-! 8*,()! ;8! +,! /CC!g2^! '(-! 8&,+,()! ;8! +,! "TC!g2^>! ! %12! -'+'!
8&28&,42))*(6! 92&*=*2-! +12! 3,7! (,*)2! 32923! 7*+1! 82-2)+'3! 7*-+1)! :23,7! "!FJQ! 41'((23)! '(-! '(! *(+2&#
4'3*:&'+*,(!8&24*)*,(!:23,7!"[!'41*29':32!7*+1!TCCC!+&'4L)>!!%12!6')!6'*(#-2()*+<!4,&&23'+*,(!'+!/edC!^!
B6')! 6'*(! TCCCD!7')! -2+2&5*(2-! +,! :2!.gcg!w!!T>T!.' c' >! ! %12! ':),3;+2! 2(2&6<! )4'32!7')! 4'3*:&'+2-!7*+1!'(!TTE2!),;&42>!!!
GQ!)*5;3'+*,(!)+;-*2)!'&2!;)2-! +,!,8+*5*K2! +12!-2+24+,&!-2)*6(>! !%12<!'&2!:')2-!,(! +12!8&,92(!
g2'(+V!./e0!-2+24+,&!)*5;3'+*,(!8'4L'62!7*+1!'--*+*,('3!4,-2!./T0!+,!*(43;-2!%A!81,+,(!62(2&'+*,(!'(-!
':),&8+*,(!./]0!'(-!+,!*58&,92!+12!)*5;3'+*,(!,=!-`c-W!_'(-';#=3;4+;'+*,()!*(!+1*(!6')!3'<2&)!./d0>!!%12!
+2)+!:2'5!-'+'!'&2!;)2-!+,!+;(2!+12!GQ!8'&'52+2&)!+,!-2)4&*:2!,;&!-2+24+,&!&2)8,()2>!!E*6;&2!">T]!)1,7)!
+12!2(2&6<!)824+&'!52');&2-!=,&!'33!7*&2)!*(!*),3'+2-!)*(632!+&'4L!292(+)>!!%12!8&,+,(!)824+&;5!)1,7)!+12!
2\824+2-!_'(-';!=3;4+;'+*,()>!!E,&!2324+&,()!'(!2(1'(4252(+!-;2!+,!+12!+&'()*+*,(!&'-*'+*,(!4,58,(2(+!*)!
432'&3<!9*)*:32!':,92!]!L2^>!!!
%,!'('3<K2!+12!+2)+!:2'5!&2);3+)I!8&,+,()!'&2!)28'&'+2-!=&,5!2324+&,()!7*+1!'!3*L23*1,,-!'36,&*+15>!!
%12!2(2&6<!)824+&'!*(!E*6;&2!">T]!'&2!;)2-!')!8&,:':*3*+<!-2()*+*2)! DBEp >!!M*+1!2'41!2(2&6<!-28,)*+! iE !*(!
n !+;:2)!,(!+12!&24,()+&;4+2-!+&'4LI!(,&5'3*K2-!8&,:':*3*+<!8&,-;4+)!'&2!-2=*(2-!')! n nipepe EpP 12
/II DB >!!
AMS-02/TRD
!"#T"!
M*+1! '! 3*L23*1,,-! -2=*(2-! ')X! DcB pee PPPL %2 !+12! 8&,+,(! &2U24+*,(! ='4+,&! *)! -2+2&5*(2-! ')! +12! *(92&)2!
8&,+,(!)2324+*,(!2==*4*2(4<!7*+1!'!3*L23*1,,-!4;+!)2+!=,&!'(!2324+&,(!2==*4*2(4<!,=!$C[>!!E,&!8&,+,(!:2'5!
2(2&6*2)!:2+722(!/T!'(-!"TC!g2^!+12!8&,+,(!&2U24+*,(!*)!7233!':,92!/CC!')!)1,7(!*(!E*6;&2!">Td>!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.56: Clean single track energy spectra.
!!
Figure 2.57: AMS-02 TRD proton rejection.
AMS-02/TRD
! "#TV
2.2.7 References
./0! ?>!E&'(LI!^>!g*(K:;&6I!p>!k1<)>!9!B/$eTD!VTV>!
."0! F%_FH!%JA!TI!^,3>"I!Q`ARc_NQQc$d#/d>!
.V0! N`AF#aI!J`Hb#kAQ!CCcCeI!"CCC>!
.e0! xFGH#C"!H+&;4+;&'3!^2&*=*4'+*,(!k3'(xI!pHQ#"Zd$"I!A29>!Q>!
.T0! Space Qualification of the AMS-02 Transition Radiation Detector, +,!:2!);:5*++2-!+,!R?G!F>!
.]0! A>!a,4L!et al.I!R?G!F!336!B/$$VD!/"Z>!
.d0! Construction of Straw Detector Modules for the AMS-02 Transition Radiation DetectorI! +,! :2!
);:5*++2-!+,!R?G!F>
.Z0! %1>!P*&(!et al.,!Status of AMS-TRD-Straw modulesI!Q,(=>!k&,4>!%AJ)! =,&! +12!V&-!5*332((*;5I!
a'&*!"CCVI!);:>!R?G!F>!
.$0! %1>!P*&(!et al.I!E&')4'+*!k1<)*4)!H2&*2)!^,3>!XXV B"CC/DI!/]/#/d">!
./C0! E>!N';32&I!The AMS-02 Transition Radiation Detector for the International Space StationI!Q,(=>!
k&,4>!?```!RHH!"CCVI!);:>!?```!RH>!
.//0! F>a'&+,3,(*I!The AMS-02 TRD gas Control System;!R?G!F518!B"CCVD!/eV>!
./"0 Q>g'&6*;3, et al.I!The Mechanical Design of a Gas Supply and Mixing System for AMS-02;!k&,4>!
?FQ#CV#p>k>!//s!Te+1!?(+>!F)+&,(';+*4'!Q,(=>!H28+25:2&!"CCVI!a&252(I!g2&5'(<>!!
./V0! Performance of the AMS-02 Transition Radiation DetectorI!+,!:2!);:5*++2-!+,!R?G!F>!!
./e0! A>!a&;(!et al>I!g`FR%>!Q`AR!JJc``cZe#/!Bg2'(+!V>"/!A29*)2-!/$ZdD>!
./T0! ^>!`6,&<+4129I!^>!H'923*29I!H>p>!F83*(I!R;43>!?()+&>!'(-!G2+1>!F!453!B"CCCD!Ve]>!
./]0! G>!Q12&&<I!k1<)>!A29>!J!10!B/$deD!VT$e>!
./d0! ^>!`&5*3,9'!et al.,!R?G!F!145!B/$ddD!TTT>!
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#$%!
!"# $%&%'()*+,-'./,*&'(!)*+#,-!+./.012!&3405(3!6-7!849! :'(!;.39:!4<</.04:.12! .2!9<40(!1;! :'(!'.='!<3(0.9.12!9./.012!
:(0'21/1=>!?(@(/1<(?! ;13! <19.:.12!A(49B3(A(2:9! .2! 400(/(34:13! (C<(3.A(2:9!6"7D! ! &'(! '.='!A1?B/43.:>E!
/18!@1/:4=(!/(@(/9!FG-,,!HIE!42?!=49#;3((!1<(34:.12!1;!:'(!?(@.0(!.9!8(//!9B.:(?!:1!1<(34:.12!.2!9<40(D!!&'(!
-JJK! 9'B::/(! :(9:! ;/.=':! ?(A129:34:(?! L1:'! :'(! 9B00(99;B/! 4?4<:4:.12! 1;! :'(! :(0'21/1=>! :1! :'(! 9<40(!
([email protected](2:!42?!:'(!;(49.L./.:>!1;!/43=(!43(4!?(:(0:139D!!!
&'(!)*+#,"!+./.012!&3405(3!?(9.=2!42?!0129:3B0:.12!.9!B2?(3!:'(!1@(34//!3(9<129.L./.:>!1;!MNON#
P(3B=.4D! ! &'(! 499(AL/>! 1;! :'(! 9./.012! /4??(39E! 8'.0'! 3(<3(9(2:9! 4! 9BL9:42:.4/! <43:! 1;! :'(! 0129:3B0:.12!
(;;13:E!.9!<(3;13A(?!4:!MNON#P(3B=.4E!Q2.@(39.:>!1;!R(2(@4!42?!4:!42!M:4/.42!.2?B9:3.4/!3(9(430'!;40./.:>-!
1<(34:.2=! B2?(3! 42! )+M! 012:340:D! ! P(39122(/! 1;! :'(! Q2.@(39.:>! 1;! SB0'43(9:! 42?! 1;! M++#SB0'43(9:!
012:3.LB:(?!:1!:'(!9./.012!/4??(3!499(AL/>D!!&'(!&3405(3!A(0'42.04/!9B<<13:!49!8(//!49!:'(!&3405(3!/49(3!
4/.=2A(2:! 9>9:(A! 43(! ?(9.=2(?! 42?! LB./:! L>! )40'(2D! ! &'(! T)U! (/(0:312.09! 42?! <18(3! 9>9:(A9! 8(3(!
?(@(/1<(?!4:!:'(!Q2.@(39.:>!1;!R(2(@4!42?!MNON#P(3B=.4!.2!01//4L134:.12!8.:'!*M&!42?!V+M+&!42?!8.//!
L(! ;4L3.04:(?! 4:!V+M+&D! ! &'(! 12/.2(! ?4:4! 3(?B0:.12! 91;:843(! .9! ?(@(/1<(?! 4:!*12<(//.(3D! ! &'(!&3405(3!
&'(3A4/!V12:31/!+>9:(A!.9!?(9.=2(?!42?!LB./:!L>!NWX!.2!01//4L134:.12!8.:'! :'(!Q2.@(39.:>!1;!R(2(@4E!
+B2!Y4:#9(2!Q2.@(39.:>E!RB42=Z'1BE!42?!MNON#P(3B=.4D!!!!
+./.012! A.031#9:3.<! 9(29139! 8(3(! 13.=.24//>! ?(@(/1<(?! ;13! @(3:(C! ?(:(0:139! .2! 01//.?.2=#L(4A!
(C<(3.A(2:9! .2!13?(3! :1!<31@.?(!4! ;(8!'.='!<3(0.9.12!<19.:.12!A(49B3(A(2:9! 2(43! :'(! .2:(340:.12!<1.2:D!!
&'(!)*+!4<</.04:.12!?.;;(39!0129.?(34L/>D!!&'(!:3405.2=!.2;13A4:.12!.9!<31@.?(?!B2.[B(/>!L>!:'(!9./.012!
9(29139E! 8'.0'! .A</.(9! 4! /43=(! 9B3;40(! 43(4! 42?! '.='(3! .2:(3#9:3.<! 04<40.:420(9D! ! &'(!A4\13! 0'4//(2=(9!
8(3(! :1! A4.2:4.2! :'(! 3([B.3(?! A(0'42.04/! <3(0.9.12! 42?! /18#21.9(! <(3;13A420(! .2! :'(! /43=(! 904/(!
4<</.04:.12E!42?!:1!?1!91!.2!1B:(3!9<40(D!!!
!
!"#"0* $%&%'()*$/)1(,1*
&'(!9./.012!:3405(3!.9!01A<19(?!1;!%-D]^,!C!_"D,%$!C!,D],,!AA]!?1BL/(#9.?(?!9./.012!A.031#9:3.<!
9(29139D!!&'(!2#:><(E!'.='!3(9.9:.@.:>!F`!^!5#I!9(29139!43(!L.49(?!8.:'!:'(!<B20'#:'31B='!:(0'2.[B(!42?!<a!
L/105.2=! 9:3.<9E! .A</42:(?! 12! :'(! 2#9.?(E! 43(! B9(?! :1!A.2.A.Z(! :'(! .2;/B(20(! 1;! 9B3;40(! 0'43=(! 12! :'(!
<19.:.12! A(49B3(A(2:! 1L:4.2(?! ;31A! :'(! 1'A.0! 9.?(!6]7D! ! &'(! 9(2913! ?(9.=2! B9(9! 04<40.:.@(! 0'43=(!
01B</.2=!6%7!8.:'! .A</42:4:.12!F3(4?1B:I!9:3.<!<.:0'(9!1;!"_D$!F--,I!bA!;13! :'(!<#9.?(!42?!-,%!F",KI!bA!
;13! :'(! 2#9.?(D! !&'(! ;.2(3! <.:0'! <#9.?(! 9:3.<9! 43(! B9(?! :1!A(49B3(! :'(! L(2?.2=E! 13!yE! 0113?.24:(! 42?! :'(!
13:'1=124/!2#9.?(!9:3.<9!A(49B3(!xD!!O.=B3(!"D$K!9'189!:'(!9(2913!/4>1B:D!!!
&'(! .12.Z4:.12! /199! 1;! 9.2=/>! 0'43=(?! <43:.0/(9! :34@(39.2=! :'(! ;B//>! ?(</(:(?E! 3(@(39(#L.49(?!
],,/-,!bA! :'.05! 9(2913! .9! ?(903.L(?! L>! 4! W42?4B! ?.9:3.LB:.12!6$7D! ! &'(! <(45! (2(3=>! /199! 1;! 4! 9.2=/>#0'43=(?E! A.2.ABA! .12.Z.2=! <43:.0/(! 4:! 213A4/! .20.?(20(! <31?B0(9! ""E,,,! (/(0:312#'1/(! <4.39D! ! &'(!
1<<19.:(! 9.=2! ac#! 0'43=(! 0433.(39! ?3.;:! 34<.?/>! F-,#"$!29I! .2! :'(! (/(0:3.0! ;.(/?! :1! :'(! :81! 9B3;40(9! F<c2I!
8'(3(! :'(! 400BAB/4:(?! 0'43=(! 12! :'(!A(:4/.Z(?! 9:3.<9! F<ac2aI! .9! ;(?! :1! :'(! ;312:#(2?! (/(0:312.09D! ! &'(!
<19.:.12!1;!:'(!<43:.0/(!.9!?(:(3A.2(?!L>!:'(!3(/4:.@(!9.=24/!/(@(/9!1L9(3@(?!4:!:'(!3(4?1B:!9:3.<!<19.:.129D!
):!:'(!9.2=/(!9(2913!/(@(/E! :'(!<19.:.12!3(91/B:.12!?(<(2?9!12!:'(!94A</.2=!<.:0'!42?!:'(!9.=24/#:1#21.9(!
<(3;13A420(D!!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-!Rd)!e2=.2((3.2=f!W104/.:4g!*.1/(f!M#^_,^]!h3.01/4D!
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#$$
!!
2%34,/*!"567*8-9(4:*(;*:</*=(4>&/?1%=/=*1%&%'()*@%',(?1:,%A*1/)1(,"***
*
&'(! 9(29139! '4@(! L((2! <31?B0(?! 4:! 9./.012! ;1B2?3.(9! /104:(?! .2! +8.:Z(3/42?"! 42?! M:4/>]! B9.2=!
.?(2:.04/!=(1A(:3.(9!42?!<310(99.2=!<310(?B3(9D! !h@(3!%,,,!9(29139!'4@(!L((2!<31?B0(?!:1!9(/(0:! :'(!i!
"$,,!9(29139!1;! :'(!@(3>!'.='![B4/.:>! 3([B.3(?! :1!499(AL/(! :'(!+./.012!&3405(3!B2.:9! F/4??(39ID! !)//! :'(!
9(29139!8(3(! :(9:(?!L1:'!4:! :'(! ;1B2?3>!49!8(//!49!4:! MNON#P(3B=.4!42?! :'(! M:4/.42! .2?B9:3.4/! ;40./.:>! :1!
(29B3(! :'4:! (/(0:3.04/! <434A(:(39!8(3(!8.:'.2! 9<40(! [B4/.;.04:.12! 9<(0.;.04:.129! 42?! :'4:! :'(! 2BAL(3! 1;!
21.9>!9:3.<9!849!/(99!:'42!,D,^jD!!h@(3!"!C!-,_!(/(0:3.04/!A(49B3(A(2:9!'4@(!L((2!<(3;13A(?!B9.2=!;1B3!
4B:1A4:.0!:(9:!9:4:.129D!!&'(!?4:4!8(3(!9:13(?!.2!4!?4:4L49(!42?!B9(?!:1!9(/(0:!:'(!9./.012!?(:(0:139!:1!L(!
B9(?!.2!499(AL/.2=!:'(!&3405(3D!!&'(!/12=!:(3A!(/(0:3.04/!9:4L./.:>!1;!:'(!9./.012!?(:(0:139!849!9:B?.(?!4:!
:'(! *19018! +:4:(! Q2.@(39.:>D! ! &'.9! /43=(! 2BAL(3! 1;! 9(29139! A45(9! :'(! +./.012! &3405(3! :'(! /43=(9:!
<3(0.9.12!:3405.2=!?(:(0:13!(@(3!LB./:!;13!4!9<40(!4<</.04:.12D!!
*
!"#"!* 8-==/,1*
O.=B3(!"D$J!9'189! :'(!<3.20.<4/!(/(A(2:9!1;! :'(! 9./.012! /4??(3!42?! :'(!A4.2!01A<12(2:9!1;! :'(!
3(4?1B:!'>L3.?9D!!&'.2#;./AE!$,!bA!Q<./(C!.9!B9(?!(C:(29.@(/>!.2!:'(!/4??(3!6^7D!!)!A(:4/.Z(?!Q<./(C!;./AE!
=/B(?!?.3(0:/>!:1!:'(!9./.012!9(29139E!9(3@(9!49!4!31B:.2=!04L/(!:1!L3.2=!:'(!2#9.?(!9.=24/9!:1!:'(!2#9.?(!;312:!
(2?!'>L3.?E!8'.0'!.9!/104:(?!4:!:'(!/4??(3!(2?!0/19(9:!:1!:'(!A4=2(:!84//D!!&'(!;/(C.L/(!Q<./(C!;./A!42?!4!
9(012?!9'13:!Q<./(C!;./A!\1.2.2=!:'(!<#9.?(!9:3.<9!:1!:'(.3!'>L3.?!4//18!:'(!'>L3.?9!:1!L(!</40(?!L405#:1#
L405E! <(3<(2?.0B/43! :1! :'(! ?(:(0:.12! </42(E! :'B9!A.2.A.Z.2=! :'(!A4:(3.4/! .2! :'(! 9(29.:.@(! 3(=.12! 1;! :'(!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!V1/.L3>9!+)!f!*4/4?.k3(!K]E!Vl#",,_!N(B0'm:(/D!]!M&V#.39:f!H.4!+1AA43.@(!-Kf!M#]K,$,!P1@1D!
aluminium bonding pads p+ side
n! side
alignment crosses
p+ blocking strips
p+ strips
n+ strips
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#$^!
:3405(3D!!O.24//>E!42!(/(0:31A4=2(:.0!9'.(/?!.2!:'(!;13A!1;!4!?1BL/>#A(:4/.Z(?!Q<./(C!;./A!9B331B2?9!(40'!
/4??(3D!!!
*
!!
2%34,/*!"5B7*+</*A,%)'%A-&*'(@A()/):1*(;*:</*1%&%'()*&-==/,"*
*
&'(!9./.012!9(29139!1;!(40'!/4??(3!43(!9B<<13:(?!L>!4!$!AA!:'.05!).3(C%!;14A!:'4:!.9!=/B(?!:1!:'(!
2#9.?(!Q<./(C!;./AD!!&'(!(C<19(?!9B3;40(!1;!:'(!;14A!.9!01@(3(?!8.:'!4!-,,!bA!:'.05!/4>(3!1;!043L12!;.L(3D!!
+A4//!$!AA]!4/BA.2BA!;34A(9!43(!=/B(?! :1! :'(!043L12! ;.L(3!9B3;40(f! :'(!(C40:!2BAL(3!?(<(2?9!12! :'(!
/4??(3!/(2=:'D!!&'(!4/BA.2BA!;34A(9!012:4.2!4!903(8!;.C4:.12!'1/(!8'.0'!.9!B9(?!:1!4::40'!:'(!/4??(3!:1!.:9!
:3405(3!</42(D!
&'(! <3.20.<4/! =14/9! 1;! :'(! /4??(3! ;4L3.04:.12! 43(! :1! =B4342:((! :'(! 3([B.3(?! <3(0.9.12! ;13! :'(!
3(/4:.@(! 4/.=2A(2:! 1;! :'(! 9./.012! 9(29139! FG$bAIE! 42?! A.2.A.Z(! :'(! ?(=34?4:.12! 1;! :'(! (/(0:3.04/!
<(3;13A420(!?B(! :1!'42?/.2=!42?!B/:34#912.0!L12?.2=D! !W4??(3! ;4L3.04:.12!849!13=42.Z(?!L(:8((2! :'3((!
0(2:(39!1<(34:.2=!8.:'!.?(2:.04/!<310(?B3(9!?(3.@(?!;31A!:'(!)*+#,-!6_7!42?!/104:(?!4:!MNON#P(3B=.4!F.2!
01//4L134:.12!8.:'! :'(!Q2.@(39.:>! 1;!SB0'43(9:IE! :'(!Q2.@(39.:>! 1;!R(2(@4! F.2! 01//4L134:.12!8.:'!e&l#
no3.0'IE! 42?! :'(! M:4/.42! .2?B9:3.4/! 3(9(430'!0(2:(3!1<(34:.2=!B2?(3!42!)+M!012:340:D! !&'(9(!0(2:(39!B9(?!
9:4:(!1;!:'(!43:!;40./.:.(9!.2!0/499!-,D,,,!0/(42!311A9!42?!;1//18.2=!9:3.0:![B4/.:>!012:31/!<310(?B3(9D!!&'(!
9./.012!9(29139!8(3(!0B:!8.:'!4!A(0'42.04/!400B340>!1;!G!$!!A!F3A9I!4:!4! ;40./.:>! .2!O.2/42?!$!1<(34:(?!
B2?(3!012:340:!:1!:'(!Q2.@(39.:>!1;!&B35BD!!
&'(! 4/.=2A(2:! <3(0.9.12! .9! <31@.?(?! L>! :'(!A(0'42.04/! <3(0.9.12! 1;! :'(! \.=9! F-#"!bAI! 42?! :'(!
<3(0.9.12!1;! :'(! 9(2913! 0B:! FG!$!bAID! !TB3.2=! ;4L3.04:.12! :'(! 9(2913!<19.:.129!12!4! /4??(3! 43(! 3(013?(?!
8.:'! 4! ]T! 9(A.4B:1A4:.0! A(49B3.2=! A40'.2(D! ! &'(! 3(9B/:9! ;13! :'(! 9(2913! 4/.=2A(2:! ;13! -"$! F1;! -J"I!
)*+#,"!/4??(39!43(!9'182!.2!O.=B3(!"D^,D!!)!<43:.0B/43!(;;13:!'49!L((2!A4?(!:1!A4.2:4.2!:'(!/18!21.9(!
L>!<499.@4:.12!1;!:'(!9./.012!42?!L>!1<:.A.Z4:.12!1;!:'(!/4??(3!499(AL/>!<310(?B3(D!!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%!).3(C!XK"f!)/042!).3(C!)R!+<(0.4/:>!O14A9f!Vl#$^%]!+.29D!$!+(/A.0!h>f!WBA.512:.(!-f!J%^,,!p(A.E!O.2/42?D!
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#$_
!!
2%34,/*!"CD7**E11/@>&9*A,/'%1%()*(;*0!5*EF$?D!*&-==/,17*=%1:,%>4:%()*(;*:</*@/-14,/=*=%;;/,/)'/1*
(;*:</*=%1:-)'/*>/:G//)*-=H-'/):*1/)1(,1*-)=*:</*)(@%)-&*=%1:-)'/I*CJD*K@*%)'&4=%)3*-*
JD*K@*3-A*>/:G//)*1/)1(,1*L&/;:MI*-)=*:</*,/1%=4-&*=%1:,%>4:%()*(;*:</*1/)1(,*A(1%:%()1*
->(4:*:</*&%)/*;%:1*=/;%)%)3*:</*&-==/,*-N%1*A-,-&&/&*:(*:</*@-3)/:%'*;%/&=*L,%3<:M"*
!
*
!"#"#* +,-'./,*$4AA(,:*$:,4':4,/*
&'(! :3405(3! 9B<<13:! 9:3B0:B3(E! ?(@(/1<(?! L>! Xq&l#)40'(2E! .9! ?.@.?(?! .2:1! :'3((! 9(0:.129r! 4!
043L12!;.L(3!0>/.2?3.04/!9'(//!8'.0'!9B<<13:9!:'(!</42(9!"!:1!%!/104:(?!.29.?(!:'(!A4=2(:E!42?!:81!043L12!
;.L(3!;/42=(9!8'.0'!9B<<13:!:'(!(C:(3.13!</42(9!-!42?!$D!!q.:'!3(9<(0:!:1!:'(!)*+#,-!012;.=B34:.12E!:'(!
2BAL(3!1;!9./.012!/4>(39!'49!L((2!.203(49(?!;31A!^!:1!K!L>!9B<<3(99.2=!12(!.2:(324/!</42(!42?!([B.<<.2=!
L1:'!9.?(9!1;!:'(!3(A4.2.2=!:'3((!.2:(324/!</42(9!8.:'!9./.012!/4??(39D!!!
&'(! :3405(3!</42(9! /104:(?! .29.?(! F1B:9.?(I! :'(!A4=2(:!43(! :'(!94A(!49! :'19(!B9(?!;13!)*+#,-E!
<31?B0(?!B2?(3!012:40:!:1!e&l#!no3.0'^D!!&'(>!'4@(!4!01A<19.:(!9:3B0:B3(!8.:'!:81!"",!F_,,I!bA!:'.05!
/4>(39! 1;! 043L12! ;.L(3! 9B331B2?.2=! 4! -"! F%,I!AA! :'.05E! /18! ?(29.:>! 4/BA.2BA! '12(>01AL! .2:(3.13E!
'!s!-^D,"! F]"D,I!5=cA]D! ! &'(! ?.4A(:(3! 1;! :'(! .2:(3.13! F(C:(3.13I! </42(9! .9! -D,! F-D%I!AD! ! &'(! )*+#,-!.2:(3.13!</42(9!'4@(!L((2!A1?.;.(?! :1!4001AA1?4:(! :'(!9(012?!/4>(3!1;! /4??(39f! :'(! /4::(3! .203(49(9! :'(!
A4:(3.4/! :'.052(99!1;!42! .2:(3.13!</42(! :1!-j!1;!4! 34?.4:.12! /(2=:'!4:!213A4/! .20.?(20(D! ! M2!@.(8!1;! :'(!
A43=.24/! .203(49(! 1;! :'(! </42(! '(3A(:.0.:>E! 42?! :'(! @(3>! 9.=2.;.042:! 01A</.04:.12! 1;! :'(! A(0'42.04/!
?(9.=2E!:'(3(!.9!21!1@(3/4<!L(:8((2!:'(!/4??(39!.2!:'(!</42(9!1;!:'(!:3405(3D!!!
q'(2! /4??(39! ([B.<<.2=! 4! ;B//! :3405(3! </42(! 43(! <31?B0(?E! :'(>! 43(! .2:(=34:(?! 12:1! :'(!
0133(9<12?.2=! 9B<<13:! </42(D! ! +B<([email protected]! [B4/.:>! 012:31/! 42?! :340(4L./.:>! 43(! (29B3(?! L>! 4! ?4:4L49(!
?(@(/1<(?! ;13! :'4:! <B3<19(D! ! &'(! 40:.@.:.(9! 9:43:! 8.:'! 400(<:420(! :(9:9! 1;! :'(! /4??(39! [email protected]=! ;31A! 4//!
<31?B0:.12!/.2(9!42?!:'(2!<310((?!.2!9:(<9!:1843?!.2:(=34:.12!1;!:'(!01A</(:(!?(:(0:13D!!!
&'(! ;.39:! 9:(<! .9! :'(! 01A</(:.12! 1;! :'(! /4??(3! .:9(/;! 8.:'! 9B<<13:! ;((:E! '>L3.?! 01@(3! 42?!
(/(0:31A4=2(:.0! 9'.(/?.2=D! ! O.=B3(!"D^-! 9'189! :81! /4??(39! 4:! :'(! (2?! 1;! :'.9! 1<(34:.12E! 3(4?>! :1! L(!
.29:4//(?!12!4!9B<<13:!</42(D!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!^!h(3/.512!V12:34@(9f!S.30'9:3499(!-$$f!Vl#K,$,!no3.0'D!
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#$K!
&3405(3!499(AL/>!42?!04L/.2=!1<(34:.129!:'(2!9:43:!L>!A1B2:.2=!/4??(39!12:1!:'(!9B<<13:!</42(9D!!
&'(!L43(!'12(>01AL!</42(! .9! ;.39:! .29:4//(?!12!42!499(AL/>! \.=!8'.0'!4//189! 31:4:.12!1;! :'(!</42(!42?!
(49>!400(99!:1!L1:'!9.?(9D!!&'(!:'(3A4/!L43!499(AL/.(9!43(!:'(2!.29:4//(?D!!&'(.3!A(0'42.04/!01A<4:.L./.:>!
8.:'!:'(!011/.2=!/11<!.2:(3;40(!.9!:(9:(?D!!&'(!;.39:!9.?(!042!:'(2!L(!([B.<<(?!8.:'!/4??(39D!!M29:4//4:.12!1;!
:'(!9(012?!/4>(3!12!:'(!1:'(3!9.?(!.9!A13(!?(/.04:(!9.20(!12(!'49!400(99!;31A!12/>!12(!9.?(!;13!;.C4:.12D!!)!
9:3.0:!9([B(20(!1;!499(AL/>!42?!:(9:9!AB9:!:'(3(;13(!L(!;1//18(?!:1!(29B3(!:'4:!21!.2400(99.L/(!/4??(3!'49!
:1!L(!0'42=(?D!!&'(!499(AL/(?!</42(!.9!;.24//>!9:13(?!.2!4!/.=':#:.=':!012:4.2(3!B2?(3!?3>!2.:31=(2D!!!
O.=B3(!"D^"!9'189!:'(!;.39:!:81!;B//>!([B.<<(?!.22(3!</42(9D!!)!01A</(:(!9(3.(9!1;!(/(0:3.04/!:(9:9!
'49!L((2!01A</(:(?!;13!L1:'!</42(9f!/4??(3
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#$J
!!
2%34,/*!"C!7*O&-)/*)4@>/,1*!*L->(P/M*-)=*#*L>/&(GM*'(@A&/:/&9*/Q4%AA/=*G%:<*&-==/,1"*
!
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#^,!
!"#"J* R&/':,()%'1**
&'(!9./.012!9(29139!43(!=31B<(?!:1=(:'(3E!;13!3(4?1B:!42?!L.49.2=E!.2!/4??(39!1;!?.;;(3(2:!/(2=:'9!
:1! A4:0'! :'(! 0>/.2?3.04/! =(1A(:3>! 1;! :'(! )*+! A4=2(:D! ! &'(! A4C.ABA! 01AL.2(?! 9:3.<! /(2=:'! .2! :'(!
9./.012!;13!4!9.2=/(!3(4?1B:!0'422(/!.9!^,!0AD!!&'(!3(/4:.@(/>!/43=(!.2<B:!04<40.:420(!F],#-K,!<OIE!49!8(//!
49! :'(!2((?! ;13!4!'.='!?>24A.0! 342=(! FG-,,!*MP9IE! /(?! :1! :'(!?(@(/1<A(2:!1;!4!2(8!;312:#(2?! 3(4?1B:!
0'.<!L49(?!12!:'(!/18#21.9(!H.5.2=!?(9.=2!6K7E!:'(!H)t'?3_!6J7D!!)9!;13!:'(!/4??(39!42?!9B<<13:!9:3B0:B3(E!
:'(!:3405(3!(/(0:312.09!.9!42!B<=34?(?!42?!B<?4:(?!@(39.12!1;!:'(!0.30B.:9!?(@(/1<(?!;13!)*+#,-!6-,7D!!!
e40'!1;! :'(!^%!0'422(/9!1;! :'(!H)t'?3!0'.<!0129.9:9!1;!4!0'43=(!9(29.:.@(!4A</.;.(3E!4!VX#XV!
9(A.#R4B99.42!9'4<(3E!42?!4!94A</(#42?#'1/?!9:4=(D!!)2!424/1=!AB/:.</(C(3E!9'.;:!3(=.9:(3!42?!LB;;(3!43(!
.2013<134:(?! .2! :'(! 0'.<! ;13! 9([B(2:.4/! ?4:4! 1B:<B:! 4:! 4! A4C.ABA! 0/105! ;3([B(20>! 1;! -,!*lZD! ! &'(!
([B.@4/(2:!21.9(!0'43=(!49!4!;B20:.12!1;!04<40.:420(!/14?!V?(:!'49!L((2!A(49B3(?!:1!L(!F]$,a%V?(:c<OI!(!!
4:!4!^!b9!<(45.2=!:.A(!42?!21A.24/!L.49!0B33(2:9D!!&'(!H)t'?3!0'.<9!43(!1<(34:(?!4:!4!/18(3!L.49!0B33(2:!
3(9B/:.2=! .2!4!<(45.2=!:.A(!1;!]#%!b9!42?!4@(34=(!<18(3!0129BA<:.12!,D_!Aq!<(3!0'422(/D! !&'(!9.2=/(!
0'422(/!3(9<129(!1;!:'(!H)t'?3!0'.<!'49!L((2!A(49B3(?!:1!L(!/.2(43!B<!:1!i_$!*MP9D!!&'(!9:3.<9!1;!:'(!
9./.012!9(29139!43(!40#01B</(?!:1!:'(!H)t'[email protected]!_,,!<O!04<40.:13!0'.<9KD!!S1:'!:'(!H)t'?3!0'.<9!42?!:'(!
04<40.:13!0'.<9!43(!'1B9(?!12!:'(!&3405(3!O312:!e2?!L143?!F&OeI!:'4:!4/91!012:4.29!4!3(9.9:13!2(:8135!:1!
;B32.9'!:'(!H)t'?3!1<(34:.2=!0B33(2:9E!4!3(0(.@(3!0'.<!;13!?.=.:4/!012:31/!9.=24/9!42?!4!/18!<18(3!424/1=!
4A</.;.(3!;13!:'(!0B33(2:#:1#@1/:4=(!012@(39.12D!!!
&'(!3(4?1B:!42?!<18(3!?.9:3.LB:.12!9>9:(A!1;!:'(!:3405(3!?(:(0:13!.9!01A<19(?!1;!4!:1:4/!1;!"]"!
L143?9!?.@.?(?!.2:1!K!9(0:.129D!!e40'!9(0:.12!:45(9!.:9!<18(3!;31A!42!.2?(<(2?(2:!"K!H!/.2(!01A.2=!;31A!
:'(!P18(3!T.9:3.LB:.12!+>9:(A!FPT+I!42?!<31@.?(9!:'(!3(4?1B:E!?4:4!01A<3(99.12!42?!<18(3!9B<</.(9!;13!
"%!9./.012!9(2913!/4??(39D!!)9!9'182!.2!O.=B3(!"D^]E!(40'!9(0:.12!.9!01A<19(?!1;!3(4?1B:!034:(!F&#V34:(I!
42?!4!<18(3!012@(39.12!42?!?.9:3.LB:.12!B2.:!F&PTID!!&'(!&#V34:(!'19:9!:'(!-"!3(4?1B:!42?!?4:4!3(?B0:.12!
L143?9!F&TX"E!(40'!012:4.2.2=!:81!&TX!0.30B.:9IE!:'(!/.2(43!<19:#3(=B/4:13!L143?9!F%!&P+OeE!"!&S+I!42?!
:'(! .2:(3;40(! :1! :'(! 9/18!012:31/! 42?! :'(!'.='(3! /(@(/!1;! :'(!T)U!0'4.2! FuMNOID! !&'(!&PT!012:4.29! 42!
.2<B:! ;./:(3! F+J,--SJIE! 4! 9/18! 012:31/! .2:(3;40(! F+J,--)&I! 42?! K! ?B4/! TV#TV! 012@(3:(39! ;13! :'(!
=(2(34:.12!1;!:'(!?.;;(3(2:!@1/:4=(9!2((?(?!:1!1<(34:(!:'(!?(:(0:13!9>9:(AE!1;!:'3((!:><(9!F+J,$-E!+J,$]E!
+J,$$ID! ! &'(! '.='! <(3;13A420(! TV#TV! 012@(3:(39! 8(3(! 0B9:1A! ?(@(/1<(?! 4;:(3! 42! (C:(29.@(!
.2@(9:.=4:.12!42?!<31@.?(!'.='!(;;.0.(20>!42?!@(3>!/18!21.9(!:1!A((:!:'(!9>9:(A!3([B.3(A(2:9D!!!
M2!:'(!3(4?1B:!034:(E!.2!4??.:.12!:1!:'(!uMNOE!:'(3(!43(!:'3((!:><(9!1;!043?9r!
+ O1B3! &P+OeE!8'.0'! 3(=B/4:(! :'(! +J,$-! 1B:<B:9! :1! <31@.?(! 4! 9:4L./.Z(?! 42?! ;./:(3(?!/"D-!H! ;13!<18(3.2=!:'(!;312:#(2?!0.30B.:9!12!:'(!&Oe!4::40'(?!:1!9.C!/4??(39D!!&'(!9:4:B9!1;!(40'!/.2(43!3(=B/4:13!F-"!
<(3!&P+OeI!042!L(!A12.:13(?!42?!012:31//([email protected]!01AA42?9!12!:'(!W(V31>!LB9D!!h@(3!0B33(2:!<31:(0:.12!
.9!.A</(A(2:(?!.2!LB3<!A1?(r!:'(!/.2(43!3(=B/4:13!:3.(9!:1!3(01@(3!4B:1A4:.04//>!4;:(3!:'(!0B33(2:!/.A.:!.9!
<499(?D!!!
+ &81!&S+E!8'.0'!<31?B0(!:'(!L.49!;13! :'(!9./.012!?(:(0:139!42?!:'(!=31B2?!/(@(/9!;13! :'(!2#9.?(!
;312:#(2?!(/(0:312.09D!!&'(!?(;4B/:!@4/B(!1;!:'(!L.49!@1/:4=(!.9!K,!HE!A4:0'.2=!:'(!@4/B(!A(49B3(?!12!:'(!
L43(!9./.012!84;(39D!!)!/18(3!@4/B(!1;!^,!H!042!L(!9(:!.2!13?(3!:1!4001AA1?4:(!/4??(39!8.:'!?.;;(3(2:!L.49!
0'4340:(3.9:.09D! !&'(!/.2(43!3(=B/4:139!1;!:'(!043?!'4@(!4!$,,!b)!0B33(2:!/.A.:!F;1/?!L405!A1?(IE!12(!;13!
(40'!9.?(!F<!13!2I!1;!9.C!/4??(39D!!M2!13?(3!:1!A12.:13!:'(!?435!0B33(2:!1;!(40'!/4??(3E!4!0B33(2:!A(49B3.2=!
9>9:(A!1;!(40'!L.49!/.2(!.9!4/91!.A</(A(2:(?E!8.:'!.2:(3;40(!:1!:'(!9/18!012:31/!9>9:(AD!!!
+ &8(/@(! &TX"! 043?9! (40'! 012:4.2.2=! :81! &TX! 0.30B.:9D! ! &'(! &TX! <(3;13A9! :'(! ?.=.:.Z4:.12E!
04/.L34:.12!42?!?4:4!3(?B0:.12!;13!12(!/4??(3D!!O.=B3(!"D^%!9'189!4!90'(A4:.0!@.(8!1;!:'(!3(4?1B:!8.:'!:'(!
/.2(9!0122(0:(?!:1!4!&Oe!<4.3!12!:'(!/(;:!42?!uMNO!42?!<18(3!9>9:(A9!12!:'(!3.=':D!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_!MTe!)+f!H(3.:49@(.(2!Jf!N#-]"][email protected]!K!V1/.L3>9!+)!f!*4/4?.k3(!K]E!Vl#",,_!N(B0'm:(/D!J!P43:!2BAL(39!/.5(!+J,22C>Z!3(;(3!:1!?(9.=29!;31A!V)eN!)(319<40([email protected]!H(:34.4!--f!M#$$,%J!H.43(==.1D!
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#^-
!
!!!!
TPSFE
12-2.0VK[11:0]
12+2.0VK[11:0]
2-2.5VK[1:0]
2+2.5VK[1:0]
GNDS
2-2.5VS[1:0]
2+2.5VS[1:0]
2GNDK[1:0]
2+5.6VK1:0]
2
2+5.6VS[1:0]
12-2.0VS[11:0]
12+2.0VS[11:0]
2
2
2
2
2
+5.6VK (A/B)
-2.0VK
+2.0VK
GRINGK (A/B)
GNDK (A/B)
+5.6VS (A/B)
-2.0VS (A/B)
+2.0VS (A/B)
GRINGS
GNDS (A/B)
12
TDR2
S9051
12
TBS
-2.0VK[5:0]
+2.0VK[5:0]
TPSFE
-2.0VS[5:0]
+2.0VS[5:0]
+2.5VK
-2.5VK
GNDK
+2.5VS
-2.5VS
GNDS
S9055GNDB
+120V
+6V
-6V
GNDB
+120V
+6V
-6VGNDK[1:0]
GRINGK[1:0]
GRINGS[11:0]
3.3
VH
3.3
VC
DG
ND
3.3
VH
3.3
VC
DG
ND
3.3
VB
DG
ND
GRINGS[11:0]
GNDK[1:0]
GRINGK[1:0]
S9053
S9053
3.3V0
DGND
3.3V1
JINF
3.3V0
DGND
3.3V13.3V0
DGND
BACKPLANE
DGND
S9051
3.3
VA
DUAL
DUAL
!!
!
!
2%34,/*!"C#7*8-9(4:*(;*>(-,=1*%)*+OS*-)=*+,-'./,*T,-:/1*L-MI*+,-'./,*A(G/,*1'</@/*L>M"*
*
h2(!'4/;!1;!4!&TX"!L143?!.9!<.0:B3(?!.2!O.=B3(!"D^$D!!e40'!<#9.?(!F2#9.?(I!&Oe!.9!0122(0:(?!:1!4!
&TX! :'31B='! 4! "-! F-JI! /.2(! [B49.#014C.4/! 04L/(! 8.:'! 4! A(42! /(2=:'! 1;! "D$! A(:(39-,D! ! T.=.:.Z4:.12! .9!
<(3;13A(?!12!:'(!&TX!8.:'!4!-"#L.:E!$!*lZ!424/1=#:1#?.=.:4/!012@(3:(3!F)TVE!)T+K,]eI!:'4:!.9!01B</(?!
:'31B='!4!9(:!1;!?.=.:4/!.91/4:139!F)TB*--,,SI!:1!4!V1AA12!T.=.:4/!P43:!FVTPIE!?(903.L(?!.2!v!"DK!42?!
01A<19(?!L>!4!?4:4!LB;;(3E! 4!<31=34AA4L/(!=4:(!4334>!0'.<E!8'.0'!012:31/9! :'(!H)t'?3!0'.<9!42?! :'(!
?4:4! LB;;(3E! 42?! 4! T.=.:4/! +.=24/! P310(9913! FT+PI! ;13! 04/.L34:.12! 42?! ?4:4! 3(?B0:.12D! ! &'(! 3(?B0:.12!
4/=13.:'A! .9!L49(?!12(!B9(?! .2!)*+#,-!42?!40'.(@(9! :'(! 3([B.3(?!4@(34=(!01A<3(99.12! 34:.1!1;!^,,!4:!
34:(9!4L1@(!]!plZD!!!
&'(!TV#TV! 012@(3:(39! 012:4.2(?! .2! :'(!&PT! 43(! ?(903.L(?! .2!&4L/(!"D]D! ! M2! 4??.:.12E! :'(! L1C!
012:4.29!4!+J,--)&!A1?B/(!:1!012:31/!42?!A12.:13!:'(!TV#TV!012@(3:(39!42?!.2:(3;40(!:1!:'(!uMNO!42?!
42!+J,--S!.2<B:c1B:<B:!01AA12!42?!?.;;(3(2:.4/!A1?(!;./:(3![B4/.;.(?!:1!8135!.2!A4=2(:.0!;.(/?9!B<!:1!
$,,!RD!!&'(!+J,$]E!+J,$$!42?!+J,--)&!43(!1<(34:(?!.2!01/?!3(?B2?420>D!!
!
U:9* F(=4&/* V(&:-3/1* 8(-=* W%AA&/*LX!D*F<YM* W/34&-:%()* R;;%'%/)'9*
%! +J,$-! w"D$E!$D^!&TX"!424/1=!
42?!;312:!(2?!G!-$!AH<<! V3199r!G!$j! _Kj!
"! +J,$]! a]D%! V34:(!?.=.:4/! G!",!AH<<! W14?r!%j! _Jj!
"! +J,$$! a-",E!w^! +./.012!L.49! G!",!AH<<! V3199r!-j!12!-",H! 2c4!
!
+->&/*!"#7*+OS*ST?ST*'()P/,:/,*A,(A/,:%/1"*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-,!Rd)!e2=.2((3.2=f!W104/.:4g!*.1/(f!M#^_,^]!h3.01/4D!
TPD TPD T-Crate T-Crate
(a) (b)
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#^"!
!!
2%34,/*!"CJ7*$'</@-:%'*(;*:</*+SW*L+,-'./,*S-:-*W/=4':%()M*'%,'4%:"*
*
*!
2%34,/*!"C57*Z)/*<-&;*(;*-*;&%3<:*Q4-&%:9*+SW!*>(-,="***
DSP
Gate
Array
Memory
2x ADC
ADC
ADuM Isolation Barrier
filter
~ 60V
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#^]
!"#"5* +,-'./,*+</,@-&*T():,(&*$91:/@*
&'(!'>L3.?9!43(!A1B2:(?!12!043L12!;.L(3#A(:4/!011/.2=!L439E!8'.0'!(@40B4:(!:'(!'(4:!=(2(34:(?!
L>!:'(!;312:#(2?!(/(0:312.09!.29.?(!:'(!A4=2(:D!!&'(!<3(9(20(!1;!:'(!9B<(3012?B0:.2=!A4=2(:!3([B.3(9!42!
40:.@(!011/.2=!9>9:(A!;13!:'(!:3405(3D!!!
&'(!)*+#,"!&3405(3!&'(3A4/!V12:31/!+>9:(A!F&&V+IE!?(@(/1<(?!L>!NWX!.2!01//4L134:.12!8.:'!
:'(!Q2.@(39.:>!1;!R(2(@4E!NMpleOE!+B2!Y4:#9(2!Q2.@(39.:>!42?!MNON#P(3B=.4E! .9!90'(A4:.04//>!9'182!
.2!O.=B3(!"D^^E!42?!:'(!/104:.129!1;!:'(!<3.20.<4/!(/(A(2:9!.2!O.=B3(!"D^_D!!M:!.9!4!:81#<'49(E!A(0'42.04//>!
<BA<(?!/11<!9>9:(AD!!&'(!011/.2=!/.[B.?E!Vh"!4:!4L1B:!K,!L43!<3(99B3(E!.9!0.30B/4:(?!L>!4!<BA<D!!M:!(2:(39!
.2:1! :'(! :3405(3!@1/BA(!4:! 4! :(A<(34:B3(! \B9:!L(/18! :'(!L1./.2=!<1.2:E! 49!012:31//(?!L>!<3(#'(4:(39E! 42?!
<499(9!L>!:'(3A4/!L439!12!:'(!1B:(3!42?!1B:(3A19:!.22(3!</42(9E!8'(3(!:'(!'(4:!;31A!;312:#(2?!'>L3.?9!.9!
01//(0:(?!.2!9(3.(9D!!):!(40'!'(4:!.2<B:E!4!9A4//!;340:.12!1;!:'(!/.[B.?!.9!(@4<134:(?D!!S>!:'(!/49:!'>L3.?!B<!
:1!],j!1;!:'(!;/B.?!'49!L((2!@4<13.Z(?D!!&'(!(@4<134:13!0.30B.:!.9!9</.:!.2:1!B<<(3!42?!/18(3!/11<9!:1!011/!
:'(!B<<(3!42?!/18(3!/4>(39!1;!:'(!:3405(3D!!M2!:'.9!A422(3E!:'(!:3405(3!@1/BA(!.9!.91:'(3A4//>!011/(?!42?!
:'(!011/.2=!'43?843(!/104:(?!.2!:'(!:3405(3!@1/BA(!A.2.A.Z(?D!!!
hB:9.?(!1;! :'(! :3405(3!@1/BA(E! :'(! ;/B.?!<499(9! :'31B='!4!'(4:!(C0'42=(3! :1!5((<! :'(! .201A.2=!
;/B.?! \B9:! 4:! :'(! L1./.2=! <1.2:! 8'./(! A.2.A.Z.2=! :'(! <3(#'(4:(3! <18(3! 3([B.3(?D! ! M:! .9! :'(2! ?.3(0:(?! :1!
012?(29(39! 12! :'(! :3405(3! :'(3A4/! 845(! 42?! 34A! 34?.4:13! <42(/9! ;40.2=! ?((<! 9<40(D! ! &'(3(E! :'(!
@4<13c/.[B.?!A.C:B3(!.9!011/(?!:1!L(/18!:'(!L1./.2=!<1.2:E!42?!:'(2!3(:B329!:1!:'(!<BA<!.2<B:E!0/19.2=!:'(!
0.30B.:D!!)AA12.4!'(4:!<.<(9!(AL(??(?!.2!:'(!34?.4:139!.203(49(!:'(.3!(;;(0:.@(2(99D!!&'(!3(/4:.@(!;/18!1;!
;/B.?!:1!:'(!845(!42?!34A!34?.4:139!.9!9(/;#4?\B9:.2=E!:'(!;/B.?!8.//!<3(;(3(2:.4//>!;/18!:1843?9!:'(!011/(3!
34?.4:13D!!!
!
!!
2%34,/*!"CC7*$'</@-:%'*(;*:</*A,%@-,9*+,-'./,*+</,@-&*T():,(&*$91:/@*&((A"*
*
"#q4>!H4/@(!FHWHI!!!
V(2:3.;B=4/!PBA<!FP*PI!
e/(0:3.04/!l(4:(3!Fl&XI!
+(29139r!
WO*!s!W.[B.?!O/18!*(:(3!
TP+!s!T.;;(3(2:.4/!P3(99B3(!+(2913!
)P+!s!)L91/B:(!P3(99B3(!+(2913!
!
V1A<12(2:9!.29.?(!:'.9!<31;./(!
43(!:'(3A4//>!0122(0:(?!:1!:'(!
&&VS!9:3B0:B3(!
!
&'(3A1!e/(0:3.0!V11/(3!
q45(!
V12?(29(3!
X4A!
V12?(29(3
q45(!l(4:!!
P.<(!X4?.4:13!X4A!l(4:!!
P.<(!X4?.4:13!
)P+!
l(4:!eC0'42=(3!
P3(!'(4:(3!
&1<!e@4<134:13!
S1::1A!!
e@4<134:13
&3405(3!
l>L3.?9
)00B#!
AB/4:13!
TP+!
P3(!'(4:(3!
PBA<9!WO*!
WO*!
hlP!
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#^%!
**
2%34,/*!"C[7*8('-:%()1*(;*:</*A,%)'%A-&*/&/@/):1*(;*:</*+,-'./,*+</,@-&*T():,(&*$91:/@"*
&1!4?\B9:!:'(!:(A<(34:B3(!9(:!<1.2:!1;!:'(!9>9:(AE!42!400BAB/4:13!3(=B/4:(?!L>!4!:'(3A1#(/(0:3.0!
FP(/:.(3I!(/(A(2:!012:31/9!:'(!4A1B2:!1;!Vh"!.2!:'(!/11<D!!&'(!400BAB/4:13!.9!4/91!([B.<<(?!8.:'!1@(33.?(!
'(4:(39! :1!<3(@(2:! 04@.:4:.12! .2! :'(!<BA<D! !&'(! 9>9:(A! .9! .A</(A(2:(?!8.:'! 4! 9(3.(9!1;! 012:31/!@4/@(9E!
;/18!A(:(39!42?!:(A<(34:B3(!42?!<3(99B3(!A12.:139!:1!1<:.A.Z(!:'(!1<(34:.12D!!&><.04/!;/18!34:(9!43(!"!=c9!
8.:'!4!9(:!<1.2:!1;!,!,VD!
O13! 3(?B2?420>! :'(3(! 43(! :81! '>?31#?>24A.04//>! 9(<434:(! /11<9! #! :'(! <3.A43>! /11<! 42?! :'(!
9(012?43>D!!W11<!(/(A(2:9!F<BA<9E!(:0DI!43(!A1B2:(?!0133(9<12?.2=/>!.2!L1C(9!F&&VS#PE#+I!12!:'(!<13:!
42?!9:43L143?!Q++!A(AL(39D!!!
M2!:'.9!9>9:(AE!:'(!<BA<!.9!0/(43/>!4!03.:.04/!(/(A(2:D!!e40'!/11<!.9!([B.<<(?!8.:'!:81!3(?B2?42:!
<BA<9D! ! &'(! 042?.?4:(! <BA<! ;13! :'(! 9>9:(A! .9! 42! 4?4<:(?! @(39.12! 1;! :'4:! B9(?! ;13! :'(! N)+)!*439!
A.99.129!FP4:';.2?(3E!(:0DI--D!
O.=B3(!"D^K!9'189!:'(!?(:4./9!1;!:'(!(@4<134:13!/4>1B:!8.:'.2!:'(!:3405(3!@1/BA(!42?!O.=B3(!"D^J!
9'189!4!<31:1:><(!1;!:'(!(@4<134:13!/11<!42?!:'(3A4/!0122(0:.129!:1!:'(!:'(3A4/!L439!42?!'>L3.?9D!!&'(!
.22(3!?.4A(:(3!1;!:'(!(@4<134:13!.9!"D^!AA!42?!:'(!:1:4/!/11<!/(2=:'!.9!-,!AD!!l(4:!01//(0:(?!4:!:'(!.22(3!
:3405(3!</42(9!.9!:3429<13:(?!L>!:'(3A4/!L439!:1!:'(!:1<!42?!L1::1A!.22(3!(@4<134:13!3.2=9D!!
&'(! '(4:! (C0'42=(3! 3(?B0(9! :'(! 4A1B2:! 1;! <3(#'(4:(3! <18(3! 3([B.3(?D! ! &'(! (;;(0:! 1;! :'(! '(4:!
(C0'42=(3! FlxI!849!04/0B/4:(?!B9.2=!4!+MNT)#OWQMN&! :'(3A1#'>?34B/.0!A1?(/-"E! .20/B?.2=! :'(! :81#
<'49(!;/18!.2!:'(!</BAL.2=!42?!B9.2=!([email protected](2:4/!'(4:!;/BC(9!49!L1B2?43.(9!012?.:.129D!!&'(!?(9.=2!.9!
9'182!.2!O.=B3(!"D_,!42?!4!<31:1;/.=':!@(39.12!.2!O.=B3(!"D_-D!!M:!.9!4!</4:(!:><(!'(4:!(C0'42=(3!8.:'!:81!
01/?!<4994=(9!;13!:'(!9BL#011/(?!L3420'(9!42?!12(!'1:!<4994=(!;13!:'(!(@4<134:13!1B:/(:D!!&'.9!</4:(!'(4:!
(C0'42=(3!?(9.=2!A((:9!:'(!3([B.3(A(2:9!1;!'.='!<3(99B3(!F-^,!L43IE!/18#<3(99B3(!?31<E!/(45!:.=':2(99!42?!
(49>!A1?.;.04:.12!:1!4??!A13(!</4:(9!42?!4?\B9:!:'(!</4:(!?(9.=2!L49(?!12!:(9:!3(9B/:9D!!&'(!012:3.LB:.12!1;!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!--!P40.;.0!T(9.=2!&(0'21/1=.(9E!M20Df!_"!+42:4!O(/.0.4!T3.@(f!R1/(:4E!V)!J]--_D!-"!VB//.A13(!d!X.2=!&(0'21/1=.(9E!M20Df!W.::/(:12E!VhD!
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#^$
:'(!'(4:!(C0'42=(3!:1!:'(!1@(34//!9>9:(A!<3(99B3(!'(4?!.9!2(=/.=.L/(f!i$!AL43!4:!:'(!:81#<'49(!9.?(!42?!
-!AL43!12!:'(!/.[B.?!9.?(D!!O.39:!:(9:9!8.:'!:'(!'(4:!(C0'42=(3!9'18!4!L(::(3!<(3;13A420(!:'42!<3(?.0:(?!L>!
:'(!A1?(/!;B3:'(3!3(?B0.2=!:'(!3([B.3(?!<3(#'(4:(3!<18(3D!!
*
Outer plane
evaporator rings
Outer plane
thermal bars
and hybrids
Inner plane silicon
Inner plane thermal
bars and hybrids
Tracker –TTCS
connectionsInner plane
evaporator rings
TTCS-Evaporator(2 circuits, 1 redundant)
**
2%34,/*!"C67*RP-A(,-:(,*%)1:-&&-:%()*=/:-%&1"*
*
**
2%34,/*!"CB7*RP-A(,-:(,*A,(:(:9A/1"**
*!
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#^^!
]"!</4:(9
<.9:12
O/.=':!A1?(/!3(?B0(?!:1!:'.9!9.Z(
&(9:!A1?(/ (2?04<
!
2%34,/*!"[D7*S/1%3)*(;*:</*</-:*/N'<-)3/,*L\]M"***
*
!!
2%34,/*!"[07*O,(:(;&%3<:*</-:*/N'<-)3/,*/&/@/):1"**
!
&1! 3(\(0:! :'(! '(4:! :1! ?((<! 9<40(! :'(! /11<9! 43(! (40'! 0122(0:(?! :1! :'(! 34A! 42?!845(! '(4:! <.<(!
34?.4:139! B9.2=! 9<(0.4/! 012?(29(39! F9((! O.=B3(!"D_"ID! ! TB(! :1! :'(! 3([B.3(?! ?(9.=2! <3(99B3(! F-^,!L43I!
9<(0.4/!4::(2:.12!'4?!:1!L(!=.@(2!:1!:'(!.2#!42?!1B:/(:!13.;.0(9D!!O.=B3(!"D_]!9'189!4!012?(29(3!499(AL/>D!!
)!'(4:!<.<(!/.5(!<31;./(!.9!B9(?!.2!8'.0'!:'(!@4<13!013(!.9!;.//(?!8.:'!4!91/.?!31?E!.2!:'.9!84>!03(4:.2=!-^!
<434//(/! 012?(29(3! 0'422(/9D! !)!<1.2:!1;! 0120(32! .9! :'(!<199.L/(! ;3((Z.2=!1;!Vh"! .2! 049(!1;! 4! 01A</(:(!
<18(3!?182!1;!)*+D!!Q2012:31//(?!A(/:.2=!042!04B9(!/.[B.?!(20/19B3(9!42?!:'(3(;13(!'.='!<3(99B3(9D!!S>!
3(?B0.2=!:'(!.2/(:!42?!1B:/(:!13.;.0(!@1/BA(9!.:!.9!(C<(0:(?!:'4:!:'(!.2?B0(?!<3(99B3(9!8.//!9:4>!L(/18!:'(!
?(9.=2!<3(99B3(D!)??.:.124/!:(9:9!43(!.2!<31=3(99!:1!@(3.;>!:'.9D!
P31:1:><(9!1;! :'(!03.:.04/!<43:9!1;! :'(!(@4<134:13! /11<!'4@(!L((2!9B00(99;B//>!<31?B0(?D! !)!;B//#
904/(! .22(3! 3.2=!849!A42B;40:B3(?!42?! :(9:(?! .2!4! ;B//#904/(!L3(4?!L143?!A1?(/!1;! :'(!9>9:(AD! !+(@(34/!
?.;;(3(2:!<31:1:><(9!1;! :'(! :'(3A4/!;/(C!0122(0:139E!8'.0'!0122(0:! :'(! :'(3A4/!L439! :1=(:'(3E!'4@(!L((2!
A4?(!;13!<31?B0:.12!1<:.A.Z4:.12D!!!
!
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#^_
Embedded heat
pipe radiator panel
TTCS CO2 Condenser Assemblies
!!
2%34,/*!"[!7*T()=/)1/,*&('-:%()1*()*()/*</-:*A%A/*,-=%-:(,"***
!
Vapor Inlet
Liquid Outlet
Heatpipe-like profile
Condenser
Core-Rod
!
2%34,/*!"[#7*T()=/)1/,*=/1%3)"***
!
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#^K!
!"#"C* 8-1/,*E&%3)@/):*$91:/@*
+<40(! L49(?! <43:.0/(! ?(:(0:.12! 9>9:(A9! '4@(! :1! 01<(! 8.:'! 4! ;43! 8.?(3! 342=(! 1;! ([email protected](2:4/!
012?.:.129! :'42! :'19(! 4:! 400(/(34:139D! ! &'.9! 0120(329! 21:4L/>! :'(! @.L34:.129! ?B3.2=! :'(! :3429<13:! L(;13(!
?(</1>A(2:!42?!:'(!34<.?!<(3.1?.0!0'42=(9!.2!:'(!:'(3A4/!9(::.2=9!?B(!:1!91/43!34?.4:.12!42?!011/.2=!8'./(!
.2! :'(!9'4?18!1;!e43:'D! !q.:'! :'(!)*+#,"!9./.012!:3405(3E!0'43=(?!<43:.0/(! :34059!43(! :340(?!4:!K!9<40(!
<1.2:9!.2!4!i-!A]!9.Z(?!S#;.(/?!:1!42!400B340>!1;!L(::(3!:'42!-,!bAD!!!
q.:'!)*+#,-!.:!849!;1B2?!:'4:!:'(!043L12!;.L(3!:3405(3!9B<<13:!9:3B0:B3(!.9!9:4L/(!4:!:'(!-$!bA!
/(@(/!LB:! :'4:!(C0B39.129!B<!:1!],!bA!?.?!100B3D! !&'(9(!(C0B39.129!8(3(!0133(/4:(?!8.:'!0'42=(9! .2! :'(!
:'(3A4/!012?.:.129! ;1//18.2=!0'42=(9! .2!9<40(034;:! 4::.:B?(! 6--E!-"7D! !O13! /12=!1L9(3@4:.12!<(3.1?9E! :'(!
1@(34//!9>9:(A!9:4L./.:>!.9!(9<(0.4//>!.A<13:42:!.2!:'4:!.:!/.A.:9!:'(!B/:.A4:(!A1A(2:BA!3(91/B:.12!;13!'.='!
3.=.?.:>! <43:.0/(9! 42?! 042! .2:31?B0(! ?1A.24:.2=! 9>9:(A4:.0! (33139! .2! :'(! <1.2:.2=! 400B340>! 1;! :'(!)*+!
:3405(3! ;13! 012@(3:(?!<'1:129E! <43:.0B/43/>! ;31A!49:31<'>9.04/! <1.2:! 91B30(9D! ! +BL! 430!A.2B:(! <3(0.9.12!
<1.2:.2=!1;!8(45!91B30(9!.9!<199.L/(!<31@.?(?!9B;;.0.(2:/>!;3([B(2:!0'(059!1;!:'(!:3405(3!=(1A(:3>!042!L(!
<(3;13A(?!8.:'!/49(3!L(4A9!42?!9:.;;!019A.0!:34059!8.:'1B:!=1.2=!:1!4!Z(31!;.(/?!012?.:.12D!
&'(!4/.=2A(2:!9>9:(AE!?(@(/1<(?!L>!Xq&l#)40'(2E!<31@.?(9!1<:.04//>!=(2(34:(?!9.=24/9!.2!:'(!
K!/4>(39!1;!:'(!9./.012!:3405(3!:'4:!A.A.0!9:34.=':!F.2;.2.:(!3.=.?.:>I!:34059D!!M:!'49!L((2!9'182!8.:'!)*+#
,-! 6--E!-]E!-%7! :'4:! :'(9(!43:.;.0.4/! 9:34.=':! :34059!4//18! :'(! :340.2=!1;!0'42=(9!1;! :'(! :3405(3!=(1A(:3>!
8.:'!4!<19.:.12!F42=B/43I!400B340>!1;!L(::(3!:'42!$bA!F"!b34?ID!!&'(!9>9:(A!B9(9!:'(!94A(!9./.012!9(29139!
;13!L1:'!<43:.0/(!?(:(0:.12!42?!012:31/!1;!:'(!4/.=2A(2:D!!M:!9(3@(9!:1!=(2(34:(!<19.:.12!012:31/!?4:4!8.:'.2!
9(012?9!4:!3(=B/43!:.A(!.2:(3@4/9!F%!:1!^!:.A(9!<(3!13L.:IE!;13!(C4A</(E!8'./(!:'(!M++!;/.(9!.2:1!:'(!9'4?18!
1;!:'(!e43:'!13!01A(9!L405!.2:1!:'(!9B2/.=':D!!!
)9!9'182!.2!O.=B3(!"D_%E!:'(!)*+#,"!:3405(3!.9!([B.<<(?!8.:'!"!C!-,!<4.39!1;!4/.=2A(2:!012:31/!
L(4A9D!&'(!L(4A9!43(!243318!F?.4A(:(3!G!,D$!AAI!42?!1;!9A4//!?.@(3=(20(!FG!-!A34?ID!!&'(!L(4A9!(2:(3!
:'(! :3405(3!@1/BA(! :'31B='!"!C!$!L(4A<13:!L1C(9! FWSSxI!A1B2:(?!12! :'(!1B:(3! ;40(!1;! :'(! :81!1B:(3!
:3405(3!9B<<13:!</4:(9D!&'(!<'1:129!1;!:'(9(!L(4A9!43(!=(2(34:(?!8.:'!/49(3!?.1?(9!A1B2:(?!1B:9.?(!1;!:'(!
:3405(3!@1/BA(!42?!43(!L31B=':!<340:.04//>!/199!;3((!:1!:'([email protected]!A121#A1?(!1<:.04/!;.L(39D!&'(!<B/9(!
/(2=:'!.9!/(99!:'(2!:'(!(/(0:312.09!.2:(=34:.12!:.A(!91!:'4:!:'(!3(<(:.:.12!34:(!.9!/.A.:(?!12/>!L>!:'(!3(4?1B:D!
&'(!84@(!/(2=:'!1;!:'(9(!L(4A9E!-,K"!2AE!'49!L((2!0'19(2!9B0'!49!:1!<(2(:34:(!4//!K!+.!?(:(0:13!/4>(39!1;!
:'(!:3405(3!4:!120(D!!):!:'.9!84@(/(2=:'!12/>!4!9A4//!;340:.12!1;!:'(!=(2(34:(?!<'1:129!43(!4L913L(?!F-,j!
.2!:'(!],,bA#:'.05!+.!9(2913IE!'18(@(3!:'(!3(;/(0:.12!4:! :'(!+.!9B3;40(!'49!:1!L(!9B<<3(99(?!.2!13?(3!:1!
1@(301A(! :'(! .2:(29.:>! /.A.:4:.129! .2! 3(013?.2=! :'(! 4/.=2A(2:! L(4A9! ?B(! :1! :'(! 9:312=! (;;(0:.@(!
4::(2B4:.12! F;40:13! 1;! i-,! <(3! +.! /4>(3I! 04B9(?! L>! :'(! '.='! 3(;340:.@(! .2?(C! F?.(/(0:3.0! 0129:42:I! 1;! +.D!!
OB3:'(3A13(!:'(!:3429<43(20>!1;!:'(!+.!<43:.0/(!?(:(0:13!9B3;40(9!.9!1L9:3B0:(?!L>!:'(!4/BA.2.Z(?!3(4?1B:!
9:3.<9D! ! M2! 0129([B(20(E! :'(! :3405(3! 9(29139! 12! :'(! 4/.=2A(2:! L(4A9! '4@(! L((2! ([B.<<(?! 8.:'! 42:.#
3(;/(0:.@(!014:.2=9!F+.h"!42?!+.]N%I!1<:.A.Z(?!;13!:'(!84@(/(2=:'!0'19(2!F3(9.?B4/!3(;/(0:.@.:>!i!-jID!!M2!
4??.:.12E! :'(! 3(4?1B:! 9:3.<!A(:4//.Z4:.12!8.?:'!849! 3(?B0(?! :1! -,bA!8.?:'! .2! :'(! 014:(?! 43(49! 42?! :'(!
1:'(3!.A</42:9!21:!A(:4//.Z(?D!!&1=(:'(3!:'(9(!A(49B3(9!'4@(!3(9B/:(?!.2!4!:3429<43(20>!1;!:'(!4/.=2A(2:!
9(29139!1;!$,j!6-$7!42?!:'(!K:'!/4>(3!1;!:'(!:3405(3!3(0(.@(9!4L1B:!,DKj!1;!:'(!.2:(29.:>!01A.2=!1B:!1;!:'(!
WSSxD! !q.:'!'.='
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#^J
&'(! )*+! 4<<3140'! :1! 9./.012! :3405(3! 4/.=2A(2:! 012:31/! B9.2=! MX! /49(3! L(4A9! ;B/;.//9! :'(!
3([B.3(A(2:9!1;! 4! 9<40(!L132(!(C<(3.A(2:D! ! M:! .9! /.=':!8(.=':! F]5=IE! /18!<18(3! F-AqIE! /18!?(4?! :.A(!
FG!-jI!42?!<31@.?(9!4!<3(0.9.12!(C0((?.2=! :'(! :3405(3! 3(91/B:.12! FKbAI!8.:'! /(99! :'42!-,,! /49(3! 9'1:9D!!
&'(!9B00(99!1;! :'(!)*+!4<<3140'! .2!+.! :3405(3!4/.=2A(2:!012:31/!L>!MX! /49(3!L(4A9!'49! /(4?! :'(! :(4A!
LB./?.2=!:'(!/43=(9:!+.!:3405(3!4334>!6-^7!:1!?(@(/1<!4!9.A./43!9>9:(A!;13!-,!>(439!1;!1<(34:.12!4:!:'(!WlVD!!!
!
!!
2%34,/*!"[J7*EF$?D!*1%&%'()*:,-'./,*&-1/,*-&%3)@/):*191:/@*(P/,P%/G*L-M"***
*^/(@/:,9*(;*4AG-,=*-)=*=(G)G-,=*3(%)3*&-1/,*>/-@1*L>M"**
*F%',(A<(:(3,-A<*(;*-)*E):%*W/;&/':%P/*-,/-*L'M"*
!
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#_,!
Strip number
Puls
e he
ight
**
2%34,/*!"[57**$%)3&/*A4&1/*&-1/,*>/-@*A,(;%&/1*(>1/,P/=*G%:<*:</*1:-)=-,=*EF$?D!*,/-=(4:*'<-%)*()*
;&%3<:* &-==/,1* ;(,* :</* 9* LA&(:1* ()* :</* &/;:M* -)=* N* LA&(:1* ()* :</* ,%3<:M* '((,=%)-:/1"*
_/:G//)*:</*4AA/,*-)=*&(G/,*@/-14,/@/):1*:</*>/-@*G-1*1:/AA/=*>9*!DD*K@*%)*9"*`)*
9*'((,=%)-:/*:</*,/'()1:,4':%()*A,/'%1%()*%1*=(@%)-:/=*>9*:</*1:/AA%)3*-''4,-'9"*`)*N*
%:*%1*>/::/,*:<-)*#*K@"*
*
*
!"#"[* O/,;(,@-)'/*+/1:1*
)2!(C:(29.@(!9(3.(9!1;!:(9:9!'4@(!L((2!<(3;13A(?!:1!@(3.;>!:'(!<(3;13A420(!1;!:'(!)*+#,"!9./.012!
:3405(3D! !&'(9(! .20/B?(!L(20'! :(9:9!4:! :'(! /4??(3!L>!/4??(3! /(@(/!42?!L(4A!:(9:9!8.:'!A.2.ABA!.12.Z.2=!
<43:.0/(9E!/.=':!.129!42?!'(4@>!.129D!!!
)2!.A<13:42:!A1?.;.04:.12!8.:'!3(9<(0:!:1!:'(!13.=.24/!?(9.=2!849!:'(!.203(49(!L>!4!;40:13!1;!:81!
.2!:'(!.A</42:4:.12!<.:0'!12!:'(!2#9.?(!1;!:'(!9./.012!9(29139D!!&'(!<3(9(20(!1;!;1B3!<a!L/105.2=!9:3.<9!.2!
:'(!",K!bA!3(4?1B:!=4<!1;!:'(!)*+#,-!9(29139!3(9B/:(?!.2!4!]$!j!/18(3!9.=24/!/(@(/!4:!213A4/!.20.?(20(!
;13!:34059!<499.2=!.2!:'(!A.??/(!1;!:'(!3(4?1B:!=4<!6-_7E!42?!0129([B(2:/>!12!4@(34=(E!4!",!j!/18(3!9.=24/!
/(@(/! ;13! :'(! 9.2=/>#0'43=(?! <43:.0/(9! 01A<43(?! :1! :'(! <#9.?(! <(3;13A420(D! ! *13(1@(3E! :'(! 9./.012!
A42B;40:B3.2=!<310(99!'49!L((2!.A<31@(?!8.:'!4!9.=2.;.042:!3(?B0:.12!.2!:'(!21.9(!/(@(/!12!L1:'!9./.012!
3(4?1B:! 9.?(9D! ! )! 01A<43.912! 1;! :'(! 21.9(! /(@(/9! 1;! :'(!)*+#,-! 42?!)*+#,"! /4??(39! .9! <3(9(2:(?! .2!
O.=B3(!"D_^!.2!:(3A9!1;!4@(34=(!)TV!01B2:9r!)TV!01B2:9r!:'(!A(42!@4/B(9!'4@(!.A<31@(?!;31A!]D"!:1!
"D%!42?!;31A!!%D%!:1!]D-!;13!<#!42?!2#9.?(9D!!!
!
!
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#_-
!!
2%34,/*!"[C7*T<-))/&*)(%1/*=%1:,%>4:%()*(;*&-==/,*A?1%=/17*EF$?D0*L-M*-)=*EF$?D!*L>M"*
*******T<-))/&*)(%1/*=%1:,%>4:%()*(;*&-==/,*)?1%=/17*EF$?D0*L'M*-)=*EF$?D!*L=M"*
!
O1B3! )*+#,"! /4??(39! 8(3(! (C<19(?! :1! 4! -,!R(Hc0! <31:12! L(4A! 4:! VeXN! :1! ?(:(3A.2(! :'(!
1<:.A4/!9'4<.2=!:.A(!;13!:'(!;312:#(2?!H)t'?3!0'.<D!!O.=B3(!"D__!9'189!:'(!<(3;13A420(!1;!:'(!:81!9.?(9!
1;!:'(!)*+#,"!9./.012!9(29139!;13!A.2.ABA!.12.Z.2=!<31:129E!;13!:'(!1<:.A4/!9'4<.2=!:.A(!1;!]D$!b9D!!&'(!
?4:4! 43(! ?(903.L(?! L>! 4!W42?4B! ?.9:3.LB:.12! 012@1/B:(?!8.:'! 4!R4B99.42! 21.9(! ?.9:3.LB:.12D! ! &'(! ;.::(?!
8.?:'9!;13!:'(!/4::(3!43(!"D,!42?!-DK!)TV!01B2:9!;13!:'(!2#!42?!<#9.?(9!3(9<(0:.@(/>D!!M2!O.=B3(!"D_KE!:'(!
;.::(?!W42?4B!<(45!@4/B(9!49!4!;B20:.12!1;!:'(!9'4<.2=!:.A(!43(!9'182D!
!
!!
2%34,/*!"[[7*EF$?D!*1%&%'()*:,-'./,*A/,;(,@-)'/7*1%3)-&*&/P/&1*;(,*@%)%@4@*%()%Y%)3*A,(:()1"**
Co
un
ts
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#_"!
!!
2%34,/*!"[67*8-)=-4*A/-.*A(1%:%()*;(,*@%)%@4@*%()%Y%)3*A,(:()1*-1*-*;4)':%()*
(;*:</*VEa<=,*1<-A%)3*:%@/*;(,*;(4,*EF$?D!*1%&%'()*&-==/,1"*
*
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#_]
)! A(49B3(A(2:! 1;! :'(! <19.:.12! 3(91/B:.12! 849! <31@.?(?! L>! 4! ?(?.04:(?! 9(:B<! 0129.9:.2=! 1;! 4!
3(;(3(20(!:(/(901<(!01A<19(?!1;!;1B3!9.2=/(#9.?(?!9./.012!9(29139!8.:'!$,!bA!<.:0'!3(4?1B:!42?!42!)*+#
,"!<31:1:><(!/4??(3D!!&'(!?(:(0:139!8(3(!</40(?!.2!-",!R(H!AB12!L(4A!4:!VeXND!!O.=B3(!"D_J!9'189!:'(!
3(9.?B4/!?.9:3.LB:.129!1;!:'(!/4??(3E!8'.0'!43(!?(903.L(?!L>!4!R4B99.42!;B20:.12!42?!;/4:!L405=31B2?D!!&'(!
8.?:'9!1;!:'(!R4B99.429!43(!KD$!42?!],!bA!3(9<(0:.@(/>!;13!:'(!<#!42?!2#9.?(9D!!*
*
mµ-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
even
ts
1
10
102
103
Sigma = 8.452 ± 0.073
mµ-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
even
ts
1
10
102
Sigma = 29.53 ± 0.469
*!
2%34,/*!"[B7*W/1%=4-&*=%1:,%>4:%()*(;*<%:1*()*:</*A,(:(:9A/*&-==/,*G%:<*,/1A/':*:(*:</*
A(1%:%()* /NA/':/=* ;,(@* :</* ,/;/,/)'/* :/&/1'(A/"* * +</* ,/1(&4:%()* %1*
6"5*K@*()*:</*A?1%=/*L:(A*A&(:M*-)=*#D*K@*()*:</*)?1%=/*L>(::(@*A&(:M"*
!
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#_%!
&1!9:B?>!:'(!)*+#,"!/4??(3!3(9<129(!:1!/.=':!42?!'(4@>!.129E!9.C!/4??(39!8(3(!(C<19(?!:1!42!.12!
L(4A! 4:! VeXN! .2! h0:1L(3! ",,]D! ! )! ;34=A(2:4:.12! L(4A! 849! <31?B0(?! 8.:'! <3.A43>! M2?.BA! .129!
.A<.2=.2=!8.:'!42!(2(3=>!1;!-]$!R(Hc)!12!4!L(3>//.BA!:43=(:D!!&'(!;34=A(2:4:.12!.129!01B/?!L(!9(/(0:(?!
40013?.2=! :1! :'(.3! )cn! 34:.1E! 42?! ?.;;(3(2:! ?4:4! 94A</(9! 0133(9<12?.2=! :1! )cn!s!-E! )cn!s!"! 42?!
)cn!s!"D"$E!8(3(!01//(0:(?D! !)2!.2?(<(2?(2:!A(49B3(A(2:!1;! :'(!.12!0'43=(!849!4/91!<(3;13A(?!L>!:'(!
<31:1:><(!)*+#,"!XMVl!?(:(0:13!F9((!v!"D^ID!!!
)! 3(<3(9(2:4:.@(! 9(:! 1;! :81! -"#9(2913! /12=! /4??(39! ;31A! (40'! 1;! :'(! :'3((! 499(AL/>! /.2(9!849!
9(/(0:(?!;31A!:'(!;.24/!)*+#,"!<31?B0:.12!42?!A1B2:(?!.2!4!/.=':!:.=':!4/BA.2BA!L1C!13:'1=124/!:1!:'(!
L(4AD!!e2=.2((3.2=!A1?(/9!1;!:'(!<18(3!9B<</.(9!8(3(!B9(?!:1!9B<</>!L.49!@1/:4=(!:1!:'(!9./.012!9(29139!
49! 8(//! 49! /18! @1/:4=(9! :1! :'(! ;312:#(2?! '>L3.?9D! ! &'3((! ?4:4! 3(?B0:.12! L143?9! F&TX"I! 3(4?! 1B:! :81!
/4??(39!(40'!42?!:3429A.::(?!:'(!40[B.3(?!?4:4!:1!4!PV!01A<B:(3!3B22.2=!B2?(3!4!W.2BC!1<(34:.2=!9>9:(AD!!
)!:3.==(3!849!<31@.?(?!B9.2=!4!90.2:.//4:13!L(4A!:(/(901<(D!
&'(!9:42?43?!?4:4!40[B.9.:.12!A1?(!;13!:'(!:(9:9!849!.2!B201A<3(99(?!A1?(E!:1!4//18!:'(!:(9:!1;!
?.;;(3(2:!4/=13.:'A9!1;!01AA12!A1?(!21.9(!9BL:340:.12E!9.=24/!;.2?.2=!42?!0/B9:(3.2=D!!!
M2!(40'!(@(2:E!4!0/B9:(3!849!9(/(0:(?!12!L1:'!:'(!\B20:.12!FpI!42?!1'A.0!F+I!9.?(9!1;!(40'!/4??(3!
L>!B9.2=!:'(!;1//18.2=!03.:(3.4r!
+ &'(! 9((?! ;13! :'(! 0/B9:(3! .9! ;1B2?! 4:! :'(! 0'422(/! i! 8.:'! :'(! A4C.ABA! 9.2=/(! 0'422(/! (2(3=>E!
<31@.?(?! :'4:! :'(! 9.=24/! 1@(3! 21.9(! 34:.1! .9! 4L1@(! 4! =.@(2! :'3(9'1/?D! ! O13! <31:129! 42?! n`-! .129! :'(!
:'3(9'1/?!/(@(/!'49!L((2!9(:!:1!]D$!42?!$!3(9<(0:.@(/>D!!
+ &'(!0'422(/9!4?\40(2:! :1! :'(!0/B9:(3!9((?!43(!49910.4:(?! :1! :'(!0/B9:(3!<31@.?(?!:'4:! :'(.3!9.=24/!
1@(3!21.9(!34:.1!.9!/43=(3!:'42!,D,!F-D$I!;13!:'(!<31:12!Fn`-I!?4:4!94A</(9D!!
+ &'(!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>E!?(;.2(?!49!:'(!9BA!1;!(2(3=>!1;!0'422(/9!.2!4!0/B9:(3E!.9!/43=(3!:'42!-$!)TV!
01B2:9!;13!+!9.?(!42?!",!)TV!01B2:9!;13!p!9.?(D!
M2! O.=B3(!"DK,! :'(! 4@(34=(! 0/B9:(3! (2(3=>! 49! 4! ;B20:.12! 1;! :'(! <43:.0/(y9! .A<40:! <19.:.12! .2! :'(!
3(4?1B:! =4<! .9! 9'182! ;13! <31:129! 42?! l(E! 12! :'(! +! 42?! p! 9.?(9! 1;! 4! /4??(3D! &'(! .A<40:! <19.:.12! .9!
3(<3(9(2:(?!L>!:'(!3#<434A(:(3E!?(;.2(?!49!:'(!;340:.124/!?.9:420(!L(:8((2!3(4?1B:!9:3.<9!1;!:'(!0(2:3(!1;!=34@.:>!1;!:'(!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>D!!h2!:'(!p!9.?(E!42!(2(3=>!/199!1;!],!j!.9!9:.//!<3(9(2:!.2!:'(!0(2:34/!<43:!1;!
:'(! 3(4?1B:! =4<E! ;13! L1:'! <31:12! 42?! '(/.BA! 2B0/(.E! '18(@(3! :'(! 9.=24/! .9! 8(//! 4L1@(! :'(! 21.9(! /(@(/E!
.29B3.2=!4!=11?!(;;.0.(20>!;13!:'(!9(/(0:.12!1;!:'(!<31:12!9.=24/D!!!
&1!.A<31@(!:'(!0'43=(!A(49B3(A(2:E!42!3!?(<(2?(2:!0133(0:.12!;40:13!.9!4<</.(?!:1!:'(!A(49B3(?!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>!12!:'(!p!9.?(D!!M2!O.=B3(!"DK-!:'(!0/B9:(3!:1:4/!9.=24/!01//(0:(?!12!:'(!:81!9.?(9!1;!4!/4??(3!
.9!9'182!;13!<31:129!42?!'(/.BA!2B0/(.D!!!
!
!!
2%34,/*!"6D7*EP/,-3/*'&41:/,*/)/,39*-1*-*;4)':%()*(;*'/):/,?(;?3,-P%:9*(;*:</*'&41:/,**
************/)/,39I*3I**()*:</*$*-)=*b*1%=/1*(;*-*&-==/,I*;(,*A,(:()1*-)=*</&%4@*)4'&/%"*!
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#_$
!!
2%34,/*!"607*+(:-&*'&41:/,*/)/,39*-1*@/-14,/=*()*:</*$*-)=*b*1%=/1*
(;*:</*1-@/*&-==/,*;(,*A,(:()1*-)=*</&%4@*)4'&/%"*
!
O13!L1:'!<31:129!42?!'(/.BAE!4!W42?4B!?.9:3.LB:.12!012@1/B:(?!8.:'!4!R4B99.42!21.9(!?.9:3.LB:.12!
?(903.L(9! :'(! 0/B9:(3! (2(3=>! ?.9:3.LB:.12! 42?! 042! L(! B9(?! :1! ?(;.2(! 4! <31L4L./.:>! ?(29.:>! ;B20:.12! ;13!
<31:12! 42?! '(/.BA! 9.=24/9! 49! 4! ;B20:.12! 1;! :'(! 0/B9:(3! (2(3=>D! ! M2! O.=B3(!"DK"! :'(! <31L4L./.:>! ?(29.:>!
;B20:.129!1;!<31:12!42?!'(/.BA!9.=24/9!12!:'(!+!9.?(!1;!4!/4??(3!43(!9'182D!!M2!:'(!;.=B3(E!:'(!<31L4L./.:.(9!
1;!'[email protected]=!4!<31:12!42?!4!'(/.BA!9.=24/!8.:'!4!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>!L(/18!13!4L1@(!4!=.@(2!@4/B(!1;!--,!)TV!
01B2:9!43(!3(<13:(?!49!4!3(;(3(20(D!!!
):!:'(!(@(2:!/(@(/E!:'(!A(49B3(A(2:9!<(3;13A(?!L>!n!?.;;(3(2:!/4??(39!4/12=!4!:3405!042!L(!B9(?!
:1! ?(;.2(! :'(! /1=#/.5(/.'11?! 1;! :'(! (@(2:! B2?(3! :'(! <31:12! F npL/1= I! 13! '(/.BA! '><1:'(9.9! F n
HeL/1= I! 49r!!
11 22 n
i iHenHe
n
i ipnp EfLEfL IF/1=/1=fIF/1=/1= E!8'(3(!E.! 3(<3(9(2:9! :'(!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>!A(49B3(?!12!
/4??(3!iE!42?!fp!42?!fHe!43(!:'(!<31L4L./.:>!?(29.:>!;B20:.129!;13!<31:129!42?!'(/.BA!9'182!.2!O.=B3(!"DK"D!
)!*12:(! V43/1! 9.AB/4:.12! '49! L((2! B9(?! :1! (@4/B4:(! :'(! <cl(! 9(<434:.12! 04<4L./.:>! B9.2=! :'(!
(.=':! :3405(3! </42(9D! ! &'(! <31L4L./.:>! ?(29.:>! ;B20:.129!A(49B3(?! .2! :'(! L(4A! :(9:! '4@(! L((2! B9(?! :1!
9.AB/4:(!:'(!0'43=(!?(<19.:!.2!(40'!1;!:'(!(.=':!:3405(3!</42(9!;13!-,K!<31:12!42?!-,K!'(/.BA!(@(2:9D!!M2!
(40'!(@(2:E!:'(!/1=#/.5(/.'11?!1;!:'(!(@(2:!B2?(3!:'(!<31:12!F K/1= pL I!13!'(/.BA!'><1:'(9.9!F K/1= HeL I!'49!
L((2!04/0B/4:(?E!49!8(//!49!:'(!34:.1! KK /1=c/1= Hep LLR 2 D!!O.=B3(!"DK]!9'189!:'(!?.9:3.LB:.129!1;!:'.9!34:.1!
;13! <31:12! 42?! '(/.BA! (@(2:9! ;13! ?.;;(3(2:! 2BAL(3! 1;! :3405(3! /4>(39! 03199(?D! ! &'(! 3(9B/:.2=! <cl(!
9(<434:.12!.9!L(::(3!:'42!-,!^D!
!
!
!
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#_^!
!!
2%34,/*!"6!7*O,(>->%&%:9*=/)1%:9*;4)':%()1*;(,*A,(:()*-)=*</&%4@*1%3)-&1*()*-*&-==/,*$?1%=/"***
*
!!
2%34,/*!"6#7*S%1:,%>4:%()*(;*:</*&(3?&%./&%<((=*,-:%(*Ac\/*;(,*A,(:()1*-)=*
</&%4@*/P/):1*@/-14,/=*%)*6I*[I*C*(,*5*:,-'./,*&-9/,1"*
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#__
&'(!3!?(<(2?(20(!1;!:'(!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>!1L9(3@(?!;13!<31:129!42?!l(!'49!4/91!L((2!1L9(3@(?!;13!'(4@.(3!2B0/(.D!!M2!O.=B3(!"DK%!:'(!4@(34=(!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>!A(49B3(?!12!:'(!p!9.?(!1;!4!/4??(3!49!4!;B20:.12!
1;!3!.9!3(<13:(?!;13!?.;;(3(2:!.12!0'43=(9D!!&'(!3!?(<(2?(20(!1;!:'(!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>!@43.(9!8.:'!.12!0'43=(!F?(<19.:(?! (2(3=>I! 42?! :'(! @43.4:.12! .9! ?.;;(3(2:! L(:8((2! :'(! p! 9.?(! 42?! :'(! +! 9.?(D! ! &1! .A<31@(! :'(!
0'43=(! A(49B3(A(2:E! 42! (2(3=>! 42?!3! ?(<(2?(2:! 0133(0:.12! ;40:13! .9! 4<</.(?! :1! :'(! A(49B3(?! 0/B9:(3!(2(3=>D! !&'(! 0133(0:(?! 0/B9:(3! (2(3=>! 9<(0:3BA!1;! 4! /4??(3! .9! 9'182! .2!O.=B3(!"DK$D! !&'(! 012:3.LB:.12!
;31A!.2?.@.?B4/!.129!.9!4/91!9'182!.2!:'.9!;.=B3(D!!&'(!p!9.?(!9'189!4!L(::(3!.12!.?(2:.;.04:.12!04<4L./.:>!
:'42!:'(!+!9.?(D!!Q<!:1!n!s!-%E!:'(!.12!9<(0.(9!042!L(!?.9:.2=B.9'(?!L>!4!9.2=/(!:3405(3!/4>(3D!
!
!!
2%34,/*!"6J7*EP/,-3/*'&41:/,*/)/,39*-1*-*;4)':%()*(;*'/):,/?(;?3,-P%:9*(;*:</*'&41:/,**
/)/,39I*3I**%)*=%;;/,/):*%()*:9A/1*%)*:</*b*1%=/*(;*-*&-==/,"*
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#_K!
!!
2%34,/*!"657*T(,,/':/=*'&41:/,*/)/,39*1A/':,4@*@/-14,/=*%)*:</*b*-)=*$*1%=/*(;*()/*&-==/,"*
*
&1!01AL.2(!:'(!3(9B/:9!;31A!?.;;(3(2:!/4??(39E!:'(!0133(0:(?!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>!'49!:1!L(!:3429;(33(?!
.2:1!B2.:9!1;!0'43=(!FnI!:1!([B4/.Z(!:'(!=4.29!1;!?.;;(3(2:!H)!0'.<9D! !)9!42!(C4A</(E! :'(!3(/4:.12!1;!:'(!
0133(0:(?! 0/B9:(3! (2(3=>! 42?! n! 1;! /4??(3! -! .9! 9'182! .2! O.=B3(!"DK^! 8.:'! :'(! <1/>21A.4/! ;.:D! ! +.A./43!
3(/4:.129!43(!1L9(3@(?! .2!1:'(3! /4??(39D! !O13! :'(!p!9.?(E! :'(!0/B9:(3!(2(3=>! .2:31?B0(?!L>!?.;;(3(2:! .129!
;1//189!4!n"!?(<(2?(20(E!LB:!:'(!9/1<(!0'42=(9!431B2?!n!s!-"!?B(!:1!9.2=/(!0'422(/!94:B34:.12!(;;(0:9!.2!
:'(!;312:!(2?!(/(0:312.09D!O13!:'(!+!9.?(E!4!n"!?(<(2?(20(!.9!4/91!1L9(3@(?!;13!:'(!/.=':(9:!;1B3!.129E!8'./(!
4!:3429.:.12!3(=.12!.9!9((2!;31A!L1312!:1!2(12D! !)L1@(!2(12E!4!n"!?(<(2?(20(! .9!1L9(3@(?!4=4.2!8.:'!4!
9A4//(3!=4.2!B2:./!94:B34:.12D!!&'(!3(9B/:9!1;!Z!A(49B3(A(2:9!;31A!?.;;(3(2:!/4??(39!43(!01AL.2(?!L>!:'(!
:3B204:(?!4@(34=(r!
4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 67
89:
;<<<<<
<2
67
89:
;<<
<2
=
=
2
2
""
-
""
-
]
-
"
-
ZZZZZZn
Z
ZZZn
Z
MinMaxn
ii
MinMaxn
ii
>
!
8'(3(!n!.9!:'(!2BAL(3!1;!/4??(39!42?!.9!3([B.3(?!:1!L(!/43=(3!:'42!%D!!&'(!(3313!12!4@(34=(!nE! 4 5Z> E!.9!4/91!
04/0B/4:(?! (@(2:! L>! (@(2:D! ! &'(! 01AL.2(?! n! A(49B3(A(2:! .9! 9'182! ;13! :'(! p! 9.?(! 42?! :'(! +! 9.?(!
9(<434:(/>!.2!O.=B3(!"DK_D!!&'(!.12!9<(0.(9!042!L(!?.9:.2=B.9'(?!B<!:1!n!s!"$!8.:'!:'(!p!9.?(!42?!:1!n!s!-^!
8.:'!:'(!+!9.?(D!!&'(9(!A(49B3(A(2:9!43(!01A<43(?!:1!:'19(!1;!<31:1:><(!XMVl!?(:(0:13!.2!O.=B3(!"DKKD!!
)2!(C0(//(2:!0133(/4:.12!:1!:'(!XMVl!n!A(49B3(A(2:!.9!9((2!;13!L1:'!:'(!p!9.?(!42?!:'(!+!9.?(D!
M;!01A<43(?!:1!:'(!<3(0B3913!)*+#,-!A.99.12E!:'(!<(3;13A420(!1;!:'(!:3405(3!.2!:(3A9!1;!9.=24/!
:1! 21.9(E! <19.:.12! 3(91/B:.12! 42?! 0'43=(! 3(91/B:.12! '49! L((2! =3(4:/>! (2'420(?D! &'(! .203(49(! 1;! 9./.012!
/4>(39!;31A!^!:1!KE!!:1=(:'(3!8.:'!:'(!A13(!<18(3;B/!)*+#,"!03>1A4=2(:E!'49!9.=2.;.042:/>!.203(49(?!:'(!
<'>9.09!3(40'!1;!:'(!)*+#,"!?(:(0:13E!A45.2=!4!8.?(!342=(!1;!<'>9.04/!<'(21A(24!400(99.L/(!?B3.2=!:'(!
)*+#,"!A.99.12D!!!
AMS-02/Tracker
! "#_J
!!
2%34,/*!"6C7*W/&-:%()*(;*:</*'(,,/':/=*'&41:/,*/)/,39*-)=*'<-,3/*LdM*(;*&-==/,*0"*
!
!!
2%34,/*!"6[7*T(@>%)/=*d*@/-14,/@/):1*;(,*J*(,*@(,/*&-==/,1*()*:</*b*-)=*$*1%=/1"*
!
b*1%=/ $*1%=/*
b*1%=/
$*1%=/*
Z=25
Z=16
AMS-02/Tracker
!"#K,!
!! !2%34,/*!"667*T(@A-,%1()1*(;*'<-,3/*LdM*@/-14,/@/):1*>9*:</*+,-'./,*-)=*W`T\"*
*
!
!"#"6* W/;/,/)'/1*
6-7! XD!S4::.9:12!NB0/DP'>9DP310D+B<</D!JJ!F-JJ$I!"_%f!!
uD!)/0434Z!et al.E!NB1@1!V.AD!00!E!F-JJJI!-]"$f!!
qDuD!SB3=(3E!NB0/DP'>9DP310D+B<</D!00#!F",,"I-]JD!
6"7! *D!)00.433.!(:!4/DE!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'1?D!)!#50*F-JJ%I!],,D!
RDOD!T4//4!S(::4E!(:!4/DE!!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'1?D!)!J#0!F-JJJIK]D
6]7! RD!S4:.=242.!(:!4/DE!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'1?D!)!![[*F-JKJI!-%_D!
6%7! uDSD)D!e2=/42?!(:!4/DE!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'1?D!)!065*F-JK-I!%]D!
6$7! uDSD!S.35E!P310D!P'>9D!+10D!)!CJ!F-J$-I!K_%D!
6^7! RD!)AL319.!et al.E!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'D!)#C0!F-JJ$I!J_D!!!
6_7! *D!P4B/BZZ.E!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'D!)!J[#!F",,-I!^_D!
6K7! hD!&15(3!(:!4/DE!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'1?D!)!#JD!F-JJ%I!$_"D!
6J7! SD!)/<4:!(:!4/DE!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'1?D!)!JJC!F",,,I!$$"D!
6-,7! RD!)AL319.E!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'1?!)!J#5!F-JJJI!"-$D!
6--7! uD!H42?(2'.3:ZE!e.2!M2;3431:!W49(3!P19.:.129#p12:31//#+>9:(A!;o3!?49!)*+!eC<(3.A(2:E!",,-E!
P'T!:'(9.9E!Xq&l#)40'(2D!
6-"7! qDuD!SB3=(3!(:!4/DE!NB0/D!M29:3D!42?!*(:'1?D!)!50!!F",,]I!$-_D!
6-]7! uD!H42?(2'.3:Z!(:!4/DE!P310D!"_:'!M2:(324:.124/!V19A.0!X4>!V12;(3(20(!FMVXV",,-IE!T#l4ALB3=E!
9(99.12!hRE!5*F",,-I!"-J_D!!!
6-%7! qD!q4//34;;!(:!4/DE!P310!_:'!M2:(324:.124/!V12;(3(20(!12!)?@420(?!&(0'21/1=>!42?!P43:.0/(!
P'>9.09!FMV)&PP#_IE!M#H.//4!h/A1!V1A1E!*D!S4312(!(:!4/D!Fe?9DIE!q13/?!+0.(2:.;.0E!+.2=4<13(E!
M+SN!JK-#"]K#-K,#$E!F",,"I!-%JD!!!
6-$7! HD!H(::(3/(E!+./.Z.BA!)/.=2A(2:!+(2913(2!;o3!?(2!)*+#,"!&3405(3!4B;!?(3!M++E!",,-E!
T.</1A43L(.:E!Xq&l#)40'(2D!!!
6-^7! )D!h9:4<:0'1B5!(:!4/DE!J!*4>!",,-E!V*+!N1:(!",,-c,$]E!V*+!z!VeXND!
6-_7! uD!)/0434Z!(:!4/DE!M/!NB1@1!V.A(2:1!#!H1/D!--"!)E!00!F",,,I!-]"$D!
AMS-02/TOF
! "#$%
2.4 Time of Flight (TOF) &'()'*! +,-#."/! ()0! 1'20! 34! 56'7)(! 8195:! ;<'*('66=(3>;! ?>3@'A0! ()0! 4=;(! (>'770>! 43>! <)=>70A!
?=>('<60;! =*A! <3*@0>(0A! ?)3(3*;/! ;060<('3*/! =(! ()0! (>'770>! 60@06/! 34! ?=>('<60;! B'()'*! ()0! 2='*! +,-!
=<<0?(=*<0/! 20=;C>020*(! 34! ()0! ?=>('<60! @063<'(D! '*<6CA'*7! ()0! A';<>'2'*=('3*! E0(B00*! C?B=>A! =*A!
A3B*B=>A!73'*7!?=>('<60;!=*A!=!20=;C>020*(!34!()0!=E;36C(0!<)=>70!B)'<)!<32?6020*(;!()3;0!2=A0!'*!
()0!3()0>!A0(0<(3>;F!!1)0!195!;D;(02!34!()0!+,-#."!A0(0<(3>!';!E0'*7!EC'6(!=(!()0!GH5H!I=E3>=(3>'0;!'*!
J3637*=F! G(! ';! E=;0A! 3*! ?>0@'3C;! B066#0;(=E6';)0A! (0<)*'KC0;!L%M! =E60! (3! >0=<)! =! ?>0<';'3*! '*! ()0! ('20!
>0;36C('3*!34!%..!?;F!!1)0!A0;'7*!43663B;!()0!0N?0>'0*<0!7='*0A!B'()!()0!+,-#.%!A0(0<(3>!L"M/!23A'4'0A!
(3!(=O0!'*(3!=<<3C*(!()0!A'440>0*(!<3*A'('3*;!'*!+,-#."/!'*!?=>('<C6=>/!()0!;(>3*70>!;(>=D!2=7*0('<!4'06A!=(!
()0!?)3(32C6('?6'0>!(CE0;!8P,1;:F!!
1)0! 70320(>'<=6! =<<0?(=*<0! 34! ()0! 195/! =*A! <3*;0KC0*(6D! +,-#."! 43>! <)=>70A! ?=>('<60;/! ';!
.FQ!2";>/!2=N'2'R'*7!()0!;0*;'('@'(D!34!()0!;?0<(>320(0>!'*!()0!;0=><)!43>!=*('2=((0>!=*A!3()0>!?)0*320*=F!!
1)';! 2=(<)0;! ()0! =<<0?(=*<0! 34! ()0! ;'6'<3*! (>=<O0>! B'()'*! ()0! 2=7*0(F! ! +;! ;)3B*! '*! 5'7C>0!"F%! =*A!
5'7C>0!"F$S/! ()0! 195! ;D;(02! ';! <32?3;0A! 34! 43C>! >3C7)6D! <'><C6=>! ?6=*0;! 34! %"!<2! B'A0! ;<'*('66=(3>!
?=AA60;/!3*0!?='>!34!?6=*0;!=E3@0!()0!2=7*0(/!()0!C??0>!195/!=*A!3*0!?='>!E063B/!()0!63B0>!195F!!T=<)!
?6=*0!)=;!=!;0*;'('@0!=>0=!34!%F"!2"!=*A!B'()'*!3*0!?6=*0!()0!?=AA60;!=>0!3@0>6=??0A!ED!.FU!<2!(3!=@3'A!
70320(>'<=6!'*044'<'0*<'0;F!!53>!044'<'0*(!E=<O7>3C*A!>0V0<('3*!=*A!(3!='A!()0!3446'*0!=*=6D;';/!()0!?=AA60;!
'*!()0!(B3!=AV=<0*(!?6=*0;!=>0!?0>?0*A'<C6=>F!!T=<)!?=AA60!';!'*;(>C20*(0A!B'()!(B3!P,1;!=(!0=<)!0*AF!!!
1)0!195!;D;(02!?>3@'A0;!=!@0>D!4=;(!=*A!>06'=E60!>0;?3*;0!(3!()0!0*0>7D!63;;!34!<)=>70A!?=>('<60;/!
'*!3>A0>! (3!?>3@'A0! ()0!70*0>=6!A=(=! =<KC';'('3*! ;D;(02! 8W+X:!B'()! ()0! 4=;(! (>'770>! ;'7*=6! 851:/! ()=(! ';!
C;0A!=;!()0!>040>0*<0!('20!43>!()0!0@0*(!8;00!=6;3!Y!"F$:F!!1)0!3@0>6=??'*7!=*A!<>3;;0A!?=AA60!70320(>D!34!
()0!+,-#."!195!=663B;!=!7>=*C6=>'(D!34!=E3C(!%"!N!%"!<2"!43>!(>'770>!?C>?3;0;!B'()!Z%..[!044'<'0*<D!
=*A!=!7=(0!34!U.!*;F!!!
1)0! >0;36C('3*! '*! ()0! ('20! 34! 46'7)(! *00A0A! (3! ;=(';4D! ()0! ?)D;'<;! >0KC'>020*(;! ';! %".!?;F! 1)0!
;<'*('66=(3>!?=AA60;!=>0!%!<2!()'<O/!=!<32?>32';0!E0(B00*!2'*'2C2!()'<O*0;;!=*A!()0!6'7)(!3C(?C(!*00A0A!
(3!>0=<)!()';!>0;36C('3*F!!W3B*B=>A!73'*7!<)=>70A!?=>('<60;!=>0!A';('*7C';)0A!4>32!C?B=>A!73'*7!=(!()0!
60@06!34!%.SF!!!
1)0! ;D;(02!20=;C>0;! ()0! 0*0>7D! 63;;! ED! =! <)=>70A! ?=>('<60! 8(3! 4'>;(! 3>A0>! ?>3?3>('3*=6! (3! ()0!
;KC=>0!34!()0!?=>('<60!<)=>70:!B'()!=!>0;36C('3*!;C44'<'0*(!(3!A';('*7C';)!*C<60'!C?!(3!<)=>70!\!Z!".F!1=O'*7!
'*(3! =<<3C*(! ()0! =((0*C=('3*! =63*7! ()0! <3C*(0>;/! =*A! ()0! *00A! (3! )=@0! =! 733A! 20=;C>020*(! 34! ;'*76D!
<)=>70!?=>('<60;/!=!AD*=2'<!>=*70!34!23>0!()=*!%./...!'*!()0!20=;C>020*(!34!()0!?C6;0!)0'7)(!';!>0KC'>0AF!!
&'()'*!+,-#."/!()';!20=;C>020*(!<32?6020*(;!()3;0!2=A0!ED!()0!;'6'<3*!(>=<O0>!=*A!]G^_F!!!
1)0!195!;D;(02!200(;!()0!>0KC'>020*(;!'2?3;0A!ED!()0!*00A!(3!3?0>=(0!;0@0>=6!D0=>;!3*!3>E'(F!!
T=<)!?=AA60!';!0*<=;0A!'*!=!20<)=*'<=66D!>3EC;(!=*A!6'7)(#('7)(!<3@0>!=*A!()0!;C??3>(!;(>C<(C>0!<3*43>2;!
(3!()0!H+-+!;?0<'4'<=('3*;!<3*<0>*'*7!>0;';(=*<0!(3!63=A!=*A!@'E>=('3*;F!!1)0!060<(>3*'<;!B'();(=*A;!()0!
)'7)6D! '3*'R'*7! 63B! T=>()! 3>E'(! 0*@'>3*20*(F! !,3>03@0>! ()0! ;D;(02! 7C=>=*(00;! >0AC*A=*<D/! B'()! (B3!
P,1;!3*!0=<)!0*A!34!()0!?=AA60;!=*A!A3CE60!>0AC*A=*(!060<(>3*'<;F!!1)0!;D;(02!<=*!3?0>=(0!'*!@=<CC2!
3@0>! ()0! (02?0>=(C>0! >=*70! `".! (3!aU.!,^b!)=;!=!B0'7)(!34! 60;;! ()=*!"$.!O7!=*A!=!?3B0>!<3*;C2?('3*/!'*<6CA'*7!=66!060<(>3*'<;/!34!60;;!()=*!%c.!&F!-D;(02!<32?3*0*(;!)=@0!E00*!KC=6'4'0A!43>!C;0!'*!;?=<0!=*A!
)=@0!E00*!(0;(0A!B'()!?=>('<60!E0=2;F!!!
AMS-02/TOF
!"#$"!
Bracket
Bracket
UPPER TOF
LOWER TOF
Honeycomb
Honeycomb
Cover
Cover
Cover
Covers
Covers
PMTs, paddles
PMTs, paddles
PMTs, paddles
PMTs, paddles
!!
Figure 2.89: Exploded view of the AMS-02 time of flight (TOF) system.
!
!
2.4.1 Construction of the TOF
G*! =AA'('3*! (3! ()0! >0KC'>020*(;! (3! 3?0>=(0! >06'=E6D! '*! ;?=<0! 43>! d#U! D0=>;! =*A! (3!B'();(=*A! ()0!
6=C*<)!=*A!6=*A'*7!63=A;!B)0*!+,-#."!';!'*!()0!;)C((60/!()0!195!<3C*(0>;!2C;(!3?0>=(0!'*!()0!;(>=D!4'06A!
34!()0!+,-#."!<>D32=7*0(F!!5'7C>0!"FS.!;)3B;!()0!2=7*0('<!4'06A!'*!()0!>07'3*!34!()0!195!?6=*0;/!B)'<)!
>=*70;!C?!(3!d!OeF!!1)0!C;0!34!2=7*0('<!;)'06A'*7!';!?>0<6CA0A!E0<=C;0!34!()0!6=>70!B0'7)(!>0KC'>0A!=*A!
()0!'*AC<0A!43><0;!3*!()0!=;;02E6DF! !^3*;0KC0*(6D/!=!()3>3C7)!'*@0;('7=('3*!;060<(0A!=!P,1!B)'<)!<=*!
3?0>=(0!C*A0>! ()0;0!<3*A'('3*;!f! ()0!_=2=2=(;C!]USQg!f!?>3@'A0A! ()0!P,1!=N';! ';! =6'7*0A!B'()'*!QU!
A07>00;!34! ()0! 4'06A!A'>0<('3*F! !1)';!)=;!E00*!=!?>'2=>D!A0;'7*!<3*;'A0>=('3*! '*! ()0! <3*;(>C<('3*!34! ()0!
195!;D;(02F!!!
AMS-02/TOF
! "#$d
!!
Figure 2.90: Magnetic field at the level of the TOF planes. PMT
locations are indicated by the dashed circles.
+;!;)3B*!'*!5'7C>0!"FS%/!0=<)!34!()0!43C>!?6=*0;!';!<32?3;0A!34!$!3>!%.!?=AA60;F!!1)0!?=AA60;!=>0!
%!<2!()'<O!=*A!%%c!(3!%dQ!<2!63*7F!!1)0!0A70!?=AA60;!=>0!(>=?0R3'A=6!B'()!=!B'A()!34!%$FU!(3!"gFS!<2F!!
1)0!3()0>!?=AA60;!=>0!%"!<2!B'A0! >0<(=*760;F! !+;! ;)3B*! '*!5'7C>0!"FS"/!0=<)!?=AA60! ';!<32?3;0A!34!=!
<0*(>=6!;0<('3*!34!TIhTH!Th#"..!;<'*('66=(3>!=AV3'*0A!=(!0=<)!0*A!ED!<60=>!<C>@0A!3>!E0*(!6'7)(!7C'A0;!C?!
(3!%U!<2!63*7!(3!=6'7*!()0!P,1!<3>>0<(6D!'*!()0!2=7*0('<!4'06A!=*A!(B3!3>!()>00!<3*'<=6!6'7)(!7C'A0;!B)'<)!
=A'=E=('<=66D!2=(<)!()0!P,1!?)3(3<=()3A0!=>0=;F!!!
+;!;)3B*!'*!5'7C>0!"F$S/!()0!?=AA60;!43>!()0!C??0>!863B0>:!?6=*0!?='>!=>0!23C*(0A!3*!()0!(>=<O0>!
;'A0!34!=!%.!<2!8U!<2:!()'<O!)3*0D<32E!?=*06F!!^=>E3*!4'E0>!0*<63;C>0;!8.FU!=*A!.Fc!22!()'<O:!?>3@'A0!
;C??3>(!=*A!6'7)(#('7)(*0;;F! !-?0<'=6!<=>0! ';! (=O0*!(3!=663B!()0;0!@36C20;!(3!@0*(!AC>'*7!6'4(!344F! !1)0;0!
<3@0>;!=6;3!;C>>3C*A!=*A!;C??3>(!()0!P,1;!=*A!=((=<)0A!060<(>3*'<;F!!1)0!C??0>!=*A!63B0>!195!=>0!0=<)!
23C*(0A!@'=!E>=<O0(;!(3!()0!i--/!)3B0@0>!=;!()0!;(>C<(C>=6!>0KC'>020*(;!=*A!'*(0>4=<0;!43>!()0!C??0>!=*A!
63B0>! =;;02E6'0;! =>0! A'440>0*(/! ()0!23C*('*7! E>=<O0(;! =>0! A'440>0*(F! ! 5'7C>0!"FSd! ;)3B;! 4'*'(0! 06020*(!
23A06! <=6<C6=('3*! 34! ()0! A';?6=<020*(;! 43>! ()0! 4'>;(!23A0! 34! ()0! 63B0>! 195/!B)'<)/! =(! U.!_R/! ';!B066!
=E3@0!()0!4>0KC0*<'0;!34!()0!;)C((60!0*7'*0;F!!!
!
AMS-02/TOF
!"#$Q!
!!
!!
Figure 2.91: Top view of the design and flight paddles during an assembly
test of the upper (left) and lower (right) TOF.
AMS-02/TOF
! "#$U
!
!!
Figure 2.92: Design of a TOF paddle and photograph of an assembled paddle
after thermal vacuum and electrostatic discharge tests.
!
!
Figure 2.93: Finite element modeling of the lower TOF displacements (in meters).!
AMS-02/TOF
!"#$g!
2.4.2 PMT
G*! (3(=6/! ()0! 195! A0(0<(3>! ';! '*;(>C20*(0A! B'()! %QQ! _=2=2=(;C! ]USQg! P,1;F! ! 1)0D! =>0!
<D6'*A>'<=66D!;)=?0A/! jj4'*0!20;)kk!P,1;!=*A!B0>0!<)3;0*!43>! ()0'>!733A!?0>43>2=*<0! '*!)'7)!2=7*0('<!
4'06AF!!1)0!P,1!)=;!=!E'=6O=6'!?)3(3<=()3A0/!=!E3>3;'6'<=(0!76=;;!B'*A3B!=*A!%g!E'=6O=6'!AD*3A0;F!!1)0!
;?0<(>=6! >0;?3*;0!>=*70;! 4>32!d..! (3!g..!*2!B'()!=!2=N'2C2!>0;?3*;0!=(!Q".!*2!8<3>>0;?3*A'*7! (3!=!
KC=*(C2! 044'<'0*<D! 34! =E3C(! ".[:/! B)'<)! 2=(<)0;! ()0! ;<'*('66=(3>! 3C(?C(F! ! 1D?'<=6! <)=>=<(0>';('<;! =(!
"...!l! =*A! "U!,^! =>0m! =! <=()3A0! 6C2'*3C;! ;0*;'('@'(D! 8"$Ugn:! 34! Z$.!o+p62b! =*! =*3A0! 6C2'*3C;!;0*;'('@'(D!8"$Ugn:!34!Z$.!o+p62b!=!7='*!34!%.g!(3!%.cb!=*!=*3A0!A=>O!<C>>0*(!34!ZUF.!*+b!(>=*;'(!('20!34!
ZcF"!*;F!!!
1)0!0440<(;!34!2=7*0('<!4'06A!3*!()';!P,1!B0>0!(0;(0A!=(!GH5H!J3637*=!LdMF!1)0!20=;C>020*(;!
B0>0!2=A0!C;'*7!=! >0A! 6'7)(!02'(('*7!A'3A0! 8ITW:!3?0>=(0A! ()>3C7)!=!^+,+^!23AC60F!1)0! 6'7)(!B=;!
7C'A0A!(3!()0!P,1!ED!(B3!3?('<=6!4'E0>;F!1)0!P,1!B=;!?6=<0A!'*;'A0!()0!?360;!34!=!Q!Oe!060<(>32=7*0(!
3*!=!(>=*;6=('3*!=*A!>3(=('3*!;(=*AF!!1)0!P,1!>0;?3*;0!B=;!20=;C>0A!43>!A'440>0*(!2=7*0('<!4'06A!@=6C0;!
=*A!=*760;F!!!
5'7C>0!"FSQ! ;)3B;! ()0! >06=('@0! ?C6;0! )0'7)(! 43>! A'440>0*(! @=6C0;! 34! ()0! 4'06A! '*(0*;'(D! =*A! 43>!
A'440>0*(! P,1! 3>'0*(=('3*;! '*;'A0! ()0! 2=7*0('<! 4'06A/! B'()! >0;?0<(! (3! R0>3! 4'06AF! ! 53>! =*760;! =E3@0!
QU!A07>00;/!()0!>0;?3*;0!34!()0!P,1;!A07>=A0;!>=?'A6D!'4!()0!4'06A!';!7>0=(0>!()=*!.FU!(3!%!OeF!!1)0!('20!
>0;?3*;0!B=;!20=;C>0A!ED! 46=;)'*7!E3()! ()0! 4'*0!20;)!P,1!=*A! =! >040>0*<0!_=2=2=(;C!]US..!P,1!
B'()!()0!;=20!ITW!?C6;0F!!5'7C>0!"FSU!;)3B;!()0!2=7*0('<!4'06A!0440<(!3*!()0!('20!20=;C>020*(F!+7='*/!=!
;0>'3C;!A0(0>'3>=('3*!34!()0!('20!>0;36C('3*!3<<C>;!B)0*!()0!(CE0!';!3?0>=(0A!=(!=*760;!=E3@0!QU!A07>00;/!
'*A0?0*A0*(6D!34!()0!=??6'0A!2=7*0('<!4'06AF!!1)0!(>=*;'(!('20!@=>'=('3*!34!()0!P,1;!B=;!20=;C>0A!(3!E0!
=E3C(!"!?;pl36(!LQMF!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.94: Effect of magnetic field on the charge response of R5946 PMTs.
!
AMS-02/TOF
! "#$c
!!
Figure 2.95: Effect of magnetic field on the time response of R5946 PMTs.
13! ;060<(! ()0! 46'7)(! P,1;/! ()0D! )=@0! =66! E00*! <)=>=<(0>'R0A! C;'*7! ()0! 20()3A;! A0@063?0A! 43>!
+,-#.%!LUMF!!+;!=*!0N=2?60/!5'7C>0!"FSg!;)3B;!()0!(02?0>=(C>0!A0?0*A0*<0!34!()0!7='*!43>!(B3!P,1;/!
20=;C>0A!C*A0>!@=<CC2F! !+4(0>!<=6'E>=('3*/! ()0!3?0>=('*7!_l!43>!0=<)! (CE0! (3!0KC=6'R0! ()0!>0;?3*;0! (3!
3*0!2'*'2C2!'3*'R'*7!?=>('<60!8,GP:!)'(('*7!()0!<0*(0>!34!=!<3C*(0>!8Z%U.!2l:!B=;!<32?C(0A!LQM!=*A!()0!
P,1;!7>3C?0A!;3!=;!(3!)=@0!()0!P,1;!=(!0=<)!0*A!34!=!?=AA60!B'()!;'2'6=>!3?0>=('*7!_l!8=*A!()0>043>0!
(>=*;'(!('20;:F!!+!70*0('<!=673>'()2!LgM!)=;!E00*!C;0A!(3!A0(0>2'*0!()0!E0;(!?6=<020*(!34!0=<)!P,1!'*!()0!
=??=>=(C;!ED!20=*;!34!=! 6'O06')33A!4C*<('3*!B'()!?=>=20(0>;! '*<6CA'*7!()0!_l!A0?0*A0*<0!34! ()0!7='*/!
;63?0!34! ()0!<=6'E>=('3*! <C>@0/! ?)3(3<=()3A0! 044'<'0*<D/! =*3A0! (3!AD*3A0! >0;?3*;0! >=('3/!2=7*0('<! 4'06A!
'*(0*;'(D! =*A!A'>0<('3*! =*A! 6'7)(! 7C'A0! (>=*;2';;'3*!?>3?0>('0;F! !_'7)!7='*!P,1;!=>0!?C(! =(! ()0! <>'('<=6!
?3;'('3*;/! ;3! ()=(! ()0'>!@36(=70!<=*!E0! '*<>0=;0A/! '4!*0<0;;=>D/! (3!<32?0*;=(0! 43>! ()0!B3>;0*'*7!34! ()0'>!
('20!>0;?3*;0!AC>'*7!()0!0N?0>'20*(!6'40('20!LQMF!!1)0!P,1!=*A!<3C*(0>!<)=>=<(0>';('<;!=>0!0*(0>0A!'*(3!=!
A=(=E=;0!4>32!B)'<)!()0D!)=@0!E00*!0N(>=<(0A!(3!;C??3>(!()0!(0;(!E0=2!=*=6D;';!'*<6CA0A!E063B!=*A!B)'<)!
B'66!6=(0>!;C??3>(!()0!+,-#."!?)D;'<;!=*=6D;';F!!!
+;!;)3B*!'*!5'7C>0!"FSc/!()0!P,1;!=>0!23C*(0A!'*!=!?36D<=>E3*=(0!)3C;'*7!B)'<)!=6;3!<3*(='*;!
=*!3?('<=6!V3'*(!E0(B00*!()0!<3*'<=6!6'7)(!7C'A0!=*A!()0!P,1!B'*A3B!=*A!=*!$.!,#!>0;';(3>!_l!A'@'A0>!
=((=<)0A!(3!()0!E=;0!34!()0!P,1F!!1)0!A'@'A0>!=*A!E=;0!=>0!<32?60(06D!?3((0A!(3!=@3'A!<3>3*=!0440<(;F!!13!
0*;C>0! ?>3?0>! 4C*<('3*'*7!3*!3>E'(/! 0=<)!?=AA60! =;;02E6D!B'()! ()0!P,1;! ';! ;CEV0<(0A! (3! @'E>=('3*! =*A!
()0>2=6!@=<CC2!;?=<0!KC=6'4'<=('3*!=<<0?(=*<0!(0;('*7!E043>0!'*(07>=('3*!'*(3!()0!?6=*0;F!
!
AMS-02/TOF
!"#$$!
0
-50
50
100
150
200
250
300
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
T (
Time (hours)
C)Pu
lse
heig
ht (m
V)
AIR VACUUM
PMT 5893
PMT 5975
!!
Figure 2.96: PMT response during thermal vacuum testing (upper)
and the applied temperature variation (lower).
!!
Figure 2.97: PMT in housing with HV divider.
AMS-02/TOF
! "#$S
2.4.3 Trigger and Electronics of the TOF and ACC
&'()'*!+,-#."/!()0!195!;D;(02!?>3@'A0;!()0!4'>;(!'*A'<=('3*!()=(!=!<)=>70A!?=>('<60!)=;!?=;;0A!
()>3C7)!()0!;?0<(>320(0>F!!1)';!';!()0!4=;(!(>'770>!3>!51F!!G*!=AA'('3*!(3!()0!51/!()0!195!;D;(02!=6;3!46=7;!
<3;2'<!>=D;!B'()!<)=>70!7>0=(0>!()=*!3*0/!'*!3>A0>!(3!=663B!43>!?>3(3*!;C??>0;;'3*!=(!()0!(>'770>!60@06/!'4!
*0<0;;=>D/! B'()3C(! ;(>3*76D! =440<('*7! ()0!20=;C>020*(! 34! ()0! 46CN! 34! )'7)0>! <)=>70! '3*;F! ! 5'7C>0!"FS$!
;)3B;! =! ;(CAD! C;'*7! +,-#.%! A=(=! (3! ;'2C6=(0! ()0! 4=;(! (>'770>! 044'<'0*<D! 3E(='*0A! ED! <)=*7'*7! ()0!
()>0;)36A;!3*!()0!=*3A0!;'7*=6;/!'*!C*'(;!34!()0!0*0>7D!63;(!ED!=!,GP!<>3;;'*7!()0!<0*(0>!34!=!<3C*(0>!=*A!
>0KC'>'*7!)'(;!=E3@0!()>0;)36A!'*!=(!60=;(!()>00!3C(!34!43C>!?6=*0;F!!G*!()0!;(CAD/!()0!()>0;)36A!B=;!=??6'0A!
;0?=>=(06D!3*!0=<)!<3C*(0>!0*A!=*A!3*!()0!=*=637!;C2!34!()0!(B3!0*A;!34!0=<)!<3C*(0>F!!1)0!6=((0>!;36C('3*!
D'06A0A!*3!'2?>3@020*(!=*A!B=;!A';<=>A0A!'*!4=@3>!34!()0!43>20>F!!+!()>0;)36A!34!dFU!,GP!;'7*=6;!<=*!E0!
C;0A!(3!;C??>0;;!SS[!34!()0!?>3(3*;/!B)'60!;('66!60=@'*7!()0!044'<'0*<D!43>!_0!=*A!)0=@'0>!'3*;!C*(3C<)0AF!
5'7C>0!"FSS! ;)3B;! ()0! 70*0>=6! ;<)020! 34! ()0! 195! =*A! +^^! 060<(>3*'<;/! B)'<)! 43663B;! ()0!
;(=*A=>A!+,-#."!;D;(02!=><)'(0<(C>0F!!1)0!;D;(02!';!;?6'(!'*(3!(B3!)=6@0;/!;)3B*!'*!E6C0!=*A!>0A/!B)'<)!
=>0! 3?0>=(0A! '*! <36A! >0AC*A=*<DF! !1)0! ;D;(02!)=;! =AA'('3*=6! A07>00;! 34! >0AC*A=*<D!B'()! (B3! 3>! ()>00!
P,1;!=(!0=<)!0*A!34!0=<)!?=AA60/!B)0>0!3*6D!3*0! ';! >0KC'>0A/!=*A!ED!)=@'*7! 43C>!?6=*0;/!B)0>0=;! ()0!
('2'*7!20=;C>020*(!>0KC'>0;!3*6D!3*0!?6=*0!'*!0=<)!34!()0!C??0>!=*A!63B0>!195!=;;02E6'0;F!!1)0!=<('@0!
)=64!34!()0!060<(>3*'<;!';!;060<(0A!ED!()0!=??6'<=('3*!34!"$l!3*!3*0!3>!()0!3()0>!400A!4>32!()0!PW-F!!1)';!
@36(=70!?3B0>;!W^#W^!<3*@0>(0>;!(3!70*0>=(0!()0!@36(=70;!*00A0A!ED!()0!060<(>3*'<;!=*A!_l!060@=(3>;!(3!
?3B0>!()0!P,1;F!!1)0!>0;C6('*7!=*=637!;'7*=6;!4>32!()0!P,1;!;?6'(!'*(3!()0!(B3!>0AC*A=*(!)=6@0;/!B'()!
<=>0!)=@'*7!E00*!(=O0*!(3!=@3'A!=*D!'*(0>40>0*<0!4>32!3*0!)=64!(3!()0!3()0>F!!1)0!;'7*=6!';!()0*!?>3<0;;0A!
ED! ()0! 4>3*(! 0*A! 060<(>3*'<;/! ()0! A'7'(=6! >0;C6(;! 34! B)'<)! =>0! ;0*(! @'=! =! A=(=! >0AC<('3*! 23AC60! 8-W]:!
A'>0<(6D!(3!()0!C??0>!60@06;!34!()0!+,-!A=(=!=<KC';'('3*!;D;(02!8hGHh:F!!^322=*A;!(3!()0!;D;(02!43663B!
()0!>0@0>;0!?=()/!4>32!()0!hGHh!(3!()0!-W]!=*A!()0*!(3!4>3*(!0*A!060<(>3*'<;!3>!_l!;D;(02F!!-'7*=6;!(3!=*A!
4>32!()0!763E=6!+,-#."!(>'770>!;D;(02!8*3(!;)3B*:!<3**0<(!=(!()0!4>3*(!0*A!060<(>3*'<;F!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.98: Fast trigger efficiency for different ions as a function of threshold applied on the
energy loss measured by a single counter at each end or both ends, in units of MIP.
AMS-02/TOF
!"#S.!
!!
Figure 2.99: TOF and ACC electronics scheme.
!
1)0! 060<(>3*'<;! ';! '2?6020*(0A! '*! 43C>! ;CE;D;(02;b! 0=<)! ';! <32?3;0A! 34! =! ;(=*A=>A! +,-!
060<(>3*'<;! <>=(0! B'()! c! <=>A;! =*A! =! E=<O?6=*0! 8-#^>=(0:/! =! ?3B0>! A';(>'EC(3>! <3*(='*'*7! ()0! W^#W^!
<3*@0>(0>;! 8-PW/! 63<=(0A! B'()'*! =! 1-PW! E3N:/! =! _l! E>'<O! <3*(='*'*7! 060@=(3>;! =*A! 6'*0=>!
>07C6=(3>;p<'><C'(! E>0=O0>;! 8-_l:! =*A/! 43>! ()0! 195! P,1;! 3*6D/! AD*3A0! <)=>70! 20=;C>'*7! 060<(>3*'<;!
8-5T^:F!!1)0!-#^>=(0/!-PW!=*A!-_l!=>0!23C*(0A!3*!()0!2='*!>=A'=(3>;/!()0!-5T^!=>0!23C*(0A!3*!()0!
A0(0<(3>/!*0=>!(3!()0!P,1;F!!5'7C>0!"F%..!;)3B;!()0!?3B0>!A';(>'EC('3*/!43>!()0!=<('@0!)=64/!B'()'*!0=<)!-#
^>=(0/!B)'<)!)3C;0;!43C>!-5T1"!<=>A;!=*A!3*0!0=<)!34!-W]"/!-P1"!=*A!-5T+"!8(B3!>0AC*A=*(!-5T1!
23AC60;!=>0!23C*(0A!3*!3*0!-5T1"!<=>A/!0(<:F!!T=<)!;CE;D;(02!';!<3**0<(0A!(3!()0!P,1;!63<=(0A!3*!()0!
=AV=<0*(!0*A;!34!(B3!?6=*0;!34!()0!C??0>!3>!63B0>!195!=*A!()0!43C>!*0=>ED!+^^!P,1;!23C*(0A!3*!()0!
@=<CC2!<=;0!<3*'<=6!46=*70!8;00!Y!"FU:F!!!
!
Detector
S!crate
SFET
SFET
SFET
SFET
SDR
SFEA
SFEC
SFEC
/mon
+5.6 V!5.6 V
+5.6 V+3.3 V
SPT
analog part
digital part
(cold half)(hot half)
!!
Figure 2.100: TOF and ACC electronics power distribution.
AMS-02/TOF
! "#S%
1)0!-5T^!E3=>A;!A'7'('R0!()0!=*3A0!=*A!AD*3A0!;'7*=6;!4>32!0=<)!P,1!C;'*7!=!<'><C'(!A0@063?0A!
43>!()0!]G^_!4>3*(!0*A!060<(>3*'<;!8Y!"Fg:F!!+;!'*!+,-#.%/!()0!;'7*=6;!4>32!()0!P,1;!<3**0<(0A!(3!3*0!
0*A!34!0=<)!?=AA60!=>0!<32E'*0A!B'()!=!6'*0=>!=AA0>F!!!
1)0!;'7*=6!()0*!=>>'@0;!=(!()0!-5T1"!<=>A/!B)0>0!'(!';!;?6'(!'*(3!()0!(B3!>0AC*A=*(!-5T1!23AC60;F!!
&'()'*!()0!=<('@0!-5T1!)=64/!()0!;'7*=6!';!;?6'(!'*(3!()>00!A';<>'2'*=(3>;F!!+!63B!()>0;)36A!607!'*'('=(0;!()0!
Q.m%! ('20! 0N?=*;'3*! <'><C'(! C;0A! (3! 2=O0! ?>0<';0! ('20! 20=;C>020*(;! B'()! 2'*'2=6! ;O0BF! ! +! )'7)!
()>0;)36A!3C(?C(!';!=6;3!C;0A!'*!()0!('20!0N?=*;'3*!637'<!=;!B066!=;!'*!=!q)';(3>Dr!<)=**06!(3!46=7!3C(!34!
('20!?=>('<60;!8#%g!s!(!s!aS!o;:!=*A!=;!'*?C(!(3!()0!(>'770>!?>3<0;;'*7F!!+!@0>D!)'7)!()>0;)36A!607!';!C;0A!=;!
=! \!t!%! 46=7! (3! ()0! (>'770>F! ! 1)0! 3C(?C(;! 34! ()0! ('20! 0N?=*;'3*! =*A! )';(3>D! 607;! =>0! 40A! '*(3! =*! 3<(=6!
?'?06'*0! ('20! (3!A'7'(=6! <3*@0>(0>! 81W^:F! !+66!34! ()0!<>'('<=6! ('2'*7!<'><C'(;! =>0!<3?'0A! 4>32! ()3;0!C;0A!
;C<<0;;4C66D!'*!+,-#.%/!'*!?=>('<C6=>/! ()0!63B!?3B0>/!)'7)!;?00A!A';<>'2'*=(3>!=*A!1W^!<)'?;!B0>0!=*!
,G1!A0@063?20*(!43>!+,-!ED!I0^>3D!]0;0=><)!-D;(02;F!!!
1)0!;'7*=6;!4>32!()0!43C>!+^^!P,1;!=>0!A'>0<(0A!'*(3!()0!-5T+!23AC60/!B)0>0!()0!('2'*7!=*A!
<)=>70!;'7*=6!?>3<0;;'*7!';!;'2'6=>!(3!()=(!3*!()0!-5T1F!!1)0!-5T+!<=*!=6;3!?>3<0;;!(B3!195!<)=**06;!=;!
'*!()0!-5T1F!!!
1)0!-P1!23AC60!<3660<(;! =*A!?>0?>3<0;;0;! ()0!E'*=>D! ;'7*=6;! 4>32! ()0!195!?=AA60;!B)'<)!=>0!
()0*!43>B=>A0A!B'()!()0!+^^!;'7*=6;!(3!()0!763E=6!+,-#."!(>'770>!8;00!=6;3!Y!"F$:F!!!
1)0! -PW! <3*(='*;! =! AC=6! "$l! 4'6(0>! ?6C;! (B3! >0AC*A=*(! ?='>;! 34! W^#W^! <3*@0>(0>;! 8-S.U"/!
-S.cQ:!(3!;C??6D!()0!63B!@36(=70;!*00A0A!ED!()0!060<(>3*'<;!'*!()0!-#^>=(0!=*A!-_lF!!1)0;0!<3*@0>(0>;!
B0>0! ;?0<'4'<=66D! A0@063?0A! ED! ,G1#T,G! =*A! J3637*=! (3! 200(! ()0! *00A;! 34! ()0;0! 060<(>3*'<;! B'()!
2'*'2C2!B0'7)(!=*A!2=N'2C2!044'<'0*<DF!!!
1)0!-_l!C*'(! ;C??6'0;!C?! (3!Q.!P,1;!B'()!3?0>=('*7!)'7)!@36(=70;! 4>32!#%"..!l! (3! #"d..!lF!!
1)0D!B0>0! <C;(32!A0@063?0A! ED! ()0! <366=E3>=('3*! =*A! =! ;'2'6=>/! 63B0>! @36(=70/! A0;'7*! ';! C;0A! 43>! ()0!
]G^_!=*A!T^+IF!!&'()'*!()0!-_l/!=!)'7)!@36(=70!060@=(3>!>0<0'@0;!"$!l!=*A!;C??6'0;!"Q!6'*0=>!>07C6=(3>!
<)=**06;F! ! l'=! =*! =((=<)0A! <3*(>3660>! E3=>A/! E3()! ()0! 060@=(3>! 3C(?C(! @36(=70! =*A! ()0! 6'*0=>! >07C6=(3>!
3C(?C(! @36(=70;! <=*! E0! =AVC;(0A! '*! ;(0?;! 34! QFU!l! 3>! A';=E60A! =*A! 0=<)! 3C(?C(! '*<6CA0;! >0;0(=E60! 3@0>!
<C>>0*(!?>3(0<('3*F! !1)0!<3*(>3660>!';!=((=<)0A!C;'*7!()0!+,-!;(=*A=>A!I0^>3D!EC;!?>3(3<36!(3!()0!-W]!
43>!23*'(3>'*7!=*A!<322=*A'*7F!!!
!
2.4.4 Space qualification
1)0!195!;D;(02!2C;(!E0!=E60!(3!3?0>=(0!'*!;?=<0!43>!D0=>;!B'()3C(!)C2=*!'*(0>@0*('3*!=*A!B'()!
(02?0>=(C>0;!>=*7'*7!4>32!!".!(3!aU.!,^F!!G*!=AA'('3*/!()0!A0(0<(3>!2C;(!;C>@'@0!()0!;(>3*7!=<<060>=('3*;!?>3AC<0A!ED!()0!;)C((60! 6=C*<)/!=*A!'(;!?0>43>2=*<0!;)3C6A!*3(!E0!=440<(0A!ED! ()';!@'E>=('3*F! !_0*<0/!=!
;0>'0;!34!()0>2=6#@=<CC2!=*A!20<)=*'<=6!(0;(;!)=@0!E00*!<=>>'0A!3C(!3*!()0!195!;D;(02/!'*!=AA'('3*!(3!
()0!(0;(;!3*!()0!4C66!+,-#."!A0(0<(3>!E043>0!46'7)(F!!!
10*!P,1;!B0>0!(0;(0A!'*!=!()0>2=6!@=<CC2!<)=2E0>!=(!=!?>0;;C>0!34!%.#g!(3!%.#c!2E=>!B'()!()0!
(02?0>=(C>0!@=>D'*7!E0(B00*!!d.!=*A!aUU!,^F! !53C>!P,1;!B0>0!0KC'??0A!B'()!=! >=A'3=<('@0!*-;3C><0!=*A!=!;2=66!>040>0*<0!;<'*('66=(3>F!!1)0!A=>O!<C>>0*(!B=;!23*'(3>0A!43>!=66!P,1;F!!5'7C>0!"F%.%!;)3B;!()0!
?C6;0!)0'7)(!@=>'=('3*!=;!=!4C*<('3*!34!(02?0>=(C>0!43>!"!34!()0!P,1;!8;00!=6;3!5'7C>0!"FSg:F!!T=<)!?3'*(!
<3>>0;?3*A;! (3! ()0!=@0>=70!34!U...!0@0*(;!20=;C>0A!B'()!=*!3;<'663;<3?0F! !+;!;)3B*!'*! ()0!4'7C>0/! ()0!
?C6;0!)0'7)(!8'F0F!()0!7='*:!34!()0!P,1;!';!B066!A0;<>'E0A!ED!=!?=>=E36'<!A0?0*A0*<0!3*!()0!(02?0>=(C>0F!
1)0! A=(=! =>0! '*! 733A! =7>0020*(! B'()! ()0! P,1! <)=>=<(0>';('<;! =;! 7'@0*! ED! _=2=2=(;CF! ! 5'7C>0!"F%."!
;)3B;! ()0! @=>'=('3*! 34! ()0! A=>O! <C>>0*(! @0>;C;! (02?0>=(C>0! 43>! "! P,1;/! B)'<)/! 0@0*! =(! ()0! )'7)0;(!
(02?0>=(C>0/!';!=6B=D;!*076'7'E60F!!!
!
AMS-02/TOF
!"#S"!
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300 Y = AX2 + BX + C
PMT 5893
A=(–0.5 ± 0.2) x10-2
A=(–0.6 ± 0.2) x10-2
B=–0.68 ± 0.09
B=–0.70 ± 0.07PMT 5975
T ( C)
Puls
e he
ight
(mV)
!!
Figure 2.101: PMT response as a function of the temperature in vacuum.
Dark current vs PMT temperature
1
10
10 2
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60T ( C)
Dark
Cur
rent
(ua)
PMT ZH5974 at HV=1520 V
1
10
10 2
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60T ( C)o
o
Dark
Cur
rent
(ua)
PMT ZH5915 at HV=1865 V
!!
Figure 2.102: PMT dark current as a function of the temperature.
AMS-02/TOF
! "#Sd
2.4.5 Beam test results
1)0!195!<3C*(0>;!B0>0!(0;(0A!'*!'3*!E0=2;!=(!^T]H!'*!".."!=*A!=7='*!'*!"..dF!1)0!E0=2;!B0>0!
3E(='*0A!ED! ()0! 4>=720*(=('3*!34! ()0!?>'2=>D!-P-!PE!E0=2!=(!".!=*A!%U$!e0lp<p+!=7='*;(!=!J0!3>!PE!
(=>70(/! B'()'*! A'440>0*(! 2320*(C2! ?0>! *C<603*! B'*A3B;! C;'*7! ()0! _$! ;060<('3*! 6'*0F! ! G*! ".."! ()0!
>0;?3*;0! 34! ()0! <3C*(0>;!B0>0! <32?=>0A! (3! 3*0!34! ()0!+,-#.%! <3C*(0>;F! ! G*! "..d/! 43C>! <3C*(0>;!B'()!
A'440>0*(!<3*4'7C>=('3*;!34!()0!6'7)(!7C'A0;!B0>0!(0;(0AF!!P>06'2'*=>D!>0;C6(;!=>0!?>0;0*(0A!E063BF!!!
5'7C>0!"F%.d! ;)3B;! ()0! (B3! <3C*(0>;! (0;(0A! '*! "..d! 8^"! =*A! ^d:! B)'<)! =>0! ()0! (B3! 23;(!
<)=660*7'*7!6'7)(!7C'A0;!B'()!^d!E0*(!=*A!^"!(B';(0A!=*A!E0*(F!!^3C*(0>;!^%!=*A!^Q/!E043>0!=*A!=4(0>!^"!
=*A!^d!'*!()0!E0=2!6'*0/!)=@0!;(>='7)(!6'7)(!7C'A0;F!!!
1)0! '3*! <)=>70! ';!B066!20=;C>0A! ED! =66! <3C*(0>;F! ! 1)0!20=;C>020*(! 4>32! ()0! =*3A0! ;'7*=6! 34!
<3C*(0>! ^"/! '*! ?>'*<'?60! ()0! B3>;(! 3*0/! ';! ;)3B*! '*! 5'7C>0!"F%.QF! ! 1)0! <)=>70! >0;36C('3*! 34! ^"! 43>!
A'440>0*(!'3*;!';!;)3B*!'*!5'7C>0!"F%.U!43>!E3()!()0!=*3A0!=*A!AD*3A0!;'7*=6;!;C220A!4>32!(B3!P,1;F!!
,0=;C>020*(;!4>32!()0!".."!(0;(!E0=2!>C*!=>0!<32?=>0A!B'()!()3;0!34!()0!+,-#."!]G^_!06020*(!()=(!
B=;!=6;3!'*!()0!E0=2!6'*0!'*!5'7C>0!"F%.gF!
1)0!('20!34!46'7)(!20=;C>020*(!E0(B00*!()0!^"!=*A!^d!<3C*(0>;! ';!;)3B*!'*!5'7C>0!"F%.c!=;!=!
4C*<('3*! 34! ()0! ?=>('<60! <)=>70F! ! +;! ()0!20=;C>020*(! '*! +,-#."!B'66! E0! A3*0!B'()! 43C>! '*A0?0*A0*(!
20=;C>020*(;/!()0!('20!>0;36C('3*!B)'<)!<=*!E0!'*40>>0A!';!34!()0!3>A0>!34!%d.!?;!43>!=!,GPF!
!
Counter C2:bent andtwisted lightguides.
Counter C3:bent lightguides.
173416291322
16171704
1489
1172
1624
110
110
191
119
1010
98
120
120
!!
Figure 2.103: The C2 and C3 counters with bent and twisted light guides,
tested in an ion beam at the CERN SPS in 2003.
AMS-02/TOF
!"#SQ!
!!
Figure2.104: The square root of the integrated charge measured with anodes and
dynodes show peaks corresponding to different beam particles. Peak
“2p” is produced by two singly charged particles crossing the
scintillator in time.
!
AMS-02/TOF
! "#SU
02
0.1
4
0.2
6
0.3
8
0.4
10
0.5
Z C2DR
Z C2AR
! Z! Z
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
12
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
P1 0.4805E!01
P1
0.1393E!02
P2
0.8314E!01
0.2630E!01
0.1467E!02
P2
0.6542E!03
0.2116E!01 0.6830E!03
!!
Figure 2.105: C2 charge resolution as a function of the particle charge
for anode (above) and dynode (below) signals.
AMS-02/TOF
!"#Sg!
!!
Figure 2.106: Charge measurements by the RICH and TOF (2002 test beam).
!
!!
Figure 2.107: Time of Flight Resolution with C2 and C3 vs. particle charge.
81)0!?3'*(!=(!\!u!%FQ!<3>>0;?3*A;!(3!(B3!?0=O!"?!'*!5'7C>0!"F%.Q:F
AMS-02/TOF
! "#Sc
2.4.6 References
L%M! WF!J366'*'!0(!=6F/!HC3@3!^'20*(3!61A!8%SgS:!%"Ub!
+F!\'<)'<)'/!+**=6;!34!P)D;'<;!66!8%Sc%:!Q.Ub!
+F!\'<)'<)'/!q-(CAD!34!<)=>70A!4'*=6!;(=(0;!?>3AC<0A!'*!0a0#!'*(0>=<('3*;r!'*!qT6020*(=>D!
?>3<0;;0;!=(!_'7)!T*0>7Dr/!+<=A02'<!P>0;;!8%Sc%:/!?F!cS.b!
,F!J=;'60!0(!=6F/!HC<6F!G*;(>C2F!=*A!,0()F!179!8%S$%:!QccF!
L"M! WF!+6@';'!0(!=6F/!HC<6F!G*;(>C2F!=*A!,0()F!+!437 8%SSS:/!"%"F!
LdM! IFJ>3<<3!0(!=6F/!P>3<F!"c()!!G^]^!8"..%:!"%SdF!
LQM! eF!I0@'!0(!=6/!P>3<F!$()!G^+1PP/!^323/!G(=6D/!"..dF!!!
LUM! JF!J0*<)0'O)!0(!=6F/!HC<6F!G*;(>C2F!=*A!,0()F!+!315!8%SS":!dQSF!
LgM! HF^=>3(=/!q-(CA'!?0>!6=!<=6'E>=R'3*0!0!6k3(('2'RR=R'3*0!A0'!43(3236('?6'<=(3>'!?0>!'!<3*(=(3>'!=!
;<'*('66=R'3*0!A0663!;?0((>320(>3!;?=R'=60!+,-#."r/!I=C>0=!1)0;';/!J3637*=!8"..":F!
!
AMS-02/ACC
2-98
2.5 Anticoincidence Counters (ACC) The AMS-02 Silicon tracker is surrounded by a layer of scintillation counters fitting tightly inside
the inner bore of the superconducting magnet (see Figure 2.1), developed by RWTH-Aachen. Sixteen
scintillation panels (BICRON BC414) of 8 mm thickness form the ACC (Figure 2.108). The panels
dovetail along their vertical joints (Figure 2.108 inserts) to provide hermetic coverage. The ACC detects
particles which enter the tracker laterally, outside of the main acceptance. Those particles may confuse
the charge determination if they leave hits in the tracker close to the tracks of interest. The ACC
scintillation counters are designed such that they can reject unwanted particles with high efficiency.
Furthermore the photomultipliers (PMTs) that record the light signals from the ACC panels have to work
in a moderate (~1.2 kG) magnetic field at locations on the top of and on the bottom of the magnet vacuum
case, approximately 40 cm from the racetrack coils (Figure 2.109). To minimize the impact of this, the
mesh PMTs (Hamamatsu R5946) are oriented with their axes parallel to the stray field. The light from
the scintillation panels is collected in wavelength shifter fibers (Kuraray Y-11(200)M, diameter 1 mm)
embedded in grooves milled into the scintillation panels (Figures 2.108, 2.110 and 2.111). The embedded
fibers are collected into 2 output ports of 37 fibers each at both ends of the counters (Figure 2.111). For
each panel there are two transition connectors (Figure 2.112), located on the upper and lower conical
flanges of the magnet vacuum case. From these transition connectors the light is routed through clear
fibers up to the PMTs mounted on the rim of the vacuum case.
Figure 2.108: Anticounter scintillation panel. The edges are dovetailed for hermeticity.
AMS-02/ACC
2-99
Figure 2.109: ACC light transport system, from the fibers embedded in the panels, through the
couplings to the PMTs located on the outer rim of the vacuum case.
The light signal provided by the closely spaced wavelength shifter fibers and transported further
on by the clear fibers to the PMTs typically yields 15 to 20 photoelectrons. One track thus results in at
least 30 photoelectrons for detection since there are 2 tubes connected to each counter. For minimum
ionizing particles at normal incidence to the panels, the mean electrical output charge of the PMTs is
13 pC. The front end electronics of the ACC is identical to that of the TOF system (see § 2.4.3). Signals
from the ACC are included in the AMS-02 trigger in order to optimize the trigger performance by
rejecting events outside the tracker acceptance.
A prototype counter has been tested with 10 GeV protons at CERN in 2003. Figure 2.113 shows
a sample of the pulse height distributions observed within 3 cm of the edge. Figure 2.113a shows the
typical upward fluctuations generally observed in energy loss measurements of charged particles. In
order to emphasize the low signal behavior, Figure 2.113b, displays the spectrum below the most
probable energy loss. Two different trigger conditions are displayed: for the events in red one of
adjacent counters was required to have a signal; for the events in yellow only the beam defining counters
were required. In the first case, a signal was observed in the counter under test for each of the 350,000
proton events. In the second case approximately 45 events were below threshold (0.6 pC). With this
performance, the ACC guarantees that an antimatter signal will not be simulated due to laterally entering
particles.
AMS-02/ACC
2-100
Figure 2.110: ACC during machining of the fiber grooves.
Figure 2.111: Finished ACC panel end.
AMS-02/ACC
2-101
Figure 2.112: ACC light cable connectors, wave length shifter fibers arrive from the
panel on the right side, clear fibers continue to the PMT on the left.
Figure 2.113: ACC prototype test with 10 GeV protons. a) Pulse height spectrum
from typical run, counts vs. PMT charge. b) Pulse height spectrum
below maximum, counts vs. charge, with tight (red) and loose (yellow)
trigger conditions (see text).
AMS-02/RICH
!"#$%"!
2.6 Ring Imaging Cerenkov Detector (RICH) &'!()*+)!,(!-,.*/!0.'*12+',13!,(456-!5'!1-,)(41),563+!47/-56-!-.67!1-!,7+!+85-,+'6+!(0!1',521,,+)!()!
,7+! )+31,59+! 1:.'*1'6+-! (0! 35;7,! 5-(,(4+-! 1'*! 671);+*! '.63+5<! 5,! 5-! '+6+--1)/! ,(! 719+! 1! 4)+65-+!
*+,+)25'1,5('!(0!,7+!21--+-!(0!671);+*!41),563+-=! !>7+!21--!(0!1!41),563+!5-!)+31,+*!,(!5,-!2(2+',.2<!p<!
1'*! 9+3(65,/<! *<! ,7)(.;7! ,7+! +84)+--5('! "#$?@A **pm 2 ! 1'*! 5,-! *+,+)25'1,5('! 5-! :1-+*! ('! ,7+!
2+1-.)+2+',! (0! :(,7! B.1',5,5+-=! ! &'! ,7+! CDE! -4+6,)(2+,+)<! ,7+! 2(2+',.2! 5-! *+,+)25'+*! 0)(2! ,7+!
5'0()21,5('! 4)(95*+*! :/! ,7+! E5356('! >)16F+)! G5,7! 1! )+31,59+! 166.)16/! (0! ?$H! (9+)! 1! G5*+! )1';+! (0!+'+);5+-=!!>75-!+',153-!1'!+))()!(0!,7+!-12+!()*+)!('!,7+!21--!(0!,7+!41),563+!-(<!5'!()*+)!,(!(9+)6(2+!,75-!
.'6+),15',/<!,7+!9+3(65,/!71-!,(!:+!2+1-.)+*!G5,7!1!)+31,59+!166.)16/!(0!1:(.,!$!4+)!253=!!I()!,75-!4.)4(-+!
1!J5';! &21;5';!K+)+'F(9!L+,+6,()! AJ&KM?! 71-! :++'! *+-5;'+*!G5,7! 1! 31);+! ;+(2+,)5613! 166+4,1'6+! ,(!
(4+)1,+!5'!,7+!+'95)('2+',13!6('*5,5('-!(0!,7+!(.,+)!-416+=!!!
>7+!*+,+)25'1,5('!(0!,7+!9+3(65,/!(0!671);+*!41),563+-!5-!:1-+*!('!,7+!K+)+'F(9!+00+6,=!!N7+'!1!
671);+*!41),563+!;(+-!,7)(.;7!1!*5+3+6,)56!21,+)513<!5,!5'*.6+-!1!216)(-6(456!4(31)5-1,5('=!!&0!5,-!9+3(65,/!5-!
31);+)!,71'!,7+!471-+!9+3(65,/!(0!,7+!+3+6,)(21;'+,56!05+3*!5'!,7+!21,+)513<!,7+!671';+!(0!,7+!*54(31)!05+3*-!
G5,7!,52+!5'5,51,+-!,7+!+25--5('!(0!+3+6,)(21;'+,56!)1*51,5('=!!>7+!*500+)+',!2('(67)(21,56!G19+-!+25,,+*!
5'!,7+!(4,5613!)+;5('!(0!,7+!21,+)513!0()2!132(-,!,7+!-12+!1';3+!G5,7!)+-4+6,!,(!,7+!9+3(65,/!(0!,7+!41),563+=!!
>7+)+0()+<!1!6('+!(0!K+)+'F(9!)1*51,5('!5-!6)+1,+*!13(';!5,-!,)1O+6,()/!5'!,7+!21,+)513=!!>7+!4)(4+),5+-!(0!
,75-!)1*51,5('!6('+!*+4+'*!('!,7+!9+3(65,/!(0!,7+!671);+*!41),563+!1'*!,7+!)+0)16,59+!5'*+8!(0!,7+!21,+)513<!
n(()=!!&'!41),56.31)<!0()!1'!5'6(25';!41),563+!(0!671);+!P+<!,7+!7130!(4+'5';!1';3+!(0!,7+!6('+!5-!;59+'!:/!
?A@$6(- (*@ n2 Q!,7+!'.2:+)!(0!)1*51,+*!47(,('-!5'!1!0)+B.+'6/!)1';+!d(!0()!1!,)19+)-+*!3+';,7!dx!5'!,7+!
21,+)513! :/! @A( """ -5'@@ ZdxdNd 2 Q! 1'*! ,7+! ,7)+-7(3*! 9+3(65,/! 1:(9+!G7567!K+)+'F(9! )1*51,5('! 5-!
+25,,+*! :/ ?A@$25' (* n2 =! ! >7+)+0()+<! ,7+! 9+3(65,/! 5-! *+,+)25'+*! 0)(2! ,7+!2+1-.)+2+',! (0! ,7+! (4+'5';!
1';3+! (0! ,7+! K+)+'F(9! 6('+! 1'*<! 1-! 1! :/#4)(*.6,<! ,7+! '.2:+)! (0! *+,+6,+*! 47(,('-! G533! 4)(95*+! 1'!
5'*+4+'*+',!+-,521,5('!(0!,7+!671);+!(0!,7+!5'6(25';!41),563+=!!!
N5,75'! CDE#%"<! 1-! -7(G'! 5'! I5;.)+!"=$<! ,7+! J&KM! 5-! 4316+*! ('! ,7+! 3(G+)! 41),! (0! ,7+!
-4+6,)(2+,+)<! :+,G++'! ,7+! 3(G+)! >52+! (0! I35;7,! K(.',+)-! 1'*! ,7+! R3+6,)(21;'+,56! K13()52+,+)=! ! &,! 5-!
:+5';!:.53,!:/! &SIS#T(3(;'1!.'*+)!6(',)16,! ,(! ,7+! &,1351'!E416+!C;+'6/!ACE&?<!K&RDC><! &'-,5,.,(!*+!
C-,)(05-561!*+!K1'1)51-<!U1:=!&'-,=!R84=!V1),563+!V7/-56-<!W=!(0!D1)/31'*<!I3()5*1!CXD<!S1,=!C.,(=!W=!(0!
D+856(!1'*!UVEK=!!C-!-7(G'!5'!I5;.)+!"=$$Y<!,7+!J&KM!71-!1!,).'61,+*!6('5613!-714+!G5,7!Z%!62!.44+)!
)1*5.-<! Z[!62! 3(G+)! )1*5.-<! 1! 7+5;7,! (0! Y[!62! 1'*! 1! -.44(),5';! 431,+! ('! ,7+! ,(4! ,71,! 7(3*-! 1! \!62!
,756F'+--!31/+)!(0!*5+3+6,)56!21,+)513!A)1*51,()?=!!>7+!3(G+)!431'+<!G7567!71-!1!ZY8ZY!62"!-B.1)+!6+',)13!
7(3+! ,(! 3+,! 41),563+-! ;(! .'100+6,+*! ,(! ,7+! R3+6,)(21;'+,56! K13()52+,+)<! -.44(),-! 1'! 1))1/! (0! Z]%! 35;7,!
;.5*+-!1'*!47(,(2.3,5435+)-!1-!G+33!1-!,7+!0)(',#+'*!+3+6,)('56!:(1)*-=!!C!671);+*!41),563+!6(25';!0)(2!
1:(9+!05)-,!6)(--+-!,7+!)1*51,()!6)+1,5';!1!6('+!(0!K+)+'F(9!)1*51,5('=!D(-,!(0!,7+!47(,('-!;(!*5)+6,3/!,(!
,7+!47(,('!*+,+6,()-!5'!,7+!3(G+)!431'+=!!>7+!(,7+)!47(,('-!1)+!)+03+6,+*!('!,7+!31,+)13!-.)016+!(0!,7+!6('+!
1'*!13-(!*5)+6,+*!,(!,7+!47(,('!*+,+6,()-=!!C,!,7+!3(G+)<!()!521;+<!431'+<!,7+!47(,('!*+,+6,()-!719+!35;7,!
;.5*+-! 1,,167+*! ,(! 47(,(#2.3,5435+)! ,.:+-! AVD>-?=! ! I)(2! ,7+! -41,513! 6(()*5'1,+-! (0! ,7+! 47(,(2.3,5435+)!
458+3-!1'*!,7+!*5)+6,5('!(0!,7+!5'6(25';!41),563+<!,7+!K+)+'F(9!6('+!5-!)+6('-,).6,+*!1'*!,7+!9+3(65,/!(0!
,7+!41),563+!*+,+)25'+*=!!W4G1)*!;(5';!41),563+-!*(!'(,!3+19+!,75-!-5;'13!1'*!61'!,7.-!:+!.'12:5;.(.-3/!
*5-6)525'1,+*=!!!!
AMS-02/RICH
! "#$%\
!!
Figure 2.114: The main structural components of the RICH.
2.6.1 Radiator
E+9+)13!*5+3+6,)56!21,+)513-!719+!:++'!6('-5*+)+*!1-!4(--5:3+! )1*51,()-=! !>7+5)!4+)0()21'6+!71-!
:++'!1'13/-+*!:/!1!D(',+!K1)3(!-52.31,5('!1'*<!0()!,7+!2(-,!144)(4)51,+!('+-<!,+-,-!719+!:++'!4+)0()2+*!
G5,7! 5('! :+12-! 1,! KRJS! 1'*! 6(-256! )1/-! 1,! UVEK! A^)+'(:3+?=! ! >7+! 21,+)513! ,71,! 71-! -7(G'! :+,,+)!
4+)0()21'6+!0()!,7+!+84+)52+',13!;(13-!1)+!-53561!C+)(;+3-=!!>7+-+!6(24(.'*-!1)+!1!258,.)+!(0!mAE5_"?!
1'*!"mAM"_?<!G5,7!m!1'! 5',+;+)<!1'*!719+!1!4()(.-!-,).6,.)+!G5,7!:.::3+-<!2(-,!(0! ,7+2!(0!-2133!-5`+!
6(241)+*! ,(! (4,5613!G19+3+';,7-=! ! >7+! )+0)16,59+! 5'*+8! 5-! 1'! 19+)1;+! :+,G++'! ,7+! ('+-! (0! 15)! 1'*! ,7+!
258,.)+! 1'*! 71-! 1'! 132(-,! 35'+1)! *+4+'*+'6+!G5,7! ,7+! *+'-5,/=! !>7.-<!G5,7! *500+)+',! ,)+1,2+',-! (0! ,7+!
258,.)+! 144)(4)51,+!*+'-5,5+-! 61'!:+! -+3+6,+*! 5'! ,7+! )1';+!(0!%=$! ,(!%=\!;! 62!\! 1'*! ,7+)+0()+! )+0)16,59+!
5'*56+-!;)+1,+)!,71'!2(-,!;1-+-!1'*!-2133+)!,71'!2(-,!35B.5*-!1'*!-(35*-!61'!:+!(:,15'+*=!!>7+)+!1)+!,G(!
-.4435+)-!(0!75;7!B.135,/!C+)(;+3-!G5,7! ,7+!*+-5)+*!4)(4+),5+-! A-++!>1:3+!"=Y?a! ,7+!K1,13/-5-! &'-,5,.,+!(0!
S(9(-5:5)-F! A7+)+10,+)! )+0+))+*! 1-! K&S?<! G7567! 4)(*.6+-! \!62! ,756F! 7/*)(475356! ,53+-<! 1'*!D1,-.-75,1!
R3+6,)('56!K(241'/!!ADRK?!G7567!4)(*.6+-!7/*)(47(:56!,53+-!(0!$!62!,756F'+--=!!!
!
Supplier Refractive IndicesClarity
(mm4/cm)
Size
(cm3)
Other
features
DRK! $=%\!b!$=%c! %=%%[!b!%=%$\! $$=c!8!$$=c!8!$! M/*)(47(:56!
K&S! $=%\!b!$=%c! %=%%c!b!%=%%]! $$=c!8!$$=c!8!\! M/*)(475356!
!
Table 2.4: Properties and manufacturers of high quality silica Aerogel.
!
AMS-02/RICH
!"#$%Y!
E+9+)13! ,53+-! 4)(*.6+*! :/! ,7+! ,G(! 21'.016,.)+)-! 719+! :++'! ,+-,+*! .'*+)! *500+)+',! +8,+)'13!
6('*5,5('-=!!&'!41),56.31)<!2+671'5613!1'*!(4,5613!4)(4+),5+-!-.67!1-!,7+!)+0)16,59+!5'*+8<!,7+!,)1'-25,,1'6+!
1'*! ,7+! 35;7,! *5-4+)-5('!G+)+! 1'13/-+*!:/! +84(-5';! ,7+! ,53+-! ,(! ,7+)213! 1'*!916..2!6/63+-! 5'! ()*+)! ,(!
1--+--! ,7+! 4+)0()21'6+! (0! ,7+! )1*51,()! .'*+)! ,7+! +8,)+2+! +'95)('2+',13! 6('*5,5('-! (0! (.,+)! -416+=! ! &'!
()*+)!,(!5'6)+1-+!,7+!47(,('!*+,+6,5('!+00565+'6/!0()!,7(-+!41),563+-!,71,!0133!.4('!,7+!6+',)13!7(3+!(0!,7+!
*+,+6,5('! 431'+<! ,7+! 6+',)13! :3(6F-! (0! ,7+! )1*51,()! 1)+!21*+! (.,! (0!S1I<!G7567! 71-! 1! 75;7+)! )+0)16,59+!
5'*+8! And$=\\Z?! 1'*! -(! ;59+-! 1!G5*+)! K+)+'F(9! 6('+=! ! >7.-<! ,7+!2+671'5613! -,).6,.)+! (0! ,7+! )1*51,()!
6('-5-,-!(0!]%!)+6,1';.31)!:3(6F-!(0!-53561!C+)(;+3!(0!$$=c8$$=c8\!62\!1'*!$Z!6+',)13!:3(6F-!(0!S1I!(0!
]=c8]=c8%=c!62\=! !C33! ,7+!:3(6F-!1)+!-.44(),+*!0)(2!,7+!:(,,(2!:/!1!$!22!,756F! 31/+)!(0!2+,716)/31,+!
0)++!(0!We!1:-():5';!1**5,59+-!,71,!5-!058+*!,(!,7+!>_I!.44+)!-.44(),5';!431'+=!!!
!
2.6.2 Reflector
C:(.,!\%H!(0!,7+!K+)+'F(9!47(,('-!+2+);5';!0)(2!,7+!)1*51,()!1)+!4(5',+*!(.,-5*+!(0!,7+!47(,('!
*+,+6,()!1))1/=!!C!)+03+6,()!A-++!I5;.)+!"=$$c?!71-!:++'!*+-5;'+*!,(!6(33+6,!,7(-+!47(,('-!5'!,7+!1))1/=!!&,!
6('-5-,-! (0! 1! -.44(),5';! -,).6,.)+!G5,7! 1! ,).'61,+*! 6('5613! -714+! (0! $\Y! 1'*! $$Y! 62! 3(G+)! 1'*! .44+)!
*512+,+)-!1'*!1! ,75'!0532!(0! )+03+6,59+!6(1,5';!*+4(-5,+*!('! ,7+! 5''+)!-.)016+=! ! &'!()*+)! ,(!215',15'! ,7+!
$ 4+)!253!9+3(65,/!)+-(3.,5('<!5,!71-!:++'!*+-5;'+*!G5,7!-,)(';!)+B.5)+2+',-!('!,7+!,(3+)1'6+-!1-!-7(G'!5'!
>1:3+!"=c=!!!
!
K('565,/! "%%!-2K+',+)5';! $%%!-2J+03+6,595,/! B ]c!H!A1,!C d!Y"%!'2?J(.;7'+--! D $c%!'2E3(4+!+))()! f!$!2)1*!
!
Table 2.5: Parameters and designed tolerances for the reflector.
C-!-7(G'!5'!I5;.)+!"=$$c<!,7+!)+03+6,()!5-!4)(*.6+*!5'!$"%#*+;)++!6(24(-5,+!-+;2+',-<!G7567!1)+!
0)12+*!G5,7!6(24(-5,+! )5:-!1,! ,7+!+',5)+!4+)52+,+)!(0! ,7+!25))()=! !>7+!6(24(-5,+!.-+*! 5-!TJg>R!!Rh#
$c$c@Dcci! U125'1,+! G5,7! W'5*5)+6,5('13! V)+4)+;! ;3.+*! G5,7! DCE>RJ! T_SL! RV\%U>R#U_! R4(8/!
C*7+-59+=!!>7+!:.-75';!5-!-,15'3+--!-,++3=!!&'!()*+)!,(!1675+9+!,7+!)+03+6,595,/!)+B.5)+2+',<!,7+!)+03+6,59+!
6(1,5';!5-!21*+!.4!(0!$%%!'2!(0!13.25'5.2!1'*!\%%!'2!(0!E5_"=!!!
!!
Figure 2.115: The conical reflector of the Cerenkov detector (3 sectors layout).
!
>7+!)+03+6,()!5-!21*+!:/!1!)+43561!,+67'5B.+=!!>7+!-,1),5';!4(5',!5-!1!21'*)+3!A1!*5+?!('!G7567!,7+!
KIJK!435+-<!G7567!G533! :+! ,7+! 31,+)13! -.)016+!(0! ,7+! )+03+6,()<! 1)+! 4(-5,5('+*!:+0()+!:+5';! 6.)+*=! !>7+!
21'*)+3!1'*!435+-!1)+!(9+'!6.)+*!.'*+)!916..2!1'*!,7+'!,7+!-.)0165';!4)(6+--!:+;5'-=!!W-5';!1!41,+',+*!
AMS-02/RICH
! "#$%c
,+67'5B.+<! 1! ,75'! 31/+)! A1! 0+G! ,+',7-! (0! 1! 253352+,+)?! (0! )+-5'! 5-! 4(.)+*! :+,G++'! ,7+! KIJK! 1'*! ,7+!
21'*)+3=!!C0,+)!1!-+6('*!6.)+!4)(6+--<!,7+!2+671'5613!41),!(0!,7+!31,+)13!-.)016+!5-!)+1*/=!!&,!5-!524(),1',!
,(! 719+! 1! 21'*)+3! G5,7! ,7+! +816,! -714+<! *52+'-5('-! 1'*! )(.;7'+--! (0! ,7+! )+03+6,()! ,(! :+! 4)(*.6+*=!!
C0,+)G1)*-! ,7+! 031';+-! 1'*! ,7+! )5:-! 1)+!;3.+*! ,(! ,7+! 31,+)13! -.)016+!.-5';! ,7+!21'*)+3! 1-! 1!;+(2+,)5613!
)+0+)+'6+=! ! I(33(G5';! ,75-! 4)(6+*.)+<! ,7+! ,7)++! -+6,()-! 1)+! 4)(*.6+*! 1'*! ,7+'! 1--+2:3+*! :/!;3.5';! ,7+!
9+),5613!)5:-!.-5';!,7+!21'*)+3!1-!1!O5;=!!>7+!05'13!-,+4!5-!,7+!6(1,5';!21*+!:/!916..2!*+4(-5,5('!(0!,7+!
13.25'.2!1'*!-5356('!*5(85*+!31/+)-=!!!
>7+!21'*)+3!0()!,7+!05'13!25))()!71-!:++'!4)(*.6+*!AI5;.)+!"=$$Z?=!!_4,5613!2+1-.)+2+',-!719+!
-7(G'!,71,!,7+!-.)016+!)(.;7'+--!5-!3+--!,71'!$c!'2!1'*!,71,!133!,7+!)+B.5)+*!,(3+)1'6+-!1)+!-1,5-05+*=!!&,!
71-!:++'!.-+*!,(!4)(*.6+!,G(!-1243+-!(0!,7+!)+03+6,()!A(0!\%!8!Yc!62?!,(!,+-,!,7+!(4,5613!4)(4+),5+-<!('+!(0!
G7567!G1-!.-+*!5'!,7+!4)(,(,/4+!,+-,-=!!>7+!2+1-.)+*!)(.;7'+--!(0!,7+!-.)016+!G1-!3+--!,71'!c=\!'2!A)2-?!
1'*!,7+!)+03+6,595,/!;)+1,+)!,71'!]cH!1,!Y"%!'2=!!C0,+)!,7+-+!)+-.3,-<!('+!(0!,7+!,7)++!-+;2+',-!(0!,7+!05'13!
25))()!71-!:++'!4)(*.6+*!:/!K(24(-5,+!D5))()!C443561,5('-!&'6=!A>.6-('<!CP?!G5,7!1!)(.;7'+--!(0!3+--!
,71'!\=]!'2=!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.116: Measurement of the mandrel and a sample produced
to control the roughness and reflectivity.
!
2.6.3 Photon detection system!
>7+! K+)+'F(9! 47(,('-! 1)+! 6(33+6,+*! 1,! ,7+! :(,,(2! (0! ,7+! *+,+6,()! :/! 1'! 1))1/! (0! Z]%!
47(,(2.3,5435+)!,.:+-!AVD>-?!,71,!G5,7-,1'*!2(*+)1,+!21;'+,56!05+3*-=!!M(G+9+)<!,7+!)+-5*.13!05+3*!(0!,7+!
-.4+)6('*.6,5';!21;'+,!5'!,7+!)+;5('!G7+)+!,7+!47(,(2.3,5435+)-!1)+!4316+*!5-!E!\%%!^!-(!,7+/!719+!,(!:+!-.))(.'*+*! :/! 1! -75+3*5';! 61-+! 1'*<! 1-! 1! 6('-+B.+'6+<! 1! 35;7,! 6(33+6,5('! -/-,+2!71-! ,(! :+! *+-5;'+*! 5'!
()*+)! ,(! *5)+6,! ,7+! K+)+'F(9! 47(,('-! 0)(2! ,7+! ,(4! (0! ,7+! -75+3*5';! 61-+! ,(! ,7+! -+'-5,59+! 41),! (0! ,7+!
47(,(2.3,5435+)-=!!>7.-!+167!.'5,!(0!,7+!47(,('!*+,+6,5('!-/-,+2<!1-!-7(G'!5'!I5;.)+!"=$$[<!5-!6(24(-+*!
(0!1!47(,(2.3,5435+)<!,7+!-75+3*5';<!,7+!7(.-5';!1'*!,7+!35;7,#;.5*+-=!!!
>(! *+,+6,! ,7+! K+)+'F(9! 47(,('-<! *500+)+',! 47(,(2.3,5435+)! ,.:+-! 719+! :++'! 1'13/-+*=! ! D(-,!
144)(4)51,+! 0()! ,7+! 671)16,+)5-,56-! (0! ,75-! *+,+6,()! 5-! ,7+! MCDCDC>EW! J[Z%%#%%#D$Z! *.+! ,(! ,7+!
)+*.6+*! -5`+<! 01-,! )+-4('-+! .'*+)! 3(G! (4+)1,5('13! 9(3,1;+! A]%%!e?<! 31);+! 1'(*+! .'50()25,/! 1'*! 3(G!
-+'-5,595,/!,(!+8,+)'13!21;'+,56!05+3*-=!!>7+!K+)+'F(9!47(,('-!1)+!*+,+6,+*!('!,7+!521;+!431'+!1,!Y%!62!
0)(2! ,7+! )1*51,()! 21,+)513=! >7+)+0()+! ,7+! 166.)16/! 5'! ,7+! 2+1-.)+2+',! (0! ,7+! 9+3(65,/! *+4+'*-!
-5;'50561',3/!('!,7+!-5`+!(0!,7+!47(,('!-+'-()-=!!>7+!10()+2+',5('+*!47(,(2.3,5435+)-!719+!1!2.3,51'(*56!
-,).6,.)+!G5,7!Y!8!Y!458+3-<!+167!('+!G5,7!1!-+'-5,59+!`('+!(0!Y!8!Y!22"=!!>75-!;.1)1',++-!1!)+-(3.,5('!5'!
,7+!2+1-.)+2+',!(0!,7+!9+3(65,/!(0!$!4+)!253=!!>7+-+!VD>-!13-(!719+!1!75;7!B.1',.2!+00565+'6/!AE"%H?!
AMS-02/RICH
!"#$%Z!
5'! 1! )1';+!(0!G19+3+';,7-!:+,G++'!\%%!1'*!Z%%!'2<!G+33!G5,75'! ,7+!(4,5613! )+;5('!(0! ,7+! )1*51,()! 1'*!
G7+)+!,7+!)+0)16,59+!5'*+8!5-<!,(!1!31);+!+8,+',<!5'*+4+'*+',!(0!,7+!47(,('!+'+);/=!!N5,7!,75-!+00565+'6/<!
0()!1'!.3,)1!)+31,595-,56!41),563+!(0!671);+!P!d!$<!1'!19+)1;+!(0!]!47(,('-!1)+!*+,+6,+*!0()!1!)1*51,()!G5,7!1!
)+0)16,59+! 5'*+8! (0! nd$=%\=! !N+! 719+! 1'13/-+*! +167! 47(,(2.3,5435+)! 0()! ,7+! *+,+6,()! .'*+)! -5';3+! 1'*!
2.3,543+!47(,('!+865,1,5('-!1'*!671)16,+)5-+*!,7+5)!)+-4('-+!5'!,+)2-!(0!,7+!;15'<!,7+!-4)+1*!(0!6(33+6,+*!
671);+!1'*!,7+!35'+1)5,/!5'!()*+)!,(!+B.135`+!,7+5)!)+-4('-+!G5,75'!,7+!75;7!9(3,1;+!)1';+!(0![c%!,(!]c%!e=!
!
!!
Figure 2.117: The photon detection system and an exploded view of the main components.
!
>(!+'-.)+! ,7+!VD>!4+)0()21'6+<!+167!('+!5-!4316+*<! ,(;+,7+)!G5,7! ,7+!6())+-4('*5';!0)(',#+'*!
+3+6,)('56!:(1)*-<!5'-5*+!1!6+33!21*+!(0!-(0,!5)('!1'*!eCK_IUWh!c%<!1!*5121;'+,56!21,+)513!,71,<!10,+)!
4)(4+)! 1''+135';<! 4)(95*+-! ;((*! -75+3*5';! 5'! -,)(';!21;'+,56! 05+3*-=! ! >7+! *52+'-5('-! (0! ,7+! 6+33-! 1)+!
3(';+)! ,71'!,7(-+!(0! ,7+!47(,(2.3,5435+)! ,(!19(5*!:(.'*1)/!+00+6,-=!L.+!,(! ,7+!;+(2+,)/!(0! ,7+!1))1/!(0!
47(,(2.3,5435+)-<!,7+/!1)+!1--+2:3+*!0()25';!1!;)5*!G5,7!,G(!*500+)+',!;+(2+,)5+-a!-B.1)+!AG5,7!$Y\!6+33-?!
1'*! ,)51';.31)! AG5,7!"[!6+33-?=! !>7+!*500+)+',!;)5*-!1)+! -.44(),+*!:/!1! -+6('*1)/! -,).6,.)+!21*+!(.,!(0!
13.25'5.2!:+12-!,71,!13-(!7(3*!,7+!0).-,.2!(0!,7+!6('5613!)+03+6,()=!!N+!719+!1'13/-+*!,7+!4+)0()21'6+!
(0! ,7+! -75+3*5';! 61;+! .'*+)! 1'! +8,+)'13! 21;'+,56! 05+3*! (0! \%%!^! A,7+! 21852.2! .'*+)! G7567! ,7+!
47(,(2.3,5435+)-!G533!719+! ,(!(4+)1,+?!1'*!*500+)+',!()5+',1,5('-=! ! &'! ,7+!G()-,!61-+<! ,7+! 5''+)! 05+3*!G1-!
13G1/-!3+--!,71'!$"%!^=! !R167!VD>!G1-!,+-,+*!5'*+4+'*+',3/!,(!+-,1:35-7!5,-!4)(4+)!4+)0()21'6+!.'*+)!
,75-!)+-5*.13!05+3*=!!C-!,7+!+3+2+',-!(0!,7+!;)5*!1)+!058+*!,(;+,7+)!:/!-4(,!G+3*5';<!1!-+)5+-!(0!2+671'5613!
2+1-.)+2+',-! 719+! :++'! 4+)0()2+*! ,(! +'-.)+! ,71,! ,7+! ,7+)213! -,)+--! -(! 5'*.6+*! *(+-! '(,! -5;'50561',3/!
2(*50/!,7+!*5121;'+,56!4)(4+),5+-!(0!,7+!21,+)513-=!
>7+!5',+)016+!:+,G++'!,7+!47(,(2.3,5435+)-!1'*!,7+!G133-!(0!,7+!-75+3*5';!;)5*!5-!1!4(3/61):('1,+!
:(8! A7(.-5';?! ,71,! 13-(! 6(',15'-! ,7+! 0)(',#+'*! +3+6,)('56-! :(1)*-=! ! >7+! 7(.-5';! 71-! :++'! *+-5;'+*! ,(!
+'-.)+! ,7+!135;'2+',!(0! ,7+!47(,(2.3,5435+)!458+3-!1'*!,7+! 35;7,!;.5*+-!G5,75'!,7+!-75+3*5';!6+33-=! !T(,7!
1)+!;3.+*!,(!,7+!7(.-5';!1'*<!5'!133!4(--5:3+!6('05;.)1,5('-<!1!6())+6,!135;'2+',!71-!:++'!1675+9+*=!!!
>7+!35;7,!6(33+6,5('!-/-,+2!3+1*-!,7+!K+)+'F(9!47(,('-!0)(2!,7+!,(4!(0!,7+!-75+3*5';!61-+!,(!,7+!
-+'-5,59+!41),!(0! ,7+!47(,(2.3,5435+)-=! !L500+)+',!(4,5('-!719+!:++'!1'13/-+*a! 05:+)!(4,56!61:3+-<!7(33(G!
35;7,!;.5*+-!G5,7!)+03+6,5';!5''+)!-.)016+-!1'*!-(35*!35;7,!;.5*+-!G()F5';!:/!5',+)'13!)+03+6,5('=!!L+,153+*!
D(',+!K1)3(! -52.31,5('-! 719+! -7(G'! ,71,<! 0()! ,7+! 16,.13! *52+'-5('-! (0! ,7+!K+)+'F(9!*+,+6,()! 1'*! ,7+!
41),56.31)!671)16,+)5-,56-!(0!,7+!)1*51,()<!,7+!-(35*!35;7,!;.5*+-!1)+!,7+!2(-,!+00565+',=!!M(G+9+)<!,7+!(4,5613!
1'*! 2+671'5613! 4)(4+),5+-! (0! ,7+! 431-,56! 1)+! 6).6513! 0()! ,7+! ;((*! 4+)0()21'6+! (0! ,7+! 35;7,! 6(33+6,5('!
!
Shielding Electronics
Light guide
PMT
AMS-02/RICH
! "#$%[
-/-,+2=! ! >7+! 47(,(2.3,5435+)! )+-4('-+! 71-! 75;7! B.1',.2! +00565+'6/! 0()!G19+3+';,7-! :+,G++'! \%%! 1'*!
Z%%!'2=! !_'! ,7+!(,7+)!71'*<!*.+! ,(! ,7+!1';.31)!*5-,)5:.,5('!(0! ,7+! 5'6(25';!47(,('-<! ,7+!19+)1;+!41,7!
3+';,7!5'-5*+!,7+! 35;7,!;.5*+-! 5-!\=[!62=! !>7+)+0()+<!G+!)+B.5)+!1! ,)1'-25,,1'6+!1-!75;7!1-!4(--5:3+!(9+)!
,75-! G19+3+';,7! 5',+)913Q! 5'! 41),56.31)<! 21,+)513-! 0)++! 0)(2! We! 1:-():5';! 1**5,59+-! 2.-,! :+! .-+*=!!
I.),7+)2()+<!,7+!)+0)16,59+!5'*+8!71-!,(!:+!1-!63(-+!1-!4(--5:3+!,(!,7+!('+!(0!,7+!47(,(2.3,5435+)!G5'*(G!
An d!$=c?<! ,7+! *+'-5,/! 3(G! ,(! 25'525-+! ,7+! G+5;7,! (0! ,7+! G7(3+! -,).6,.)+! 1'*! ,7+! ,7+)213! +841'-5('!
6(+00565+',! -2133! ,(! G5,7-,1'*! ,+24+)1,.)+! ;)1*5+',-! G5,7(.,! -5;'50561',! *+0()21,5('=! ! D1'/! *500+)+',!
();1'56!21,+)513-!719+!:++'!1'13/-+*!1'*!L&Cj_S!U^#[%\!G1-!-+3+6,+*=!!&'!()*+)!,(!)+*.6+!,7+!3(--+-!
61.-+*!:/! ,7+!*500+)+',!(4,5613! 5',+)016+-<! 1! ,75'! 0532! A$!22?!(4,5613! O(5',! 5-! 5'-+),+*!:+,G++'! ,7+! 35;7,!
;.5*+-!1'*!,7+!47(,(2.3,5435+)!G5'*(G=!!C-!-7(G'!5'!I5;.)+!"=$$]<!+167!47(,(2.3,5435+)!71-!Y!8!Y!458+3-!
1'*!+9+)/!35;7,#;.5*+!-,).6,.)+!71-!$Z!5'*+4+'*+',!.'5,-!G5,7!Y!*500+)+',!-714+-!1'*!0533-!1!,(,13!9(3.2+!(0!
$\!62\=!!>7+!(4,52.2!*52+'-5('-!719+!:++'!*+,+)25'+*!,(!218525-+!,7+!47(,('!6(33+6,5('!+00565+'6/=!!C!
D(',+!K1)3(!-52.31,5('!(0!*500+)+',!47/-5613!4)(6+--+-!71-!-7(G'!,71,!-.00565+',!K+)+'F(9!47(,('-!1)+!
6(33+6,+*!,(!1675+9+!1!)+-(3.,5('!5'!,7+!9+3(65,/!(0!671);+*!41),563+-!(0!>*!@*!E!$%!b\=!!
!!
Figure 2.118: PMT showing the 4 x 4 anode structure and a 4 x 4 array of light-guides.
K(243+,+! 6+33-<! 1-! -7(G'! 5'! I5;.)+!"=$$[<! G+)+! ,+-,+*! ('! 1! 95:)1,5('! ,1:3+<! I5;.)+!"=$$k<! ,(!
+'-.)+!,71,!,7+!-,).6,.)+!G533!G5,7-,1'*!,7+!-7.,,3+!,1F+#(00=!!>7+!,+-,+*!-,).6,.)+-!:)(F+!:+,G++'!$k!1'*!
"[!;)2-<!\!,(!Y!,52+-!1:(9+!,7+!)+B.5)+*!B.1350561,5('!3+9+3-=!!C!-52531)!,+-,!G1-!4+)0()2+*!('!1'!1--+2:3/!
(0!]!6+33-!1'*!'(!2+671'5613!*121;+!G1-!(:-+)9+*=!!!
!
!
Figure 2.119: Vibration tests of a single cell (left) and of an eight cell array (right).
AMS-02/RICH
!"#$%]!
2.6.4 Electronics
>7+!+3+6,)('56-!0()!,7+!J&KM!71-!0(.)!215'!6(24('+',-a!0)(',#+'*!+3+6,)('56-<!6(',)(3!1'*!-5;'13!
4)(6+--5';<!2('5,()5';!1'*!-+,,5';!(0!G()F5';!41)12+,+)-!1'*!4(G+)!-.4435+-=!!>7+!0)(',#+'*!+3+6,)('56-!
6('-5-,-! (0! 4)5',+*! 65)6.5,! :(1)*-! 3(61,+*! 1,! ,7+! :1-+! (0! +167! 47(,(2.3,5435+)! A-++! I5;.)+-!"=$$[!
1'*!"=$"%?=!!>7+-+!4)(95*+!,7+!Me!:51-!'+,G()F!0()!,7+!VD>!1'*!,7+!6('*5,5('5';!1'*!*5;5,135`1,5('!(0!
,7+!VD>!1'(*+!-5;'13-=!!>7+!6(',)(3!1'*!-5;'13!4)(6+--5';!-,1;+!5-!*+9(,+*!,(!,7+!;+'+)1,5('!(0!-+B.+'6+-!
(0! 6(',)(3! -5;'13-! ,(! *)59+! ,7+! 0)(',#+'*! +3+6,)('56-! 1'*! ,(! ,7+! 6(331,5('<! )+*.6,5('! 1'*! *5-41,67! (0!
*5;5,5`+*!)+-.3,-=!!&,!6('-5-,-!(0!1!-+,!(0!$"!+3+6,)('56!:(1)*-!3(61,+*!('!,7+!+*;+!(0!,7+!*+,+6,()!-,).6,.)+<!
-7(G'! 5'! ;)++'! 5'! I5;.)+!"=$$Y=! >7+-+! 65)6.5,-! 1)+! :1-+*! ('! ,7+! 6(22('! *5;5,13! 41),! AKLV?! 6.-,(2!
*+9+3(4+*! 0()! CDE! A-++! l!"=]?=! ! >7+! ,75)*! 6(24('+',! *+13-! G5,7! ,7+! 2('5,()5';! 1'*! ,7+! -+,,5';! (0!
*500+)+',! 41)12+,+)-! A35F+! ,+24+)1,.)+<! 9(3,1;+! 1'*! 6.))+',?! :/! 2+1'-! (0! ,G(! +3+6,)('56-! :(1)*-! 13-(!
2(.',+*!('! ,7+!*+,+6,()!+*;+=! !>7+!75;7!9(3,1;+-!)+B.5)+*!:/! ,7+!47(,(2.3,5435+)-!1)+!-.4435+*!:/!('+!
,/4+!(0!.'5,<!2(.',+*!('!,7+!(:35B.+!3+;-!(0!,7+!WEE<!1'*!1!-+6('*!,/4+<!2(.',+*!('!,7+!215'!)1*51,()-<!
4)(95*+-!,7+!*500+)+',!3(G!9(3,1;+-!'++*+*!0()!,7+!)+-,!(0!,7+!+3+6,)('56-=!!
!
!!
Figure 2.120: RICH front end electronics at the base of the PMT.
!
!
i) Front End Electronics
C-!-7(G'!5'!I5;.)+!"=$"%<!,7)++!4)5',+*!65)6.5,!:(1)*-!2(.',+*!('!,7+!:1-+!(0!+167!VD>!0()2!1'!
]%!D#!Me! )+-5-,()! *595*+)!G7567! 4)(95*+-! ,7+! :51-! 0()! +167! */'(*+! (0! ,7+! 47(,(,.:+<! (4,525`5';! ,7+!
4(G+)! 6('-.24,5('! 1'*! 215',15'5';! 1! 9+)/! 75;7! 35'+1)5,/=! ! C'! 1443561,5('! -4+65056! 5',+;)1,+*! 65)6.5,!
ACE&K?! 5-! 2(.',+*! ('! 1! 0(),7! :(1)*! 6(''+6,+*! :/! 1! 03+85:3+! j14,('! 61:3+=! ! >7+! CE&K<! *+9+3(4+*!
-4+65056133/!0()!,7+!CDE#%"!J&KM<!6(',15'-!$Z!671''+3-!(0!1!671);+!-+'-5,59+!4)+1243505+)!G7567!0++*-!
1'!JK#KJ!-714+)!1'*!1!-1243+!X!7(3*!AE@M?!65)6.5,<!G7567!058+-!,7+!21852.2!(0!,7+!-714+*!-5;'13=!!&'!
()*+)!,(!5'6)+1-+!,7+!)+-(3.,5('!0()!,7+!-2133!-5;'13-<!1'!1243505+)<!G7567!-+3+6,-!:+,G++'!1!;15'!016,()!$!
()! c<! 71-! :++'! 1**+*! ,(! ,7+! 6715'=! !C!2.3,543+8+*!(.,4.,! :.00+)! *)59+-! ,7+! -5;'13! ,7)(.;7! 1! 6.))+',! ,(!
9(3,1;+! 6('9+),+)! -71)+*!:/! ,7+! $Z! 671''+3-! (.,!(0! ,7+!CE&K! ,(! 1'! 1'13(;! ,(! *5;5,13! 6('9+),+)! ACLK?=!!
>75-! CLK! AC'13(;! L+956+-! CL]%c$C?<! G7567! 5-! 13-(! .-+*! 5'! ,7+! >JL! 1'*! RKCU! +3+6,)('56-<!
5243+2+',-!1!$"#:5,!-.66+--59+!144)(8521,5('!1,!$!25335('!(0!-1243+-!4+)!-+6('*<!G5,7!3(G!9(3,1;+!1'*!
9+)/!3(G!4(G+)!6('-.24,5('!1'*!-+)513!(.,4.,=!!!
!
!
!
ASIC
HV Divider
AMS-02/RICH
! "#$%k
ii) Control and Signal Processing Stage
>7+!215'!,)5;;+)!)+;.31,+-!,7+!-1243+!X!7(3*<!,7+!2.3,543+85';!1'*!,7+!CLK!(4+)1,5('-=!!N7+'!
,7+!,)5;;+)!-5;'13!1))59+-<!1! ,)15'!(0!4.3-+-! 5-!4)(*.6+*=!>7+!3+1*5';!4.3-+!4.,-! ,7+!E@M!(0! ,7+!0)(',!+'*!
-,1;+!5',(!-1243+!2(*+!G15,5';!0()!,7+!4+1F!(0!,7+!-5;'13=!!>7+!'+8,!4.3-+!4.,-!,7+!E@M!5',(!7(3*!2(*+!
G15,5';!0()!,7+!-5;'13!,(!:+!)+1*!(.,=!!C,!,7+!3+1*5';!+*;+!(0!+167!-.66+--59+!4.3-+!,7+!(.,4.,!(0!+167!E@M!
5-! ,7+'! -+B.+',5133/! )+1*(.,=! ! &'! 3(6F! -,+4<! ,7+! 1'13(;! ,(! *5;5,13! 6('9+)-5('! 5-! 4+)0()2+*! .-5';! ,G(!
*+*561,+*!63(6F!-5;'13-=! !>7+!05)-,!7(3*-! ,7+!-5;'13!1,! ,7+!CLK!5'4.,!G753+! ,7+!6('9+)-5('!5-!4+)0()2+*!
1'*!,7+!(,7+)!5'5,51,+-!,7+!6('9+)-5('=!!>7+!*5;5,135`+*!-5;'13!5-!,7+'!-+',!,(!1!:.00+)=!!_'6+!,7+!6('9+)-5('!
4)(6+--!5-!6(243+,+*<!,7+!$Z!E@M!5'!,7+!CE&K!1)+!)+-+,!1'*!,7+!CLK!+',+)-!1!3(G!4(G+)!2(*+!.',53!,7+!
'+8,!,)5;;+)=!!>7+!;+'+)1,5('!(0!,7+!6(',)(3!-5;'13-!1'*!,7+5)!-+B.+'6+-!71-!:++'!5243+2+',+*<!1-!-7(G'!
5'!I5;.)+!"=$"$<!,7)(.;7!1'!13;()5,72!71)*G5)+*!5',(!1!)1*51,5('!,(3+)1',<!3(G!4(G+)!1'*!3(G!9(3,1;+!;1,+!
1))1/!ACK>RU!CcYEh["C?=!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.121: RICH Control and signal processing electronics based on CDP design.
C-/'67)('(.-3/! G5,7! ,7+! ,)5;;+)<! ,7+! *1,1! 5-! +8,)16,+*! 0)(2! ,7+! EJCD! :.00+)! 5',(! ,7+! *5;5,13!
-5;'13!4)(6+--()!ALEV?<!4+*+-,13-!1)+!-.:,)16,+*!1'*!,7+!)+-.3,!6(241)+*!,(!1!,7)+-7(3*=!!>7+!4+*+-,13-!1)+!
)+31,+*! ,(! ,7+! +3+6,)('56! (00-+,-! ('! +167! 671''+3! 1'*! ,7+! ,7)+-7(3*! 5-! )+31,+*! ,(! +3+6,)('56! '(5-+=!!
E5;'50561',! *1,1! )+*.6,5('! 5-! 1675+9+*! :/! )+O+6,5';<! ('! 1! ,)5;;+)! :/! ,)5;;+)! :1-5-<! ,7(-+! 671''+3-! G5,7!
12435,.*+-! :+3(G! ,7)+-7(3*=! ! >7+! -+3+6,+*! LEV! AC'13(;! L+956+-! CLEV"$][U#TjE>?! (4+)1,+-! 1,! c%!
D&VE!1'*!5'63.*+-!\"j!G()*-!(0!2+2()/!0()!('!6754!:.00+)5';=!!_'6+!4)(6+--+*<!,7+!*1,1!1)+!-+',!,(!1'!
(.,4.,!:.00+)!.',53!,7+/!1)+!)+1*!(.,!:/!,7+!'+8,!3+9+3!(0!,7+!*1,1!16B.5-5,5('!-/-,+2=!!!
>75-!'+8,!3+9+3!5-!35F+!,7+!65)6.5,!-7(G'!5'!I5;.)+!"=$"$!+86+4,!,71,!,7+!6(''+6,5('-!,(!,7+!VD>-!
1)+!)+4316+*!:/!$%%!DM`!-+)513!4(5',!,(!4(5',!35'F-!,(!+167!(0!,7+!*1,1!)+*.6,5('!65)6.5,-=!!C0,+)!6(331,5('!
1'*!:.00+)5';!,7+!*1,1!5-!-+',!.4!,(!,7+!215'!*1,1!16B.5-5,5('!A-++!l!"=]?=!!&'!1**5,5('<!1!-+,!(0!$!DM`!-+)513!
4(5',!,(!4(5',!35'F-!0)(2!,7+!LEV!1)+!1**+*!,(!,7+!65)6.5,!(0!I5;.)+!"=$"$!,(!6(33+6,!2('5,()5';!*1,1!1'*!
-+,!9(3,1;+-<!+,6<!5'!,7+!1--(651,+*!*+956+-=!!!
!
AMS-02/RICH
!"#$$%!
iii?! Power Supplies
>7+! 215'! 0+1,.)+-! (0! ,7+! ,G(! *500+)+',! 4(G+)! -.443/! -/-,+2-! 1)+! -7(G'! 5'! >1:3+!"=Z=! ! T(,7!
-/-,+2-!.-+!"]e!5'4.,=!!>7+!75;7!9(3,1;+!-/-,+2!0()!,7+!J&KM!4)(95*+-!.4!,(!k%%!e!G+33!)+;.31,+*!1'*!
G5,7!9+)/!3(G!)5443+=!!>75-!9(3,1;+!5-!.-+*!,(!:51-!,7+!VD>-!1'*<!*.+!,(!,7+!*+4+'*+'6+!(0!,7+!;15'!G5,7!
,7+!9(3,1;+<!1!6(',)(3!1'*!2('5,()5';!-/-,+2!5-!)+B.5)+*=! !>7+!75;7!9(3,1;+!-/-,+2!5-!5243+2+',+*!5'!Y!
2(*.3+-!AJMe?=!!R167!2(*.3+!6(',15'-!,G(!9(3,1;+!+3+91,()-!5'!6(3*!)+*.'*1'6/!G5,7!1'!(.,4.,!9(3,1;+!
$!k%%!e=!!>7+!+3+91,()!0++*-!1!-+,!(0!Y%!0.33/!)+*.'*1',!Me!)+;.31,()-!G5,7!(9+)!6.))+',!4)(,+6,5('<!13-(!
3(61,+*!G5,75'! ,7+!2(*.3+=! !R167!(0! ,7+-+!(.,4.,-! -.4435+-!1! -+,!(0!Y!()!c!47(,(2.3,5435+)-=! !>7+!VD>!
671)16,+)5-,56-! A;15'! 9-=! 9(3,1;+<! +,6=?! 719+! :++'! 21,67+*! G5,75'! +167! -+,=! ! >7+! *+359+)+*! Me! 61'! :+!
)+;.31,+*!:+,G++'![c%!1'*!]c%!e=!!!
>7+!3(G!9(3,1;+!-/-,+2!0++*-!133!,7+!+3+6,)('56-!:.,!,7+!47(,(2.3,5435+)-=!!C-!-7(G'!5'!>1:3+!"=Z<!
,7)++!*500+)+',!9(3,1;+-!1)+!)+B.5)+*=!!>7+!m\<!!"!9(3,1;+-!0++*!,7+!1'13(;!0)(',#+'*!6754-!1'*!CLK-!1'*!
,7+!m\=\!9(3,1;+-!0++*!,7+!*5;5,13!6(',)(3!1'*!4)(6+--5';!41),=!!>7+!J&KM!3(G!9(3,1;+!-/-,+2!71-!]!:(1)*-!
3(61,+*!5'!,G(!:(8+-!ARJVL?!2(.',+*!('!,7+!215'!)1*51,()=!!R167!:(1)*!AI5;.)+!"=$""?!71-!1!415)!(0!LK#
LK! 6('9+),+)-<! 0()25';<! 1-! 0()! ,7+! 75;7! 9(3,1;+<! 1! 0.33/! )+*.'*1',! -/-,+2=! >7+-+! G+)+! *+9+3(4+*!
-4+65056133/! ,(! 2+,! CDE! )+B.5)+2+',-=! >7+/! 719+! 75;7! +00565+'6/! 1'*! 3(G! '(5-+=! ! K(3*! )+*.'*1',!
)+;.31,5('!(0!,7+!1'13(;!9(3,1;+-!5-!4+)0()2+*!1-!63(-+!1-!4(--5:3+!,(!,7+!1--(651,+*!3(1*-=!!!
!
High Voltage
_.,4.,!e(3,1;+ V(G+)!)+B.5)+*! J5443+!
[c%!,(!]c%!e! [!N! f!"%!2e
Low Voltage
_.,4.,!e(3,1;+ V(G+)!)+B.5)+*! J5443+!
m\=%!e! "%!N! f!c2e!
!"=%!e! [!N! f!c!2e!
m\=\!e! \c!N! fc%!2e!
!
Table 2.6: Characteristics of each Power Supply unit.
!
!!
Figure 2.122: DC-DC low voltage converter.
AMS-02/RICH
! "#$$$
2.6.5 Tests with the RICH prototype
&'!()*+)!,(!9135*1,+!,7+!*+-5;'!(0!,7+!CDE#%"!J&KM<!1!4)(,(,/4+!AI5;.)+!"=$"\?!G5,7!1'!1))1/!(0!
k!8!$$!6+33-!-52531)!,(!,7(-+!(0!,7+!05'13!2(*+3!71-!:++'!6('-,).6,+*=!!>7+!4+)0()21'6+!(0!,75-!4)(,(,/4+!
71-!:++'!,+-,+*!G5,7!6(-256!2.('-!1'*<!5'!_6,(:+)!"%%"<!5,!G1-!4316+*!5'!1!:+12!(0!-+6('*1)/!5('-!1,!,7+!
KRJS!EVE!4)(*.6+*!:/!,7+!0)1;2+',1,5('!(0!1!V:!:+12=!!>7+!)5;5*5,/!-+,,5';-!0()!,7+!0)1;2+',-!('!,7+!
,)1'-4(),! 35'+! 133(G! 1'! +00+6,59+! -+3+6,5('! (0! ,7+! -+6('*1)/! 5('-!G5,7! -4+65056! 913.+-! (0! ,7+!21--! (9+)!
671);+!)1,5(=!!&'!41),56.31)<!:+12-!(0!4)(,('-!G5,7!)5;5*5,5+-!:+,G++'!c!^e!1'*!$\!^e!1'*!C@P!d!"!5('-!
G5,7! 1! )5;5*5,/! (0! Y%! ^e!G+)+! -+3+6,+*=! ! >7+! )5;5*5,5+-! G+)+! F'(G'!G5,7! 1'! 166.)16/! (0! $=cH=! ! >7+!
1';.31)!*59+);+'6+!(0!,7+!:+12!G1-!:+3(G!\!2)1*!-(!,71,! ,7+!-4)+1*!1,! ,7+!*+,+6,()!G1-!n$!62=!!T+12!
5',+'-5,5+-!G+)+!5'!,7+!)1';+!(0!$%"!,(!$%\!41),563+-!4+)!-4533=!
>(!19(5*!:16F;)(.'*-<!,7+!4)(,(,/4+!G1-!4316+*!5'-5*+!1!35;7,!,5;7,!6(',15'+)!1'*!,7+!-+,#.4!G1-!
6(243+2+',+*! G5,7! 1! -.44(),5';! -,).6,.)+! ,71,! 133(G+*! 671';+-! 5'! ,7+! )+31,59+! *5-,1'6+! :+,G++'! ,7+!
)1*51,()!1'*!,7+!*+,+6,5('!431'+=!!>7+!+84+)52+',13!-+,#.4!G1-!6(243+,+*!G5,7!,G(!-65',5331,5('!6(.',+)-!
,(!4)(95*+! ,7+!1!6(5'65*+'6+! ,)5;;+)!1'*!1!*(.:3+!2.3,5G5)+!4)(4(),5('13!6712:+)!ADNVK?!,(!2+1-.)+!
,7+! ,)1'-9+)-+! 6(()*5'1,+-!(0! ,7+!41),563+! ,)1O+6,()/!G5,7! 1! -.:253352+,+)! 166.)16/=! !>7+!2+1-.)+2+',-!
)+4(),+*!:+3(G!G+)+!4+)0()2+*!('!1!-1243+!(0!1:(.,!c!25335('!+9+',-!)+6()*+*!5'!1!Y!*1/!).'=!!>1:3+!"=[!
-7(G-!,7+!*500+)+',!-53561!C+)(;+3!)1*51,()-!.-+*!*.)5';!,7+!,+-,=!!!
!
!
!!
Figure 2.123: RICH prototype array of 9 x 11 cells (left), test beam set up (right).
Radiator n h (mm) d (mm) Stack
DRK! $=%\! Y""=c! "%! "!
DRK! $=%c! \[c=%! "%! "!
K&S! $=%\! Y""=c! \%! $!
K&S! $=%Y! Y""=c! \%! $!
!
Table 2.7: Different silica Aerogels studied in the CERN SPS Test Beam, with refractive index,
n, distance between the radiator and the detection plane, h, and sample thickness, d.
AMS-02/RICH
!"#$$"!
>7+!)+6('-,).6,5('!13;()5,72-!0()!,7+!9+3(65,/!1'*!,7+!+3+6,)56!671);+!(0!,7+!5'6(25';!5('-!G+)+!
,7+! ('+-! *+9+3(4+*! 0()! ,7+! 05'13! *+,+6,()! G5,7! 25'()! 2(*50561,5('-! ,(! 166(.',! 0()! ,7+! 41),56.31)!
6('05;.)1,5('!(0! ,7+!+84+)52+',13!-+,!.4<! 5'!41),56.31)! ,7+!-.:-,5,.,5('!(0! ,7+!*1,1! 0)(2!DNVK!0()! ,71,!
0)(2!,7+!E5356('!>)16F+)=!!W-5';!,7+-+!,)16F!41)12+,+)-<!1!9+3(65,/!913.+!61'!:+!1--(651,+*!,(!+9+)/!-5';3+!
75,! 5'! ,7+! *+,+6,5('! 431'+=! ! >7+-+! 913.+-! 1)+! ;)(.4+*! 5',(! 63.-,+)-! 1'*<! 1-! *+,+)25'+*! :/! 1! *+65-5('!
13;()5,72<! ,7+! 2(-,! -5;'50561',! ('+! 5-! 1--(651,+*! ,(! ,7+! 41),563+! A-++! I5;.)+!"=$"Y?=! ! >7+! 9+3(65,/! 5-!
6(24.,+*!1-!,7+!2+1'!(0!,7+!6(',)5:.,5';!75,-<!+167!('+!G+5;7,+*!G5,7!,7+!6())+-4('*5';!-5;'13!5'!,+)2-!
(0!47(,(+3+6,)('-=! !I5'133/<! ,7+! ,)16F!1';.31)!41)12+,+)-!1)+!91)5+*! ,(!(4,525`+! ,7+!63.-,+)!-5;'50561'6+=!!
>7+!+-,521,+*!9+3(65,/!1'*!,7+!6(()*5'1,+-!(0!,7+!41),563+!1)+!.-+*!1-!5'4.,-!0()!,7+!671);+!)+6('-,).6,5('=!
>7+!13;()5,72!6(24.,+-<!('!1'!+9+',#:/#+9+',!:1-5-<!,7+!+84+6,+*!'.2:+)!(0!*+,+6,+*!47(,(+3+6,)('-!0()!
1!P!d!$!41),563+!ANexp?!G5,7!,7+!-12+!,)16F!41)12+,+)-!1'*!9+3(65,/!1-! ,7+!('+-!2+1-.)+*=!>75-!913.+! 5-!
6(241)+*!,(!,7+!16,.13!'.2:+)!(0!47(,(+3+6,)('-!+-,521,+*!0)(2!,7+!-5;'13!(0!,7+!2(-,!-5;'50561',!63.-,+)!
ANring?!1'*!,7+!671);+!(0!,7+!41),563+!671);+!5-!+-,521,+*!1- expringmeas NNZ @2 =!!!
>7+!2+1-.)+*!*5-,)5:.,5('!(0!671);+-!5'!,7+!:+12!5-!-7(G'!5'!I5;.)+!"=$"c!G7+)+!,7+!-,).6,.)+!(0!
5'*595*.13!5('!4+1F-!.4!,(!P!d!"Z!AI+?!5-!63+1)3/!95-5:3+!A4)(,('-!719+!:++'!-.44)+--+*?=!!>75-!-4+6,).2!
71-!:++'! 05,,+*! ,(!1! -.2!(0!^1.--51'!*5-,)5:.,5('-!1'*! 0)(2! ,7+5)!G5*,7-!G+!719+!+-,521,+*! ,7+!671);+!
)+-(3.,5('! 0()! +167!(0! ,7+! 5('-=! !>7+! )+-.3,-<! 6('-5-,+',!G5,7!G71,! 5-! +84+6,+*! 0)(2! ,7+! -52.31,5('<! 1)+!
-7(G'!5'!>1:3+!"=]!0()!,7+!*500+)+',!)1*51,()-!1'*!5'6(25';!5('-!(0!P!d!$<!"!1'*!Z=!
!
!!!!!! !
!!!!!! !!
Figure 2.124: A sample of Cerenkov rings detected with single, A/Z = 2, ion events.
!
Z=26Z=16
Z=2 Z=3 Z=6
Z~40
AMS-02/RICH
! "#$$\
!!
Figure 2.125: Measured distribution of charges (Z>1) for the CIN n=1.03 radiator.
!
Radiator n Z = 1 Z = 2 Z = 6
DRK! $=%\! %=$kY!/!%=%%$! %=""[!/!%=%%$! %="c"!/!%=%%Y!DRK! $=%c! %=$]k!/!%=%%"! %="%$!/!%=%%$! %=""]!/!%=%%Z!K&S! $=%\! %=$k[!/!%=%%\! %=$kk!/!%=%%$! %="$[!/!%=%%Z!K&S! $=%Y! %=$k]!/!%=%%\! %=$k\!/!%=%%\! %="\"!/!%=%%[!
!
Table 2.8: Charge resolution for the different radiators and Z=1, 2 and 6 beams.
>7+! 166.)16/! 5'! ,7+! *+,+)25'1,5('! (0! ,7+! 9+3(65,/! 5-! +-,521,+*! 0)(2! ,7+! G5*,7! (0! ,7+! '()213!
*5-,)5:.,5('! 05,,+*! ,(! ,7+! )+6('-,).6,+*! 9+3(65,5+-! 0()! ,7+! *500+)+',! '.63+5=! ! &'! 41),56.31)<! ,7+! )+-(3.,5('!
(:,15'+*! 0()!7+35.2!'.63+5! 5-! -7(G'! 5'!I5;.)+!"=$"Z!1'*! ,7+!913.+-!(:,15'+*! 0()! ,7+!*500+)+',! )1*51,()-!
.'*+)!-,.*/!1)+!-7(G'!5'!>1:3+!"=k!0()!4)(,('-!1'*!7+35.2!'.63+5=!!>7+!*+4+'*+'6+!(0!,7+!)+-(3.,5('!('!
,7+! 9+3(65,/! 1-! 0.'6,5('! (0! ,7+! 671);+! (0! ,7+! 41),563+! 5-! -7(G'! 5'! I5;.)+!"=$"[! 0()! ,7+! K&S! n d!$=%\!
)1*51,()=!!!
AMS-02/RICH
!"#$$Y!
!!
Figure 2.126: Velocity resolution for Helium nuclei from a fit to a
Gaussian distribution for the CIN n = 1.03 radiator.
!
Radiator n Z = 1 Z = 2
DRK! $=%\! %=[$!/!%=%"! %=Y]!!%=%$!
DRK! $=%c! %=k]!/!%=%c! %=cc!/!%=%"!K&S! $=%\! %=Z[!/!%=%$! %=\]"!/!%=%%Y!K&S! $=%Y! %=kY!/!%=%]! %=\]"!/!%=%%Y!
!
Table 2.9: Velocity resolution (per mil) for the different radiators for protons and helium nuclei.
AMS-02/RICH
! "#$$c
!!
Figure 2.127: Dependence of the velocity resolution on the charge
of the nuclei for the CIN n = 1.03 radiator.
!
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$$%!
!"#$ %&'()*+,-./')0($1-&+*0,')'*$2%1345$&'(! )*(+,-./012(,3+! 40*.-3/(,(-! 5)4678! .9! ,'(! 6:;#<"! (=>(-3/(2,! 3?! 0! 932(! 1-032(@! *(0@#
?+32,3**0,321! 93A(-! ?0/>*321! +0*.-3/(,(-! B$C"D! ,'0,! 0**.E?! >-(+3?(C! F#@3/(2?3.20*! 3/01321! .9! ,'(!
*.213,G@320*! 02@! *0,(-0*! ?'.E(-! @(H(*.>/(2,C! >-.H3@321! '31'! 5%!$<%8! (*(+,-.2I'[email protected]! @3?+-3/320,3.2! 32!
+./A320,3.2! E3,'! ,'(! .,'(-! 6:;#<"! @(,(+,.-?! BFD! 02@! 1..@! (2(-1J! -(?.*G,3.2K! &'(! +0*.-3/(,(-! 0*?.!
>-.H3@(?!0!?,02@0*.2(!>'.,.2!,-311(-!+0>0A3*3,J!,.!6:;K!&'(!/(+'023+0*!0??(/A*J!'0?!/(,!,'(!+'0**(21(?!
.9! ?G>>.-,321! ,'(! 32,-32?3+0**J!@(2?(!+0*.-3/(,(-!@G-321! *0G2+'!02@! *02@321!E3,'!/323/G/!E(31',K!&'(!
*31',! +.**(+,3.2! ?J?,(/! 02@! (*(+,-.23+?! 0-(! .>,3/3L(@! 9.-! ,'(! +0*.-3/(,(-! ,.! /(0?G-(! (*(+,-./012(,3+!
>0-,3+*(?!.H(-!0!E3@(!(2(-1J!-021(C!9-./!M(N!G>!,.!&(NK!!&'(!)467!3?!A(321!>-.H3@(@!AJ!OPQP#R3?0!02@!
;3(220C!467&C!OS)RC!76RR!02@!:O&K!!6!9G**#?+0*(!)467!TG0*393+0,3.2!/.@(*!E0?!,(?,(@!G?321!(*(+,-.2?!
02@!>-.,.2?!A(0/?!E3,'!(2(-13(?!-021321!9-./!F!,.!$U<!M(NK!!!
!
!"#"6$ 1-&+*0,')'*$$
&'(! 6:;#<"! )467! +.2?3?,?! .9! 0! *(0@I?+32,3**0,321! 93A(-! ?02@E3+'! E3,'! 02! 0+,3H(! 0-(0! .9!
%VU!=!%VU!//"! 02@! 0! ,'3+W2(??! .9! $%%KX!//K! ! &'(! +0*.-3/(,(-! 3?! +./>.?(@! 9-./! Y?G>(-*0J(-?ZC! (0+'!
$UKX!//!,'3+W!02@!/0@(!.9!$$!1-..H(@C!$!//!,'3+W!*(0@!9.3*?!32,(-*(0H(@!E3,'!*0J(-?!.9!$!//!@30/(,(-!
?+32,3**0,321! 93A(-?! 02@! 1*G(@! ,.1(,'(-! E3,'! (>.=JK! ! &'(! -(?G*,321! +./>.?3,(! ?,-G+,G-(! 3?! ?'.E2!
Q31G-(!"K$"UK!!O,!'0?!0!-(*0,3H(!*(0@#93A(-#1*G(!H.*G/(!+./>.?3,3.2!.9!$[<KX\[<K$X!02@!02!0H(-01(!@(2?3,J!
.9!%K]/<K"!1I+/FK!!!
O2!(0+'!?G>(-*0J(-C!93A(-?!-G2!32!.2(!@3-(+,3.2!.2*JK!!&'(!@(,(+,.-!3/01321!+0>0A3*3,J!3?!.A,032(@!
AJ!?,0+W321!?G>(-*0J(-?!E3,'!93A(-?!0*,(-20,3H(*J!>0-0**(*!,.!,'(!=#0=3?!5V!*0J(-?8!02@!J#0=3?!5X!*0J(-?8!5?((!
Q31G-(!"K$"]8K! !&'(!+0*.-3/(,(-!'0?!0! ,.,0*!E(31',!.9!V]%!W1!02@!0! ,'3+W2(??!+.--(?>.2@321! ,.!0A.G,!$\!
-0@30,3.2!*(21,'?K!!!
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6!9:$1*+;;$;'()0+/$+<$)='$%134$&'->?<0@'*?.&8'$(+,A+;0)'$;)*8()8*'"$$
$
!!
70.8*'$!"6!B:$3;;',@&C$+<$)=*''$;8A'*&-C'*;"$$
Superlayer
Cell
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$$\
Q3A(-?!0-(!-(0@!.G,C!.2!.2(!(2@!.2*JC!AJ!9.G-!02.@(!S0/0/0,?G!^\%<<#<<#:V!>'.,./G*,3>*3(-?!
5R:&?8_!(0+'!02.@(!+.H(-?!02!0+,3H(!0-(0!.9!]!=!]!//"C!+.--(?>.2@321!,.!FX!93A(-?C!@(932(@!0?!0!+(**!5?((!
Q31G-(!"K$"U8K!!O2!,.,0*!,'(!)467!3?!?GA@3H3@(@!32,.!$"]%!+(**?!5F"V!R:&?8!02@!,'3?!0**.E?!0!?0/>*321!.9!
,'(!*.213,G@320*!?'.E(-!>-.93*(!AJ!$U!32@(>(2@(2,!/(0?G-(/(2,?K!!!
!
!"#"!$ D'(=-/0(-&$-;;',@&C$$
&'(! )467!/(+'023+0*! 0??(/A*JC! ?'.E2! 32! Q31G-(?!"K$F<! 02@!"K$F$C! ?G>>.-,?! ,'(! +0*.-3/(,(-C!
R:&?!02@!0,,0+'(@!(*(+,-.23+?K!!O,!3?!@(?312(@!,.!/323/G/!E(31',!E3,'!0!93-?,!-(?.202+(!9-(TG(2+J!0A.H(!
X<!SLC!0!+0>0A3*3,J!,.!E3,'?,02@!0++(*(-0,3.2?!G>!,.!$V!1!32!02J!@3-(+,3.2!02@!,'(-/0*!32?G*0,3.2!*3/3,321!
,'(!1-0@3(2,!5,'(!(=,(-20*!,(/>(-0,G-(!-021(?!9-./!!V<!,.!`X<!,48K!!!!
Honeycomb plates!
Honeycomb pads!
Brackets!
I!-!Frames!
Side Panels!
(5 rows ! PMTs!)!
Side panels!Support Beams!
Pancake!
SaP)b4a:c!R76&);!
SaP)b4a:c!!
R6d;!
4a^P)^!
c^64e)&;
O#Q^6:);!
;Od)!R6P)7;!
5X!^af;!aQ!R:&?8!;Od)!R6P)7;!
5V!^af;!aQ!R:&?8
:agP&OPM!
c^64e)&;!
R6P46e)!
!!
70.8*'$!"6EF:$%134$-;;',@&C"$
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6E6:$%134$,'(=-/0(-&$;8AA+*)$;)*8()8*'"$$
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$$U!
&'(!.>,3/3L0,3.2!.9! ,'(!/(+'023+0*!?,-G+,G-(!,'-.G1'!9323,(!(*(/(2,!?,G@3(?!*(@!,.!02!0*G/32G/!
0**.J! ?G>>.-,! 9-0/(C! +./>.?(@! .9! 9.G-! *0,(-0*! >02(*?! E'3+'! +.2,032! ,'(! R:&?! 02@! ,.>! 02@! A.,,./!
'.2(J+./A!>*0,(?K! !&'(!?,-G+,G-0*!020*J?3?!E0?!+-.??!+'(+W(@!E3,'!0! 9G**! ?+0*(C! 9*31',! *3W(!TG0*393+0,3.2!
/.@(*!0,!,'(!c(3h321!O2?,3,G,(!.9!;0,(**3,(!)2H3-.2/(2,!)2132((-321!5cO;))8K!!;32(#?E((>!02@!?32(#AG-?,!
@0,0! 02@! ?,-(??! /(0?G-(/(2,?! ?'.E(@! (=+(**(2,! 01-((/(2,! E3,'! ,'(! )467! 9323,(! (*(/(2,! /.@(*K! ! O2!
>0-,3+G*0-C!,'(!93-?,!-(?.202+(!9-(TG(2+J!E0?!9.G2@!,.!A(!'31'(-!,'02!%<!SL!5?((!Q31G-(!"K$F"8K!!!
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6E!:$GCA0(-&$H$-I0;$;0/'?;J''A$*';A+/;'$2A'-K$-)$LM$NH5"$$
!
$
!"#"E$ 40.=)$(+&&'()0+/$$
)0+'!?G>(-*0J(-!3?!-(0@!.G,!AJ!F%!R:&?C!0--021(@!0*,(-20,(*J!.2!,'(!,E.!.>>.?3,(!(2@?!32!.-@(-!,.!
-(0@!.G,!(0+'!93A(-!52.!@(0@!0-(0?8K! !6?!?'.E2!32!Q31G-(!"K$FFC!(0+'!R:&!3?!?G--.G2@(@!AJ!0!/012(,3+!
?'3(*@!E'3+'!0*?.!+.2,032?!*31',!1G3@(?!02@!,'(!R:&!A0?(!02@!9-.2,!(2@!5Q)8!(*(+,-.23+?K!!
&.!/0=3/3L(!*31',!J3(*@!02@!-(@G+(!+-.??#,0*W!A(,E((2!+(**?C!>'.,.2?!9-./!,'(!93A(-?!0-(!+.**(+,(@!
AJ!/(02?! .9! 32@3H3@G0*! R*(=31*0?! *31',! 1G3@(?K! ! 6?! ?'.E2! 32! Q31G-(!"K$FV! (0+'! 1G3@(! '0?! 0! ,-G2+0,(@!
>J-0/3@0*! ?'0>(K! !&'(J!0-(!E-0>>(@! 32!0*G/32G/!9.3*!E3,'!4'-./3G/!02@!TG0-,L!+.0,321!02@! 32?(-,(@!
32?3@(!0!>.*J+0-A.20,(! ?G>>.-,! ,GA(K!;3*3+.2(!.>,3+0*! h.32,?! 0-(!>.?3,3.2(@!.2!A.,'!(2@?! ,.!(2?G-(!1..@!
.>,3+0*!,-02?/3??3.2!9-./!,'(!93A(-?!,.!,'(!R:&?C!(H(2!E'(2!'31'!/(+'023+0*!?,-(??(?!0-(!0>>*3(@K!!
&.! ?'3(*@! ,'(! -(?3@G0*! /012(,3+! 93(*@! A(*.E! "<!MC! A0?(@! .2! 9323,(! (*(/(2,! +0*+G*0,3.2?! 02@!
/(0?G-(/(2,?C!,'(!R:&?!0-(!>.?3,3.2(@!32?3@(!$!//!,'3+W!?.9,!3-.2!?TG0-(!,GA(?!E3,'!F<KX!//!?3@(?!02@!
0!*(21,'!.9!\V!//K!!!
!
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$$]
!!
!
70.8*'$!"6EE:$G='$&0.=)$(+&&'()0+/$;C;)',$<+*$'-(=$ODG"$$
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6EP:$40.=)$.80>';$-/>$A+&C(-*@+/-)'$;8AA+*)"$$
$
$
!"#"P$ %134$;)-/>-&+/'$.-,,-$)*0..'*$
&'(! (=+(**(2,! 3/01321! +0>0A3*3,3(?! .9! ,'(! 6:;#<"! (*(+,-./012(,3+! +0*.-3/(,(-! 02@! ,'(! 1..@!
(2(-1J! -(?.*G,3.2! >-.H3@(@! AJ! ,'(! *0?,! @J2.@(! ?3120*?C! 0?! @(/.2?,-0,(@! 32! Q31G-(!"K$FXC! 0**.E! ,'(!
3/>*(/(2,0,3.2!.9!0!H(-J!(993+3(2,!?,02@0*.2(!,-311(-!9.-!>'.,.2?!E3,'!(2(-13([email protected]!,.!"!M(NK!!!
!
Front End electronics
PMT Calorimeter
HV divider
Shielding
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$"<!
!!
70.8*'$!"6EM:$G';)$@'-,$*';8&);$<+*$)='$;8,,'>$>C/+>'$;0./-&;$<+*$6F$Q'R$'&'()*+/;"$$
!
&'(! ,-311(-! 3?!/0@(! 32! "! ?,(>?[! 0! 90?,! @(+3?3.2C! 0H03*0A*(!E3,'32! $U<! 2?C! 13H(2! AJ! ,'(! +.G2,! .9!
R:&?!0A.H(! ,'-(?'.*@! 32! ,'(!%! +(2,-0*! 5"2@! ,.!\,'8! ?G>(-*0J(-?! .9! ,'(! +0*.-3/(,(-! 02@! 0!7(H(*! $! ,-311(-!
@(+3?3.2C!E(**!A(9.-(!$!i?C!.A,032(@!E3,'!0!90?,!-(+.2?,-G+,3.2!.9!,'(!>0-,3+*(!@3-(+,3.2K!!&'(!90?,!,-311(-!3?!
-(0*3L(@!AJ!+./>0-321!,'(!020*.1!?3120*!9-./!,'(!*0?,!@J2.@(!.9!(0+'!R:&!,.!0!,'-(?'.*@K!!&'(!,'-(?'.*@?!
G?(@!0-(!@(>(2@(2,!.2*J!.2!,'(!?G>(-*0J(-!32!.-@(-!,.!(=>*.3,!,'(!*.213,G@320*!?'0>(!.9!,'(!(*(+,-./012(,3+!
?'.E(-K!!&'(!7(H(*!$!,-311(-!3?!@(,(-/32(@!AJ!,'(!>0-,3+*(!@3-(+,3.2C!E'3+'!3?!(H0*G0,(@!AJ!,0W321C!9.-!(0+'!
?G>(-*0J(-C!,'(!0H(-01(!>.?3,3.2!.9!,'(!R:&?!0A.H(!,'-(?'.*@K!!&'(!>'.,.2!@3-(+,3.2!3?!+0*+G*0,(@!G?321!
,'(! @3?,02+(?! A(,E((2! ,'(! +(2,(-?! .9! 1-0H3,J!.9! ,'(! ,'-((! ?G>(-*0J(-?! A(*.21321! ,.! ,'(! ?0/(!>-.h(+,3.2K!!
R0-,3+*(?!E3,'! 02! 32+*320,3.2! *0-1(-! ,'02! "<! @(1-((?! 0-(! -(h(+,(@C! (2?G-321! ,'(! ,-0h(+,.-J! >0??(@! +*(02*J!
,'-.G1'!,'(!.,'(-!6:;#<"!@(,(+,.-?K!!!
&'(!(=>(+,(@!)467!,-311(-!(993+3(2+J!32!6:;#<"!9.-!G2+.2H(-,(@!>'.,.2?!.9!@399(-(2,!(2(-13(?!
3?!?'.E2!32!Q31G-(!"K$F%K!!&'(!(993+3(2+J!3?!]<j!0,!"!M(N!02@!/.-(!,'02!]]j!9.-!(2(-13(?!*0-1(-!,'02!
$<!M(NK! !&'(! ,-311(-! -0,(?! 9.-!>'.,.2?!02@! 9.-! ,'(!/.?,! -(*(H02,!A0+W1-.G2@?C!0?!@(@G+(@!9-./!:.2,(!
40-*.!?,G@3(?!A0?(@!,'(!@0,0!+.**(+,(@!AJ!6:;#<$!BVD!02@!.,'(-?!BXDC!0-(!?'.E2!32!Q31G-(!"K$F\K!!R0-,3+*(?!
93-321! ,'(!6:;!+'0-1(@! ,-311(-C!E'3+'! 32+*G@(! +.2H(-,(@!>'.,.2?C! 0-(!2.,! 32+*G@(@! 32! ,'3?! A0+W1-.G2@!
-0,(K!!!
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$"$
!!
70.8*'$!"6EL:$%134$4'S'&$6$)*0..'*$'<<0(0'/(C$<+*$>0<<'*'/)$A=+)+/$'/'*.0';$-/>$-/.&';"$$
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6E#:$%IA'()'>$%134$;)-/>$-&+/'$)*0..'*$@-(K.*+8/>$-/>$A=+)+/$*-)';"$
$
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$""!
!"#"M$ %&'()*+/0(;$
O2! 0@@3,3.2! ,.! ,'(! 9-.2,! (2@! (*(+,-.23+?! /.G2,(@! @3-(+,*J! .2! ,'(! +0*.-3/(,(-C! ,'(! )467! 3?!
32?,-G/(2,(@!E3,'!?(H(-0*!+G?,./!@(H(*.>(@!(*(+,-.23+?!?GA?J?,(/?!9.-!@0,0!0+TG3?3,3.2C!?*.E!+.2,-.*!02@!
,'(!)467! ,-311(-! 02@! ,.! ?G>>*J! ,'(!'31'! 02@! *.E!H.*,01(?K! !)=+(>,! 9.-! ,'(! 9-.2,! (2@! (*(+,-.23+?C! (0+'!
A.0-@! 3?! +./>.?(@! .9! ,E.! +./>*(,(*J! 32@(>(2@(2,! ?(+,.-?! ,'0,! 0-(! 0*?.! ?(>0-0,(*J! >.E(-(@! AG,! 0-(!
+0>0A*(!.9!,'(!?0/(!9G2+,3.20*3,JK!O2!+0?(!.9!02J!90G*,!3,!3?!>.??3A*(!,.!?E3,+'!9-./!.2(!?(+,.-!,.!,'(!.,'(-!
E'3*(!/032,032321!9G**!9G2+,3.20*3,J!.9!,'(!)467K!!!
!
05$ 7*+/)$%/>$27%5$%&'()*+/0(;$
&'(! *31',!+.**(+,3.2!02@! -([email protected],!?J?,(/!/G?,!>-.+(??!?3120*?!E3,'!0!1..@! *32(0-3,J!.H(-!0!E3@(!
@J20/3+!-021(C!9-./!.2(!/323/G/!3.23L321!>0-,3+*(C!E'3+'!>-.@G+(?!0A.G,!U!>'.,.(*(+,-.2?!>(-!+(**C!G>!
,.!,'(!%!=!$<V!>'.,.(*(+,-.2?!>-.@G+(@!32!.2(!+(**!AJ!,'(!(*(+,-./012(,3+!?'.E(-321!.9!0!$!&(N!(*(+,-.2K!!
&.! 9G*93*! ,'3?! -(TG3-(/(2,C! ,'(! '31'! H.*,01(?! 9.-! ,'(! R:&! 0-(! >-.H3@(@! AJ! 0! ,0>(-(@! -(?3?,.-! @3H3@(-!
5$KX[$KX[$KX[$[$[$[$[$[$["[!FK\8!E'3+'!0*?.!0**.E?!,'(!>.E(-!+.2?G/>,3.2!,.!A(!-(@G+(@!,.!$<<!/f!0,!,'(!
E.-W321!>.32,! .9! %X<!NK! !&'(!R:&! ?3120*?! 9-./! ,'(! V! 02.@(?! 0-(! ?>*3,! 32,.! ,E.! ?GA-021(?! AJ!H.*,01(!
@3H3@(-?! 02@! -(0@! .G,! AJ! ,E.! (*(+,-.23+?! +'022(*?! E3,'! 0! 1032! -0,3.! .9! 0A.G,! FF! 5Q31G-(!"K$FU8K! ! &'3?!
(*(+,-.23+?!E0?!3/>*(/(2,(@!32!0!@(@3+0,(@!6;O4!+'3>!B%D!32!c34:a;!<KU!!/!,(+'2.*.1J!E3,'!H(-J!*.E!
>.E(-!+.2?G/>,3.2!5"$!/f!>(-!R:&8K! !&'(!?3120*!.9! ,'(! *0?,!@J2.@(!.9! ,'(!R:&!3?!0*?.!-(0@!.G,!02@!
?3/G*,02(.G?*J!?(2,!,.!0!*.E!1032!+'022(*!32!,'(!+'3>!0?!0!-(@G2@02,!/(0?G-(/(2,!.9!,'(!(2(-1J!@(>.?3,(@!
02@! 0?! 32>G,! ,.! 0! +./>0-0,.-K! !&'(! ?3120*?! 32! ,'(! ]! +'022(*?! .9! ,'(! +'3>! 5"=V! 02.@(?!`!$! @J2.@(8! 0-(!
?'0>(@!,.!13H(!0!>(0W321!,3/(!0-.G2@!"K"!!?!02@!0-(!'(*@!G2,3*!,'(J!0-(!-(0@!H30!0!/G*,3>*(=321!+3-+G3,!02@!
?(2,! ?(TG(2,30**J! ,.! 0! ?(-30*!6d4! 56d\V\%6C! 0*?.! G?(@! AJ! .,'(-! ?GA#@(,(+,.-?8K! &'(!SN! @3H3@(-?! 0-(!
3/>*(/(2,(@!.2!,E.!"%!=!"%!//"!A.0-@?C!02@!0! ,'3-@!A.0-@C!F<!=!F<!//"!0++.//.@0,(?! ,'(!6;O4!02@!
,'(!6d4!5Q31G-(!"K$F]8K!!6**!F!A.0-@?!0-(!0??(/A*(@!,.1(,'(-!02@!/.G2,(@!A('32@!,'(!R:&K!!&'(!A0?(?!
02@! ,'(! -(0-! .9! ,'(! R:&! 0-(! +./>*(,(*J! >.,,(@! ,.! 0H.3@! +.-.20! (99(+,?K! ! &'(! @313,3L(@! .G,>G,?! 9-./!]!
R:&?!0-(!?(2,!H30!02!32,(-/(@30,(!A.0-@!5)Oc8!,.!,'(!.99!@(,(+,.-!(*(+,-.23+?K!!)=+(>,!9.-!,'(!93-?,!02@!*0?,!
?G>(-*0J(-C!,'(!+./>0-0,.-!.G,>G,?!9-./!,'(!*0?,!@J2.@(!?3120*?!0-(!?(2,!,.!,'(!)467!,-311(-K!!!
!70.8*'$$!"6E9:$G='$>C/-,0($*-/.'$+<$<*+/)$'/>$(=0A"$
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$"F
!!
70.8*'$!"6EB:$G='$A+))'>$NR$>0S0>'*$-/>$<*+/)$'/>$*'->+8)$'&'()*+/0(;$,+8/)'>$@'=0/>$)='$ODG"$$
$
005$ T3U$VC;)',$
&'(!-([email protected],!.9!,'(!)467!9.**.E?!,'(!6:;!@(?312K!!&'(!d6k!2.@(!+*.(?,!,.!,'(!9-.2,!(2@!3?!,'(!
)d^"!+0-@!A0?(@C!0?!9.-!,'(!.,'(-!?GA@(,(+,.-!(*(+,-.23+?C!.2!,'(!+.//.2!@313,0*!>0-,!54dR8K!!&'(!)d^"!
-(+(3H(?! ,'(!@313,3L(@!?3120*?! 9-./!"\!R:&?! 5F!)Oc8!.H(-!7.E!N.*,01(!d399(-(2,30*!;3120*321! 57Nd;8!
*32(?C!?GA,-0+,?!>(@(?,0*?C!?G>>-(??(?!L(-.?!02@!?(2@?!,'(!-(?G*,?!.H(-!,'(!A0+W>*02(!,.!,'(!2(=,!2.@(!32!,'(!
d6k!+'032C!,'(!lOPQK!!&'(!)d^"!02@!lOPQ!0-(!/.G2,(@!32!,E.!+-0,(?!*.+0,(@!0,!.>>.?3,(!+.-2(-?!.9!,'(!
@(,(+,.-C!E3,'!(0+'!+-0,(!'.?,321!%!)d^"!02@!$!lOPQK!!6?!?'.E2!32!Q31G-(!"K$V<C!,'(!)d^"!0*?.!0+,?!0?!0!
A-3@1(!9.-! ,'(!9-.2,!(2@!(*(+,-.23+?!>.E(-!5`FKXC!!"KX!Nd48!02@!+.2,-.*!.9! ,'(!)Oc!G?321!?321*(!(2@(@!
&&7!5X!N8!?3120*321K!
)0+'! )d^"! 3?! 9G**J! -(@G2@02,C! AG,! 3,! 3?! +.22(+,(@! ,.! ,'(! 2.2#-(@G2@02,! 9-.2,! (2@! (*(+,-.23+?K!!
;>(+30*!+0-(!E0?!,0W(2!,.!0H.3@!>.??3A*(!?321*(!>.32,!903*G-(?!02@!32,(-9(-(2+(!0,!,'(!hG2+,3.2?!.9!,'(!,E.!
?(+,3.2?K!!)0+'!'0*9!.9!,'(!)d^"!3?!>-.,(+,(@!AJ!0!?.*3@!?,0,(!+3-+G3,!A-(0W(-!5;;Q8K!!!
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6PF:$%TW!$;(=',-)0("$
PMT FE
HV
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$"V!
0005$ V&+J$(+/)*+&$
&'(!/032!9G2+,3.2?!.9!,'(!?*.E!+.2,-.*!?J?,(/!0-(!,.!?G>(-H3?(!,'(!?E3,+'321!A(,E((2!,'(!6!02@!
c!5Y'.,Z!02@!Y+.*@Z!.-!YSZ!02@!Y4Z8!-(@G2@02,!?(+,3.2?!.9!(0+'!A.0-@!02@!,.!?(,!02@!/.23,.-! ,'(!'31'!
H.*,01(?K! ! &'(! .H(-0**! +.2+(>,C! 0?! ?'.E2! 32! Q31G-(!"K$V$C! 3?! ,.! '0H(! ,E.! +./>*(,(*J! 32@(>(2@(2,!
?GA?J?,(/?!?3@(!AJ!?3@(C!E'3+'!0-(!32@(>(2@(2,*J!>.E(-(@!,'-.G1'!'31'*J!-(*30A*(!?E3,+'(?!*.+0,(@!32!,'(!
R.E(-!d3?,-3AG,3.2!;J?,(/!5Rd;8K!!O2!2./320*!.>(-0,3.2?!.2*J!.2(!?GA?J?,(/!3?!>.E(-(@K!!O2!+0?(!.9!0!
90G*,C! ,'(!E.-W321! ?GA?J?,(/! 3?! ?E3,+'(@! .99! 02@! ,'(! .,'(-! ,G-2(@! .2K! ! O2! ,'(! G2*3W(*J! .++G--(2+(! .9! 0!
?(+.2@!90G*,C!A.,'!?GA?J?,(/?!+02!A(!,G-2(@!.2!02@!,'(!32@3H3@G0*!?(+,3.2?!.9!,'(!A.0-@?!+02!A(!?E3,+'(@!
.99!32@(>(2@(2,*J!G?321!,'(!?.*3@!?,0,(!+3-+G3,!A-(0W(-?!5;;Q8K!!&'(!>-3/0-J!?*.E!+.2,-.*!32,(-90+(!3?!0*?.!
*.+0,(@!.2!,'(!lOPQ!+0-@!E'3+'!>-.H3@(?!U!?(-30*!AG?(?!G?321!,'(!7(4-.J!>-.,.+.*!E'3+'!0-(!0,,0+'(@!,.!
,'(!SN!A-3+W?!02@!*.E!H.*,01(!+.2,-.*!+0-@?!5)R;Q)8K!!!
&'(!'31'!H.*,01(!+.2,-.**(-!A.0-@?C!32?3@(!,'(!'31'!H.*,01(!A-3+WC!0-(!@3-(+,*J!+0>0A*(!.9!@(+.@321!
,'(!?(-30*!AG?K!!6**!,'(!.,'(-!A.0-@?!2((@!?,02@0-@!?321*(!(2@(@!*.13+!?3120*?!,.!?E3,+'!A(,E((2!6!02@!c!
?(+,3.2?C!?.!0!?(-30*!,.!>0-0**(*!@(+.@(-!E0?!3/>*(/(2,(@!.2!,'(!)R;Q)!+0-@K!!&'(!)R;Q)!E0?!32,-.@G+(@!
32,.! ,'(!)467!?J?,(/! ,.!'.?,! ,'(!>.E(-! ?E3,+'(?! 9.-! ,'(! 9-.2,!(2@!(*(+,-.23+?K! !)0+'!1-.G>!.9!]! 9-.2,!
(2@?!5$!)Oc8!3?!>.E(-(@!,'-.G1'!.2(!.9!,'(?(!?E3,+'(?C!?.!,'0,!32!+0?(!.9!0!/0h.-!903*G-(!0!?321*(!?(+,3.2!
+02!A(!3?.*0,(@!9-./!,'(!9G**!?J?,(/K!!&'-((!)R;Q)!+0-@?!0-(!'.?,(@!32!(0+'!+-0,(K!
&'(!d4#d4!+.2H(-,(-?!E'3+'!?G>>*J!,'(!*.E!H.*,01(?!5`FKUC!!"KU!N!02@!FKF!N8!0-(!'.?,(@!32?3@(!
,'(!)^Rd!A.=K!!)0+'!+.2H(-,(-!3?!@G0*!-(@G2@02,C!?G>>*J321!H.*,01(?!,.!,'(!'.,!5S8!.-!+.*@!548!?3@(?C!0?!
+.2,-.**(@! AJ! ,'(! >.E(-! +./321! 9-./! ,'(! Rd;K! ! O2! ,.,0*! V! @G0*! d4#d4! +.2H(-,(-?! 5$! ;]<XFO! 02@! F!
;]<X\)8!>*G?!0!@G0*!"UN!32>G,I.G,>G,!93*,(-!0-(!*.+0,(@!32!,'(!)467!5)8!'0*9!.9!,'(!)^RdK!!!
!!
70.8*'$!"6P6:$%134$;&+J$(+/)*+&$-*(=0)'()8*'"$
!
$
!"#$
!"#$
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$"X
0S5$ %134$G*0..'*$
6?!@(?+-3A(@!0A.H(C! ,'(! ,-311(-!?J?,(/!020*JL(?! ,'(!>G*?(!1(2(-0,(@!AJ! ,'(! *0?,!@J2.@(! 32!(0+'!
R:&!9-./!%!?G>(-*0J(-?C!9.-!0!,.,0*!.9!"$%!R:&?!5$<U!9.-!(0+'!=C!J!H3(E8K!!6?!?'.E2!32!Q31G-(!"K$V"C!3,!
3?!+./>.?(@!.9!02!020*.1!?(+,3.2!*.+0,(@!,.1(,'(-!E3,'!,'(!Q)!(*(+,-.23+?!2(0-!,'(!@(,(+,.-!02@!0!>G-(*J!
@313,0*!?(+,3.2!E'3+'!>(-9.-/?!0**!,'(!,-311(-!0*1.-3,'/!+./>G,0,3.2?!02@!?(2@?!,'(!9320*!@(+3?3.2!,.!,'(!
6:;!1*.A0*! ,-311(-!5l7N$`l&cmC!*.+0,(@! 32! ,'(!l-0,(8K! !&'(!020*.1!?(+,3.2!+./>0-(?! ,'(!?3120*!.9!
,'(!*0?,!@J2.@(C!0/>*393(@!AJ!0!90+,.-!.9!$<C!.9!(0+'!R:&!32H.*H(@!32!,'(!,-311(-!,.!0!13H(2!,'-(?'.*@!?(,!
AJ!0!@313,0*! ,.!020*.1!+.2H(-,(-!5d648K! !&'(!.G,>G,!.9! ,'(!+./>0-0,.-! 3?!?'0>(@!5QQ8! ,.!9.-/!0!$<<!2?!
>G*?(K!!&'(?(!?3120*?!0-(!?(2,!,.!"!,-311(-!+0-@?!5)&^M8C!.2(!9.-!(0+'!H3(EK!!&'(!,-311(-!+0-@!1(2(-0,(?!
A.,'!,'(!Q0?,!02@!,'(!)467#7N$!?3120*?!02@!32+*G@(?!,'(!32>G,!@0,0!32!,'(!(H(2,!@0,0!?,-(0/!G?321!,'(!
?,02@0-@!4dRK! &'(?(! ?3120*?! +02! A(! G?(@! 32! ,'(! 1*.A0*! ,-311(-! ,.! .H(--3@(! ,'(! 02,3+.32+3@(2+(! +.G2,(-!
,-311(-!32>G,?!9.-!(2(-1(,3+!(H(2,?K! !&'(!,-311(-!0*1.-3,'/!'0?!A((2!3/>*(/(2,(@!32!02!6+,(*!QRM6!02@!
?3/G*0,(@!5Q31G-(!"K$VF8K!!)0+'!+-0,(!+.2,032?!.2(!)&^M!+0-@C!(0+'!+0-@!>-.+(??(?!,'(!?3120*?!-(*0,(@!,.!
(3,'(-!,'(!=!.-!,'(!J!>-.h(+,3.2K!!!
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6P!:$%134$)*0..'*$(0*(80)"$
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6PE:$V0,8&-)0+/$+<$)='$%134$)*0..'*$<0*,J-*'"$$
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$"%!
S5$ N0.=$S+&)-.'$;C;)',$
&'(!'31'!H.*,01(!?J?,(/!3?!+./>.?(@!.9!(*(H0,.-C! *32(0-!-(1G*0,.-!57^8!02@!+.2,-.**(-!/.@G*(?C!
?((!Q31G-(!"K$VVK!!)0+'!/.@G*(!3?!@G0*!-(@G2@02,K!!)0+'!(*(H0,.-!3?!A0?(@!.2!0!V!?,01(!4.+W+-.9,#f0*,.2!
/G*,3>*3(-!E'3+'!-03?(?!,'(!32>G,!"U!N!,.!0!'31'!H.*,01(!32!,'(!-021(!X<<!,.!$<<<!NK!!&'(!*32(0-!-(1G*0,.-?!
0*?.!>-.H3@(!02!0@hG?,/(2,!.9!,'(!'31'!H.*,01(!E3,'!"!N!?,(>?!,'-.G1'!0!@3?+-(,(!Y?(-3(?!,-02?3?,.-ZK!!)31',!
-(1G*0,.-?!0-(!32?,0**(@!32!0!/.@G*(K!!)0+'!(*(H0,.-!9((@?!"V!.-!$%!*32(0-!-(1G*0,.-?_!(0+'!*32(0-!-(1G*0,.-!
>.E(-?! .2(! .-! ,E.! R:&?K! ! &'(! +.2,-.**(-!/.@G*(! +.2,032?! ,'(! @313,0*! ,.! 020*.1! +.2H(-,(-?! 2((@(@! ,.!
-(1G*0,(!,'(!?J?,(/!02@!0**!,'(!?*.E!+.2,-.*!9G2+,3.2?K!!6**!.9!,'(?(!/.@G*(?!0-(!/.G2,(@!,.1(,'(-!E3,'32!
0!SN!c-3+W!5)SN8!/0@(!G>!.9!$!+.2,-.**(-C!"!(*(H0,.-!02@!X!-(1G*0,.-!/.@G*(?C!9.-!0!,.,0*!.9!V<!-(1G*0,(@!
02@! 32@(>(2@(2,! +'022(*?! ?G>>*J321! XX! R:&?K! ! O2! ,.,0*! ,'(! F"V!R:&!)467!E3**! A(! (TG3>>(@!E3,'! %!
)SNK! ! &'(! >.E(-! @3??3>0,3.2! '0?! A((2! W(>,! A(*.E! X!f! >(-! A-3+W! 5E.-?,! +0?(8! AJ! /032,032321! ,'(!
(993+3(2+J! 0,! /.-(! ,'(2! ]<jK! ! ;>0+(! TG0*393+0,3.2! ,(?,?! .9! 0! SN!c-3+WC! Q31G-(!"K$VXC! 0-(! +G--(2,*J! 32!
>-.1-(??K!!!
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6PP:$%134$NR$;C;)',$;(=',-)0(X$+/'$NR$Y*0(K$2%NR5"$$
$
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$"\
!!
70.8*'$!"6PM:$G';)0/.$+<$-$NR$Y*0(K$2%NR5"$$
$
$
!"#"L$ %134$A'*<+*,-/('$
O2!lG*J!"<<"C!,'(!)467!TG0*393+0,3.2!/.@(*!E0?!(=>.?(@!,.!,'(!4)^P!;R;!A(0/!*32(!S%6!E3,'!
/G.2?C!$"<!M(N!>-.,.2?!02@!02,3>-.,.2?!02@!F!,.!$U<!M(N!(/K! !&'(!+0*.-3/(,(-!E0?!>0-,30**J!(TG3>>(@!
E3,'!%F!R:&?C!+.H(-321!0!$"%!=!$"%!//"!+.-2(-!.9!,'(!)467K!!&'(!'31'!H.*,01(!?G>>*J!9.-!(0+'!R:&!
E0?!?(,!32@3H3@G0**J!,.!E.-W!0,!0!1032!.9!"!=!$<XK!!!
&E.!+.--(+,3.2?!E(-(!0>>*3(@!,.!,'(!-0E#@0,0K!Q3-?,!02!0,,(2G0,3.2!9G2+,3.2C!/(0?G-(@!AJ!0!?+02!
E3,'! (*(+,-.2?! 02@! >-.,.2?C!E0?! G?(@! ,.! +.--(+,! 9.-! ,'(! *31',! 0,,(2G0,3.2! 0*.21! 93A(-?C! 0++.-@321! ,.! ,'(!
-(*0,3.2! I"KX/85/8"K<I5 <KU!!"K<85 xx eexf << %2 C! E'(-(! x! 3?! ,'(! @3?,02+(! 9-./! ,'(! R:&K! ! P(=,C! 02! 32,(-#
+0*3A-0,3.2C!.-!(TG0*3L0,3.2C!.9!,'(!+(**!-(?>.2?(!E0?!>(-9.-/(@!G?321!,'(!-(?>.2?(!,.!X<!M(N!(*(+,-.2?K!!
c0?(@!.2!0!*0-1(!?,0,3?,3+0*!?0/>*(C!,'(!0H(-01(!+(**!-(?>.2?(!E3,'32!(0+'!*0J(-!0,!(TG0*!@3?,02+(?!9-./!,'(!
?'.E(-! 0=3?! E0?! (TG0*3L(@C! ,'(2! 0! *0J(-! ,.! *0J(-! (TG0*3L0,3.2! E0?! 0>>*3(@! AJ! 93,,321! ,'(! *.213,G@320*!
>-.93*(!.9! ,'(!?'.E(-?!,.! 8$5II 8$5< %F2 <% AAA btetbEdtdE B\DC!E'(-(!E<! 3?! ,'(!323,30*!(
/!(2(-1JC! t! 3?! ,'(!
*0J(-!@(>,'!532!-0@30,3.2!*(21,'?8!02@!A !02@!b!0-(!,'(!93,!>0-0/(,(-?K!!69,(-!(TG0*3L0,3.2C!?>(+393+!020*J?(?!E(-(!@(H.,(@!,.[!,'(!/(0?G-(/(2,!.9!,'(!-0@30,3.2!*(21,'!5X<8_!,'(!?,G@J!.9!(2(-1J!*32(0-3,J!02@!*(0W01(!
+.--(+,3.2?_! ,'(! /(0?G-(/(2,?! .9! ,'(! (2(-1J! 02@! 021G*0-! -(?.*G,3.2?! 02@! ,'(! ?'.E(-! 3/01321! 02@!
(*(+,-.2I'[email protected]!@3?+-3/320,3.2K!
6++.-@321!,.!,'(!9.-/G*0!+3,(@C!,'(!?'.E(-!/0=3/G/!.++G-?!0,! bt I/0= A2 K!!Q-./!,'(!93,!.9!,'(!
0H(-01(!*.213,G@320*!>-.93*(!.9!(0+'!A(0/!(2(-1JC!0?!?'.E2!32!Q31G-(!"K$V%C!,'(!-0@30,3.2!*(21,'!+02!A(!
@(-3H(@! 9-./! ,'(! -(*0,3.2! cEXt %2 8*.15</0= C!E'(-(!E! 3?! 32!M(N!02@!c 3?! 0! +.2?,02,K! ! Q-./! ,'(!@0,0!
?'.E2!32!Q31G-(!"K$V\C!0!H0*G(!.9!X<!n!]K]V/<K$\!//!E0?!9.G2@C!3/>*J321!,'0,!,'(!,.,0*!,'3+W2(??!.9!,'(!)467!3?!$%K\!X<K!!!
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$"U!
Q-./!,'(!93,?! ,.! ,'(!)467!-(?>.2?(!0,!@399(-(2,!(2(-13(?!5?((!Q31G-(!"K$VU8C!1..@!*32(0-3,J!E0?!
9.G2@! G>! ,.! V<!M(N! 5E'(2! *.213,G@320*! *(0W01(! 3?! 2(1*313A*(8C!E'3*(! @(H30,3.2?! .9! ,'(! .-@(-! .9! Xj! 0,!
U<!M(N!02@!.9!$Fj!0,!$U<!M(N!E(-(!.A?(-H(@K!!6!*(0W01(!+.--(+,3.2C!A0?(@!.2!,'(!(2(-1J!@(>.?3,!32!,'(!
*0?,!)467!?G>(-*0J(-C!E0?!0>>*3(@!32!.-@(-!,.!(?,3/0,(!,'(!,.,0*!(2(-1JK!!&'(!*(0W01(!+.--(+,(@!*32(0-3,J!
>*.,C!Q31G-(!"K$V]C!?'.E?!?/0**!-(?3@G0*!@(H30,3.2?!5o"j!0,!$"<!M(N!02@!XKFj!0,!$U<!M(N8C!@G(!,.!,'(!
32+./>*(,(! +.H(-01(! .9! ,'(! *0,(-0*! @(H(*.>/(2,! .9! ,'(! ?'.E(-! 32! ,'(! ,(?,! 5%F! .9! F"V! R:&?8! 02@! ,.!
?J?,(/0,3+!(--.-?!32!,'(!(TG0*3L0,3.2!>-.+(@G-(K!!!
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6PL:$GCA0(-&$&+/.0)8>0/-&$'&'()*+,-./')0($;=+J'*$A*+<0&';"$$
!
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$"]
!!
70.8*'$!"6P#:$V=+J'*$,-I0,8,$t,-I$20/$&-C'*$8/0);5$S;"$'/$@'-,$'/'*.C"$$
!
!
!
!
70.8*'$!"6P9:$GCA0(-&$%134$'/'*.C$,'-;8*','/);$-)$)='$ 0/>0(-)'>$@'-,$'/'*.0';"$$
G='$,'-/$*'(+/;)*8()'>$'/'*.C$<+*$MF$Q'R$'!$0;$MF"!$Z$6"P$Q'R$-/>$
<+*$6!F$Q'R$'!$0;$66B"#$Z$!"M$Q'R"$
!
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$F<!
!!
70.8*'$!"6PB:$4'-K-.'$(+**'()'>$&0/'-*0)C"$$
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$F$
&'(!+0*.-3/(,(-!(2(-1J! -(?.*G,3.2! 3?! ?'.E2! 32!Q31G-(!"K$X<C!E'(-(! ,'(! 9-0+,3.20*!G2+(-,032,J! 32!
,'(!(2(-1J!/(0?G-(/(2,C!> 5E8 IE C!3?!>*.,,(@!0?!0!9G2+,3.2!.9!,'(!2./320*!A(0/!(2(-1JC!E!532!M(N8K!!&'(!(2(-1J!-(?.*G,3.2!3?!E(**!>0-0/(,-3L(@!AJ! 8j$K<FK"58M(N58jFK<"K$<585 /G/2 EEE> K!!&'3?!-(?G*,!
E0?!.A,032(@!9.-!(*(+,-.2?!(2,(-321!)467!0,!,'(!+(2,(-!.9!,'(!(TG3>>(@!-(13.2!02@!3?!32!1..@!01-((/(2,!
E3,'! ,'(! :.2,(! 40-*.! (?,3/0,(! 8j<%K<VK$58M(N58jFK<<K$<585 /G/2 EEE> ! ,0W321! 32,.!
+.2?3@(-0,3.2! ,'(!(--.-?!@G(! ,.! ,'(! 32+./>*(,(!0++(>,02+(!.9! ,'(! *0,(-0*! ?'.E(-!@(H(*.>/(2,!02@! ,.! ,'(!
+0*3A-0,3.2!>-.+(@G-(K!!
&'(!(2(-1J!/(0?G-(/(2,!02@!-(?.*G,3.2!E(-(!0*?.!?,G@3(@!9.-!(*(+,-.2?!3/>321321!.2!)467!2(0-!
,'(!(@1(?K!!&'(!(2(-1J!/(0?G-(/(2,!9.-!(*(+,-.2?!0,!$"<!M(N!0-(!?'.E2!32!Q31G-(!"K$X$!0?!0!9G2+,3.2!.9!
,'(! @3?,02+(! ,.! ,'(! (@1(! 02@! 9.-! @399(-(2,! 32+3@(2,! 021*(?K! ! &'3?! ?,G@J! @(/.2?,-0,(?! ,'0,! ?312393+02,!
+.--(+,3.2?!5p!"<j8!0-(!2(+(??0-J!E'(2!(/!(2,(-!)467!0,!@3?,02+(?!*(??!,'(/!F<!//!9-./!,'(!(@1(K!!!
&'(! 021G*0-! -(?.*G,3.2! 0,! 0! 93=(@! (2(-1J! 3?! ?,G@3(@! AJ! G?321! (*(+,-.2?! 3/>321321! .2! )467! 0,!
2.-/0*! 32+3@(2+(K! !Q.-!(0+'!(H(2,! ,'(!?'.E(-!0=3?! 3?!+0*+G*0,(@!AJ!/(02?!.9!?,02@0-@!+(2,(-!.9!1-0H3,J!
/(,'.@?K! !6,! (0+'! (2(-1J! ,'(! 021G*0-! -(?.*G,3.2! 3?! @(932(@!AJ! ,'(! 021G*0-! @3?,02+(! 9-./! ,'(! 32+./321!
A(0/!,'0,!+.2,032?!%Uj!.9!,'(!(H(2,?!5?((!Q31G-(!"K$X"8K!!!
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6MF:$%134$'/'*.C$*';+&8)0+/"$$
!
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$F"!
!!
70.8*'$!"6M6:$%/'*.C$,'-;8*','/)$<+*$6!F$Q'R$'&'()*+/;$-;$-$<8/()0+/$+<$$
)='$>0;)-/('$)+$)='$'>.'$-/>$<+*$>0<<'*'/)$0/(0>'/)$-/.&';"$$
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6M!:$3/.8&-*$*';+&8)0+/$<+*$MF$Q'R$'&'()*+/;"$$
.
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$FF
&'(! 021G*0-! -(?.*G,3.2! 0?! 0! 9G2+,3.2!.9! ,'(! (*(+,-.2! (2(-1JC!Q31G-(!"K$XFC! 3?!E(**! @(?+-3A(@!AJ!
8<VK<X\K<58M(N58$K<%KU5& j%U /G/2. E ! 532! @(1-((?8K! ! Q31G-(!"K$XV! ?'.E?! ,'(! 021G*0-! -(?.*G,3.2!
E'(2!0!$"<!M(N!(*(+,-.2!A(0/!(2,(-?!)467!0,!@399(-(2,!32+3@(2,!021*(?K!!!
&.!?,G@J! ,'(!>.?3,-.2I>-.,.2!-(h(+,3.2!>.E(-!E3,'! ,'(! ,(?,!A(0/!@0,0C!0!2(G-0*!2(,E.-W!/(,'.@!
E0?! G?(@! E'3+'! ,0W(?! 32,.! 0++.G2,! .2*J! ,'(! /032! ?'.E(-! +'0-0+,(-3?,3+?! 50>(=C! @(>,'C! *0,(-0*! 02@!
*.213,G@320*!>-.93*(?8K! ! ;32+(! ,'(!A0+W1-.G2@! ,.! >.?3,-.2?!.9! (2(-1J!E(`! +./(?!/.?,*J! 9-./!>-.,.2?!.9!
(2(-1J! E>! q! "! E(`C! (`I>! @3?+-3/320,3.2! 3?! (H0*G0,(@! 9.-! >.?3,-.2! @0,0! 0,! X<!M(N! 02@! >-.,.2! @0,0! 0,!
$"<!M(NK!!!
:.2,(!40-*.!+0*+G*0,3.2?!?'.E!,'0,!\Xj!.9!$"<!M(N!>-.,.2?C!/3?3@(2,393(@!0?!>.?3,-.2?!'0H(!0!
H3?3A*(!(2(-1J!32!,'(!-021(!V<!o!E>!o!%<!M(NC!E'3*(!"<j!.9!,'(/!0-(!32!,'(!-021(!"<!o!E>!o!V<!M(NK!!&'(!
)467!@3?+-3/320,3.2!>.E(-!3?!?'.E2!32!Q31G-(!"K$XXC!E'(-(!,'(!>-.,.2!/3?3@(2,393+0,3.2!3?!>*.,,(@!0?!0!
9G2+,3.2!.9! ,'(!(993+3(2+J!9.-!>.?3,-.2!@(,(+,3.2K! !&'(!-(h(+,3.2!+02!A(! 3/>-.H(@!AJ!+./A32321!&-0+W(-!
02@!)467!329.-/0,3.2!,.!@(,(-/32(!,'(!(2(-1JI/./(2,G/!-0,3.!5)I>8K!!&.!(H0*G0,(!,'(!(99(+,3H(2(??!.9!
,'3?!>-.+(@G-(!E3,'!,'(!,(?,!A(0/!@0,0C!,'(!/./(2,G/!E0?!?/(0-(@!0++.-@321!,.!,'(!&-0+W(-!-(?.*G,3.2!
02@!,'(!/0,+'321!-(TG3-(/(2,!E0?!0>>*3(@!E3,'!0!+G,!)I>!p!<KUC!J3(*@321!0!90+,.-!.9!"<!3/>-.H(/(2,!32!
,'(!@3?+-3/320,3.2!>.E(-K!!!
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6ME:$3/.8&-*$*';+&8)0+/$S;"$'&'()*+/$'/'*.C"$$
AMS-02/ECAL
!"#$FV!
!!
70.8*'$!"6MP:$3/.8&-*$*';+&8)0+/$S;"$0/(0>'/)$-/.&'$<+*$6!F$Q'R$'&'()*+/;"$$
!
!!
70.8*'$!"6MM:$D0;0>'/)0<0(-)0+/$+<$6!F$Q'R$A*+)+/;$S'*;8;$MF$Q'R$'&'()*+/$'<<0(0'/(C$$
-<)'*$)='$/'8*-&$/')J+*K$;'&'()0+/$2%[A$,-)(=0/.$/+)$0/(&8>'>5"$$
.&%Uj B,D
AMS-02/ECAL
! "#$FX
!"#"#$ W'<'*'/(';$
B$D! QK!4(-H(**3!(,!0*KC!PG+*K!O2?,-K!02@!:(,'.@K!6!PBF!5"<<"8!$F"K!
B"D! [email protected]=!(,!0*KC!PG+*(0-!R'J?3+?!c!5R-.+K!;G>>*K8!66E!5"<<"8!$X]K!
BFD! )K4'.G/3*.H!(,!0*KC!PG+*K!O2?,-K!02@!:(,'.@K!6!P!L!5$]]]8!%"XK!
BVD! lK!6*+0-0L!(,!0*K!5,'(!6:;#<$!4.**0A.-0,3.28C!R'J?K!7(,,K!c!P#!$5"<<<8!"$X_!!
lK!6*+0-0L!(,!0*K!5,'(!6:;#<$!4.**0A.-0,3.28C!R'J?K!7(,,K!c!PBP$5"<<<8!$]F_!!
lK!6*+0-0L!(,!0*K!5,'(!6:;#<$!4.**0A.-0,3.28C!R'J?K!7(,,K!c!P9P!5"<<<8!$<_!!
lK!6*+0-0L!(,!0*K!5,'(!6:;#<$!4.**0A.-0,3.28C!R'J?K!7(,,K!c!PBM!5"<<<8!VV<K!
BXD! RK!;-((WG/0-!(,!0*KC!6>l!PBP!5$]]U8!XF"#XFVK!
B%D! ^K!S(-/(*C!X,'!O2,(-20,3.20*!:((,321!.2!Q-.2,#)2@!)*(+,-.23+?!5"<<F8K!
B\D! )K7.21.!02@!OK;(?,3*3C!PG+*K!O2?,-K!02@!:(,'.@K!6!6!9!5$]\X8!"UFK!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$%&!
2.8 Electronics '()! *+,!,-,.*)(/0.12!345!+61! *67,/! *+,!+08+!9,):();6/.,! *,.+/(-(80,1!<1,=! 0/!96)*0.-,!9+>10.1!
6/=! 0;9-,;,/*,=! *+,;! :()! <1,! 0/! -(?! @6)*+! ()A0*B! ! '08<),!"B$C&! 9)(D0=,1! 6/! (D,)D0,?! (:! *+,! 345!
,-,.*)(/0.1! ,-,;,/*1! 6/=! '08<),!"B$CE! 0/=0.6*,1! *+,! F353! 9)(D0=,=! 0/*,):6.,1! (/! *+,! G55B! ! 3! </0:0,=!
699)(6.+!+61!A,,/!;6=,!*(!;,,*!*+,!),H<0),;,/*1!0;9(1,=!A>!*+,!=0::,),/*!345!1<A=,*,.*()12!A>!F353!
6/=! ;(1*! 0;9()*6/*->2! A>! *+,! 9+>10.1! 8(6-1B! ! I6)*0.<-6)! ,::()*! +61! A,,/! ;6=,! *(! ,/1<),! *+6*! *+,! =6*6!
6.H<010*0(/!6/=!*)088,)!,-,.*)(/0.1!?0--!;,,*!*+,!9,):();6/.,!),H<0),;,/*1!(/!()A0*!=<)0/8!*+,!%#C!>,6)1!
(:!(9,)6*0(/B!!J+,!345!.),?!(9,)6*0(/1!9(1*!K3LMIN!?0--!6).+0D,!*+,!345!=6*6B!!4,,*0/8!*+,!.+6--,/8,1!
(:!0;9-,;,/*0/8!+08+!9,):();6/.,2!196.,!H<6-0:0,=!,-,.*)(/0.1!+61!A,,/!6!7,>!6.*0D0*>!(:!*+,!,/*0),!345!
.(--6A()6*0(/B!!!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.156: Overview of AMS-02 Electronics on the ISS and STS.
!
2.8.1 Interfaces !
31!0/=0.6*,=! 0/!'08<),!"B$CE2!F353!9)(D0=,1!*+),,!,-,.*)0.6-! 0/*,):6.,1!*(!345#O"!(/!*+,!G55P!
9(?,)2!Q(?!R6*,!S6*6!Q0/7! KQRSQN! 6/=!T08+!R6*,!S6*6!Q0/7! KTRSQNB!J+,! 0/*,):6.,1! 6),! 9+>10.6-->!
-(.6*,=! (/! *+,! I35! ?0*+0/! *+,! U;A0-0.6-! 4,.+6/0.6-! 3**6.+;,/*! KU43N! 6*! A(**(;! (:! *+,! U55! K1,,!
'08<),!"B$NB!!3:*,)!345!01!;,.+6/0.6-->!0/1*6--,=!(/!*+,!G55!6**6.+!10*,2!*+,!U43!6.*0D6*,1!6/=!;6*,1!*+,!
.(//,.*()1B!!J+,/!9(?,)!01!699-0,=2!*+,!=6*6!-0/71!6.*0D6*,=!6/=!,V9,)0;,/*6-!(9,)6*0(/1!.(;;,/.,B!
'()!(9,)6*0(/1!=<)0/8!*+,!1+<**-,!K5J5N!:-08+*!*(!*+,!G552!F353!+61!9)(D0=,=!*+,!.()),19(/=0/8!
0/*,):6.,1!:()!9(?,)!6/=!-(?!6/=!+08+!)6*,!=6*6!*)6/1:,)B!
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$%E
!
!Figure 2.157: AMS electrical interfaces on ISS KJSR5P!J)6.70/8!6/=!S6*6!R,-6>!56*,--0*,2!
!!!!!!!!IMLLP!I6>-(6=!M9,)6*0(/1!6/=!L(/*)(-!L,/*,)2!4WLP!4(/0*()0/8!6/=!L(;;6/=NB!
!
i) Power Interface !
I(?,)!(/!*+,!G55!.(;,1!:)(;!*+,!,08+*!-6)8,!1(-6)!6))6>1B!345!?0--!+6D,!*?(!9(?,)!:,,=12!,6.+!
(/,!.(//,.*,=!*(!(/,!(:!*+,!6))6>1B!!J+,!9(?,)!01!9)(D0=,=!6*!D(-*68,1!)6/80/8!:)(;!$OX!*(!$"&!YSL!?0*+!
$"O!YSL!/(;0/6-B! !J+,!;6V0;<;!9(?,)!=)6?!6--(.6*,=! *(!345!01!"OOO!Z!1<;;,=!(D,)!A(*+! :,,=12!
*+01!-0;0*!A,0/8!,V*,/=,=!*(!"%OO!Z!:()!*+,!:0/6-!%O!;0/<*,1!(:!;68/,*!.+6)80/8B!!5*)0/8,/*!),H<0),;,/*1!
6),! 9-6.,=! (/! 345! A>! F353! 0/! *,);1! (:! 01(-6*0(/2! 8)(</=0/82! ,-,.*)(;68/,*0.! .(;96*0A0-0*>2! 0/)<1+!
.<)),/*!6/=!.(;9-,V!0;9,=6/.,B!!!
J(!6..(;;(=6*,! *+,1,! ),H<0),;,/*12!6/=! *(!;6V0;0[,! *+,!(D,)6--!9(?,)!,::0.0,/.>!6/=!1>1*,;!
),-06A0-0*>2!?,!+6D,!6=(9*,=!*+,!9(?,)!6).+0*,.*<),!1+(?/!0/!'08<),!"B$C\B!!'()!,6.+!(:!*+,!*?(!G55!:,,=1!
K32!]N2!*+,!9(?,)!=01*)0A<*0(/!1>1*,;!KIS5N!.(/*60/1!6!*+,);6-!0/*,)-(.72!6/!,-,.*)(;68/,*0.!0/*,):,),/.,!
:0-*,)! K@4GN2! $$!+,6*,)! .(/*)(-! 1?0*.+,12! 6! 1,*! (:! $"O#"\!Y!SL! *(!SL! .(/D,)*,)12! %"!1(-0=! 1*6*,! .0).<0*!
A),67,)1!6/=!/<;,)(<1!.<)),/*!6/=!D(-*68,!1,/1()1B!!J+,!*+,);6-!0/*,)-(.7!=0D,)*1!9(?,)!0/*(!*+,!+,6*,)1!
?0*+0/!*+,!IS5!?+,/,D,)!345!01!*<)/,=!(/!</*0-!*+,!IS5!*,;9,)6*<),!01!?0*+0/!(9,)6*0(/6-!)6/8,B!J+,!
:0-*,)0/8!9)(*,.*1!*+,!),1*!(:!G55!:)(;!9(110A-,!/(01,!8,/,)6*,=!A>!*+,!,V9,)0;,/*!6/=!*+,!,V9,)0;,/*!:)(;!
(*+,)!/(01,!1(<).,1!(/!*+,!1*6*0(/B!!J+,!+,6*,)!1?0*.+,1!6--(?!*+,!;6V0;<;!9(?,)!*(!A,!<1,=!*(!+,6*!*+,!
,V9,)0;,/*!?+,/!0*!01!*<)/,=!(/!0/!.(-=!.61,1B!!G/!(*+,)!.61,1!6/=!0/!/();6-!)<//0/8!6--!(:!*+01!9(?,)!01!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$%\!
6--(.6*,=!*(!(9,)6*,!*+,!,-,.*)(/0.1B!!J+,!.(/D,)*,)1!9)(D0=,!*+,!:0)1*!01(-6*0(/!A6))0,)!6/=!=,-0D,)!6!1*6A-,!
"\!YSL!*(!,6.+!(:!*+,!1<A1>1*,;!.(/1<;,)1B!!J+,!%"!.0).<0*!A),67,)!(<*9<*1!:)(;!*+,!3!6/=!]!10=,1!6),!
MR^,=!*(!6--(?!,6.+!(:!*+,!1<A1>1*,;!A(V,1!*(!A,!1<99-0,=!?0*+!9(?,)!:)(;!,0*+,)!*+,!G55!3!()!]!:,,=2!
*+<1!*+,!(D,)6--!.(/1<;9*0(/!(/!*+,!*?(!:,,=1!.6/!A,!(9*0;0[,=!?0*+!),19,.*!*(!(*+,)!-(6=1!(/!*+,!196.,!
1*6*0(/B!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.158: AMS-02 Power Distribution System (PDS).
!
59,.06-!9)(D010(/!+61!A,,/!;6=,!*(!:,,=!*+,!.)>(;68/,*!6D0(/0.1!A(V!KL3]N!6/=!*+,!.)>(.((-,)1!
=0),.*->!?0*+!$"O!YSLB!!3!1;6--!6;(</*!(:!9(?,)!01!6-1(!=0),.*,=!*+(<8+!6/(*+,)!960)!(:!.(/D,)*,)1! *(!
)</! *+,!.(/*)(-! 6/=!;(/0*()0/8! 1,.*0(/!(:! *+,!IS52!?+0.+! 01!A61,=!6)(</=!6!960)!(:!U5L4!KU/0D,)16-!
5-(?!L(/*)(-!4(=<-,1N!=,)0D,=!.0).<0*1!)</!0/!+(*!),=</=6/.>B!!!
J+01! 1.+,;,!6**6.+,1! *+,!;0/0;<;!/<;A,)!(:!=0::,),/*!</0*1!=0),.*->! *(! *+,! G55! :,,=1B! ! G*! 6-1(!
9)(D0=,1!:<--!;(/0*()0/82!9)(*,.*0(/!6/=!.(/*)(-!(:!*+,!9(?,)!*(!,6.+!A(VB!!J+,!-6)8,!10[,!KC&O!ZN!(:!*+,!
SL#SL! .(/D,)*,)1! 6--(?1! 6! +08+! ,::0.0,/.>! K_XO`N! 0/! *+,! .(/D,)10(/! *(! "\!Y2! ?+0-,! ;0/0;0[0/8! *+,!
D(-*68,!:-<.*<6*0(/1!6/=!/(01,!*+6*!.(<-=!A,!0/=<.,=!0/*(!*+,!1,/10*0D,!=,*,.*()!,-,.*)(/0.1B!!!
3!*>90.6-!.(/1<;,)2!1+(?/!0/!'08<),!"B$C\2! 01! *+,!,-,.*)(/0.1!:()!$a\!(:! *+,!10-0.(/!*)6.7,)!K1,,!
6-1(! b!"B%BcNB! ! I(?,)! :-(?1! 0/*(! (/,! (:! ,08+*! J)6.7,)! I(?,)! S01*)0A<*0(/! KJISN! A(V,12! 0/! ?+0.+! 0*! 01!
:0-*,),=!6/=!.(/D,)*,=!*(!1,D,)6-!=0::,),/*!-(?!D(-*68,12!?+0.+!:-(?!0/*(!*+,!,-,.*)(/0.1!-(.6*,=!0/!(/,!(:!
*+,!,08+*!J#L)6*,1!6/=!"c!(:!*+,!$X"!*)6.7,)!-6==,)1B!!J+,);6-!0/*,)-(.70/8!:()!*+01!.(/1<;,)!01!9)(D0=,=!
A>! ;(/0*()0/8! *+,! *,;9,)6*<),1! 0/! *+,! :(<)#:(-=! ),=</=6/*! ;60/! =6*6! 6.H<010*0(/! .(;9<*,)1! Kd4SLN!
-(.6*,=!0/!*+,!d#L)6*,2!?+0.+!+61!6!=,=0.6*,=!+6)=?6),!*+,);6-!0/*,)-(.7B!!!
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$%X
F353!9-6//0/8!0/=0.6*,1!*+6*!/(!</1.+,=<-,=!0/*,))<9*0(/1!?0--!(..<)!6/=!*+6*!:<--!9(?,)!?0--!A,!
6D60-6A-,!:()!345!6A(<*!%&c!=6>1!9,)!>,6)B!T(?,D,)2!80D,/!*+,!-6.7!(:!(9,)6*0(/6-!,V9,)0,/.,!?0*+!*+,!
.(;9-,*,!G55!*(!=6*,2!(<)!1>1*,;1!6),!=,108/,=!*(!1<)D0D,!),=<.,=!6/=![,)(!9(?,)!-,D,-1!:(),1,,/!()!/(*2!
:()!6/!,V*,/=,=!0/*,)D6-B!!!
!
ii) Low Rate Data Link (LRDL) Interface !
J+,!QRSQ!01!A61,=!(/!*+,!4GQ!5JS!$CC%]!=<6-!1,)06-!A<12!?0=,->!<1,=!0/!60).)6:*B!!J+01!01!19-0*!
*(!,6.+!(:!*+,!:(<)!d4SL12!(/,!?+0.+!01!1,-,.*,=!*(!6.*0D,->!;6/68,!*+,!-0/7B!!31!*+,!9(0/*!(:!19-0**0/8!01!
6! 9(110A-,! 10/8-,! 9(0/*! :60-<),2! 345! +61! *?(! 1<.+! 19-0**,)1! ?+0.+! .6/! A,! 1,-,.*,=! A>! 6/! 61*)(/6<*!
1?6990/8!6!.6A-,!6*!*+,!A(**(;!(:!*+,!,V9,)0;,/*!=<)0/8!6/!,V*)6#D,+0.<-6)!6.*0D0*>!K@Y3NB!!'08<),!"B$CX!
1+(?1! 6/! 61*)(/6<*! 9)6.*0.0/8! *+01! 0/*,)D,/*0(/! </=,)?6*,)! (/! 6! ;(.7! <9! (:! 345#O"! 0/! *+,! F,<*)6-!
]<(>6/.>!Q6A!KF]QNB!!J+,!6.*0D,!d4SL!),.,0D,1!.(;;6/=1!6/=!),=01*)0A<*,1!*+,;!?0*+0/!3452!,0*+,)!
*(! (*+,)! 1(:*?6),! ?0*+0/! *+6*! d4SL2! *(! 6/(*+,)! d4SL! ()! *(! *+,! .(/*)(--,)1! (:! (*+,)! ,-,.*)(/0.1!
1<A1>1*,;1!<10/8!,0*+,)!6!=<6-!L3F!A<1!()!6!1,)0,1!(:!1,)06-!9(0/*!*(!9(0/*!-0/71B!!J+,!.(/*)(--,)1!0/!*<)/!
1,*2! :()! ,V6;9-,2! 1?0*.+,1! 6/=! =080*6-! *(! 6/6-(8! .(/D,)*,)1! KS3L1N! *(! .(/*)(-! D6)0(<1! ,V9,)0;,/*6-!
96)6;,*,)1!1<.+!61!D(-*68,1B!!J+,>!6-1(!;(/0*()!/<;,)(<1!*,;9,)6*<),12!D(-*68,1!6/=!.<)),/*1!6/=!),9()*!
*+,1,!D6-<,1!?+,/!),H<,1*,=!*(!*+,!6.*0D,!d4SL2!?+,),!*+,>!6),!699)(9)06*,->!:();6**,=!6/=!1,/*!(/!*(!
*+,!QRSQB!
!
!!
Figure 2.159: Practicing contingency EVA swap of AMS data cables at NBL.
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$cO!
31!1+(?/!0/!'08<),!"B$&O2!*+01!*,-,;,*)>!=6*6!*+,/!9)(.,,=1!*+)(<8+!6!1,)0,1!(:!F353!</0*1!6/=!
*+,/! D06! )6=0(! A,6;! *(! @6)*+2! ?+,),! 0*! 01! )(<*,=! *(! *+,! 345! I6>-(6=! M9,)6*0(/! 6/=! L(/*)(-! L,/*,)!
KIMLLNB! ! J+,! F353! </0*1! 0/D(-D,=! 0/.-<=,! P! *+,! 5#A6/=! ?0*+! CO`! =<*>! .>.-,2! *+,! 3L]5I! 5#A6/=!
),.,0D,)2! *+,! L(;;6/=! 6/=! L(/*)(-! 4<-*09-,V,)aS,;<-*09-,V,)! KLWL! 4S4N2! *+,! I6>-(6=!
4<-*09-,V,)aS,;<-*09-,V,)! KIaQ! 4S4N2! *+,! 3<*(;6*,=! I6>-(6=! 5?0*.+! K3I5N2! *+,! T08+! R6*,!
L(;;</0.6*0(/1! M<*68,! R,.()=,)! KTLMRN2! *+,! T08+! R6*,! ')6;,! 4<-*09-,V,)! W! T08+! R6*,! 4(=,;!
KTR'4aTR4N2! *+,! e<#A6/=! 1>1*,;! .(//,.*0/8! *+,! G55! D06! *+,! J)6.70/8! 6/=! S6*6! R,-6>! 56*,--0*,!
KJSR5N!*+)(<8+!*+,!Z+0*,!56/=1!f)(</=!L(;9-,V!KZ5fLN!*(!*+,!46)1+6--!596.,!'-08+*!L,/*,)!K45'LN!
6/=!*+,!d(+/1(/!596.,!L,/*,)!Kd5LNB!!Z0*+0/!*+,!U5!Q6A!(/!*+,!G552!*+,!61*)(/6<*!.),?!+61!6..,11!*(!*+01!
=6*6!D06!*+,0)!I()*6A-,!L(/*)(-!5>1*,;!KIL5N!-69*(91!6/=!D06!*+,!345!L),?!M9,)6*0(/1!I(1*!K3LMINB!!!
G/!*(*6-!345!01!6--(.6*,=!6A(<*!"O!e]0*1a1,.!(:!=6*6!A6/=?0=*+!(/!*+,!QRSQ2!?0*+!6/!,V9,.*,=!
=<*>!.>.-,!(:!<9!*(!EO`B!!J,/!+08+->!1<;;6)0[,=!A>*,1!9,)!1,.(/=!(:!.)0*0.6-!+,6-*+!=6*6!6),!*)6/1;0**,=!
?0*+!/,6)!*(!$OO`!=<*>!.>.-,B!!3-(/8!*+,!?6>!*+,!G55!.),?!6/=!F353!8)(</=!.(/*)(--,)1!.6/!;(/0*()!6*!
*+01!=6*6!6/=2!1+(<-=!*+,!/,,=!6)01,2!+6D,!*+,!:6.0-0*>!*(!011<,!6!:,?!7,>!.(;;6/=12!:()!,V6;9-,!*(!9<*!*+,!
,V9,)0;,/*!0/*(!6!1*6/=A>!1*6*,B!!G/!/(;0/6-!.(/=0*0(/12!6--!.(;;6/=1!()080/6*,!0/!*+,!IMLL!6/=!:(--(?!
*+,!0/D,)1,!96*+2!*+,!;6V0;<;!.(;;6/=!)6*,!A,0/8!6A(<*!$!eA0*a1,.(/=B!
31!.(;;6/=0/8!6/=!*,-,;,*)>!6),!.)0*0.6-! *(! *+,!(9,)6*0(/!(:! *+,!,V9,)0;,/*!6/=!61! *+,!F353!
9)(D010(/1!:()!96>-(6=1!6),!/(*!:6<-*!*(-,)6/*2!1<A1*6/*06-!,::()*!+61!A,,/!;6=,!*(!0;9-,;,/*!6!96)6--,-!1,*!
(:!=6*6!96*+1!(D,)!*+,!TRSQ!:()!A(*+!;(/0*()0/8!6/=!.(;;6/=0/8!(:!345B!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.160: Monitoring and Command Data Flow over both the LRDL and HRDL.
J+,!</1+6=,=!F353!1<99-0,=!</0*1!6),!=,:0/,=!0/!*+,!*,V*B!
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$c$
iii) High Rate Data Link (HRDL) Interface !
J+,!TRSQ!01!*+,!;60/!=6*6!.(/=<0*!(<*!(:!345B!!G*!01!A61,=!(/!6!F353!19,.0:0.!0;9-,;,/*6*0(/!
(:!:0A,)!(9*0.!.(;;</0.6*0(/1B!!J+,!-0/7!.6/!;(D,!=6*6!(/!*+,!G55!6*!19,,=1!<9!*(!XO!4]0*a1,.2!6/=!*+,!
)6=0(!=(?/!-0/7!1<99()*1!<9!*(!c%!4A0*a1,.2!6860/!?0*+!6/!6*!A,1*!=<*>!.>.-,!(:!EO`B!!M:!*+01!345!+61!
A,,/!6--(.6*,=!6/!()A0*!6D,)68,!(:!"!4A0*a1,.B!!Z0*+0/!3452!*+,!=6*6!01!.(--,.*,=!A>!*+,!=6*6!6.H<010*0(/!
KS3gN!1>1*,;!*(!6!A<::,)!?0*+0/!*+,!d4SL1B!!31!:()!*+,!QRSQ2!,6.+!(:!*+,!:(<)!d4SL!01!.(//,.*,=!*(!
*+,!TRSQ!6/=!6!.6A-,!1?69!=<)0/8!@Y3!6D(0=1!6!9(110A-,!10/8-,!9(0/*!(:!:60-<),B!!M/!*+,!TRSQ!*+,!=6*6!
:-(?1! (D,)! *+,! 96*+1! 1+(?/! 0/! '08<),!"B$&$B! !3! 7,>! ,-,;,/*! 0/! *+01! 96*+! 01!3LMI2!?+,),! *+,! =6*6! 01!
6).+0D,=!(/!=0171B!3LMI!?0--!A,!;(</*,=!0/!6/!@V9),11!R6.7!0/10=,!(:!6/!G55!5*6/=6)=!I6>-(6=!R6.7!
KG5IRNB!!M/!*+,!8)(</=!*+,!=6*6!01!)(<*,=!*(!*+,!345!IMLL!6/=!5.0,/.,!M9,)6*0(/!L,/*,)B!!!
Figure 2.161: AMS Science data flow over the of High Rate Data Link.
!!!!!!!!!J+,!</1+6=,=!F353!1<99-0,=!</0*1!6),!=,:0/,=!0/!*+,!*,V*B!
!
2.8.2 Subdetector Electronics !
J6A-,!"B$O!1<;;6)0[,1!*+,!,-,.*)(/0.1!),H<0),;,/*1!(:!*+,!=0::,),/*!=,*,.*()1!=,1.)0A,=!,6)-0,)!0/!
*+01!.+69*,)B!!J+,!JRS!),H<0),1!*+,!861!860/!*(!A,!.6),:<-->!.(/*)(--,=B!!J+,!*0;,!(:!:-08+*!1>1*,;!),H<0),1!
),-6*0D,!*0;0/8!6..<)6.>!(:!$OO!90.(1,.(/=12!*+,!10-0.(/!;0.)(1*)09!*)6.7,)!),H<0),1!108/6-1!61!1;6--!61!6!
:,?!:,;*(.(<-(;A1! *(!A,!;,61<),=!?0*+!6!108/6-! *(!/(01,!1<99),110(/!(:!$OCB! !J+,!RGLT!),H<0),1! *+6*!
10/8-,!D010A-,!9+(*(/1!A,!;,61<),=B!!J+,!@L3Q!),H<0),1!6!?0=,!=>/6;0.!)6/8,!(:!&O2OOOB!!G/!*(*6-!*+,),!
6),!h%OO2OOO!1,96)6*,!1<A=,*,.*()!=,*,.*()!.+6//,-1!9)(=<.0/8!%BE!4]0*!(:!=6*6!:()!,D,)>!*)088,)B!
!
!
!
!
!
!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$c"!
Subdetector!Critical
Requirement!Channels!
Raw
Kbits!
U: TRD! f61!860/! C2"c\! \c! !
S: ToF+ACC! $OO!91! c\ici\! cX! !
T: Tracker! :,?!:L! $X&2&O\! %2$c&! !
R: RICH! 50/8-,!!! &\Oi$&i"! %c\! !
E: ECAL! $P&O2OOO! %"ciKci"j$N! cE! !
H Raw Kbits/event * Event Rate! %2&Ec! i!$!"!e+[!
!!!= Total Raw Data Rate :! ~7 Gbit/sec!
Table 2.10: Subdetector electronics requirements and raw data volumes.
J+(<8+! *+,! =,*60-,=! ),H<0),;,/*1! 0;9(1,=! A>! *+,! 9+>10.1! 6),! =0::,),/*! :()! ,6.+! (:! *+,!
1<A=,*,.*()12! 6!</0:0,=!699)(6.+!+61!A,,/!6=(9*,=! :()! *+,0)!,-,.*)(/0.1B! !J+01!699)(6.+! 01!A61,=!(/! *+,!
1<..,11:<-!,V9,)0,/.,!860/,=!?0*+!*+,!345#O$!,/80/,,)0/8!:-08+*2!<9=6*,=!:()!/,?!*,.+/(-(80,12!:()!*+,!
1<A=,*,.*()1!?+0.+!?,),! /(*! 0/1*6--,=! (/!345#O$! 6/=! :()! *+,! *08+*! ),1(<).,! ),H<0),;,/*1! A(*+! (/! *+,!
8)(</=! K*0;,2!;(/,>2!;6/9(?,)N! 6/=! (/! ()A0*! K?,08+*2! 9(?,)2! =6*6! )6*,NB! ! J+01! 699)(6.+! 01! 1+(?/! 0/!
'08<),!"B$&"B!!3/6-(8!108/6-1!:)(;!*+,!=,*,.*()1!,/*,)!6!=,*,.*()!19,.0:0.!399-0.6*0(/!59,.0:0.!G/*,8)6*,=!
L0).<0*! K35GLN! 6/=! 6),! :0)1*! 1+69,=2! 6/=! *+,/! +,-=! 0/! ),19(/1,! *(! 6! *)088,)2! *+,! *)088,)! +6D0/8! A,,/!
8,/,)6*,=! <10/8! 108/6-1! :)(;! *+,! =,*,.*()1! 61! 1+(?/! 0/! '08<),!"B$&%B! ! J+,! +,-=! 108/6-1! 6),! *+,/!
;<-*09-,V,=! ?0*+! *+,! 35GLB! ! J+,1,! 6),! ;(</*,=! .-(1,! *(! *+,! =,*,.*()! ,-,;,/*1B! ! ],:(),! ()! 6:*,)!
=080*0[6*0(/2!*>90.6-->!?0*+!6/!3SL2!*+,!(<*9<*!01!*+,/!1,/*!(D,)!6!.6A-,!0/*(!6!LSI!K.(;;(/!=080*6-!96)*N!
6/=! A<::,),=! 0/*(! ;,;()0,1B! ! Z0*+! ;<-*09-,V0/82! ,6.+! LSI! .(--,.*1! =6*6! :)(;! <9! *(! $OOO! =0::,),/*!
1<A=,*,.*()! 108/6-1B! !3!</0:0,=!699)(6.+!?61!6-1(!699-0,=! *(! *+,!;(/0*()0/8!6/=!.(/*)(-! K4WLN!(:! *+,!
1<A=,*,.*()! 96)6;,*,)1! 6/=! *(! *+,0)! 9(?,)! 1<99-0,1B! ! 31! =01.<11,=! A,-(?2! 6--! (:! *+,! .(;9(/,/*1! 6/=!
.0).<0*1!<1,=! 0/! *+,1,!</0:0,=!699)(6.+,1!+6D,!8(/,! *+)(<8+!6! )08()(<1!9)(.,11! *(!,/1<),! *+6*! *+,>!?0--!
;,,*!*+,!9,):();6/.,!),H<0),;,/*1!6/=!(9,)6*,!),-06A->!0/!(<*,)!196.,B!!!
!
!
!
Figure 2.162: Unified approach to subdetector electronics for DAQ,
Monitoring and Control (M&C) and power.
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$c%
!
Figure 2.163: Fast (FT) and Level-1 (LV1) Trigger Scheme (FF - flip flop).
!
2.8.3 DAQ and Trigger Electronics !
J+,!9+>10.1!=6*6! :-(?!0/! *+,!,-,.*)(/0.1! 01!=)0D,/!A>! *+,! *)088,)!1>1*,;!1+(?/!0/!'08<),!"B$&%B!!
J+01!1>1*,;!),.(8/0[,1!?+,/!6!.+6)8,=!96)*0.-,!+61!9611,=!*+)(<8+!*+,!=,*,.*()!A61,=!(/!*+,!.(0/.0=,/.,!
(:!:61*!108/6-1!:)(;!*+,!*0;,!(:!:-08+*!1.0/*0--6*()1B!!G*!*+,/!-((71!6*!:61*!108/6-1!:)(;!*+,!3LL!6/=!@L3Q!
*(! .+,.7! *+6*! *+,! 96)*0.-,! .-,6/->! 9611,=! *+)(<8+! *+,! =,*,.*()B! ! G/! 6==0*0(/! *(! .+6)8,=! 96)*0.-,12! +08+!
,/,)8>! 86;;6! )6>1! 6),! 6-1(! *)088,),=! ?+,/! *+,>! 960)! 9)(=<.,! ,-,.*)(/1! 0/! *+,! JRSB! ! U/.(/D,)*,=!
9+(*(/1! 6A(D,! $!f,Y! 6),! 6-1(! *)088,),=! A61,=! (/! 1*6/=#6-(/,! 96**,)/! ),.(8/0*0(/! 0/! *+,! @L3Q!?+0.+!
),k,.*1!*+,!9)0;6)>!A6.78)(</=!(:!(::!6V01!-(?!,/,)8>!9)(*(/1B!!J+,!*(*6-!*)088,)!)6*,!01!,1*0;6*,=!:)(;!*+,!
;,61<),;,/*1! 9,):();,=! A>! 345#O$! *(! D6)>! :)(;! "OO! *(! "OOO!T[2! =,9,/=0/8! (/! *+,! 8,(;68/,*0.!
-6*0*<=,B! !J+,!,-,.*)(/0.1!1>1*,;!01!A,0/8!.(/1,)D6*0D,->!=,108/,=!*(!9,):();!9),.010(/!9+>10.1!6*! *?0.,!
*+,1,!)6*,1B!!!
J,.+/0.6-->2!*?(!LSI1!6),!-(.6*,=!(/!(/,!VSR!A(6)=!K1,,!'08<),!"B$&cN2!?+,),!Vl@2!R2!52!J2!U!
:()!*+,!=0::,),/*!1<A=,*,.*()1B!!'()!*+,!RGLT!6/=!J)6.7,)2!VlR2!J2!*+,!*?(!LSI!6),!0/=,9,/=,/*B!!'()!*+,!
@L3Q2!5.0/*0--6*()1!6/=!JRS2!Vl@2!52!U2!*+,!*?(!LSI!6),!0/!.(-=!),=</=6/.>B!!G/!6--!.61,12!(/.,!*+,!)6?!
=6*6! 01! 1*(),=! 0/*(! ;,;()>2! *+,! :(--(?0/8! S3g! .0).<0*)>! 01! *+,! 16;,! :()! 6--! *+,! 1<A=,*,.*()1B!!
31>/.+)(/(<1->!?0*+!1<A1,H<,/*!*)088,)12!*+,!=6*6!?0*+0/!6!LSI!01!),=<.,=!<10/8!6!1<A=,*,.*()!19,.0:0.!
6-8()0*+;!0/!6!=080*6-!108/6-!9)(.,11()!KS5IN!6/=!),A<::,),=B!!Z+,/!),1(<).,1!6),!6D60-6A-,!*(!),.,0D,!0*2!
*+01!S5I!(<*9<*!01!1+099,=!(D,)!6!.<1*(;!=,D,-(9,=!$O!4]>*,a1,.!1,)06-!-0/72!345Z0),2!0/*(!*+,!8-(A6-!
=6*6!6.H<010*0(/!*),,B!!J+,!/,V*!/(=,!0/!*+01!*),,2!6!L(;;6/=!S01*)0A<*()!6/=!S6*6!L(/.,/*)6*()!KLSSLN!
.0).<0*! -(.6*,=!(/! 6! dGF'!A(6)=2! ),.,0D,1! =6*6! :)(;!<9! *(! "c!LSIB! !J+,!LSSL! 01! 0/! :6.*! 6!LSI!?0*+!
;(=0:0,=!:)(/*!,/=!6/=!-6)8,)!;,;()0,1B!!!
G/!*+,!LSSL!*+,!=6*6!:)(;!6/!,D,/*!01!.(--6*,=2!A<::,),=!6/=2!6860/!<10/8!345Z0),!-0/712!1,/*!*(!
*+,! *(9! -,D,-!LSSL1! -(.6*,=!(/!dGFd!A(6)=12! .(--6*,=2!A<::,),=!6/=! 0/! *<)/!9611,=! 0/*(!6! d4SLB! !J+,!
d4SL!),.,0D,1!*+,!.(;9-,*,!,D,/*!6/=!6/6->1,1!0*!*(!,/1<),!*+6*!0*!;08+*!.(/*60/!0/*,),1*0/8!9+>10.1!6/=!
6-1(!*(!;(/0*()!*+,!=,*,.*()!9,):();6/.,B!!J+,!1,-,.*,=!,D,/*1!6),!*+,/!A<::,),=!6/=!1,/*!(<*!*+,!TRSQ!
?+,/!0*!A,.(;,1!6D60-6A-,B!!!
J+,! ,V*,/10D,! <1,! (:! 9(0/*! *(! 9(0/*! 1,)06-! -0/71! +61! ;6=,! 0*! 1*)608+*! :()?6)=! *(! 0;9-,;,/*!
9)(8),110D,->! +08+,)! -,D,-1! (:! ),=</=6/.>! 61! *+,! =6*6! *)6D,-1! +08+,)! <9! *+,! S3g! *),,2! 61! 1+(?/! 0/!
'08<),1!"B$&c!6/=!"B$&CB!!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$cc!
')(;!J6A-,!"B$O2!*+,!9,67!)6?!=6*6!)6*,!01!E!f]0*a1,.B!!J+,!,V*,/10D,!=6*6!),=<.*0(/!9,):();,=!0/!
96)6--,-!0/!*+,!"\c!:)(/*!,/=!S3g!;(=<-,1!.(;A0/,=!?0*+!A<::,)0/8!*+)(<8+!(<*!*+,!S3g!*),,!6/=!0/!*+,!
d4SL2! 9-<1! 6==0*0(/6-! ,D,/*! :0-*,)0/8! 0/! *+,! d4SL2! 6--(?1! *+01! )6*,! *(! A,! ),=<.,=! *(! *+,! 6--(.6*,=!
"!4]0*a1,.!()A0*!6D,)68,B!!!
!
2
22
2
2
22
2
from
Subd
etec
tor’
Fro
nt!
Ends
Front!EndDAQ Modules
284 x 1(2) 1 x 4Top!Level
CDDC ComputersMain DAQ
1 x 4
16
4 x 2 SDR, 1x2 JLV1,Lowest!Level CDDC,
14 x 2
4
4
4
4
xDR
xDR
xDR
xDR
xDR
xDR
xDR
xDR
JINJ JMDC
JINF
JINF
JINF
JINF
Data Commands
Commands
Data Commands Data "Final" Data
!!
Figure 2.164: The DAQ tree. The number of redundant links at each level is indicated.
!24 4 4
2
from
Subd
etec
tor’s Fro
nt!
End
J422
JF
OM
JF
OM
CDDCTop!Level Main DAQ
ComputersFront!End
DAQ ModuleLowest!Level
CDDC JHIF
224
JMDC
JMDC
JMDC
JMDC
CDDC
CDDC
JINF
JINJ
xDR
JINJ
JINJ
JINJ
RS422Data
CommandsCommands
DataCommands
HRDL
HRDL
Data
!!
Figure 2.165: The DAQ tree. The number of redundant nodes at each level is shown.
!
J+,!d4SL!01!A61,=!(/!6!9(?,):<-!),.,/*!;0.)(9)(.,11()2!*+,!G]4!I(?,)IL!ECO2!0;9-,;,/*,=!
0/*(!6!.<1*(;!A<0-*!.(;9<*,)!<10/8!6!.(;96.*!ILG!:();6*!A<1!K.ILGN2!?0*+!19,.0:0.!9,)09+,)6-!0/*,):6.,1!
*(!6!"!f]>*,!1(-0=!1*6*,!;,;()>!A<::,)2!?+0.+!01!),H<0),=!?+,/!*+,!TRSQ!01!/(*!6D60-6A-,2!*(!*+,!345!
L3F! A<1! :()!;(/0*()0/8! 6/=! .(;;6/=! *)6/1:,)12! *(! *+,!S3g!345Z0),! -0/71! 6/=! *(! *+,!TRSQ! 6/=!
QRSQ!6/=! *+,!,H<0D6-,/*!=6*6! -0/71! :()! *+,! 1+<**-,B! !31! :()! *+,! 1<A=,*,.*()! ,-,.*)(/0.12! *+,! d4SL!6/=!
9,)09+,)6-1!+6D,!9611,=!*+)(<8+!6/!,V*,/10D,!196.,!H<6-0:0.6*0(/!9)(.,11B!!!
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$cC
2.8.4 AMS Crew Operations Post (ACOP) !
3LMI! 01! 6 .(;9<*,)! *+6*! 01! A,0/8! 19,.0:0.6-->!=,108/,=! :()!345#O"B! ! G/! :-08+*2! *+,!=01*0/.*0(/!
A,*?,,/!3LMI!6/=!*+,!(*+,)!,-,.*)(/0.1!.(#-(.6*,=!?0*+!345!01!*+6*!3LMI!01!-(.6*,=!0/10=,!*+,!U5!-6A!
;(=<-,!(:!*+,!G55!6/=!.6/!A,!6..,11,=!A>!*+,!61*)(/6<*!.),?2!61!1+(?/!0/!'08<),!"B$&&2!?+,),61!*+,!(*+,)!
:-08+*!,-,.*)(/0.1!01!-(.6*,=!(<*10=,2!</=,)!D6.<<;2!/,V*!*(!*+,!=,*,.*()1!(/!*+,!5%!*)<11!(:!G55B!!J+,!;60/!
:</.*0(/!(:!3LMI!01!*(!6).+0D,!*+,!=6*6!:)(;!*+,!,V9,)0;,/*!6))0D0/8!:)(;!345#O"!(/!*+,!TRSQ!:0A,)!
(9*0.!=6*6!-0/7B!!G/!6==0*0(/2!0*!6--(?1!*+,!.),?!*(!;(/0*()!6/=2!0:!/,.,116)>2!.(;;6/=!*+,!,V9,)0;,/*2!61!
A(*+!(/!3LMI!6/=!?0*+0/!*+,!345#O"!d4SL1!A0#=0),.*0(/6-!:0A,)!(9*0.!-0/71!6),!0;9-,;,/*,=B!!!
3LMI! 01! :(),1,,/! *(!A,!A61,=!(/!6!L(;96.*ILG! :();6*! 1>1*,;! 0/!.(;;(/!?0*+! *+,! !345#O"!
d4SL! 1>1*,;1B! ! 3! .(/.,9*<6-! =,108/! 01! 1+(?/! 0/! '08<),!"B$&EB! ! 3LMI! ?0--! .(/*60/! 6! 10/8-,! A(6)=!
.(;9<*,)!.(;96)6A-,!*(!*+6*!(:!*+,!d4SL!A<*!?0*+!,V*,/=,=!;,;()>!6/=!(/#A(6)=!9,)09+,)6-1B!3LMI!
),H<0),1!6!.<1*(;!=,D,-(9,=!0/*,):6.,!:()!*+,!T08+!R6*,!S6*6!Q0/7!KTRSQN!6/=!(*+,)!9,)09+,)6-!=,D0.,12!
0/.-<=0/8! @*+,)/,*! 0/*,):6.,1! *(! 1<99()*! *+,!4,=0<;! R6*,! S6*6! Q0/7! K4RSQN2! 6! .(;96.*! :-61+! KL'N!
.6))0,)!*(!1*(),!*+,!(9,)6*0/8!1>1*,;!6/=!9)(8)6;1!6/=!=080*6-!0/9<*#(<*9<*!6/=!D0=,(!.6)=1!KSGM2!Yf3N!
?+0.+! .(//,.*! *(! 6! 10;9-,! 9<1+! A<**(/! 0/*,):6.,! 6/=! 6! :-08+*! H<6-0:0,=! QLS! 1.),,/B! ! 3LMI!?0--! 6-1(!
.(/*60/!:(<)!,V.+6/8,6A-,!+6)=!=0171!<1,=!*(!6).+0D,!*+,!=6*6!6/=!*+,!/,.,116)>!0/*,):6.,1B!!!
G/!6==0*0(/!*(!*+,!3LMI!1>1*,;!*+,),!?0--!A,!1*(?68,!A68!1,/*!*(!G55!*+6*!?0--!.(/*60/!6==0*0(/6-!
+6)=!=)0D,1!*+6*!.6/!A,!,V.+6/8,=!?0*+!*+,!+6)=!=)0D,1!0/!3LMIB!!')(;!*0;,!*(!*0;,!*+,!61*)(/6<*1!?0--!
9,):();!*+01!,V.+6/8,!,/6A-0/8!3LMI!*(!),.()=!6--!(:! *+,!345#O"!=6*6!(/*(!:),1+!+6)=!=)0D,1B! !@V6.*!
+6)=! =017! .696.0*>! 01! </=,)! 1*<=>2! A<*!?0*+(<*! .),?! 0/*,)D,/*0(/!3LMI! 1+(<-=! A,! 6A-,! *(! 6).+0D,! *+,!
(<*9<*!(:!345!:()!6!;(/*+B!!Z0*+!=017!1?6990/8!*+01!,V*,/=1!*(!10V!;(/*+1B!!M/.,!),.()=,=2!*+,!=6*6!?0--!
/(*!A,!(D,)?)0**,/m!)6*+,)!0*!?0--!A,!*)6/19()*,=!*(!*+,!8)(</=!61!6!9,);6/,/*!6).+0D,B!
!
!!
Figure 2.166: Typical ACOP location Inside the US Lab onboard the ISS.
typical ACOP
location
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$c&!
!!
Figure 2.167: Conceptual design of ACOP.
!
345! 01! ,V9,.*,=! *(! 9)(=<.,! =6*6! 6*! "!4A0*a1,.! 6D,)68,2! ()! $j!f]>*,a+(<)B! ! J+01! .(/*0/<,1!
"c!+(<)1!9,)!=6>2!E!=6>1!9,)!?,,72!:()!*+,!*+),,!>,6)!;0110(/!=<)6*0(/B!!46/680/8!*+01!=6*6!:-(?!*+)(<8+!
*+,!G55!1>1*,;1!?0--!),H<0),!1<A1*6/*06-!A<::,)0/8!6/=!0/*,)6.*0(/!6/=!9-6.,!6!1<A1*6/*06-!-(6=!(/!*+,!G55!
1>1*,;1B!!Z+0-,!*+,!G55!+08+!)6*,!=6*6!1>1*,;1!+6D,!A,,/!=,;(/1*)6*,=!*(!(9,)6*,!*(!19,.0:0.6*0(/2!*+,>!
+6D,!/(*!A,,/!<1,=!6*!+08+!D(-<;,!.(/*0/<(<1->!:()!*+,!?,,712!;(/*+12!>,6)1!*+6*!345!),H<0),1B!!3LMI!
?0--! ,/1<),! *+6*! *+,! .)0*0.6-! (<*9<*!(:!3452! *+,! 1.0,/.,! =6*62! 01! .69*<),=! 6/=! 6..,110A-,! 61! 1,.<),->! 61!
9(110A-,B!!!
3LMI! 6-1(! 9)(D0=,1! 6! :-,V0A-,! 6/=! 1*)608+*! :()?6)=! ;,6/1! :()! *+,! 61*)(/6<*1! *(! 0/*,)6.*! ?0*+!
345B! !M/,!(:!;(1*! 0;9()*6/*! ),1(<).,1!(/! G55! 012! (:! .(<)1,2! *+,! .),?B! !J+01!;67,1! *+01! ,/D0)(/;,/*!
.(;9-,*,->!</0H<,B!!G/!()=,)!*(!96)*0.096*,2!*+,!61*)(/6<*!/,,=1!6!;,6/1!*(!;(/0*()!6/=!.(/*)(-!345#O"B!!
L,)*60/!7,>!(9,)6*0(/12!-07,!;68/,*!.+6)80/82!),H<0),!*+,!61*)(/6<*1!*(!.(/*0/<(<1->!;(/0*()!345#O"!6/=!
A,!9),96),=!*(!,V,)*!.(/*)(-B!!3LMI!01!6!:-,V0A-,!6/=!9(?,):<-!*((-!*(!;(/0*()!6/=!.(/*)(-!345#O"B!
3LMI!6-1(!9)(D0=,1!6/!6-*,)/6*,!.(;;6/=!96*+!*(!345B!!J+,!=,108/!(:!*+,!G55!6D0(/0.1!1>1*,;1!
+61! /(! *(-,)6/.,! :()! 6/>! :60-<),! (:! 1,)D0.,1! ?0*+! ),86)=! *(! 96>-(6=1B! ! J+,),! 01! 6! 10/8-,! 96*+! :()!
.(;;6/=0/8! 6/=!;(/0*()0/8! 6! 96>-(6=B! ! G:! *+01! :60-1! *+,),! 01! /(! 6-*,)/6*0D,! A<*! *(! ),960)! *+,! 0/*,):6.,B!!
J+01!01!*+,!8),6*!*+0/8!6A(<*!*+,!196.,!1*6*0(/m!*+,),!01!1(;,(/,!*+,),!*(!:0V!*+0/81B!!T(?,D,)!*+,!*0;,!*(!
0;9-,;,/*! 6! ),960)! 01! D,)>! +08+B! ! @D,/! *+,! 10;9-,1*! ),960)! .6/! *67,1! ?,,71! ()! ;(/*+1! n! .,)*60/->! 6/!
0;9)(D,;,/*!(D,)!/,D,)2!?+0.+!01!*+,!6-*,)/6*0D,!:()!/(/#;6//,=!1>1*,;1B!!50/.,!*+,!1<9,)!:-<0=!+,-0<;!
?0--!A,!A(0-0/8!6?6>!?+0-,! ),960)1!6),!6::,.*,=2! 108/0:0.6/*!=6*6!86*+,)0/8!.696.0*>!?(<-=!A,! -(1*! 0/! *+,!
,D,/*!(:!6/>!:60-<),B!!3LMI!6::()=1!6/!6-*,)/6*,!96*+!:)(;!?+0.+!.(;;6/=1!.6/!A,!1,/*!:)(;!*+,!8)(</=!
*(!345#O"B!!!
!
!
!
!
Fan!Boards!
Display!Power!Supply!
cPCI!Card!Cage!
SwappableHard Drives
Connectors!
Push!Buttons!
Single Board Computer
CF VGA DIO
HRDL E’net
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$cE
2.8.5 Particle Physics Electronics in Space !
J6A-,!"B$$! 1<;;6)0[,1! *+,! .+6--,/8,1! :6.,=! A>! *+,! 345! .(--6A()6*0(/! 0/! 9),96)0/8! 96)*0.-,!
9+>10.1!,-,.*)(/0.1!:()!<1,!0/!196.,B!!J+,!7,>!9(0/*!:()!345#O"!,-,.*)(/0.1!01!=,)0D,=!:)(;!(<)!,V*,/10D,!
A6.78)(</=!0/!0/1*)<;,/*6*0(/!(:!+08+!,/,)8>!9+>10.1!=,*,.*()1!6/=!(<)!,V9,)0,/.,!?0*+!345#O$!6/=!01!
)08()(<1->! *,1*,=! 6--! *+,!?6>! :)(;! *+,! =,108/! 9)(*(*>90/8! 6/=! .(;9(/,/*! 1.),,/0/8! *+)(<8+! A(V! -,D,-!
6..,9*6/.,!*,1*1B!!!
345!+61!D61*->!;(),!=,;6/=0/8!),H<0),;,/*1!*+6/!*+(1,!:()!<1<6-!196.,!,-,.*)(/0.12!0/!*,);1!(:!
*+,! 9,):();6/.,2! .(;9-,V0*>! 6/=! ),1(<).,1! K9(?,)2! ?,08+*2! 1.+,=<-,NB! ! J+,! ),H<0),;,/*1! (:! ,6.+!
1<A1>1*,;!+6D,! A,,/! 1*<=0,=! 0/! =,*60-! 6/=! 6/! (9*0;0[,=! 9)(8)6;! *(!;,,*! *+,1,! ),H<0),;,/*1! +61! A,,/!
0;9-,;,/*,=B! ! '()! ,V6;9-,2! 0/! *+,! L)>(;68/,*! 3D0(/0.1! ](V! KL3]N! 0*! 01! /(*! 9(110A-,! *(! .(//,.*!
.(;9-,*,->!),=</=6/*!1>1*,;1!*(!*+,!;68/,*2!1(!+,6D>!<1,!01!;6=,!(:!196.,!8)6=,!.(;9(/,/*1B!!!
!
Challenge Solution
5*6*0.!Q(6=1! cOj$Oj$O8!
Y0A)6*0(/! &B%!8);1!
S,9),11<)0[6*0(/! $!*(!O!A6)!a!"!;0/!
4,.+6/0.6-!S,108/!W!J,1*!
o,)(!f! '-(6*,)1! L(/:();6-!.(6*0/8!
Y6.<<;! F(!L(/D,.*0(/! Z61*,!T,6*!L(/=<.*0(/!
J+,);6-!!cO2!j\O!,L!5<)D0D6-!!%O2!jCO!,L!M9,)6*0(/!
I6)*1!5,-,.*0(/2!4,.+B!!
!!!S,108/!W!J,1*0/8!
R6=06*0(/! h!$!eR6=!a>,6)! JGS!J,1*0/8!
T,6D>!G(/! Q6*.+!U912!]0*!'-091! ],6;!J,1*0/82!@))()!SaL!
3*(;0.!M! @*.+0/8!
5(-6)!UY! 380/8!
46*,)06-!5,-,.*0(/!W!4,.+6/0.6-!
5+0,-=0/8!
44aMS! I</.*<),1! 4(),!5+0,-=0/8!
@4L! F(01,2!R,H<0),;,/*1! f)(</=2!'0-*,)2!5.),,/!
468B!'0,-=! U9!*(!h!COO!f6<11! J,1*0/82!I-6.,;,/*!
3..,11! F(/,!:()!%j!>,6)1! R,-06A0-0*>2!R,=</=6/.>2!J,1*0/8!
!
Table 2.11: Challenges and solutions in flying state of the art electronics in low Earth
orbit. Design and production follow processes validated with AMS-01.
!
G/! .(/*)61*! *+,! S3g! 1>1*,;! 9)0;6)0->! <1,1! +08+! 8)6=,! .(;;,).06-! .(;9(/,/*1! 6/=! 6.+0,D,1!
),-06A0-0*>!A>!0/*,).(//,.*0/8!),=</=6/*!,-,;,/*1B!!J(!,/1<),!*+6*!*+,1,!?0--!?()7!0/!196.,2!6!9)(.,11!+61!
A,,/! =,D,-(9,=! -,6=0/8! :)(;! 0*,)6*0(/1! (:! .0).<0*! =,108/! 6/=! .(;9(/,/*! 1,-,.*0(/! *+)(<8+!;,.+6/0.6-!
=,108/!6/=!;6*,)06-! 1,-,.*0(/! *(! *+,!9)(=<.*0(/2!H<6-0*>!611<)6/.,!6/=!196.,!H<6-0:0.6*0(/!(:!6!1,)0,1!(:!
;(=,-1B! !31! 0/=0.6*,=! 0/!'08<),!"B$&\2!.6/=0=6*,!.(;9(/,/*1!6),!<1,=! *(! 0;9-,;,/*!9)(*(*>9,!.0).<0*1B!!
J+,1,! 6),! *+,/! .(;A0/,=! 0/*(! :</.*0(/6-->! ,H<0D6-,/*! ,/80/,,)0/8! ;(=,-1!K@4NB! ! J+,! @4! 6),! *+,/!
),0;9-,;,/*,=!<10/8!+08+!),-06A0-0*>!.(;9(/,/*1!0/!*(!6!1,)0,1!(:!H<6-0:0.6*0(/!;(=,-1!Kg4N2!?+0.+!9611!
*+)(<8+!6!1,)0,1!(:! *,1*1! 0/.-<=0/8!D0A)6*0(/!6/=! *+,);6-!.>.-0/8!6*!A(6)=! -,D,-!Kg4$N!6/=!6-1(! *+,);6-!
D6.<<;!6/=!,-,.*)(;68/,*0.!.(;96*0A0-0*>!K@4LN!6*!A(V!-,D,-!Kg4"NB!!'08<),1!"B$&X!*(!"B$E$!1+(?!*+,!
g4"!D,)10(/!(:!*+,!.)6*,!.(/*60/0/8!*+,!d4SL!</=,)8(0/8!*+,1,!*,1*1B!!J+,!g4"!A(6)=1!6),!6-1(!<1,=!*(!
.(;9-,*,->!0)(/!(<*!6--!70/71!0/!*+,!9)(=<.*0(/!9)(.,11B!!J+,!:-08+*!;(=,-1!6/=!:-08+*!196),1!K'42!'5N!6),!
9)(=<.,=!6/=!H<6-0:0,=!?0*+!D0A)6*0(/!*+,);6-!.>.-0/8!6/=!*+,);6-!D6.<<;!*,1*1! *(! *+,!;0/0;<;!-,D,-1!
),H<0),=!,/1<)0/8!*+6*!,6.+!9,):();1!61!*+,!1<..,11:<-!g4"!</0*1B!!!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$c\!
Figure 2.168: AMS-02 Process for producing space qualified electronics.
Figure 2.169: The JMDC crate under thermal cycling tests, with the test profile
(10 cycles are performed before vibration and 5 afterwards).
!
Prototype
Prototype
Prototype
EM
QM1
QM2
FM, FS
(==QM2)
functional
+ Vibration,
Thermal
+ Thermal-
Vacuum,
EMC, Prod.
All (min level)
Models Testing Components Performance,
Beam Test
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$cX
Figure 2.170: The JMDC crate during EMC testing and a typical result.
3! 7,>! 619,.*! 0/! *+01! 9)(.,11! 01! *+,! 1,-,.*0(/! (:! .(;9(/,/*1m! 96)*0.<-6)->! *+,! ;,61<),;,/*! (:!
.(1;0.!)6>!+,6D>!0(/!0/=<.,=!10/8-,!,D,/*!<91,*1!6/=!-6*.+!<91B!!J6A-,!"B$"!1<;;6)0[,1!*+,!),1<-*1!(:!*+,!
:0D,!+,6D>!0(/!*,1*!A,6;!.6;9608/1!-,=!A>!*+,!4GJ!*,6;!/,,=,=!:()!*+,!345!,-,.*)(/0.1B!!'08<),!"B$E"!
1+(?1! *+,! 1,*! <9! (:! (/,! (:! *+,! *,1*! .6;9608/1! 6/=! '08<),!"B$E%! 1+(?1! *+,! *,1*! 1,*<9! :()! *+,! d4SL!
9)(.,11()B!!!
!
Date! Location! Ions!LET
p4,Ya;8a.;"q!
Components
Tested / Pass!
F(DrOO! f5G2!S6);1*6=*! s,2!3<2!U! &!#!CX! "$!a!$$!
F(DrO$! f5G2!S6);1*6=*! e)2!3<! %!#!cO! $X!a!$\!
S,.rO$! f5G2!S6);1*6=*! U! $X!#!%O! E!a!c!
46>rO"! f5G2!S6);1*6=*! U! $&!#!CX! %%!a!"X!
',ArO%! QF52!L6*6/06! e)! "E!#!%X! &!a!C!
!
Table 2.12: Heavy ion test beam campaigns for AMS electronics component selection.
!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$CO!
Thermal Balance
Phase
Pump
Down
Chamber Environments: Pressure!1.0x10-5 mbar
Return
To
Ambient
Ambient
Hot
non-operation
(+85oC)
Temperature
(Proto-flight
Test Level)
Thermal Cycling Phase
Hot
Operation
(+55oC)
Cold
non-operation
(-45oC)
Cold
Operation
(-25oC)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
2 hrsHot soak
Hot Balance
Cold
Balance
Transient
Cool-Down
1 hr
1 hr 1 hr
1
hr
1 hr
Operation (on)
Non-operation (off)
1 hr 1
hr Turn off
Turn on
2 hrsHot soak
2 hrscold soak
2 hrscold soak
N O P Q
Thermal Balance
Phase
Pump
Down
Chamber Environments: Pressure!1.0x10-5 mbar
Return
To
Ambient
Ambient
Hot
non-operation
(+85oC)
Temperature
(Proto-flight
Test Level)
Thermal Cycling Phase
Hot
Operation
(+55oC)
Cold
non-operation
(-45oC)
Cold
Operation
(-25oC)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
2 hrsHot soak
Hot Balance
Cold
Balance
Transient
Cool-Down
1 hr
1 hr 1 hr
1
hr
1 hr
Operation (on)
Non-operation (off)
1 hr 1
hr Turn off
Turn on
2 hrsHot soak
2 hrscold soak
2 hrscold soak
N O P Q
Figure 2.171: The JMDC crate before installation in the thermal vacuum
chamber and the thermal vacuum test profile.
!
y99388Battiston !!
Figure 2.172: Radiation tests in heavy-ion beam for electronic component
selection at the INFN Catania accelerator.
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$C$
Figure 2.173: JMDC under beam test at GSI.
!
46/>!(:! *+,! (*+,)! .+6--,/8,1! (:! (9,)6*0/8! 96)*0.-,! 9+>10.1! ,-,.*)(/0.1! 0/! 196.,! 6),!;,*! A>! *+,!
*+,);6-! 6/=!;,.+6/0.6-!=,108/!(:! *+,!,-,.*)(/0.1! ,/.-(1<),1!6/=! *+,);6-! .(/*)(-! 1>1*,;B! !31! 1+(?/! 0/!
'08<),!"B$Ec2!*+,!.0).<0*!A(6)=1!6),!0/*,).(//,.*,=!?0*+!A6.79-6/,1!6/=!,/.-(1,=!0/!.)6*,1!6/=!*+,!SL!*(!
SL! .(/D,)*,)1! 6),! ,/.-(1,=! 0/! A(V,1B! ! J(! .((-! *+,! ,-,.*)(/0.1! 6/=! *(!;0/0;0[,! *+,! +,6*! :-(?! 0/*(! *+,!
.)>(8,/0.1!1>1*,;2!;(1*!(:!*+,!,-,.*)(/0.1!6),!;(</*,=!(/!*+,!*?(!-6)8,!)6=06*()1!1+(?/!0/!'08<),!"B$ECB!!
31!1<;;6)0[,=!0/!J6A-,!"B$%2!345!+61!=,108/,=!6/=!A<0-*!:()!:-08+*!(D,)!&OO!1<.+!.0).<0*!A(6)=1!(:!EO!
=0::,),/*!*>9,1!?+0.+!?0--!A,!0/1*6--,=!0/!&O!.)6*,1!6/=!A(V,1!(:!6!=([,/!*>9,1B!!!
!
Figure 2.174: Electronics crates (left) and power distribution boxes (right).
CPC 700
Bridge
PPC 750
CPU
Ion Beam
Direction
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$C"!
Figure 2.175: AMS-02 with electronics mounted on the main wake and ram radiators.
Nominal Heat (W) Weight (kg)
Crate xPD Qty Function (tot det) Boards Unit Sum extern. Subsys Unit Subsys
E-Crate 12 10.2 6.5
EHV 3*8 6.3 11.1
EPD
2 ECAL (324 PMT)
5 5.0
43.1 44.7 88
3.3
41.7
J-Crate DAQ(MDC+JxIF) 23 28.0 14.2
JT-Crate DAQ(Trig+JINJ) 8 3.8 5.6
JPD
1
J+JT power 8 18.8
50.5 50
9.2
29.1
M-Crate 12 16.5 6.8
MPD 1
Monitor, AST, GPS & Laser Align. 3 15.4
31.8 (ASTC +GPS)
46 1.9
8.7
R elec 12
RHV 2*8 7.2 6.6
RPD
2 RICH (680 PMT)
5 8.7
31.9 30.0 62
3.1
19.4
S-Crate 8 25.8 5.0
SHV 6 2.6 3.4
SPD
4 Scint(34ToF+8ACC)
3 9.4
150.8 16.8 168
1.9
41.0
T-Crate 20 37.7 11.1
TPD 8 Tracker (192 Ladder)
10 25.1 502.1 138.3 640
6.5 140.9
TT-Crate 8 17.3 4.5
TTPD 1
Tracker Thermal Elec. (1H1C) 4 15.0
32.3 (TTCB) 136 3.2
7.6
U-Crate 17 19.1 9.0
UPD 2 TRD (82 Module)
9 16.6 71.4 19.4 91
5.8 29.6
UG-Crate 12 13.2 6.5
UGPD 1 TRD Gas Elec
7 5.5 18.7 (UGB) 83
4.8 11.3
Table 2.13: Electronics weight and power.
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$C%
2.8.6 Software
'08<),!"B$E&!1+(?1!*+,!.(//,.*0(/1!(:! *+,! *+),,! *>9,1!(:!9)(.,11()1!<1,=!0/!345#O"P! ! *+,!:(<)!
:(-=! ),=</=6/*!460/!S3g!L(;9<*,)1! Kd4SLN! A61,=! 6)(</=! 6! 9(?,):<-! I(?,)IL! ECO! 9)(.,11()2! *+,!
+</=),=1!(:!S080*6-!508/6-!I)(.,11()1!KS5IN!:()!1.0,/.,!=6*6!+6/=-0/8!6/=!*+,!;0.)(.(/*)(--,)1!:()!1-(?!
.(/*)(-!KU5L4NB!!3--!(:!*+,1,!9)(.,11()1!),H<0),!),-06A-,!9)(8)6;;0/8B!!G/!6==0*0(/2!*(!*,1*!6/=!=,D,-(9!
*+01!1(:*?6),!6/=!*+,!+6)=?6),!(/!?+0.+!0*!)</12!6!-6)8,!1<0*,!(:!6==0*0(/6-!1(:*?6),!01!),H<0),=B!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.176: AMS-02 processors
!
G/! ,6.+! (:! *+,! 9)(.,11()1! *+,! 1(:*?6),! 01! =0D0=,=! 0/! *?(! 96)*1B! ! 3! 10;9-,! A61,-0/,! 9)(8)6;! 01!
-(6=,=!?+,/!*+,!9)(.,11()!01!A((*,=B!!J+01!:0V,=!96)*!9)(D0=,1!;0/0;6-!:</.*0(/6-0*>!6/=!1*(),=!0/!6!(/,!
*0;,! 9)(8)6;;6A-,! ;,;()>B! ! J+,! (*+,)! 96)*! 01! *+,! ;60/! 1(:*?6),! ?0*+! :<--! :</.*0(/6-0*>B! ! G*! 01!
<98)6=,6A-,!6/=!1*(),=!0/!,)616A-,!:-61+!;,;()>!()!@@IRM4B!!!
J+,!=)0D0/8!),H<0),;,/*1!:()!*+,!1(:*?6),!=,108/!.(;,!:)(;!;60/!1.0,/.,!=6*6!6.H<010*0(/!.+60/B!!
J+,! 1(:*?6),!+61! *(!A,! :61*! ,/(<8+! *(! ),.,0D,! *+,!=080*0[,!=6*6! :)(;! *+,!=,*,.*()! :)(/*#,/=!,-,.*)(/0.12!
),=<.,!6/=!.(--6*,! *+,!=6*6!6/=!1,/=!0*!(<*! *(! *+,!8)(</=!6*!80D,/!)6*,B! !'08<),!"B$EE!0--<1*)6*,1! *+,!)6*,!
),H<0),;,/*1! :()! *+,!?+(-,! 1>1*,;B! ! J+,! 0/9<*! )6*,! 01! 6A(<*! E!fA0*a1,.! 6/=! *+,! (<*9<*! )6*,! -0;0*,=! A>!
F353!*(!6/!6D,)68,!(:!"!4A0*a1,.B!!J+,!9)0;6)>!:</.*0(/!(:!*+,!1(:*?6),!0/!*+,!=0::,),/*!-,D,-1!01!*(!;,,*!
*+,1,!),H<0),;,/*1B!!!
J+,! 1>1*,;!?61!;(=,-,=! 0/! =,*60-! *(! (A*60/! *+,! 9)(.,110/8! 6/=! *)6/1:,)! 19,,=12! 61!?,--! 61! *+,!
A<::,)!=,9*+12!),H<0),=B!!'08<),1!"B$E\!6/=!"B$EX!1+(?!1(;,!(:!*+,!),1<-*1!?+0.+!?,),!<1,=!*(!=,:0/,!*+,!
;6k()!1>1*,;!1(:*?6),!96)6;,*,)1B!!
!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$Cc!
!!
Figure 2.177: Input and Output Rates
!!
Figure 2.178: Study of Trigger Rate and Software Parameters.
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$CC
!!
Figure 2.179: Time allotted at each step in the DAQ chain.
!
J+,!S5I1!6),!-(.6*,=!(/!tVSRu!A(6)=1!KV!l!@2!R2!52!J!W!U!:()!*+,!=0::,),/*!1<A=,*,.*()1NB!!J+,!
1(:*?6),! )<//0/8! 0/! *+,!S5I1!;<1*! ),6=! 0/! *+,! =6*6!?+0.+! *+,! 1,H<,/.,)! +61!?)0**,/! 0/*(! *+,!;,;()>!
A<::,)2!9,):();!*+,!=6*6!),=<.*0(/!6/=!1,/=!*+,!),1<-*1!*(!*+,!/,V*!<99,)!-,D,-!<9(/!),H<,1*B!!Q07,?01,2!*+,!
dGF'!6/=!dGFd!1(:*?6),!),H<,1*1!=6*6!:)(;!*+,!VSR12!611,;A-,1!*+,!=6*6!*(8,*+,)!:)(;!6/!,D,/*!6/=!*+,/!
1,/=1!*+6*!*(!*+,!/,V*!<99,)!-,D,-!<9(/!),H<,1*B!!J+,!1(:*?6),!(/!*+,!VSR12!dGF'!6/=!dGFd!+61!6!10;0-6)!
1*)<.*<),m! *+,! (/->! =0::,),/.,! 01! *+,! 0/9<*! 1(<).,B! ! J+,! :-(?! .+6)*! (:! *+01! 1(:*?6),! 01! 1+(?/! 0/!
'08<),!"B$\OB!!3:*,)!0/0*06-0[6*0(/2!*+,!1(:*?6),!,/*,)1!6!-((9!(/!?60*0/8!:()!*+,!0/9<*!=6*6B!!dGF'!6/=!dGFd!
1,/=!(<*!),H<,1*1!6/=!?60*!:()!),9-0,1!?0*+!*+,!0/9<*!=6*6!:)(;!,6.+!VSR2!*+,!VSR1!?60*!:()!=6*6!:)(;!*+,!
1,H<,/.,)B! ! J+,! 0/9<*! KR3ZN! 'G'M! 6/=! (<*9<*! KL4IRN! 'G'M! 1*6*<1! =,*,);0/,1! *+,! VSR! A<1>a),6=>!
1*6*<1!n! 0:! *+,1,!A<::,)1!6),!6--(?,=! *(! :0--! *+,/! *+,!=6*6! :-(?!1*(91B! !Z+,/!,D,/*!=6*6! 01! 6D60-6A-,! 0*! 01!
9611,=! *(! *+,! 1<A=,*,.*()! =,9,/=,/*! )(<*0/,1! ?+0.+! 9,):();! *+,! =6*6! ),=<.*0(/B! ! J+,1,! )(<*0/,1! 6),!
9)(=<.,=!A>!*+,!1<A=,*,.*()!8)(<91!6/=!:0*!0/*(!*+,!(D,)6--!1*)<.*<),!1+(?/B!!!
J+,!(<*9<*!=6*6!6),!9-6.,=!0/!(<*9<*!'G'M!6/=!?60*0/8!:()!<99,)!-,D,-!),H<,1*1!*(!A,!*)6/1:,)),=!
(D,)!345Z0),!-0/71B!J+,!1(:*?6),!1,)D0.,1!6/=!),9-0,1!*(!6--!),H<,1*1!:)(;!<99,)!-,D,-!1>1*,;B!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.180. Flow Chart of DSP Software.
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$C&!
L<)),/*->2! 6! ?()70/8! D,)10(/! (:! *+,! S5I! 1(:*?6),! :()! *+,! .(;;(/! 96)*! +61! A,,/! <1,=! *(!
0;9-,;,/*!*+,!),6=(<*!(:!*+,!*)6.7,)2!JRS!6/=!*)088,)!1>1*,;!0/!H<6-0:0.6*0(/!6/=!A,6;!*,1*1B!!](*+!*+,!
.(;;(/!96)*!6/=!*+,!1<A=,*,.*()!96)*1!6),!A,0/8!.(/*0/<6-->!0;9)(D,=!0/!19,,=!6/=!),-06A0-0*>B!!!
3!=0::,),/*!1,*!(:!1(:*?6),!)</1!0/!*+,!d4SL1B!!5*<=0,1!0/=0.6*,=!*+6*!*+,!9)(.,110/8!9(?,)!(:!(/,!
d4SL!1+(<-=!A,!1<::0.0,/*!*(!+6/=-,!*+,!*6171!61108/,=!*(!*+01!-,D,-2!*+,!(*+,)!*+),,!6),!+,-=!0/!+(*!()!.(-=!
),=</=6/.>B! ! J+01! -,D,-! +61! *+),,! ;6k()! :</.*0(/1P! 9)(.,110/8! *+,! 1.0,/.,! =6*62! 9,):();0/8! *+,!
+(<1,7,,90/8!(:!*+,!,/*0),!345!=,*,.*()!6/=!;6/680/8!*+,!,V*,)/6-!.(;;</0.6*0(/1B!!!
31! 0/=0.6*,=! 6A(D,2! *+,! =6*6! :)(;! 6/! ,/*0),! ,D,/*! 01! 611,;A-,=! 0/! (/,! (:! *+,! :(<)! dGFd! </0*1B!!
U9(/!),H<,1*2!*+01!=6*6!01!*)6/1:,)),=2!,D,/*!A>!,D,/*2!0/*(!*+,!d4SLB!!3!:0-*,)!6-8()0*+;2!Q,D,-#%2!)<//0/8!
(/! *+,! d4SL! )</1! 6! 9),-0;0/6)>! ),.(/1*)<.*0(/! (:! *+,! ,D,/*! 6/=! 1,-,.*1! *+(1,! ,D,/*1! *+6*! 6),! 9+>10.1!
0/*,),1*!A61,=!(/!*+,!),1<-*1!:()!=(?/!-0/70/8B!!!
4,6/?+0-,2! *+,!1(:*?6),!0/!*+,!d4SL!;<1*!9,):();!*+,!+(<1,7,,90/8!(:!6--! *+,!345!1>1*,;1B!!
3--!;0110(/!.)0*0.6-!1>1*,;1!6),!;6/68,=!6*!*+,!-(?,1*!-,D,-!A>!+6)=?6),B! !T(?,D,)!*+,!9,):();6/.,!01!
0;9)(D,=2!*+,!1*6*<1!),9()*,=!6/=!.(;;6/=1!,V,.<*,=!A>!*+,!d4SL!+(<1,7,,90/8!1(:*?6),B!!46/>!96)*1!
(:! *+,! =,*,.*()! 6),! 0/D(-D,=2! 0/.-<=0/8! *+,! ;(/0*()! 6/=! .(/*)(-! (:! *+,! 9(?,)! 1>1*,;12! *+,! TY! 6/=!
*+),1+(-=1!(:!*+,!D6)0(<1!1<A=,*,.*()12!(D,)108+*!(:!*+,!.)>(;68/,*!6D0(/0.12!;0V0/8!6/=!.(;9(10*0(/!(:!
*+,!861!0/!*+,!JRS2!*)6.7,)!6/=!8-(A6-!*+,);6-!.(/*)(-2!1*6*<1!(:!6--!*+,!S3g!,-,.*)(/0.1!6/=!6!1<;;6)>!
1*6*<1!(:!6--!*+,!0/:();6*0(/!7/(?/!61!.)0*0.6-!+,6-*+!=6*6B!!!
J+,! *+0)=! 7,>! :</.*0(/! 01!;6/680/8! *+,! ,V*,)/6-! .(;;</0.6*0(/B! !S6*6!;<1*! A,! 1,-,.*,=! *(! A,!
*)6/1;0**,=!(D,)!*+,!6D60-6A-,!-0/71!KTRSQ!6/=!QRSQ!(/!*+,!G55!6/=!R5c""!6/=!$CC%]!A<11,1!(/!*+,!
1+<**-,N! 6/=! :();6**,=! 6..()=0/8! *(! *+,! ),H<0),;,/*1! (:! *+6*! -0/7B! !J+01! =6*6! 0/.-<=,1! 1.0,/.,!=6*62! *+,!
+(<1,7,,90/8!=6*6!6/=!*+,!.)0*0.6-!+,6-*+!=6*6B!!S,9,/=0/8!(/!*+,!=6*6!8,/,)6*0(/!)6*,!6/=!-0/7!6D60-6A0-0*>!
*+,!=6*6!;<1*!A,!A<::,),=!0/!*+,!9,)09+,)6-!"!f]>*,!;,;()>!Kd]UNB!!!
'0/6-!1,-,.*0(/!(:!*+,!(9,)6*0/8!,/D0)(/;,/*!*(!:<-:0--!*+,1,!*6171!01!0/!9)(8),11B!!@0*+,)!;<-*09-,!
9)(.,11,1!()!;<-*09-,! *+),6=1!?0*+0/! 6!;(/(-0*+0.!9)(.,11!?0--! A,! 1,-,.*,=B! !'()! 6--! .61,12! *+,! 1(:*?6),!
6).+0*,.*<),!01!0--<1*)6*,=!0/!'08<),!"B$\$B!!J+,!1(:*?6),!+61!1,D,)6-!-6>,)1B!!J+,!A61,2!()!7,)/,-2!.(/*60/1!
*+,! =,D0.,! =)0D,)1! ?+0.+! +6/=-,! =,D0.,! GaM! 6/=! 0/*,))<9*1B! ! J+,! /,V*! -6>,)! +61! -0/7! 19,.0:0.! 1(:*?6),!
68,/*1! *(! 6=69*! *+,! =,D0.,! =)0D,)! +6/=-0/8! *(! 6! .(;;(/! 0/*,):6.,! 6/=! .(/D,)*! *+,! =6*6! *(! 6! .(;;(/!
:();6*B! !J+,!<99,)! -6>,)!.(/*60/1! *+,!699-0.6*0(/! *6171!?+0.+!6.*<6-->!9)(.,11! *+,!=6*6!6/=!9611!(/! *+,!
),1<-*1B! ! 3! 19,.06-! *6172! *+,! t=0196*.+,)u2! ;6/68,1! 6--! .(;;6/=1! 6/=! ),9-0,1! A,*?,,/! 68,/*1! 6/=!
699-0.6*0(/!*6171B!!!
J+,),! 6),! *+),,!=01*0/.*!=6*6! :-(?1!?0*+0/! *+,! d4SL!n! *+,! 1.0,/.,!=6*6! K,D,/*1N2!+(<1,7,,90/8!
=6*6!6/=!.(;;6/=!6/=!),9->!960)1B!!J+,!1.0,/.,!6/=!+(<1,7,,90/8!=6*6!:-(?1!0/!(/,!=0),.*0(/!(/->2!:)(;!
*+,!,V9,)0;,/*!*+)(<8+!d4SL!*(!*+,!,V*,)/6-!.(;;</0.6*0(/!0/*,):6.,1B!!@D,/*1!6),!),H<,1*,=!:)(;!dGFd!
D06!*+,!345Z0),!68,/*2!9)(.,11,=!A>!*+,!Q,D,-#%!*617!6/=!1,/*!*(!*+,!*,-,;,*)>!;6/68,)B!!J+,!*,-,;,*)>!
=6*6! 0/.-<=,1!A(*+! *+,!1.0,/.,!6/=! *+,!+(<1,!7,,90/8!=6*6B! !J(8,*+,)! *+,>!6),!1,/*! *(!,0*+,)! *+,!TRSQ!
68,/*!()!$CC%!68,/*!6/=!*+,/!*)6/1;0**,=!(/!*+,!TRSQ!()!QRSQ!0:!345!01!(/!*+,!1*6*0(/!()!*+,!R5c""!
-0/7! ()! $CC%!A<1! 0:!345! 01! 0/! *+,! 1+<**-,B! ! J+,! *+0)=! =6*6! :-(?! :()! .(;;6/=1! 6/=! ),9-0,1B! ! J+01! :-(?!
6-?6>1!9611,1!*+)(<8+!*+,!=0196*.+,)B!!J+,!=6*6!/();6-->!699,6)1!0/!),H<,1*!6/=!),9->!960)1B!!G:!6!),H<,1*!
.(;,1!:)(;!6/!68,/*2!0*!0/=0.6*,1!6!.(;;6/=!+61!A,,/!),.,0D,=B!!J+,!=0196*.+,)!96)1,1!*+,!.(;;6/=!6/=!
9611,1!0*!*(!*+,!.()),19(/=0/8!*617!6/=!*+,/!*617!9611,1!6!),9->!A6.7!*(!*+6*!68,/*!D06!*+,!=0196*.+,)B!!G:!
*+,!),H<,1*!.(;,1!:)(;!6!*6172!0*!0/=0.6*,1!6!.(;;6/=!01!A,0/8!011<,=!A>!*+,!*617B!!J+,!=0196*.+,)!1,/=1!
*+,! ),H<,1*! *(! *+,!.()),19(/=0/8!68,/*!6/=!9611,1!A6.7! *+,! ),9->! *(! *+,! *617!?+,/! 0*! ),.,0D,=! :)(;! *+,!
68,/*B!!!
J+,!10;9-0:0,=2!:0V,=!D,)10(/!(:!*+,!d4SL!1(:*?6),2!*+,!RM4!4(/0*()2!0/.-<=,1!*+,!A((*!-(6=,)!
:()! *+,! ;60/! 1(:*?6),! =,1.)0A,=! 6A(D,B! ! G*! 6-1(! 1<99()*1! :0-,! =(?/! -(6=0/8! 6/=! *+,! ;(1*! (:! *+,!
.(;;</0.6*0(/!9)(*(.(-1B!!G*!.6/!6-1(!9)(.,11!A((*!.(;;6/=1!:)(;!;(1*!(:!*+,!0/*,):6.,1B!!G*!01!6!10/8-,!
9)(.,11!6/=!10/8-,!*+),6=!)<//0/8!?0*+(<*!6/!(9,)6*0/8!1>1*,;B!!!
!
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$CE
!!
Figure 2.181: JMDC software architecture.
!
L<)),/*->2!?()70/8!D,)10(/1! (:! *+,!RM4!4(/0*()! 6/=! *+),,! 96)6--,-! =,D,-(9;,/*1! (:! *+,!;60/!
1(:*?6),! 6),! </=,)! =,D,-(9;,/*B! ! J+,! *+),,! 96)6--,-! =,D,-(9;,/*1! 6),! 6! 10/8-,! 9)(.,11! ?0*+! ;<-*09-,!
*+),6=1!)<//0/8!</=,)!Q0/<V!()!,L(1!(9,)6*0/8!1>1*,;1!6/=!6!;<-*09-,!9)(.,11,1!D,)10(/!)<//0/8!</=,)!
Q0/<VB!!J+,!9,):();6/.,!(:!*+,!*+),,!=,D,-(9;,/*1!?0--!A,!,D6-<6*,=!6/=!(/,!D,)10(/!1,-,.*,=!:()!:<)*+,)!
=,D,-(9;,/*2!0/.()9()6*0/8!*+,!-,11(/1!-,6)/,=!0/!*+,!(*+,)!*?(!,::()*1B!!!
],10=,1! *+,! 1(:*?6),! )<//0/8! 0/10=,! 3452! *+,! 1(:*?6),! *(! *,1*! *+,! 1>1*,;! .(;9(/,/*12! *+,!
0/*,8)6*,=!1>1*,;!6/=!*(!;(/0*()!6/=!.(;;6/=!*+,!,V9,)0;,/*!01!0/=0.6*,=!0/!'08<),!"B$\"B!!'08<),!"B$\%!
1+(?1!6/!,V6;9-,!(:! *+,!*,1*!,/D0)(/;,/*!:()!460/!S3g!.(;9<*,)1B! !J+,!d4SL1!),.,0D,!9(?,)!:)(;!
*+,! dIS!?+0.+! 8,*1! "\!Y! 9(?,)! ,0*+,)! =0),.*->! :)(;! 6! 9(?,)! 1<99->! ()2! 61! 0/! :-08+*2! D06! *+,!345#O"!
9(?,)!=01*)0A<*0(/!1>1*,;!KIS5NB! !3!=6*6!10;<-6*()2!,0*+,)!6!IL!?0*+!6!19,.06-->!=,D,-(9,=!0/*,):6.,!()!
*+,!*(9!-,D,-!LSSL!;(=<-,2!9)(D0=,1!10;<-6*,=!,D,/*!=6*6!61!0/9<*!*(!*+,!d4SLB!!J+,!+08+!)6*,!=6*6!01!
),.,0D,=!,0*+,)!A>!3LMI!D06! *+,!TRSQ!-0/7!()!A>!SSR5#"!D06!R5c""! -0/71B! !J+,!$CC%!A<12! 0/!,0*+,)!
1*6*0(/!()!1+<**-,!;(=,2!01!;(/0*(),=!6/=!.(/*)(--,=!A>!A<1!;(/0*()!6/=!A<1!.(/*)(--,)!9)(8)6;1!345!+61!
+6=!*(!=,D,-(9B!!G/!6==0*0(/2!6/!,V*,)/6-!L3F!.(//,.*0(/!6--(?1!*+,!=0),.*!K61!(99(1,=!*(!D06!*+,!d4SLN!
;(/0*()0/8! 6/=! .(/*)(--0/8! (:! *+,! 1-(?! .(/*)(-! ;(=<-,1! =0),.*->! 61! /,,=,=B! ! J+,! 1<..,11:<-!
0;9-,;,/*6*0(/! (:! 1<.+! 6! *,1*! ,/D0)(/;,/*! ),H<0),1! *+,! =,D,-(9;,/*! (:! /<;,)(<1! =0::,),/*! 90,.,1! (:!
1(:*?6),B!!!
!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$C\!
!!
Figure 2.182: Software for test and flight use.
!!
Figure 2.183: JMDC software test setup.
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$CX
J+01! *,1*! 1(:*?6),! ?0--! :();! *+,! A6101! (:! *+,! 1(:*?6),! <1,=! (/! *+,! 8)(</=! 61! *+,! (/->!?6>! *(!
;(/0*()!6/=!.(/*)(-! *+,!,V9,)0;,/*!?+,/! 0*! 01! 0/! :-08+*B! ! G/! *+,!=,D,-(9;,/*!9+61,2!?,!.6/!.(/*)(-! *+,!
d4SL!1(:*?6),2!6/=!*+,!,V9,)0;,/*2!D06!6--!*+,!=0),.*!-0/71!?+0.+!0/.-<=,!*+,!R5"%"!1,)06-!9()*1!(:!*+,!
d4SLB!!G/!196.,2!?,!+6D,!(/->!+08+!)6*,!6/=!-(?!)6*,!0/*,):6.,1B!!!
@6.+!96)*!(:!*+,!d4SL!+(<1,7,,90/8!*617!),H<0),1!6!.()),19(/=0/8!.(;;6/=0/8!6/=!;(/0*()0/8!
1(:*?6),!(/!*+,!8)(</=B!!3!10;9-,!,V6;9-,!01!*+,!9(?,)!1<99->!:()!*+,!d#!6/=!dJ#L)6*,12!?+0.+!0/.-<=,1!
*+,!:(<)!d4SL2!(/,!dTG'!K+08+!)6*,!=6*6!0/*,):6.,N2!(/,!dQG'!K-(?!)6*,!=6*6!0/*,):6.,N2!*+,!*)088,)!1>1*,;!
dQ$!6/=!:(<)!dGFd!A(6)=1B!!J+,!),=</=6/*!96)*1!(:!1>1*,;!;6>!A,!1?0*.+,=!(::!A>!1(:*?6),B!!J+,!D(-*68,1!
6/=! .<)),/*1!;<1*! A,!;(/0*(),=B! ! J6171! )<//0/8! 0/! *+,! d4SL! *(!;(/0*()! 6/=! .(/*)(-! *+,1,! H<6/*0*0,1!
),H<0),!*+,!.()),19(/=0/8!.(;;6/=0/8!1(:*?6),!)<//0/8!(/!8)(</=B!!'08<),!"B$\c!1+(?1!6!1.),,/1+(*!(:!
*+,!dIS!.(;;6/=0/8!1(:*?6),B! ! G*!6--(?1! *+,!6/>!),=</=6/*!96)*! *(!A,!1?0*.+,=!(/!()!(::2!=019-6>1! *+,!
D(-*68,1!6/=!.<)),/*1!(:!*+,!1<99-0,1!6/=!*+,!*,;9,)6*<),1!;,61<),=!0/10=,!*+,!dIS2!d#!6/=!dJ#L)6*,1B!!!
46/>! 1<.+! =,=0.6*,=! 9)(8)6;1!?0--! A,! ),H<0),=! :()! *+,! ,/*0),!345#O"! 1>1*,;2! 6/=! 1(;,! 7,>!
1>1*,;1!6),!0/!=,D,-(9;,/*!KJRS!861!.(/*)(-2!,*.NB!!3!8,/,)6-!1.+,;,!+61!A,,/!0;9-,;,/*,=!6/=!01!),6=>!
:()!*+,!=,-0D,)>!(:!*+,!+6)=?6),!:()!=,*60-,=!0;9-,;,/*6*0(/B!!!
],10=,1! .(;;6/=0/8! 6/=!;(/0*()0/82! 1(:*?6),! 01! ),H<0),=! :()! *+,! :</.*0(/6-! *,1*0/8! 6/=! 196.,!
H<6-0:0.6*0(/!(:!*+,!+6)=?6),!61!0*!01!9)(=<.,=B!!J+01!0/.-<=,1!A(6)=!6/=!A(V!-,D,-!*,1*0/82!*+,);6-!D6.<<;!
*,1*0/82! 6! 9),-0;0/6)>! 0/*,):6.,! *,1*! KIGJN! 6/=! 6! :</.*0(/6-! 0/*,8)6*0(/! *,1*! K'GJNB! ! @6.+! *,1*! ),H<0),1!
19,.06-!1(:*?6),!*(!9<1+!*+,!1>1*,;!(<*10=,!(:!0*1!/();6-!(9,)6*0/8!.(/=0*0(/1B!!4(1*!(:!*+01!1(:*?6),!+61!
A,,/!=,9-(>,=2!6/=!01!A,0/8!.(/*0/<6-->!<9=6*,=!6/=!0;9)(D,=!A>!*+,!4GJ!8)(<9B!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.184: Screenshot of JPD Command & Monitor Software.
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$&O!
2.8.7 Electronics Process and Production!
J+,! *(*6-! 6;(</*!(:! ,-,.*)(/0.1! 0/!345#O"2!h%OO2OOO!.+6//,-12! 01! ,H<0D6-,/*! *(! 6--! (:! *+,! G55!
,-,.*)(/0.1!.(;A0/,=B!!J(!,/1<),!*+6*!*+01!,-,.*)(/0.12!?+0.+!01!A61,=!(/!96)*0.-,!9+>10.1!*,.+/(-(8>2!.6/!
A,! ),-06A->!<1,=! 0/! 196.,2! *+,!=,108/2!;6/<:6.*<)0/8! 6/=! 196.,! H<6-0:0.6*0(/! :(--(?1! 6!?,--! ,1*6A-01+,=!
9)(.,=<),! =,D,-(9,=! :()! 345#O$B! ! J+,! 9)(=<.*0(/! (:! *+,! ,-,.*)(/0.1! 01! .,/*,),=! 6*! *+,! L+</8#5+6/!
G/1*0*<*,! (:! 5.0,/.,!W! J,.+/(-(8>! KL5G5JN2! ?+0.+2! 61! :()! 345#O$2! 01!;670/8! 6D60-6A-,! 0*1! ,V*,/10D,!
;0-0*6)>!8)6=,!=,108/!6/=!9)(=<.*0(/!:6.0-0*0,12!*?(!,V6;9-,1!(:!?+0.+!6),!1+(?/!0/!'08<),!"B$\CB!!J+,!
A<-7!(:! *+,!,-,.*)(/0.1! :()!345#O"! 01!9)(=<.,=!6/=! *,1*,=!6*!L5G5JB! !](6)=! -,D,-! *+,);6-! 1*<=0,1! 6/=!
*+,);6-!D6.<<;!*,1*0/8!01!=(/,!6*!*+,!J60?6/,1,!F6*0(/6-!596.,!I)(8)6;!M::0.,!KF5IMNB!
R,19(/10A0-0*0,1!:()!*+,!1<A=,*,.*()!,-,.*)(/0.1!+6D,!A,,/!0/.-<=,=!0/!,6.+!.+69*,)B!!G/!6==0*0(/!*(!
*+,!(D,)6--!.(()=0/6*0/8!)(-,!9-6>,=!A>!*+,!4GJ!*,6;2!GRM@2!'-(),/.,2!01!(D,)1,,0/8!*+,!=,D,-(9;,/*!(:!
*+,!,-,.*)(/0.1!:()!6--!*+,!I4J1!A61,=!=,*,.*()1!KJM'2!3LL2!RGLT!6/=!@L3QNB!
J+,!8-(A6-! =6*6! 6.H<010*0(/! 6/=! *)088,)! 1>1*,;!+61! A,,/!=,D,-(9,=!A>!4GJ!6/=!J60?6/!6/=! 01!
</=,)!*,1*!6*!L5G5J!<10/8!96)*1!9)(.<),=!A>!3.6=,;06!50/0.62!J60?6/!6/=!4GJB!!J+,!d4SL!.(;9<*,)1!
6),!A,0/8!=,108/,=!=0),.*->!A>!L5G5J!0/!.-(1,!.(--6A()6*0(/!?0*+!4GJ2!,19,.06-->!61!),86)=1!1(:*?6),B!
J+,!G*6-06/!6,)(196.,!.(;96/>2!L6)-(!f6D6[[0!596.,!KLf5N2!+61!;6=,!!*+,!*+,);6-2!;,.+6/0.6-!
6/=!1*)<.*<)6-!=,108/!(:!*+,!.)6*,1!6/=!A(V,1!</=,)!*+,!1<9,)D010(/!(:!4GJ2!6/=!*+,1,!=,108/1!6),!</=,)!
:6A)0.6*0(/!6*!L5G5J!6/=!345!(*+,)!0/1*0*<*,1B!
J+,!I(?,)!S01*)0A<*0(/!5>1*,;!KIS5N2! 01!A,0/8!=,D,-(9,=!</=,)! *+,! -,6=,)1+09!(:! *+,!F6*0(/6-!
L+,/8!e</8!U/0D,)10*>2!J60?6/B!
J+,!3LMI!9)(8)6;!01!6! k(0/*!.(--6A()6*0(/!A,*?,,/!*+,!G*6-06/!596.,!38,/.>!6/=!*+,!F6*0(/6-!
L+06(!J</8!U/0D,)10*>2!J60?6/B!!!
J(! A,! 6A-,! *(! .(/*)(-! 6/=! 0;9)(D,! *+,! 9)(9,)! :</.*0(/0/8! (:! *+,! ,V9,)0;,/*2! 96)*0.<-6)->! *+,!
1(:*?6),2!?+0-,!0*!01!0/!:-08+*2!5(<*+,61*!U/0D,)10*>!*(8,*+,)!?0*+!4GJ2!GF'F#I,)<806!6/=!*+,!U/0D,)10*>!
(:!f,/,D6! 01! =,D,-(90/8! *+,!345!3/*0;6**,)! 5>1*,;! K3G5N! 1+(?/! 0/! '08<),!"B$\&B! ! J+01! 0/.-<=,1! 6/!
,V6.*! ),9-0.6*0(/! (:! *+,! 7,>! =,*,.*()! ,-,;,/*1! 0/! *+,! 1,6).+! :()! 6/*0;6**,)B! ! J+,! 345! 3/*0;6**,)!
50;<-6*()!K3352!0/=0.6*,=!(/!*+,!-,:*N!01!A61,=!6)(</=!),:<)A01+,=!,-,;,/*1!:)(;!345#O$2!0/.-<=0/8!*+,!
:-08+*! ;68/,*2! *)6.7,)! -6==,)1! 6/=! JM'! .(</*,)1B! ! J+,! ,-,.*)(/0.1! 01! 0=,/*0.6-! *(! *+,! 345#O"! :-08+*!
,-,.*)(/0.1B!!J+01!?0--!6--(?!6!9),.01,!10;<-6*0(/!(:!*+,!,::,.*1!(:!6/>!9)(9(1,=!.+6/8,1!*(!A,!0/D,1*086*,=!
*+()(<8+->!(/!6!+08+!:0=,-0*>!*,1*!A,=!A,:(),!.(;;0**0/8!*+,;!*(!*+,!+6)=?6),!0/!:-08+*B!!!
!
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$&$
!
!
!
Figure 2.185: Thermal test chamber (upper) and PCB production facilities (lower)
made available to AMS at CSIST.
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$&"!
Figure 2.186: AMS Antimatter Investigation System (AIS).
2.8.8 Star Tracker
G/! 6==0*0(/! *(! .+6)8,=! 96)*0.-,12! *+,! 9+>10.1! 1.(9,! (:! 345#O"! 01! 8),6*->! A)(6=,/,=! A>! *+,!
;,61<),;,/*! (:! 86;;6! )6>1B! ! U/-07,! .+6)8,=! 96)*0.-,12! ?+0.+! =,:-,.*! 0/! *+,! 1(-6)2! 86-6.*0.! 6/=!
0/*,)86-6.*0.! ;68/,*0.! :0,-=12! *+,! =0),.*0(/! :)(;! ?+0.+! /,<*)6-! 96)*0.-,1! 6))0D,! 0/=0.6*,1! *+,0)! 9(0/*! (:!
()080/B! ! J(! .()),-6*,! *+,1,! 1(<).,1! ?0*+! 9+,/(;,/6! (A1,)D,=! 0/! (*+,)! A6/=1! (:! *+,! ,-,.*)(;68/,*0.!
19,.*)<;!K)6=0(2!0/:)6),=2!D010A-,2!UY!6/=!s#)6>N2!0*!01!/,.,116)>!*(!+6D,!*+,!9),.01,!=0),.*0(/!0/!?+0.+!*+,!
=,*,.*()! 01! 9(0/*0/8! ?+,/! *+,! 86;;6! )6>! 6))0D,=B! ! ],.6<1,! *+,! 196.,! 1*6*0(/! 01! 6! -6)8,! 6/=! :-,V0A-,!
1*)<.*<),! 0*! 01!/,.,116)>! *(!;67,! *+01!;,61<),;,/*!?0*+!6!=,D0.,!6**6.+,=!=0),.*->! *(!345#O"B! !Z0*+0/!
3452!*+,!+08+,1*!6/8<-6)!9),.010(/!01!9)(D0=,=!0/!*+,!;,61<),;,/*!(:!86;;6!)6>1!?+0.+!.(/D,)*!0/!*+,!
<99,)!-6>,)1!(:!*+,!=,*,.*()!6/=!*+,!),1<-*0/8!,j,!!960)!01!*+,/!;,61<),=!0/!*+,!10-0.(/!*)6.7,)B!!5(2!*(!6D(0=!
6/>! 1>1*,;6*0.! 1+0:*12! *+,!;,61<),;,/*!;<1*! A,!;6=,!=0),.*->! 6**6.+,=! *(! *+,! 10-0.(/! *)6.7,)! 1*)<.*<),B!!
J+,! 34GL3! K31*)(!4699,)! :()! G/1*)<;,/*! L+,.7! (:! 3**0*<=,N! 5*6)! J)6.7,)! K35JN2! A<0-*! A>! L3R5M!
</=,)! .(/*)6.*! *(! GF'F#I,)<806! 6/=! 35G2! 9)(D0=,1! *+01! :</.*0(/6-0*>B! ! 31! 1+(?/! 0/! '08<),!"B$\E2! 0*!
.(/101*1!(:!6!960)!(:! 1;6--!(9*0.6-! *,-,1.(9,1!;(</*,=!(/!,0*+,)!10=,!(:! *+,!<99,)! 10-0.(/! *)6.7,)!?+0.+!
6.H<0),!*+,!0;68,1!(:!*+,!1*6)1!6/=!.(;96),!*+,1,!?0*+!6/!(/#A(6)=!61*)(;,*)0.!1*6)!.6*6-(8<,B!!Z0*+!*+01!
0/:();6*0(/2!*+,!6**0*<=,!(:!345!.6/!A,!=,*,);0/,=!?0*+0/!6/!6..<)6.>!(:!6!:,?!6).!1,.(/=1!6*!)6*,1!<9!*(!
"O!T[B!!!
!
AAS: AMS Antimatter Simulator
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$&%
!!
Figure 2.187: Star tracker telescopes mounted to the silicon tracker structure.
31!1+(?/!0/!'08<),!"B$\\2!,6.+!*,-,1.(9,!.(/101*1!(:!6/!(9*0.1!1>1*,;2!6!-(?!/(01,!:)6;,#*)6/1:,)!
.+6)8,!.(<9-,=!=,D0.,!KLLSN2!6!1<99()*!6/=!6!A6::-,!*(!-0;0*!),:-,.*,=!=6>-08+*B!!J+,!(9*0.1!.(/*60/1!6/!
:a$B"C! -,/1!?0*+! &O!;;!69,)*<),! 6/=!EC!;;! :(.6-! -,/8*+2! :0-*,),=! *(! 9611! cEC! *(! \CO!/;! K*)6/1;0110(/!
_EO`!c\O!*(!&\O!/;N!:()!/(01,!),=<.*0(/!6/=!*(!9),D,/*!16*<)6*0(/2!61!?,--!61!9)(*,.*!:)(;!GR!6/=!UYB!!
3*!*+,!LLS2!*+,!:0,-=!(:!D0,?!01!&B%v!V!&B%v!?0*+!6/!0;68,!1.6-,!(:!OB%&'!-;a6).1,.B!!J+,!),.,/*->!),-,61,=!LLS!K*>9,!@"Y!LLS\E#OON!;6*.+,1!*+,!*)6=0*0(/6-!4II!*,.+/(-(8>!60;,=!6*!),=<.0/8!*+,!*+,);6-!/(01,!
?0*+!*+,!0/*)(=<.*0(/!(:!6/!0//(D6*0D,!*>9,!(:!6;9-0:0,)!*+6*!6--(?1!*(!/,6)->!.6/.,-!*+,!),6=#(<*!/(01,B!!G*!
+61!C$"!V!C$"!90V,-12!,6.+!$&!V!$&!-;"B!!J(!;60/*60/!*+,!),-6*0D,!6/8<-6)!1*6A0-0*>!(:!*+,!.6;,)6!6/=!*+,!10-0.(/!*)6.7,)2!6! -08+*!?,08+*!1<99()*!1*)<.*<),!+61!A,,/!;6=,!(:![,)(!.(,::0.0,/*!(:! *+,);6-!,V96/10(/!
),0/:().,=!.6)A(/!:0A,)!.(;9(10*,2!?+0.+2!0/!6==0*0(/!*(!*+,!<1<6-!:0/0*,!,-,;,/*!;(=,-0/8!(:!*+,!),19(/1,!
*(! -6</.+!6/=! -6/=0/8! -(6=12!+61!A,,/! *+)(<8+!=,*60-,=! *+,);(#,-61*0.!;(=,-0/8B! !J+,!1<99()*! 1*)<.*<),!
6-1(!+(<1,1!*+,!:)(/*!,/=!LLS!,-,.*)(/0.1B!!J(!1*6A0-0[,!*+,!*,;9,)6*<),!6/=!:<)*+,)!),=<.,!6/>!*+,);6-->!
0/=<.,=! =,:-,.*0(/12! A(*+! *,-,1.(9,1! 6),! *+,);6-->! .(//,.*,=! *(! *+,! 01(*+,);6-! *)6.7,)! *+,);6-! .(/*)(-!
1>1*,;! Kb!"B%BCNB! ! J+,! A6::-,! +61! 6! -,/8*+! (:! %&X!;;2! ?+0.+! =,*,);0/,1! *+,! :0)1*! 6D(0=6/.,! 6/8-,! (:!
$c!=,8),,1B! !G*! 01!*69,),=!?0*+!6/!(<*,)!=06;,*,)!(:!$Oc!;;!6*!*+,!.6;,)6!,/=!6/=!$%O!;;!6*!*+,!(<*,)!
,/=B! !J+,!A6::-,1! 6),! *+,);6-->!6/=! 1*)<.*<)6-->!=,.(<9-,=! :)(;! *+,!(9*0.12!LLS!6/=! *+,0)! 1<99()*! 6/=!
;(</*!(/!*+,!4#1*)<.*<),!(:!*+,!JRSB!!!
J+,!.6;,)61!+6D,!A,,/!()0,/*,=!1(!61!*(!;6V0;0[,!*+,0)!D0,?!*(?6)=1!196.,2!6D(0=0/8!A(*+!*+,!
)(*6*0/8!1(-6)!96/,-1!61!;<.+!61!9(110A-,!6/=!6**6.+,=!)6=06*()1!6/=!*+,!.,/*)6-!96)*1!(:!*+,!196.,!1*6*0(/B!!
G/!6==0*0(/2!+6D0/8!*?(!.6;,)61!9(0/*0/8!0/!(99(10*,!=0),.*0(/1!,/1<),1!*+6*!6*!-,61*!(/,!?0--!6-?6>1!+6D,!
6!.-,6)!D0,?!(:!196.,!?0*+(<*!1(-6)!0/*,):,),/.,B!!!
J+,!:)(/*!,/=!,-,.*)(/0.1!<1,1!6!.()),-6*,=!=(<A-,!16;9-0/8!*,.+/0H<,B! !3!86*,!6))6>!.-(.71!*+,!
6/6-(8! ),6=(<*! (:! *+,! LLS2! 699-0,1! A61,-0/,! 1<99),110(/2! 6/=! *+,/! <1,1! 6! $"#A0*! 3SL! *(! =080*0[,! *+,!
),1<-*12! ?+0.+! 6),! *)6/1:,)),=! *(! *+,! 9)(.,11()! -(.6*,=! 0/! *+,!4#L)6*,B! ! 3*! $O!,L2! *+,! ),6=(<*! /(01,! 01!""!-Ya90V,-! K%B"!,!a90V,-NB! ! J+,! 9)(.,11()! ,-,.*)(/0.1! 01! .,/*,),=! 6)(</=! 6! :-(6*0/8! 9(0/*! =080*6-! 108/6-!9)(.,11()2!3S#"$O"O2!19,.0:0.6-->!6=69*,=!*(!?()7!0/!196.,B!!I)(8)6;1!6/=!*+,!1*6)!.6*6-(8!6),!1*(),=!0/!6!
"!4]>*,! :-61+!;,;()>B! !L(;;</0.6*0(/!?0*+! *+,!(*+,)!345!1<A1>1*,;1! 01! 0;9-,;,/*,=!<10/8! *+,!(/!
.+09!R5#"%"!1,)06-!-0/7!6/=!4#L)6*,!U5L41B!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$&c!
!!
Figure 2.188: Star tracker optics (a) and support (b).
!
J+,!34GL3!(/#A(6)=! 1(:*?6),! 1,-,.*1! *+,! .6;,)6! :)(;!?+0.+! *(! 9,):();! *+,! 6.H<010*0(/2! 6/=!
=,*,);0/,1! *+,! *+),1+(-=! (/! *+,! 6.H<0),=! 0;68,B! ! ]61,=! (/! 9),D0(<1! =,*,);0/6*0(/12! 6! 1,,=! =0),.*0(/!
9)(D0=,=!:)(;!*+,!196.,!1*6*0(/!()!A>!1.6//0/82!0*! *+,/!=,*,);0/,1!*+,!=0),.*0(/!A>!-(6=0/8!6!*6)8,*!1*6)!
:0,-=!:)(;!*+,!.6*6-(82!9)(k,.*0/8!*+01!(/!*(!*+,!0;68,!9-6/,!6/=!.(;96)0/8!*+01!?0*+!*+,!0;68,!(A*60/,=!
A>!*+,!LLSB!!J+,!9)(8)6;!1,,71!6!(/,#*(#(/,!.()),19(/=,/.,!A,*?,,/!*+,!;,61<),=!6/8-,1!A,*?,,/!*+,!
0;68,=!1*6)1!6/=!*+,!6/8-,1!A,*?,,/!1*6)1!0/!*+,!.6*6-(8B!!J+,!6-8()0*+;!;0/0;0[,1!*+,!=01*6/.,!A,*?,,/!
6.H<0),=! 1*6)1! 6/=! *+,! .()),19(/=0/8! (/,1! =,*,);0/,=! :)(;! *+,! .6*6-(8B! ! J+,! (/#A(6)=! 1*6)! .6*6-(8! 01!
=,)0D,=!:)(;!*+,!5;0*+1(/06/!31*)(9+>10.6-!MA1,)D6*()>!K53MN!.6*6-(8!6/=!.(/*60/1!$CXcC!1*6)1!A)08+*,)!
*+6/!;68/0*<=,!EB!!3:*,)!),.(8/0*0(/2!*+,!1(:*?6),!*)6/1:();1!*+,!.6;,)6!),:,),/.,!1>1*,;!0/*(!*+,!345!
1>1*,;!6/=!0/*,)9(-6*,1!*+,!9(0/*0/8!*)6k,.*()>!*(!80D,!*+,!A,1*!6**0*<=,!,1*0;6*0(/!6;(/8!*?(!6.H<010*0(/1B!!
M*+,)! 1(:*?6),! :</.*0(/1!;6/68,! *+,! 1,)06-! .(;;</0.6*0(/!?0*+! *+,!U5L4! 0/*,):6.,! *(! ,V.+6/8,! *+,!
6**0*<=,! 6/=! +(<1,7,,90/8! =6*6! 6/=! .(;;6/=1B! ! G*! 01! 6-1(! 9(110A-,! *(! <9-(6=! 6! ),D01,=! D,)10(/! (:! *+,!
1(:*?6),!()!1*6)!.6*6-(8B!!!
2.8.9 GPS
G/!6==0*0(/! *(! *+,!=0),.*0(/6-! .()),-6*0(/!9)(D0=,=!A>! *+,! 1*6)! *)6.7,)2! *+,!9+>10.1!6..,110A-,!A>!
;,61<)0/8! 86;;6! )6>1! 6-1(! ),H<0),1! *+,! 9),.01,2! *(! 6! :,?! ;0.)(1,.(/=12! *,;9()6-! .()),-6*0(/! (:!
;,61<),;,/*1! A>! 345#O"! 6/=! (*+,)! 0/1*)<;,/*1! *+)(<8+! (<*! *+,! ,-,.*)(;68/,*0.! 19,.*)<;B! ! J0;0/8!
0/:();6*0(/!01!9)(D0=,=!A>!*+,!196.,!1*6*0(/2!A<*!(?0/8!*(!*+,!-0;0*6*0(/1!(:!*+,!QRSQ!6/=!*+,!9)(.,110/8!
),H<0),=!?0*+0/!3452!*+,!),:,),/.,!*0;,!6..<)6.>!?(<-=!A,!6!:,?!*,/*+1!(:!1,.(/=12!?+0.+!01!0/1<::0.0,/*B!!
Z0*+0/! 3452! 1+()*! *0;,! 0/*,)D6-1! K<9! *(! 6! :,?! 1,.(/=1N! .6/! A,! ;,61<),=! 6..<)6*,->! K?0*+! 1<A#
;0.)(1,.(/=! 9),.010(/N! A>! *+,! *)088,)! 1>1*,;! +(?,D,)! *+,>! 6),! 1<Ak,.*! *(! -(/8! *,);! =)0:*! 6/=! -6.7! 6/!
6A1(-<*,!),:,),/.,2!!J(!),=),11!*+,1,!011<,12!6!8-(A6-!9(10*0(/0/8!1>1*,;!KfI5N!?0--!A,!=,9-(>,=!(/!345#
O"B!!!
J+,!1,-,.*,=!</0*!01!6/!3QL3J@Q!JMI5J3R!%OOOS2!?+0.+!+61!A,,/!1<..,11:<-->!=,9-(>,=!(/!6!
D6)0,*>!(:!196.,!A61,=!9-6*:();12!?+0.+!?0--!A,!0/*,8)6*,=!0/*(!345!A>!GF"I%#4(/*9,--0,)B!!J?(!96*.+!
*>9,!6/*,//6,!K5,V*6/*!3D0(/0H<,!;(=,-!%cOE#EXN!?0--!A,!;(</*,=!(/!6/!<99,)!U55!;,;A,)!9(0/*0/8!0/!
=0::,),/*!=0),.*0(/1! *(!,/1<),! *+6*! *+,! 108/6-1! :)(;!6! 1<::0.0,/*!/<;A,)!(:!fI5!16*,--0*,1!.6/!6-?6>1!A,!
6.H<0),=B! !'08<),!"B$\X! 1+(?1! *+,!</0*! 6/=! 6/! 6/*,//6B! !J+,!</0*! .(/*60/1! 6!9)(.,11()! 6/=! 6!=,=0.6*,=!
35GL!*(!.(/D,)*!*+,!fI5!108/6-1!6/=!,;0*!6!*0;0/8!9<-1,2!?+0.+!01!<1,=!*(!),1,*!6!-(.6-!*0;,)!?0*+0/!*+,!
*)088,)!1>1*,;B!!G/*,):6.,!,-,.*)(/0.1!?0*+0/!*+,!4#L)6*,!*+,/!),.,0D,!*+,!9),.01,!*0;,!6*!?+0.+!*+,!9<-1,!
?61!,;0**,=!6/=!*+01!01!0/.-<=,=2!6-(/8!?0*+!*+,!D6-<,!(:!*+,!-(.6-!*0;,)2!0/!*+,!,D,/*!=6*6B!!J(!),6.+!*+,!
),H<0),=! 6..<)6.>2! *+,! 1(:*?6),! )<//0/8! 0/! *+,! </0*! +61! A,,/! 19,.06-->! =,D,-(9,=! *(! 0/.-<=,! 6--! *+,!
.()),.*0(/1!),H<0),=!?+,/!*)6D,-0/8!0/!-(?!,6)*+!()A0*B!!!
!
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$&C
!!
Figure 2.189: TOPSTAR 3000D unit and a GPS patch antenna.
!
2.8.10 AMS Ground Data Handling and Remote Commanding!
J+,! -(/8! =<)6*0(/! (:! 345#O"! ;0110(/! (/! *+,! G/*,)/6*0(/6-! 596.,! 5*6*0(/! KG55N! ;67,1! *+,!
(9,)6*0(/!(:!*+,!8)(</=!=6*6!+6/=-0/8!.(;9-,V!:</=6;,/*6-->!=0::,),/*!:)(;!*+6*!(/,!(:!345#O$B!!S6*6!
6/6->101! ?0--! A,! 9,):();,=! =<)0/8! *+,! :-08+*! (/! 6! .(/*0/<(<1! A6101B! ! I+>10.01*1! ?0--! /,,=! 6..,11! *(!
1.0,/*0:0.2!.6-0A)6*0(/!6/=!;(/0*()0/8!=6*6!.(/*0/<(<1->B!!!
'08<),!"B$XO!1+(?1!*+,!345#O"!f)(</=!S6*6!T6/=-0/8!6/=!R,;(*,!L(;;6/=0/8!5>1*,;B!!J+,!
8)(</=!A61,=!.(;9<*0/8!,H<09;,/*!.6/!A,!.(/.,9*<6-->!=0D0=,=!0/*(!*+),,!:</.*0(/6-!</0*1P! *+,!f)(</=!
5<99()*! L(;9<*,)1! Kf5LN2! *+,! I6>-(6=! M9,)6*0(/1! 6/=! L(/*)(-! L,/*,)! KIMLLN! 6/=! *+,! 5.0,/.,!
M9,)6*0(/1!L,/*,)!K5MLNB!!!
J+,!f5L!),.,0D,!.(/*)(-!6/=!1.0,/.,!=6*6!:)(;!T</*1D0--,!M9,)6*0(/1!5.0,/.,!L,/*,)!KTM5LN!6*!
45'Lm! A<::,)! 1.0,/.,2! +(<1,7,,90/8! 6/=! F353! 6/.0--6)>! =6*6! :()! *)6/1;0110(/! *(! IMLL! 6/=! 5MLB!!
J+,1,!.(;9<*,)1!?0--!+6D,!*(!)</!</6**,/=,=!"c!+(<)1!9,)!=6>2!E!=6>1!9,)!?,,72!*+<1!1>1*,;!),-06A0-0*>!01!
*+,!D0*6-!011<,B!!J+,!1>1*,;!1+(<-=!A,!6A-,!*(!1*(),!6A(<*!"!?,,71!(:!=6*6B!!J?(!0=,/*0.6-!1>1*,;1!?0--!A,!
0/1*6--,=! 6/=! )</! 10;<-*6/,(<1->! 6/=! 0/=,9,/=,/*->B! ! J+<12! 0/! .61,! (:! 6! .(;9<*,)! :60-<),2! *+,! =6*6!
*)6/1;0110(/!?0--!A,!.(/*0/<,=!?0*+(<*!0/*,))<9*0(/B!
J+,!IMLL!01!?+,),!345!(9,)6*0(/1!?0--!*67,!9-6.,2!0/.-<=0/8!.(;;6/=0/82!1*()68,!6/=!6/6->101!
(:!+(<1,7,,90/8!=6*6!6/=!96)*06-!1.0,/.,!=6*6!6/6->101!:()!)690=!H<6-0*>!.(/*)(-!6/=!:,,=A6.7B!!J+,!IMLL!
.(;9<*,)1! ?0--! <1,! *+,! J,-,1.0,/.,! R,1(<).,! e0*! KJR,eN! 1(:*?6),! 1<0*,2! =,D,-(9,=! A>! F3532! :()!
.(;;6/=0/8!6/=!1-(?!.(/*)(-!;(/0*()0/8B!3:*,)!6!.+,.7!(<*!9,)0(=!?+,/!345!01!:0)1*! 0/1*6--,=!(/!*+,!
196.,! 1*6*0(/2! *+,! IMLL! ?0--! A,! -(.6*,=! 6*! L@RF2! ?0*+! 6! A6.7<9! -(.6*0(/! 6*! 4GJB! @V*,/10D,! =6*6!
*)6/1;0110(/!*,1*1!?0*+!JR,e!A,*?,,/!45'L!6/=!4GJ!6/=!A,*?,,/!45'L!6/=!L@RF!0/=0.6*,!*+6*!*+,!
G/*,)/,*!+61!6;9-,!A6/=?0=*+!*(!6..(;;(=6*,!345!=6*6B!!J+,!.(;;6/=0/8!6/=!=,*,.*()!.(/*)(-!?0--!A,!
=(/,! :)(;! *+01! (/,! 10/8-,! 9-6.,B! !T(?,D,)2! =,*,.*()!;(/0*()0/8! 9)(8)6;1! .6/! A,! )</! A>! ,V9,)*1! :)(;!
=0::,),/*!8,(8)69+0.6-!-(.6*0(/1!6*!*+,0)!+(;,!0/1*0*<*,1B!
AMS-02/Electronics
!"#$&&!
!
!
!
Fig
ure 2
.19
0: D
ata
tran
smissio
n fro
m N
AS
A-M
SF
C to
AM
S G
rou
nd
Co
ntro
l Cen
ters via
the In
ternet.
AMS-02/Electronics
! "#$&E
J+,!5ML2!61!1+(?/!0/!'08<),!"B$X$2!),.,0D,1!6/=!1*(),1!6--!345!1.0,/.,!6/=!+(<1,7,,90/8!=6*62!
61!?,--!61!6/.0--6)>!=6*6!:)(;!F3532!,/1<),1!:<--!1.0,/.,!=6*6!),.(/1*)<.*0(/2!.6-0A)6*0(/!6/=!6-08/;,/*!
6/=!7,,91!=6*6!6D60-6A-,! :()!9+>10.1!6/6->101B! !3--!=6*6! 01!6).+0D,=B!J+,!5ML!?0--!9)(D0=,!6--! :6.0-0*0,1!
),H<0),=! *(! ),.(/1*)<.*!345#O"! 1.0,/.,! =6*62! .6-0A)6*,! 6/=! 6-08/! *+,! =,*,.*()1! 6/=! 1*(),! *+,! ),1<-*1! (:!
),.(/1*)<.*0(/!61!?,--!61!4(/*,!L6)-(!10;<-6*0(/1B!!3!5ML!9)(*(*>9,!+61!A,,/!1,*<9!6*!L@RF!6/=!01!0/!
<1,! :()! 345#O"!4(/*,! L6)-(! 10;<-6*0(/B! ! J+,! 5ML! ,D,/*! ),.(/1*)<.*0(/! :6.0-0*>! ?0--! ,/1<),! *+,! :<--!
),.(/1*)<.*0(/!(:!6A(<*!$O`!(:!*+,!0/9<*!,D,/*1!?0*+!6/!6D,)68,!*0;,!=,-6>!(:!/(!;(),!*+6/!+6-:!6/!+(<)!
6/=!,/1<),!*+,!:<--!),.(/1*)<.*0(/!(:!$OO`!(:!*+,!,D,/*1!?0*+!6!*>90.6-!=,-6>!*0;,!(:!-,11!*+6/!(/,!=6>B!!!
J+,!.(;9-,*,!f)(</=!S6*6!T6/=-0/8!6/=!R,;(*,!L(;;6/=0/8!5>1*,;!01!1.+,=<-,=!*(!A,!<9!6/=!
)<//0/8! 10V!;(/*+1! A,:(),! 345! -6</.+! *(! 1<99()*! 345! *,1*0/8! 6*! e5L! 6/=! *+,! ,6)->! 0/1*6--6*0(/! (:!
3LMI!(/!*+,!G55B!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.191: The AMS Science Operations Center (SOC) at CERN.
AMS-02/Thermal
!"#$%&!
2.9 Thermal Control
'()! *()+,-.! )/01+2/,)/*! 1/! 34-5)! 13! (-+3(6! ! 7188)+)/*! -+)-3! 28! *()! 9)*)5*2+! -+)! 3:;<)5*)9! *2!
+-419.=!0-+=1/>!91+)5*!32.-+!1..:,1/-*12/!-.*)+/-*1/>!?1*(!)@423:+)!*2!9))4!34-5)A!9)4)/91/>!2/!*()!2+;1*-.!
4-+-,)*)+3!28! *()!34-5)!3*-*12/6! !'?2!B1.2?-**3!28!42?)+! 13!913314-*)9!?1*(1/! *()!)@4)+1,)/*6! !C-+=1/>!
+-91-*12/! 8+2,!D-+*(!,:3*!-.32!;)! *-B)/! 1/*2!-552:/*6! !'()! *()+,2#24*15-.!4+24)+*1)3!28! *()!)@4)+1,)/*!
5(-/>)!?1*(! *1,)6! ! E/! *(13! )/01+2/,)/*A! ;)5-:3)! *()! +)342/3)! 28! *()! 9188)+)/*! 9)*)5*2+3! 13! *),4)+-*:+)!
9)4)/9)/*A!*()1+!*),4)+-*:+)!,:3*!;)!B)4*!/2*!2/.=!?1*(1/!*()1+!9188)+)/*!24)+-*12/-.!+-/>)3!;:*!1*!,:3*!;)!
B)4*! 3*-;.)! 20)+! ;2*(! *1,)! -/9! 02.:,)6! ! F23*! 5+1*15-..=A! *()! 42331;1.1*=! 28! -/=! ()-*! .)-B1/>! 1/*2! *()!
3:4)+8.:19!().1:,!3:44.=A!?(15(!9)*)+,1/)3! *()!9:+-*12/!28! *()!)@4)+1,)/*! 82+!,-/=!4(=3153! 5(-//).3A!
,:3*! ;)! ,1/1,1G)96! ! H2+! *()3)! +)-32/3A! *()! '()+,-.! I2/*+2.! J=3*),! K'IJL! 82+! MFJ#N"! (-3! ;))/!
9)31>/)9!-/9!13!:/9)+!52/3*+:5*12/!-/9!*)3*1/>!;=!D'O!PQ+15(A!FE'A!RJST!-/9!J(-/92/>!U/10)+31*=!1/!
52..-;2+-*12/!?1*(!*()+,-.!52/*+-5*2+3!I-+.2!V-0-GG1!J4-5)!-/9!TOW!J=3*),6!!D@*)/310)!,29).1/>!-/9!
*)3*1/>! (-3! ;))/! 4)+82+,)9! -/9! *()! *()+,-.! 52/*+2.! 3=3*),! ?1..! ;)! 0-.19-*)9! 1/! -/! 20)+-..! '()+,-.!
C-5::,!')3*!28!*()!52,4.)*)!)@4)+1,)/*!3:442+*)9!;=!*()!D:+24)-/!J4-5)!M>)/5=!KDJML6!
2.9.1 Thermal environment
'()! 4+1,-+=! )@*)+/-.! 8-5*2+! 1/! *()! *()+,-.! )/01+2/,)/*! 13! 32.-+! 1..:,1/-*12/6! ! '(13! 9)4)/93!
4+1,-+1.=!2/! *()!-/>.)!;)*?))/! *()!EJJ!2+;1*-.!4.-/)!-/9! *()!91+)5*12/! *2! *()!J:/6! !'()!X;)*-Y!-/>.)! 13!
1..:3*+-*)9!1/!H1>:+)!"6$Z"-6!!H2+!*()!EJJ!2+;1*-.!1/5.1/-*12/!K[$6%\L!-/9!*()!*1.*!28!*()!D-+*(]3!-@13!K"^6[\LA!
*()!;)*-!-/>.)!0-+1)3!;)*?))/!!_[6$\!-/9!`_[6$\A!,29:.-*)9!;=!*()!3)-32/3!-3!3(2?/!1/!H1>:+)!"6$Z";6!!
H2+!;)*-!-/>.)3!?1*(!,->/1*:9)3!>+)-*)+! *(-/!_N\! *()!2+;1*! 13!)/*1+).=! 1/!3:/.1>(*A!?(1.)! 82+!;)*-!-/>.)3!
/)-+!N\!-;2:*!aNb!28!*()!2+;1*!13!1/!*()!D-+*(]3!3(-92?!KH1>:+)!"6$Z^-L6!!H2+!*()!,-<2+1*=!28!*()!*1,)A!*()!
;)*-! -/>.)! .1)3! ?1*(1/! 
AMS-02/Thermal
! "#$%Z
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
beta (degrees)
Fra
cti
on
of
orb
it i
n s
un
lig
ht
5-3)3!?1*(1/!e![N\
!
"!
#!
$!
%!
&!!
!"#$%&'()'*+,-
.%/+'0+1"%'2*%3&%%-4
'() *()!
!!
Figure 2.193: Fraction of orbit in sunlight vs. beta angle (a). Number of days per beta angle (b).
!
! O)-*! 8+2,! *()!D-+*(! 13!-552:/*)9! 82+! 1/! *?2!?-=36! !'()! *),4)+-*:+)!28! *()!D-+*(! -3! 3))/! 8+2,!
34-5)!0-+1)3!8+2,!"a[!*2!"%%!f!KH1>:+)!"6$Za;L6!!'()!-.;)92!52/3*-/*A!?(15(!13!-33251-*)9!?1*(!+)8.)5*)9!
32.-+!+-91-*12/!-.32!0-+1)3!8+2,!"N!*2!aNb!KH1>:+)!"6$Za5L6!!!
! E/! -991*12/A! *()! *()+,2#24*15-.! 4+24)+*1)3! K),133101*=! -/9! -;32+4*101*=L! 28! *()! )@423)9!
)@4)+1,)/*-.! 3:+8-5)3! 5(-/>)! ?1*(! *1,)6! ! '()! )02.:*12/! 28! -! *=415-.! ,-*)+1-.! 4+24)+*=! 13! 3(2?/! 1/!
H1>:+)!"6$Za96!!!
!
Solar Constant
1260
1280
1300
1320
1340
1360
1380
1400
1420
1
92
18
3
274
365
456
547
63
8
729
820
911
10
02
1093
Time (days)
W/m
^2
EARTH TEMPERATURE
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 1801
Days
Te
mp
era
ture
(K
)
Albedo
05
1015202530354045
1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601
Days
Alb
edo
(%
)
BOL-EOL t/o properties
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.22
0.24
1 201 401 601 801 1001
Days
Wh
ite
pa
int a
bsorp
tivity
!!
Figure 2.194: Factors effecting external thermal environment: Solar constant (a),
Earth temperature (b), Albedo (c), Beginning of life (BOL) to End of
life (EOL) properties of white paint (d) [1].
!
(a)
(d)
(b)
(a) (b)
(c)
AMS-02/Thermal
!"#$_N!
E/*)+/-..=!*2!*()!)@4)+1,)/*A!*()!*()+,-.!)/01+2/,)/*!13!-.32!52,4.)@A!-3!3(2?/!1/!H1>:+)!"6$Z[6!!
'()!,->/)*!-/9!3:++2:/91/>!*-/B!28!3:4)+8.:19!().1:,!-+)!-*!$6&!f6!!M*!*()!0-42+!522.)9!3(1).9!5.23)3*!*2!
*()!2:*319)!28!*()!*2+219-.!0-5::,!5-3)!KCIJaA!H1>:+)!"6[L!*(13!(-3!+13)/!*2!-;2:*!%&!fA!,-1/*-1/)9!;=!*()!
82:+!5+=2522.)+3!?(15(!,:3*! +-91-*)!aNN!c!28! 1/4:*!42?)+!4.:3! *()!:4! *2!^"!c!28!()-*! .18*)9! 8+2,!*()!
5+=2>)/153! 3=3*),6! ! '()! 0-5::,! 5-3)! *),4)+-*:+)! 0-+1)3! -+2:/9! "_N!f6! ! '()! *+-5B)+! 31*3! ?1*(1/! *()!
0-5::,!5-3)! -//:.:3! -/9!913314-*)3!$aa!c6! !M;20)! *(13! -+)! *()!U44)+!'TH!-/9!'g7A!?(15(! *2>)*()+!
913314-*)! "^!c6! ! W).2?! -+)! *()! h2?)+! 'TH! Ka!cLA! gEIO! K^_!cL! -/9! *()! DIMh! K_"!cL6! ! M..! 28! *()!
9)*)5*2+3!,:3*! 24)+-*)! -*! 2+! /)-+! N!,I6! !'()! ).)5*+2/153A!?(15(!,:3*! ;)! .25-*)9! 5.23)! *2! *()! 9)*)5*2+3A!913314-*)!*()!;-.-/5)!28!*()!1/4:*!42?)+!Ki$[NN!cL!*(2:>(!1*!92)3!(-0)!-!?19)+!24)+-*12/-.!*),4)+-*:+)!
+-/>)6!!M..!28!*()3)!).),)/*3!-+)!*()+,-..=!1/*)+52//)5*)9!;=!+-91-*12/!-/9!52/9:5*12/!*(+2:>(!52,,2/!
3:442+*!3*+:5*:+)3!-/9!5-;.1/>6!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.195: Thermal dissipation of AMS-02 detectors
!!!!!KFhE!13!,:.*1#.-=)+!1/3:.-*12/L6!
!
!
!
!
TRD (20 W): Indirect radiation,
Enclosed in MLI Upper TOF (3 W): Enclosed in MLI
with TRD ACC (1 W): Direct Radiation Tracker (144 W): Dedicated
pumped two phase loop. Magnet+Cryocoolers (4x108 W):
Capillary pumped loops to Zenith Rad.
Lower ToF (4 W): Direct Radiation
RICH (37 W): Direct Radiation ECAL (72 W): Direct Radiation
+ Conduction to USS.
AMS-02/Thermal
! "#$_$
2.9.2 Thermal requirements
D-5(!28!*()!9)*)5*2+!).),)/*3!(-3!34)51815!*()+,-.!+)j:1+),)/*36!!'()!?19)3*!.1,1*3!-+)!*()!/2/#
24)+-*12/-.A!2+!3*2+->)A!.1,1*36!!E8!*()!*),4)+-*:+)!28!*()!).),)/*3!13!-..2?)9!*2!)@5))9!*()3)!.1,1*3A!*()=!
,-=!;)!9-,->)96! !c1*(1/! *()3)! .1,1*3!-+)! *()!24)+-*12/-.! .1,1*3! *(-*!,:3*!;)!,-1/*-1/)9!82+! *()!4+24)+!
8:/5*12/!28!*()!1/3*+:,)/*36!!'()3)!-+)!9)81/)9!1/!*)+,3!28!*()!-;32.:*)!*),4)+-*:+)!+-/>)A!1/!*)+,3!28!*()!
*),4)+-*:+)! 0-+1-*12/! K.'L! 20)+! *1,)! -/9! 1/! *)+,3! 28! *()! 0-+1-*12/! 20)+! *()! 02.:,)! 28! *()! ).),)/*6!!'-;.)!"6$^!3:,,-+1G)3!*()3)!.1,1*3!82+!*()!,-<2+!).),)/*36!!E/!-991*12/A!*()!*),4)+-*:+)3!28!*()!'g7!>-3!
*-/B3!(-0)!*2!;)!B)4*!-;20)!$_!,I!82+!k)!-/9!^$!,I!82+!IT"!*2!;)!-;.)!*2!9)*)+,1/)!*()!-,2:/*!28!>-3!+),-1/1/>!;=!,)-3:+1/>!*()!4+)33:+)6!!T*()+!).),)/*3!KIMWA!''IWA!)*5L!(-0)!*()1+!2?/!+-/>)36!!!
!
Element Dissipation
[W]
Non-
Operational Operational
Max .T
per orbit
Max .T over
detector volume
'g7! "N! l!"NA!`aNm! l`$NA!`"[m! "! $!
'+-5B)+!K31.152/L! N! l!"NA!`aNm! l!$NA!`"[m!
'+-5B)+!K(=;+19L! $aa! l!"NA!`%Nm! l!$NA!`aNm!
^!
K$Nd9-=L!$N!
C-5::,!I-3)! ! $!`$N! ! !
I+=2522.)+3! a^"! l!$NA!`aNm! l!$NA!`"Nm! ! !
gEIO! ^_! l!^[A!`%Nm! l!^NA!`[Nm! _! $[!K-,2/>!SF'3L!
DIMh! _"! l!aNA!`aNm! l!"NA!`aNm! [! $N!KSF'!*2!3*+:5*:+)L!
'TH! ^`a! l!aNA!`%Nm! l!^NA!`[[m! [! $N!KSF'!*2!3*+:5*:+)L!
MII! $! l!"NA!`aNm! l!"NA!`aNm! ! !
D.)5*+2/153! $[NN! l!^NA!`[[m! l!"NA!`[Nm! ! !
!
Table 2.14: Summary of thermal requirements of major AMS-02 elements, in degrees Celsius.
!
E/!-991*12/!*2!*()3)!+)j:1+),)/*3A!*()!()-*!8.2?!1/*2!*()!5+=2,->/)*!,:3*!;)!,1/1,1G)9A!32!()-*!
8+2,!/)-+;=! 32:+5)3!,:3*! ;)! B)4*! -?-=6! ! E/! 4-+*15:.-+A! *()! *+-5B)+! 913314-*12/! 1/319)! *()! 0-5::,! 5-3)!
-//:.:3!,:3*!;)!52..)5*)9A!52/9:5*)9!2:*319)!*()!0-5::,!5-3)!-/9!+-91-*)96!!h1B)?13)!*()!913314-*12/!28!
*()! 82:+! 5+=2522.)+3A!?(15(! -+)!,2:/*)9!2/! *()! 0-5::,!5-3)A!,:3*! ;)! 52..)5*)9! -/9! *+-/38)++)9! -?-=6!!
g-91-*10)! ()-*! .)-B3! 8+2,! *()! 2*()+! 3=3*),3! ,:3*! ;)! ;.25B)9! ?1*(! ,:.*1#.-=)+! 1/3:.-*12/! KFhEL! -/9!
52/9:5*10)!.)-B3!?1*(!1/3:.-*1/>!<21/*36!!!
W)=2/9!*()3)!+)j:1+),)/*3!-+)!9)31>/!>2-.3A!?(15(!24*1,1G)!*()!4)+82+,-/5)!28!*()!9)*)5*2+3!-/9!
*()!)/9:+-/5)!28!*()!3:4)+8.:19!().1:,6!!M3!*()!+)342/3)!28!-..!9)*)5*2+3!9)4)/9!2/!*),4)+-*:+)A!1/5+)-3)9!
3*-;1.1*=!20)+!*1,)!-/9!02.:,)!5-/!,1/1,1G)!*()!42331;1.1*=!28!3=3*),-*15!3(18*3! 1/! *()!4(=3153!-/-.=3136!!
'()!*+-5B)+!24)+-*)3!?1*(!.)33!/213)!-*!.2?)+!*),4)+-*:+)36!!'()!).)5*+2/153!+).1-;1.1*=!13!1/5+)-3)9!18!1*!13!
24)+-*1/>!-*!.2?)+!*),4)+-*:+)3A!*(2:>(!1*!13!9)31>/)9!*2!?2+B!-*!*()!,-@1,:,!*),4)+-*:+)!82+!*()!)/*1+)!
,13312/6!!'()!4)+82+,-/5)!28!*()!5+=2522.)+3!13!-!52,4.15-*)9!8:/5*12/!28!*()!*),4)+-*:+)!-*!*()!1/*)+8-5)!
28! *()1+! 52.9! *14! ?1*(! *()! 0-42+! 522.)9! 3(1).9A! *()! ;29=! *),4)+-*:+)! -/9! *()! 1/4:*! 42?)+6! ! T4*1,:,!
4)+82+,-/5)! 13! 2;*-1/)9!?()/! *()! ;29=! 28! *()! 5+=2522.)+3! 13!,-1/*-1/)9! -*! N!,I6! ! '()! *1,)! -0)+->)9!*),4)+-*:+)!28!*()!0-5::,!5-3)!,:3*!-.32!;)!B)4*!-3!.2?!-3!42331;.)6!!!
M991*12/-.!+)j:1+),)/*3!-+)!1,423)9!;=!RMJM!*2!24)+-*)!2/!*()!34-5)!3*-*12/6!!O)-*!5-/!/2*!;)!
+)<)5*)9!*2?-+93!*()!3*-*12/!).),)/*3!;).2?!MFJ!/2+!*2!*()!42+*!-/9!3*-+;2-+9!319)3!28!*()!)@4)+1,)/*6!!
O1>(.=!34)5:.-+!3:+8-5)3A!?(15(!(-0)!)@*+),).=!.2?!-;32+4*12/A!5-//2*!;)!:3)9!-3! *()=!,-=!9-GG.)! *()!
-3*+2/-:*3!2+!24*15-.!1/3*+:,)/*-*12/6!!'()!-**1*:9)!28!*()!3*-*12/A!-/9!52/3)j:)/*.=!MFJA!13!9)*)+,1/)9!
;=!2*()+! 52/5)+/3! *(-/! *()!MFJ! *()+,-.! )/01+2/,)/*A! 1/! 4-+*15:.-+! *()! /))93! *2! B))4! *()! 32.-+! -++-=3!
,-@1,-..=!1..:,1/-*)9!-/9!*2!,1/1,1G)!*()!4+24:.312/!+)j:1+)96!!
AMS-02/Thermal
!"#$_"!
2.9.3 Thermal design
W)5-:3)!28!*()1+!9188)+1/>!*()+,-.!+)j:1+),)/*3A!*()!20)+-..!*()+,-.!9)31>/!-44+2-5(!(-3!;))/!*2!
*()+,-..=! 3)4-+-*)A! -3! ,:5(! -3! 42331;.)A! *()3)! 9188)+)/*! ).),)/*3! -/9! -++10)! -*! -! 32.:*12/! 82+! )-5(!
1/91019:-..=6! !'()!*()+,-.!52/*+2.!3=3*),!82+!*()!*+-5B)+!?-3!9)35+1;)9!1/!n!"6^6[!-/9!82+!*()!52,;1/)9!
'g7!4.:3!U44)+!'TH!).),)/*! 1/!n!"6"6a6! !'()!3,-..!-,2:/*3!28!()-*! 8+2,!*()!h2?)+!'THA!gEIO!-/9!
DIMh!-+)! +)<)5*)9!:31/>! 3,-..! +-91-*10)! 3:+8-5)3! -**-5()9!91+)5*.=! *2! *()3)! 9)*)5*2+36! !'()!DIMh!-.32!
:3)3!*()!:/1j:)!3:442+*!3*+:5*:+)!KUJJL!;)-,3!*2!?(15(!1*!13!-**-5()9!-3!-!()-*!31/B6!!O)-0=!:3)!13!,-9)!
28!1/3:.-*1/>!3(1,3!;)*?))/!3*+:5*:+-.!,),;)+3!-/9!FhE!;)*?))/!9188)+)/*!02.:,)3!*2!,-1/*-1/!*()+,-.!
3)4-+-*12/!-/9!*2!-0219!:/52/*+2..)9!()-*!8.2?!;-5B!1/*2!*()!,->/)*6!!H2+!)@-,4.)A!;)*?))/!*()!'g7!4.:3!
U44)+!'TH!-/9! *()!0-5::,!5-3)!-!"N#.-=)+!FhE!;.-/B)*!B))43! *()! +-91-*12/! .2-9!2/! *()!0-5::,!5-3)!
;).2?! ^!c6! '()! 0-5::,! 5-3)! *),4)+-*:+)! 13! 52/*+2..)9! 4-3310).=! ;=! 3:+8-5)! *+)-*,)/*! *2! -5(1)0)! *()!
+)j:1+)9! *()+,2#24*15-.! 4+24)+*1)36! ! E/! -991*12/! *2! *()! *+-5B)+! 3=3*),A! *()! *()+,-.! 3=3*),3! 82+! *()!
5+=2522.)+3!-/9!82+!*()!).)5*+2/153!(-0)!+)j:1+)9!*()!,23*!3*:9=!*2!,))*!*()1+!+)j:1+),)/*36!!!H1>:+)!"6$Z%!
3(2?3!*()!+-91-*2+3!+)j:1+)9!82+!*()3)!*(+))!3=3*),36!!!
!
TrackerRadiator ~70 W
TrackerRadiator~70 W
WAKERadiator~750 W
RAMRadiator~750 W
Electronics - direct mounting on!
!
Figure 2.196: AMS-02 Radiators and loads (left).
Detail of Zenith ! panel and attached cooling loops (right).
!
'()! 32.:*12/! 82+! *()! 5+=2522.)+3! 13! *2! :3)! 5-41..-+=! 4:,4)9! .2243! *2!,20)! *()! ()-*! :4! *2! *()!
G)/1*(!+-91-*2+6!!D-5(!28!*()!82:+!5+=2522.)+3!13!-/!1/9)4)/9)/*A!+)9:/9-/*!3=3*),A!?1*(!*?2!)0-42+-*2+3!
,2:/*)9!2/!*()!;29=!28!*()!5+=2522.)+6!!M3!3(2?/!1/!H1>:+)!"6$Z%A!)-5(!)0-42+-*2+!8))93!-!.224!()-*!414)!
KhOSL!-/9!*()!?2+B1/>!8.:19A!-,,2/1-A!5-++1)3!*()!()-*!:4!*2!*()!G)/1*(!+-91-*2+6!!'()!*?2!.2243!8+2,!-!
5+=2522.)+!-+)!;+-G)9! *2!-!9)915-*)9!j:-+*)+!4-/).! K$!,"L!28! *()!G)/1*(! +-91-*2+A! 8+2,!?()+)! *()!()-*! 13!
+)<)5*)9! -/9! *()! 8.:19! 52/9)/3)9! -/9! +)51+5:.-*)9!;=! 5-41..-+=! 4+)33:+)6! !W)5-:3)! *()! 4-/).3! -+)! 1/! *()!
-4)+*:+)!28!*()!9)*)5*2+A!*()=!(-0)!;))/!,-9)!-3!*(1/!-/9!:/182+,!-3!42331;.)!K-!3-/9?15(!28!$6%!,,!M.A!
$N!,,!28!g2(-5).!-/9!N6^!,,!M.L!-3!(-0)!*()!52/9)/31/>!.2243!).),)/*3!),;)99)9!?1*(!*(),!KM.!*:;)3!
28!^!,,!2:*)+!91-,)*)+!?1*(!N6[!,,!?-..3L6!!'()!4-/).3!-+)!,2:/*)9!2/!81;)+!>.-33!3*-/92883!*2!1/3:.-*)!
*(),!8+2,!*()!'g76!!h1B)?13)!*()!.)-B!8+2,!5+=2522.)+3!*2!0-5::,!5-3)!13!,-1/*-1/)9!-*!.)33!*(-/
AMS-02/Thermal
! "#$_^
9)*)5*2+6!!T/!)-5(!319)!*()!;2@)3!-+)!,)5(-/15-..=!.1/B)9!*2!82+,!-!3).8!3:442+*1/>!3*+:5*:+)!?(15(!34-/3!
*()! -+)-! ;)*?))/! *()! 82:+! :44)+!UJJ! ;)-,3! K3))! -.32! H1>:+)!"6$L6! ! '()! X,-1/Y! +-91-*2+3! -+)!,2:/*)9!
91+)5*.=!*2!*()!;2@)36! !O)-*!8+2,!*()!).)5*+15-.!52,42/)/*3!13!52/9:5*)9!8+2,!*()!4+1/*)9!51+5:1*!;2-+93!
KSIW3L!*2!*()!;2@!?-..3!2+! *2!8+-,)3!?(15(!(2.9!*()!;2-+936! !E*! 13! *()/!52/9:5*)9!91+)5*.=!*2!*()!1/319)!
3:+8-5)! 28! *()! -**-5()9! +-91-*2+3A!?(15(! -+)! -.32!,-9)! 28! -/!M.og2(-5).oM.! 3-/9?15(6! !M,,2/1-! ()-*!
414)3! ?1*(1/! *()! +-91-*2+3! )/3:+)! *()! *+-/38)+! 28! *()! ()-*! 8+2,! *()! 1/319)! *2! *()! 2:*319)! -/9! -.32! *()!
913*+1;:*12/! 28! *()! ()-*! )0)/.=! 20)+! *()! )/*1+)! -+)-! Ka!,"L! 28! *()! +-91-*2+6! !g-91-*12/! ;-5B! *2?-+93! *()!
9)*)5*2+3!-/9!0-5::,!5-3)!13!;.25B)9!Kp^bL!;=!3:+8-5)!*+)-*,)/*!28!*()!1//)+!+-91-*2+!3:+8-5)3!-/9!FhE!
-+2:/9!*()!;2@)36!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.197: Main ram (right) and wake (left) radiators mounted on the structure of linked
electronic boxes K+-,!+)8)+3!*2!*()!EJJ!91+)5*12/!28!*+-0).A!?-B)!13!244231*)L6!!
!
2.9.4 Thermal integration and modeling
F29).1/>!28! *()! *()+,-.!4)+82+,-/5)!28!MFJ!(-3!;))/!-!,:.*1#3*)4A! 1*)+-*10)!4+25)9:+)6! !H1+3*!
*()!)@4)+1,)/*!?-3!34.1*!1/*2!*()!9188)+1/>!*()+,-.!).),)/*3!9)35+1;)9!-;20)!-/9!1/*)+8-5)3!;)*?))/!*()3)!
).),)/*3! ?)+)! 9)81/)96! ! 7)*-1.)9! ,29).1/>! 13! 92/)! 82+! )-5(! ).),)/*! ;-3)9! 2/! ;2:/9-+=! 52/91*12/3!
3:44.1)9!8+2,!*()!20)+-..!*()+,-.!,29).6!!g)3:.*3!8+2,!*()!9)*-1.)9!,29).1/>!-+)!*()/!1/5.:9)9!;-5B!1/*2!
*()!20)+-..!,29).!1/!*)+,3!28!()-*!8.2?!-5+233!*()!1/*)+8-5)3A!*()!20)+-..!,29).!13!+)-/-.=G)9!-/9!+)3:.*3!
3:44.1)9!->-1/!*2!*()!9)*-1.)9!,29).36!!W=!9)31>/A!*()!).),)/*3!-+)!-3!*()+,-..=!1/9)4)/9)/*!-3!42331;.)A!
32! *(13! 4+25)9:+)! 52/0)+>)3! -8*)+! <:3*! -! 8)?! 1*)+-*12/36! ! W-3)9! 2/! *()! +)3:.*3A! *()! *()+,-.! 9)31>/3! -+)!
-9<:3*)9!-/9!*()!4+25)9:+)!+)3*-+*)9!:/*1.!-..!*()!+)j:1+),)/*3!-+)!,)*!-/9!*()!9)31>/!>2-.3!-44+2-5()96!!!
M..! 28! *(13! ,29).1/>! ,:3*! ;)! 92/)! 1/! *()! 0-+=1/>! )@*)+/-.! *()+,-.! )/01+2/,)/*6! ! '()! ,-1/!
)/01+2/,)/*-.!8-5*2+3A!;)*-!-/>.)!-/9!EJJ!-**1*:9)!-+)!;1//)9!1/*2!$&Z!5-3)36!!H2+!)-5(!).),)/*A!*()!?2+3*!
(2*!5-3)A! *()!?2+3*!52.9!5-3)!-/9A! 18! +)j:1+)9A! *()!?2+3*!34-*1-.!0-+1-*12/!5-3)A!-+)! 19)/*181)9! 8+2,!*()3)!
$&Z!5-3)3!:31/>! *()!-44+24+1-*)!?2+3*! EJJ!-.*1*:9)A! 32.-+!52/3*-/*A!D-+*(! *),4)+-*:+)A!-.;)92!-/9!WTh#
DTh!4+24)+*1)36! ! E/!-991*12/A! *()!24)+-*1/>! +-/>)!,:3*!;)!,)*!?()/! *()!).),)/*! 13!913314-*1/>!-/9! *()!
AMS-02/Thermal
!"#$_a!
/2/#24)+-*1/>! +-/>)!,)*!?()/! 1*! 13! /2*6! ! '()! )02.:*12/! 28! *),4)+-*:+)3! 13! 3*:91)9! 20)+! *1,)! :31/>! $"!
3)j:)/*1-.! 4231*12/3! 20)+! )-5(! 2+;1*6! ! '()3)! 91,)/312/1/>! 5-3)3! 9+10)! *()! *()+,-.! 9)31>/! ?(15(! ,:3*!
;-.-/5)!*()!522.1/>!+)j:1+)9!1/!*()!?2+3*!(2*!24)+-*1/>!5-3)!?1*(!*()!()-*1/>!+)j:1+)9!1/!*()!?2+3*!52.9!
/2/#24)+-*1/>! 5-3)6! !T?1/>! *2! *()! 9188)+)/*! +)j:1+),)/*3! 28! *()! 9)*)5*2+! ).),)/*3! -/9! *2! *()! 9188)+)/*!
)/01+2/,)/*-.!8-5*2+3!*2!?(15(!*()=!-+)!)@423)9A!*()!91,)/312/1/>!5-3)3!-+)!9188)+)/*!82+!)-5(!).),)/*6!!
'=415-..=A!*()=!255:+!-*!52,;1/-*12/3!28!-/!)@*+),)!;)*-!-/>.)!-/9!-/!)@*+),)!=-?!2+!+2..!-/>.)6!!!
'(2:>(!28!3(2+*)+!9:+-*12/A!*()!*()+,-.!)/01+2/,)/*3!-/9!*()+,-.!+)342/3)!?()/!MFJ!13!1/!*()!
34-5)!3(:**.)!4-=.2-9!;-=!-/9!?()/!1*!13!;)1/>!*+-/38)++)9!8+2,!*()!34-5)!3(:**.)!*2!*()!34-5)!3*-*12/!(-0)!
-.32! ;))/! )@-,1/)96! ! H2+! 32,)! ).),)/*3A! *()! *+-/38)+! 4(-3)! (-9! ;)52,)! *()! 91,)/312/1/>! 52.9! /2/#
24)+-*12/! 5-3)6! ! '2! -0219! *(13A! *()! ).)5*+15-.! 9)31>/! 28! *()!S7J! KH1>:+)!"6$[&L!?-3!,29181)9! *2! -55)4*!
42?)+!8+2,!*()!34-5)!3*-*12/!-+,!*2!3:44.=!()-*)+36!!!
')5(/15-..=A!*()!,29).1/>!13!92/)!;=!,-/=!9188)+)/*!52..-;2+-*2+3!:31/>!*()!328*?-+)!,23*!3:1*)9!
*2!*()1+!/))93!KDJM'MRA!JER7MdHhUER'A!E7DMJ#'FVA!-9!(25!H2+*+-/!529)3A!'gMJqJL6!!J1>/1815-/*!
)882+*!(-3!;))/!+)j:1+)9!*2!)3*-;.13(!-!52,,2/!9-*-!1/*)+5(-/>)!82+,-*6!!E/!-991*12/!*()!52,4.)*)!,29).!
,:3*!;)! *:+/)9!20)+! *2!RMJM!82+! 1/*)>+-*12/! 1/*2! *()1+!20)+-..!,29).!28! *()! 34-5)! 3*-*12/6! !M! +)9:5)9!
0)+312/!28! *(13!,29).! 13!4+2019)9!;=!RMJM! *2!MFJ! 1/! *)+,3!28! 815*1*12:3! XFDgM'Y! KF)-/!D88)5*10)!
gM91-*12/!'),4)+-*:+)L!/29)3A!?(15(!,1,15!*()!.25-.!+-91-*10)!)/01+2/,)/*!82+!*()!$&Z!5-3)36!!!
M!31,4.)!)@-,4.)!28!*()!,29).1/>!13!3(2?/!1/!H1>:+)!"6$Z&!82+!*()!*),4)+-*:+)!28! *()!?-..3!28!
2/)!'#I+-*)!.25-*)9!2/!*()!:44)+!42+*!319)!28!*()!,-1/!+-,!+-91-*2+!9:+1/>!1*3!?2+3*!(2*!24)+-*1/>!5-3)6!!
'()!?-..!*),4)+-*:+)3!-+)!?1*(1/!*()!9)31>/!+)j:1+),)/*36!!!
!
T crate RAM, Port50
orbital position
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
tem
pe
ratu
re [
°C]
T crate RAM, Port50
orbital position
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
tem
pe
ratu
re [
°C]
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
tem
pe
ratu
re [
°C]
!!
Figure 2.198: Model results for the indicated T-Crate.
!
M!.2/>!*)+,!-/-.=313!?-3!-.32!4)+82+,)9!:31/>!*()!34-5)!3*-*12/!XF1/1,:,!S+24:.312/!M**1*:9)YA!
2+!FSM!K=-?A!41*5(A! +2..!r!!"\A!!$N\A!`$\L!-/9!/2,1/-.!24)+-*1/>!52/91*12/36! !H1>:+)!"6$ZZ!3(2?3! *()!
+)3:.*3! 82+! *()! 810)! +-91-*2+! -/9! *()! 0-5::,! 5-3)! *),4)+-*:+)36! ! 7)341*)! 32,)! 3)-32/-.! 341B)3A! *()!
+-91-*2+3!-+)!B)4*!?1*(1/!*()1+!*-+>)*!+-/>)36!!h1B)?13)A!20)+!,23*!28!*()!,13312/A!*()!-0)+->)!0-5::,!5-3)!
*),4)+-*:+)!13!B)4*!?)..!;).2?!N!,IA!,))*1/>!*()!9)31>/!>2-.6!
AMS-02/Thermal
! "#$_[
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Time
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Time
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Time
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Time
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Time
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Time
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
Time (3 years)
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
Time (3 years)
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-:>#N[
8);#N%
3)4#N%
,-+#N_
25*#N_
-4+#N&
/20#N&
<:/#NZ
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
01/01/06 01/01/07 01/01/08
Time (days)
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
!!
Figure 2.199: Temperatures from long term (3 year) transient analysis of radiator and
vacuum case temperatures while in Minimum Propulsion Attitude: various
points on main wake radiator (a), various points on main ram radiator (b),
mean of tracker wake radiator (c), mean of tracker ram radiator (d), mean
of zenith radiator (e), mean of vacuum case (f).
!
2.9.5 AMS Thermal Vacuum Test
W)5-:3)!28!*()!52,4.)@1*=!28!*()!MFJ!9)*)5*2+A!1*!13!)33)/*1-.!*(-*!-/!20)+-..!*()+,-.!0-5::,!-/9!
*()+,-.!;-.-/5)!*)3*!;)!4)+82+,)9!-8*)+!1/*)>+-*12/!-/9!;)82+)!.-:/5(!1/*2!34-5)6!!'()!4:+423)3!28!*()!*)3*!
-+)!*2!0)+18=!*()!8:/5*12/-.!4)+82+,-/5)!28!*()!)@4)+1,)/*!-/9!1*3!*()+,-.!52/*+2.!(-+9?-+)!:/9)+!*()+,-.!
0-5::,!52/91*12/3!-/9! *2! 5()5B! *(-*!/2!9)>+-9-*12/!255:+3!9:+1/>! -/9! -8*)+! *()! *)3*6! !'()! *)3*!?1..! ;)!
522+91/-*)9!?1*(!*()!3:442+*!28!J(-/92/>!U/10)+31*=!-/9!?1..!;)!52/9:5*)9!1/!*()!h-+>)!J4-5)!J1,:.-*2+!
KH1>:+)!"6"NNL! -*! *()! D:+24)-/! J4-5)!M>)/5=! DJ'DI! 8-51.1*=! 1/! *()! R)*()+.-/936! ! '(13! 13! -! "[NN!,^!
*()+,-.! 0-5::,! 5(-,;)+! ?1*(! -! 32.-+! ;)-,! 31,:.-*2+! -/9! ?-..3! ?(15(! -+)! *),4)+-*:+)! 52/*+2..)9! ;=!
.1j:19!2+!>-3)2:3!/1*+2>)/6! !'()+)!?1..!;)!-! *()+,-.!0-5::,! *)3*A! 9:+1/>!?(15(! *()! )@4)+1,)/*!?1..! ;)!
*-B)/! *2! 1*3! (2**)3*! -/9! 52.9)3*! -..2?)9!/2/#24)+-*1/>! *),4)+-*:+)3! K?1*(!42?)+!288LA! 82..2?)9!;=! 82:+!
5=5.)3! 1/!?(15(! *()! )@4)+1,)/*!?1..! ;)! *-B)/! *2! 1*3! (2**)3*! -/9! 52.9)3*! -..2?)9! 24)+-*1/>! *),4)+-*:+)3!
K?1*(!42?)+!2/L6!!'()!4:+423)!28!*(13!4-+*!28!*()!*)3*!13!*2!0)+18=!*(-*!-..!4-+*3!28!*()!)@4)+1,)/*!52/*1/:)!
*2!8:/5*12/!:/9)+!*()3)!52/91*12/36!!'()!*()+,-.!0-5::,!*)3*!?1..!;)!82..2?)9!;=!-!(2*!-/9!52.9!*()+,-.!
(a)
(f) (e)
(d) (c)
(b)
AMS-02/Thermal
!"#$%&!
'()(*+,!-,.-/!!0123*4!-53.!-,.-!678!93))!',!5,):!(-!(!5;-!(*:!+;):!;<,2(-3*4!-,=<,2(-12,!>;2!(!);*4,2!-3=,?!
.;! -5(-! -5,! @()3:3-A! ;>! -5,! -5,2=()! =(-5,=(-3+()! =;:,)! ;>! -5,! ,B<,23=,*-! +(*! ',! @,23>3,:?! (.! 9,))! (.!
;<,2(-3;*!1*:,2!.<(+,!+;*:3-3;*./!!C5,!.;)(2!',(=!93))!',!-12*,:!;*!:123*4!-5,!5;-!<5(.,/!!C5,!-,.-!93))!
3*@;)@,! (-! ),(.-! DE! :(A.! ;>! ;<,2(-3;*.! 3*.3:,! -5,! @(+11=! +5(=',2! 93-5! (*! ! (::3-3;*()! $"! :(A.! ;>!
+;*-3*4,*+A! ',+(1.,! ;>! -5,! +;=<),B3-A! ;>! -5,! +2A;4,*3+! .A.-,=! >;2! -5,! =(4*,-/! F;-5! -5,! +2A;4,*3+!
.A.-,=!(*:!-5,!=(4*,-!93))!',!;<,2(-,:!:123*4!-5,!-,.-/!!G)(*.!>;2!-5,!-,.-!(2,!',3*4!+;;2:3*(-,:!93-5!-5,!
H86#H8CHI!-5,2=()!-,.-3*4!42;1</!!
!
!!
Figure 2.200: The Large Space Simulator (LSS) at ESTEC, site of the AMS thermal vacuum test.
2.9.6 Reference J$K! 0/!L3)=;2,?!M86CHNNOCH!CPHQ76N!IRSCQRN!P6S0FRRTU?!8<(+,+2(>-!C5,2=()!
0,<(2-=,*-?!-5,!6,2;.<(+,!I;2<;2(-3;*?!$VVW!
!
!
AMS-02/Integration
2-177
2.10 Integration
The elements of the AMS-02 detector are assembled as shown in Figure 2.201 (“ram” refers to
the ISS direction of flight, “wake” is opposite, “port” and “starboard” are transverse). The assembly takes
place at a dedicated facility installed at CERN, with support from the entire collaboration, as indicated in
Figure 2.202.
As shown in Figure 2.203, after all elements are integrated, the detector is calibrated in particle
beams at CERN and GSI, Darmstadt for calibration. The detector undergoes a complete thermal vacuum
test at the ESA Large Space Simulator at ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands.
After the instrument has been completely checked out it will be partially disassembled for
transport and shipped to the Kennedy Space Center. There, after reassembly, it will be subjected to tests
to verify that it is compliant with the NASA mechanical and electrical interfaces for both the space shuttle
and the space station.
The experiment will then be installed in the shuttle and launched to the space station.
Assembly begins when Space Cryomagnetics delivers the completed and tested Magnet system,
and the NASA Mission Management Office, supported by Lockheed Martin, delivers the unique support
structure (USS) to CERN. The unique support structure is made up of three components: The USS main
beam structure, the magnet vacuum case, and the lower USS. The vacuum case will have already been
incorporated in the magnet system.
AMS-02/Integration
2-178
Figure 2.201: AMS-02 Assembly (Ram - ISS flight direction).
Imaging
AMS-02/Integration
2-179
Assem
ble
d A
MS
-02
AM
S-0
2 S
hip
pin
g
Up
per P
art
Lo
wer P
art
Fig
ure
2.2
02
: A
MS
-02
Mec
ha
nic
al
Inte
gra
tio
n a
t C
ER
N.
AMS-02/Integration
2-180
CE
RN
Th
erm
al
Va
cu
um
Be
am
Te
st,
Ca
libra
tion
Kennedy S
pace C
ente
r
Re
asse
mb
ly
Launch !
3-5
Opera
tional Y
ears
on IS
S
KS
C P
roce
ssin
g
La
nd
ing
ES
TE
C
Fig
ure 2
.20
3: A
MS
-02
tran
spo
rtatio
n flo
w.
AMS-02/Integration
2-181
2.10.1 USS and Magnet
The first step is bolting and pinning the USS main beam structure to the eight interface flanges of
the magnet vacuum case forming the main USS structure (Figure 2.204). This structure is then mounted
into a rotating and height adjustable assembly stand designed to hold AMS at the shuttle mechanical
interfaces (trunnions). The magnet support boxes (the Cryomagnet Avionics Box (CAB), Cryo-valve box
(CVB) and uninterruptible power source (UPS)) are mounted to the wake side of the USS and all
interconnections between magnet and boxes are made.
Figure 2.204: Main USS-02 structure and Magnet.
Magnet
USS-02
UPS
CAB
CVB
AMS-02/Integration
2-182
2.10.2 Anticoincidence Counters (ACC)
The first detector to be installed is the anticoincidence counter (ACC). It is composed of 16
scintillator paddles each individually mounted to the inner bore of the magnet Vacuum Case (VC). Once
all paddles, fiber light guides and photomultiplier units have been inserted and mounted, they are secured
with a carbon fiber composite cylinder (see Figure 2.205).
Figure 2.205: ACC installed.
ACC
VC
AMS-02/Integration
2-183
2.10.3 Tracker & Star Tracker
Next, the tracker together with the star tracker is installed. The partially assembled tracker
consisting of the cylindrical midsection with inner planes mounted together with the upper conical flange
and star tracker structure and the upper four compliant tracker feet, which structurally connect the tracker
to the Vacuum Case (VC), are lowered into the inner bore of the VC. The compliant tracker feet resting
on the VC are then bolted. The lower conical flange is bolted to the tracker cylinder and another four
compliant feet bolt to the tracker securing the lower end of the tracker to the VC. A large volume of
cables from the inner silicon planes that were rolled and bundled for installation are now routed over the
vacuum case to the 8 respective tracker crates (see Figure 2.206).
Figure 2:206: Tracker & Star Tracker with Electronics Boxes.
Next the tracker cooling system is installed. The tubing loops for cooling the inner planes and the
two outer planes are inserted and attached to the front end electronics using a precision jig. The two boxes
containing the “Tracker cooling box” and electronics are mounted on the wake side of the USS.
Condensers that are to be attached to the backside of the tracker radiators are jigged in place and all
tubing interconnecting the above components is routed and welded using a precision orbital welding
machine.
Following this the upper and lower planes of the tracker are placed on the conical tracker flanges
and bolted in place. The star tracker camera module is then bolted at the outer edge of the upper tracker
plane and to the already installed star tracker structure.
Most electronics boxes are arranged and interlinked into rack-like structures that are mechanically
self-supporting when complete. The tracker crates are the first to be installed within this self supporting
arrangement and, due to their close proximity to the main USS, are the structural links to the USS (dark
blue boxes near USS in Figure 2.206). These are installed together with a jig (not shown) that will hold
most of other boxes in place during assembly.
Star Tracker Tracker Electronics Crates
Tracker
VC
VC Flanges
Tracker Cooling Box
AMS-02/Integration
2-184
2.10.4 Time of Flight (TOF) detector
The time of flight detector (TOF) is composed of two parts: the upper TOF containing two
scintillator panel layers above the tracker, and another identical set of panel layers bellow the tracker, but
supported by a different structure.
The upper TOF shares common attachment brackets with the TRD. First, they are bolted to the 4
interface flanges of the USS and then the TOF support arms are bolted to them, see Figure 2.207.
Figure 2.207: Upper and Lower Time of Flight Detectors (TOF).
Upper TOF
Lower TOF
TOF Support Arms
AMS-02/Integration
2-185
2.10.5 Transition Radiation Detector (TRD)
The Transition Radiation Detector is installed by placing the corner of the TRD truss structure on
the TOF common bracket and pinning and bolting it in place. The TRD gas supply and circulation
system is hoisted and bolted to the upper wake, port side of the main USS structure. The 3mm diameter
gas lines are routed to the detector, respective electronics boxes mounted and cabling routed. The TRD
multi-layer insulation (MLI) enclosure is now wrapped and sealed around both the TRD and upper TOF
detectors, see Figure 2.208.
Figure 2.208: TRD installed with MLI enclosure.
TRD TRD MLI
TRD GAS
AMS-02/Integration
2-186
2.10.6 RICH
The lower USS supporting the RICH and ECAL detectors are initially integrated separately from
the rest of the experiment. The RICH detector is lowered onto the square structure where eight brackets
secure it to the lower USS (Figure 2.209). Corresponding electronics crates are bolted to the radial arms
and cables routed.
(a) Preassembly view (b) Assembled
Figure 2.209: Lower USS-02 with RICH and ECAL.
2.10.7 ECAL
To install the ECAL, the Lower USS with the RICH already attached is lifted and lowered onto
the ECAL. The ECAL interfaces to the lower USS at the 4 corners of the square beam section
(Figure 2.209). Again electronics are mounted on the radial corner beams and cabling routed.
RICH
Lower USS
ECAL
AMS-02/Integration
2-187
2.10.8 Integration of the Upper and Lower Parts
The lower USS-02 part (carrying the RICH and the ECAL) is integrated with the Upper USS-02
part. The assembled and tested lower detectors and lower USS are rolled underneath the AMS upper part,
crane lifted into position, and pinned and bolted into place. Electrical connections and testing follows,
(see Figure 2.210).
Figure 2.210: The Lower USS-02 integrated with the Upper USS-02.
Upper Part
Lower Part
AMS-02/Integration
2-188
2.10.9 Radiators & Electronics
For the installation of the main radiators, each is lifted in from below, positioned and then bolted
to the crate structure. All electronics boxes are then grounded to the radiator via dedicated bonding straps,
see Figure 2.211.
Figure 2.211: Radiators installed.
After the main ram and wake radiators have been installed, the GPS electronics box is mounted to
the upper inside, ram, radiator and the GPS antennas bolted to the upper, ram, starboard, trunnion beam of
the USS. Then the system is electrically interconnected and connected to rest of AMS.
Tracker radiators are then installed, lifting them into place and bolting the strut structures to the
upper USS and vacuum case joints. The tracker cooling heat exchanger is bolted to the radiator and the
jigs holding them removed.
The Zenith radiator, located on top of the TRD, is installed last. The radiator is composed of four
quadrants, each panel cooling one of the four cryocoolers. Each radiator panel, with the lengthy pre-bent
3mm tubing and attached heat exchangers, is lowered onto the TRD. The tubing is then secured to
designated bracketry and the heat exchangers bolted to their respective cryocoolers.
RAM Radiator
WAKE Radiator
Tracker Radiator
Tracker Radiator
Zenith Radiator
AMS-02/Integration
2-189
2.10.10 ISS Hardware
At Kennedy Space Center AMS will be fully completed with the addition of shuttle and ISS
hardware. There, the USS Keel, and interface with shuttle and ISS will be installed (Figure 2.212).
Figure 2.212: Complete assembly including shuttle & ISS hardware.
A full-scale mock up of AMS-02 has been built at CERN to develop and verify the assembly
procedure, see Figure 2.213.
Figure 2.213: AMS-02 full-scale mock-up.
ISS Hardware
AMS-02/Operations
2-190
2.11 Operations
The operations of the AMS-02 experiment are divided into five distinct phases: Prelaunch, Ascent,
STS on orbit, Transfer from STS to ISS and ISS on orbit. The AMS Crew Operations Post (ACOP) will
have been launched to the station on a previous flight. During the intervening months it will be installed
in the US Lab of the ISS and checked out to be ready for the arrival of AMS.
2.11.1 Prelaunch Operations
After the experiment has been turned over to NASA at KSC for processing, it is installed in the
shuttle payload bay. Flight power and data connections to the shuttle are made via the Remotely
Operated Electrical Umbilical (ROEU), see Figure 2.1. For prelaunch operations connections are also
made through the ROEU to the tail of the shuttle and out through T-0 umbilical to equipment in the
Mobile Launch Platform (MLP) underneath the shuttle. The flight connections are checked with a series
of Interface Verification Tests (IVT) and End to End Tests.
During this prelaunch phase a vent pump mounted on AMS continuously removes boil off from
the helium vessel. In addition, by using ground support computers located in the MLP, personnel
monitor the 1553 Bus data for telemetry including temperature and pressure measurements and cryogenic
system operating characteristics. The health and status of the Super Fluid Helium (SFHe) Tank are
monitored by ground controllers and compared to established trend data. Depending on the thermal
environment, the cryocoolers may be operational.
While on the launch pad the magnet will not be charged and is at zero field.
Shortly before the shuttle payload bay doors are closed at launch minus a few days, the cryogenic
ground support equipment is used to top off the SFHe tank (§ 2.1.3.ix).
At launch minus 30 minutes, power to AMS over the T-0 is reduced to an absolute minimum and
the vent pump turned off and the vent valve sealed.
Monitoring of the cryogenics and vacuum continue until at least launch minus nine minutes at
which time ground controllers make a “Go/No Go” decision for launch based on the health and status of
the SFHe Tank. After that, power to AMS may be cut off completely.
At launch, the T-0 umbilical is disconnected and control passes from KSC to JSC.
2.11.2 Ascent
While still under powered flight but when the pressure in the payload bay has approached zero
(less than 20 mbar), a barometric switch opens a vent valve on the SFHe tank. This ensures that the
superfluid helium is not in contact with the passive phase separator. The barometric switch is backed up
with a time-tagged command issued from the shuttle Backup Flight System General Purpose Computer.
In the event of an ascent abort, the barometric switch will close the vent valve.
2.11.3 STS on orbit operations
Once on-orbit, the payload bay doors are opened. At about 2.5 hours after launch, AMS receives
power from the APCU power supply and communication is established between AMS, the Digital Data
Recording System (DDRS-2) in the orbiter and the ground. Control and monitoring of the cryogenics
systems is reestablished and the cryocoolers activated. The subdetector elements are then checked out,
either one by one or altogether, depending on thermal conditions. The magnet cannot be charged (see
Figure 2.158) and remains at zero field. This continues for a couple of days until the shuttle approaches
AMS-02/Operations
2-191
the ISS, when certain key cryogenics valves are operated. After thermal conditioning, AMS is powered
off.
2.11.4 STS to ISS transfer
Transfer operations commence when the space shuttle arm (SRMS) latches on to Flight
Releasable Grapple Fixture (FRGF) mounted on AMS. Then the ROEU is disconnected, the Payload
Retention Latch Actuators (PRLAs) and Active Keel Attachments are opened releasing the trunnions, and,
as shown in Figure 2.214, the shuttle arm lifts AMS out of the shuttle payload bay. It is then maneuvered
towards the space station where the station arm (SSRMS) latches on to the Power and Video Grapple
Fixture (PVGF). The hand off is completed when the shuttle arm is disengaged. Power then flows
through the station arm into AMS where it is used, as needed, to operate thermostatically controlled
heaters which maintain the experiment elements in their operational ranges. The station arm then swings
AMS over to the S3 station truss and, using the Berthing Cue System cameras, docks it in the upper,
inboard payload attach site. The capture claw of the active Payload Attach System on the station then
mechanically secures AMS to the station and then the Umbilical Mechanical Assembly (UMA) is driven
activated and AMS is electrically mated to the station. Power from the arm to AMS is then cut off and
the power through the UMA is activated. As the experiment has been kept in a good thermal condition
by power from the station arm, it activates immediately and communication is established between AMS,
ACOP and the ground. Then the station arm is disengaged and transfer operations are complete. In total,
from power down in the space shuttle to power up on the space station, based on extensive simulations
run by NASA, the transfer is estimated to take less than four hours.
2.11.5 ISS On-Orbit Operations
ISS on orbit operations start with the reestablishing of the health and status of the cryogenics
system. The cryocoolers are activated. While preparations are being made for charging the magnet, the
other experiment elements are checked out and some zero field data for calibration and alignment
purposes may be taken. When the cryogenic systems are ready, all the other experimental elements are
powered down and the CCS in the CAB (see Figure 2.22) is activated and the magnet is ramped to field,
which will take two hours. Then the experimental elements are re-powered and nominal data taking
proceeds.
Though all necessary protection is in place to accommodate reduced power levels from the ISS or
even foreseen or unforeseen power outages, it is anticipated that the experiment will run continuously for
three to five years, at which point the SFHe will be exhausted and the magnet will warm up and return to
zero field. At this point the cryocoolers are turned off but, as detailed in the next section, a wealth of
interesting physics data can still be obtained.
All critical interfaces (power, LRDL, HRDL) between AMS and ISS are redundant. If necessary,
a contingency intervention (extra-vehicular activity or EVA), as shown in Figure 2.159, can be performed
by the astronauts to swap cables between the redundant units.
AMS-02/Operations
2-192
Fig
ure 2
.21
4: T
ran
sfer of A
MS
-02
from
the sp
ace sh
uttle to
the sp
ace sta
tion
.
AM
S
AM
S
AM
S o
n I
SS
AM
S
SRM
S
SSRM
S
S3 a
ttach s
ite
AMS-02/Physics
! "#$%&
2.12 AMS-02 Physics Examples '()#*"!+,--!./! 01/! 2,340!56783!9630,:-/!91;4,:4!/<9/3,5/=0!8=! 01/!)96:/!)060,8=>! !?1/!91;4,:4!
@86-4!82!'()!63/!08!4/63:1!283!6=0,5600/3!A$B!,=!01/!C=,D/34/!60!01/!-/D/-!82!$!,=!$!.,--,8=E!08!4/63:1!283!01/!
83,@,=!82!F63G!5600/3!A"BE!08!5/64H3/!01/!49/:03H5!82!1,@1!/=/3@;!@6556!36;4!6=F!08!56G/!1,@1!4060,40,:4!
5/64H3/5/=04!82!01/!:85984,0,8=!82!:845,:!36;4!H9!08!01/!5H-0,#?/I!/=/3@;!36=@/>!!!
J=! 01,4! :1690/3E! /<659-/4! 82! 01/! 91;4,:4! :696.,-,0,/4! 82! '()#*"! 63/! 93/4/=0/F>! ! ?1/4/! 40HF,/4!
+/3/!56F/!H4,=@!01/!'()#*"!4,5H-60,8=!96:G6@/!+1,:1!,=:-HF/4K!!6!F/06,-/F!F/4:3,90,8=!82!01/!'()#*"!
@/85/03;E! 6! 4,5H-60,8=! 82! 01/! :845,:! 36;! 2-H</4! .64/F! 8=! F606! :8--/:0/F! +,01! '()#*$E! 6! :859-/0/!
4,5H-60,8=!82! 01/!/D/=0!H4,=@! 01/!LM'N?!&!A&B!96:G6@/E! 6! 4,5H-60,8=!82! 01/! 03,@@/3! OP640E!Q/D/-#$!6=F!
Q/D/-#&RE!/D/=0!3/:8=403H:0,8=E!D,4H6-,S60,8=!088-4!O/D/=0!F,49-6;E!822-,=/!58=,083,=@R!6=F!088-4!283!(8=0/!
T63-8!938FH:0,8=>!!!
!
2.12.1 AMS-02 Detector Simulation
?1/!6::H360/!4,5H-60,8=!82!01/!F/0/:083!3/UH,3/4!6!:859-/0/!F/4:3,90,8=!82!01/!@/85/03;E!560/3,6-4!
6=F!3/498=4/!82!6--!01/!/<9/3,5/=0!/-/5/=04K!01/!:3;856@=/0E!01/!036=4,0,8=!36F,60,8=!F/0/:083!O?VWRE!01/!
4,-,:8=! 036:G/3E! 01/! 0,5/! 82! 2-,@10! 6=F! 6=0,:8,=:,F/=:/! 4:,=0,--60834! O?XP! 6=F! 'TTRE! 01/! 3,=@! ,56@,=@!
T/3/=G8D!F/0/:083!OVJTYR!6=F!01/!/-/:03856@=/0,:!:6-83,5/0/3!OMT'QR>!!!
?1/!4H9/3:8=FH:0,=@!56@=/0!164!01/!4169/!82!6!:;-,=F3,:6-!41/--!+,01!6=!,==/3!F,65/0/3!82!$>"!5!
6=F! 6! -/=@01! 82! *>%!5>! ! J0! 938FH:/4! 6! :/=036-! F,98-/! 2,/-F! 82! *>Z[!?/4-6! 6:3844! 01/!56@=/0! .83/>! ! ?1/!
56@=/0,:!2,/-F!569!,4!,=:-HF/F!6=F!01/!0367/:083,/4!82!9630,:-/4!,=!01/!2,/-F!63/!4,5H-60/F!,=!F/06,->!!!
?1/!?VW!,4!4,0H60/F!8=!01/!089!82!01/!49/:0385/0/3!6=F!:8=4,404!82!0+/=0;!-6;/34!82!"*!55!01,:G!
2,./3! 36F,6083! ,=0/3-/6D/F! +,01! 6336;4! 82! [!55! F,65/0/3! @64! 9389830,8=6-! 0H./4! 2,--/F! +,01! 6! \/KTX"!
5,<0H3/>! ! J0! 938D,F/4! /-/:038=]16F38=! 4/96360,8=! 60! /=/3@,/4! H9! 08! "^*!L/I! 64!+/--! 64! :163@/F! 9630,:-/!
:883F,=60/!5/64H3/5/=04>!!!
?1/!/,@10! -6;/34!82!F8H.-/!4,F/F!4,-,:8=! 036:G/3!63/!6336;/F! 036=4D/34/! 08! 01/!56@=/0!6<,4>! !?1/!
036:G/3! 5/64H3/4! 01/! 0367/:083;! 82! 4,=@-;! :163@/F! 5,=,5H5! ,8=,S,=@! 9630,:-/4! O(J_4R! +,01! 6=! 8D/36--!
6::H36:;! 82! 6.8H0! $*! `5! ,=! 01/! ./=F,=@! 9-6=/! 6=F! &*! `5! ,=! 01/! =8=#./=F,=@! 9-6=/! 6=F! 938D,F/4!
5/64H3/5/=04!82!01/!9630,:-/!/=/3@;!-844>!!!
?1/!0,5/!82!2-,@10!4;40/5!164!28H3!-6;/34!6=F!5/64H3/4!4,=@-;!:163@/F!9630,:-/!036=4,0!0,5/4!+,01!
6=!6::H36:;!82!$&*!94>!!J0!6-48!938D,F/4!/=/3@;!-844!6=F!:883F,=60/!5/64H3/5/=04>! !?1/!6=0,:8,=:,F/=:/!
4:,=0,--60834!2-6@!9630,:-/4!/=0/3,=@!83!-/6D,=@!01/!4/=4,0,D/!D8-H5/!8H04,F/!82!01/!6::/906=:/>!!!
?1/!VJTY!F/0/:083!:8=4,404!82!0+8!36F,60834!O6!&!:5!01,:G!'/38@/-!36F,6083!+,01!3/236:0,D/!,=F/<!
82!$>*&!6=F!6!:/=036-!*>^!:5!01,:G!N6P!36F,6083!+,01!6=!63/6!82!$$^[!:5"!6=F!6!3/236:0,D/!,=F/<!82!$>&aRE!6!
5,3383!6=F!6=!,56@,=@!9-6=/!5603,<!82!9,</-!0;9/!918085H-0,9-,/3!0H./4!283!-,@10!F/0/:0,8=>!!J0!644H3/4!01/!
5/64H3/5/=0!82! 01/!D/-8:,0;!82! 4,=@-;!:163@/F!(J_4!+,01! 6=! 6::H36:;!./00/3! 016=!8=/!9/3!5,-! 6=F! 01/!
6.48-H0/!56@=,0HF/!82!01/!:163@/!64!+/--!64!938D,F,=@!6=!H=65.,@H8H4!06@!82!01/!9630,:-/!2-,@10!F,3/:0,8=!
OH9+63F4!83!F8+=+63F4R>!!!
?1/! MT'Q! ,4! 6! &W! /-/:03856@=/0,:! 4659-,=@! :6-83,5/0/3! +,01! 0806-! 82! $[>b! 36F,60,8=! -/=@014!
56F/!82!$!55!F,65/0/3!4:,=0,--60,=@!2,./34!46=F+,:1/F!./0+//=!@388D/F!-/6F!9-60/4>!!!
?1/!4,5H-60/F!9/328356=:/!82!01/!'()!4H.F/0/:0834!+64!:1/:G/F!6@6,=40!01/!'()#*$!2-,@10!6=F!
6@6,=40! 0/40! ./65! F606! 6=F! 28H=F! 08! ./! ,=! @88F! 6@3//5/=0>! ! J=! 6FF,0,8=E! 08! 4,5H-60/! 3/6-! F/0/:083!
9/328356=:/!620/3!&!;/634!8=!J))E!$!08!"!9/3!:/=0!82!01/!4H.F/0/:083!3/6F8H0!:16==/-4!+/3/!644H5/F!F/6F>!!
?1/!4,5H-60/F!/D/=04!+/3/!03,@@/3/F!.;!01/!:8,=:,F/=:/!82!4,@=6-4!,=!013//!8H0!82!28H3!?XP!9-6=/!6=F]83!
4,@=6-4!,=!01/!/-/:03856@=/0,:!:6-83,5/0/3>!!!
?8! /=4H3/! 6! F/06,-/F! /D6-H60,8=! 82! 01/! '()#*"! 91;4,:4! 9/328356=:/E! 583/! 016=! $*$*! /D/=04E!
,=:-HF,=@! 93808=4E! /-/:038=4E! 984,038=4E! F/H0/38=4E! 6=0,93808=4E! Y/! 6=F! 801/3! 1/6D,/3! =H:-/,E! 63/! ./,=@!
AMS-02/Physics
!"#$%a!
4,5H-60/F! 60! F,22/3/=0! /=/3@,/4>! ! ?8! 6:1,/D/! 01,4! @86-! 6! :8--6.8360,8=!+,F/! /22830! 164! .//=! H=F/306G/=>!!
P,@H3/!">"$^!418+4!01/!"$!(8=0/#T63-8!938FH:0,8=!:/=0/34>!!?1/!:H33/=0!:696:,0;E!64!5/64H3/F!FH3,=@!6!
-8=@! 0/35! O$**! F6;R! 938FH:0,8=! 3H=E! ,4! 0160! "!<!$*b! /D/=04! O583/! 016=! &*! Lc;0/R! :6=! ./! 4,5H-60/FE!
:8--/:0/F! 6=F! 3/F,403,.H0/FE! 8=! 6D/36@/E! /6:1! F6;>! ! ?1/! /<9/3,5/=06-! 4/=4,0,D,0;! 40HF,/4! 93/4/=0/F! 63/!
.64/F!8=!01/4/!4060,40,:4>!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.215: AMS Monte Carlo Production and Regional Analysis Centers.!!M6:1!:/=0/3!9630,:,960/4!
,=! 938D,F,=@! F,403,.H0/F! :859H0,=@! 3/48H3:/4E! 3/580/! 4820+63/! F/D/-895/=0! 6=F! 91;4,:4!
6=6-;4,4E! =/+! 4820+63/! 088-4! 283! =/0+83G,=@! 6=F! ,=0/3938:/44! :855H=,:60,8=! 6=F! 6!
+83G,=@!938080;9/!82!01/!@38H=F!F606!16=F-,=@!283!01/!'()#*"!5,44,8=>
2.12.2 Antimatter search
?1/!56,=!.6:G@38H=F4! 08!6!@/=H,=/! /Y !4,@=6-!63/!Y/!/D/=04!+1,:1!63/!/,01/3!5,45/64H3/F!83!
+1,:1!,=0/36:0/F!,=!01/!'()!F/0/:083>! !C4,=@!6!4/-/:0,8=!938:/FH3/!4,5,-63! 08!0160!H4/F!,=!01/!'()#*$!
6=0,5600/3! 4/63:1E! 01/! 6D/36@/!'()#*"! 6::/906=:/! 283! /Y ! /D/=04!+64! /40,560/F! 08! ./! *>a!5"43>! ! ?1/!
4/-/:0,8=!/22,:,/=:;!283! /Y !D63,/4!2385!b*d!O2385!"!08!$**!LIR!08!&d!O638H=F!$!?IR>! !N8!Y/!/D/=04!
4H3D,D/!01/!:H04>!!_387/:0,=@!01,4!3/4H-0!08!6!&!;/63!5/64H3/5/=0E!6! /Y ]Y/!-,5,0!82!83F/3!82!$*!%!+,--!./!
8.06,=/F!283!3,@,F,0,/4!H9!08!$&*!$a*!LI!OP,@H3/!">"$[R>!
!
AMS-02/Physics
! "#$%^
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
1 10 102
103
An
tihe
lium
/He
lium
Flu
x R
atio
(9
5%
C.L
.)
Rigidity (GV)
(a) Buffington etal. 1981
(b) Golden etal. 1997
(c) Badhwar etal. 1978
(d) Alcaraz etal. 1998
(e) Sasaki etal. 2001
(a)
(b)(c)
(c)
(d)
(e)
AMS-02 3 Years
!!
Figure 2.216: Projected AMS-02 limits on the eH /He flux ratio compared to
previous measurements [4] including AMS-01 (d).
AMS-02/Physics
!"#$%[!
2.12.3 Dark matter search using the positron spectrum
'::83F,=@!08!)C)e!01/83,/4E!01/!-/6F,=@!F63G!5600/3!:6=F,F60/!,4!01/!=/H036-,=8E! ! >!!N/H036-,=8!6==,1,-60,8=!,=!01/!@6-6:0,:!16-8!:6=!938FH:/! 9 E!/f!6=F!$!D,6K!!!
# !#%#!#&# 9 + ..."##
# & /+ +...,!
! & $ +... 6=F
# &#W +...
?1/! 9 E!/f!6=F!$!2385!01/4/!:8--,4,8=4!938FH:/!F/D,60,8=4!2385!458801!/=/3@;!49/:036!A^B>!?1/3/283/E!01/!
93/:,4,8=! 6=F! 4,5H-06=/8H4!5/64H3/5/=0! 82! 01/! 9 ,! /fE! $! 6=F! W ! 49/:036!A[B!+,--! /=6.-/! H4! 08! /406.-,41!+1/01/3!)C)e!9630,:-/4! O283! /<659-/!=/H036-,=84R! 63/! 01/!83,@,=! 82!W63G!(600/3>! !?1/! /<659-/! ,=! 01,4!
4/:0,8=!:8=:/=0360/4!8=!984,038=4>!
?+8!58F/4! 63/!H4/F! 08!F/0/:0!984,038=4>! !c801!H4/! 01/!?VW!283! /-/:038=]93808=!F,4:3,5,=60,8=!
6=F!01/!?XPf?36:G/3!283!:163@/!56@=,0HF/!6=F!4,@=!F/0/35,=60,8=>!!?1/!low energy mode!3/-,/4!8=!01/!
VJTY! 283! 01/! D/-8:,0;! 5/64H3/5/=0! +1,-/! high energy mode! H4/4! 01/! MT'Q! 08! 2H301/3! ,5938D/! 01/!
4/-/:0,8=!82!984,038=4!2385!01/!16F38=,:!.6:G@38H=F4>!!C4,=@!01/4/!0+8!58F/4!8D/36--!3/7/:0,8=!26:0834!82!
./00/3!016=!$]$*[!6@6,=40!93808=4!6=F!$]$*a!6@6,=40!/-/:038=4!16D/!.//=!8.06,=/F!AbB>!!?1,4!6--8+4!6!:-/6=!
5/64H3/5/=0!82!01/!984,038=!49/:03H5!H9!08!&^*!L/I>!!P,@H3/!">"$b!418+4!01/!(8=0/!T63-8!:85963,48=!
./0+//=! 01/! @/=/360/F! 6=F! 3/:8=403H:0/F! 49/:036>! ! P,@H3/!">"$Z! 418+4! 01/! 6=0,:,960/F! '()#*"!
5/64H3/5/=0!82!01/!984,038=!49/:03H5!,=!01/!93/4/=:/!82!F63G!5600/3!6==,1,-60,8=>!!!
!!
Figure 2.217: Secondary positron spectrum comparison predicted for AMS-02 .
AMS-02/Physics
! "#$%b
!!
Figure 2.218: An example of AMS-02 positron spectrum measurement in the
absence (a) or presence (b) of a neutralino with mass !m = 130 GeV.
2.12.4 Dark matter search using the antiproton spectrum
?1/!56,=!.6:G@38H=F4!08!01/!6=0,93808=!4,@=6-!63/!93808=!6=F!/-/:038=!/D/=04>!!V/7/:0,8=!26:0834!
./00/3! 016=! $*[! 6=F! $*&! 63/! :833/498=F,=@-;! =//F/F! 08! 6--8+! 01/! .6:G@38H=F! 23//!5/64H3/5/=0! 82! 01/!
6=0,93808=!49/:03H5!H9!08!/=/3@,/4!82!6!2/+!1H=F3/F!L/I>!!
?1/! 93808=! .6:G@38H=F! +64! 3/7/:0/F! H4,=@! 01/! 3,@,F,0;! 5/64H3/5/=0! ,=! 01/! 036:G/3E! +1,-/! 01/!
?VWE! VJTY! 6=F! MT'Q! +/3/! H4/F! 08! 3/7/:0! /-/:038=4>! ! P,@H3/!">"$%! 418+4! 01/! 3/7/:0,8=! 26:0834!
8.06,=/F!AZB>!!P,@H3/!">""*!418+4!01/!4,5H-60/F!6=0,93808=!49/:03H5!5/64H3/5/=0!8.06,=/F!+,01!'()#*"!
,=!&!;/634!82!F606!06G,=@>!!!
AMS-02/Physics
!"#$%Z!
!!
Figure 2.219: Estimated proton (left) and electron (right) rejection factors
for the AMS-02 antiproton flux measurement.
!!
Figure 2.220: Example of a AMS-02 antiproton flux measurement
together with recent experimental data [9].
AMS-02/Physics
! "#$%%
2.12.5 Gamma ray spectra
_3/:,4/!5/64H3/5/=0!82!F,22H4/!@6556!36;!2-H</4!56;!6-48!3/D/6-!01/!83,@,=!82!F63G!5600/3E!+1,-/!
@6556! 36;4! 83,@,=60,=@! 2385! F,22/3/=0! 48H3:/4! 4H:1! 64! 6:0,D/! @6-6:0,:! =H:-/,! O'LNR! 6=F! @6556! 36;!
.H3404!56;!938D,F/!,=283560,8=!6.8H0!9844,.-/!UH6=0H5!@36D,0;!/22/:04>!!'()#*"!+,--!./!6.-/!08!5/64H3/!
01/!@6-6:0,:!6=F!/<036@6-6:0,:!F,22H4/!@6556!36;!49/:036!H9!08!$!?/I!A$*B>!!J=!6FF,0,8=E!H9!08!$*!@6556!
36;!.H3404!6=F!6.8H0!^**!'LN!9/3!;/63!+,--!./!3/:83F/F>!!!
?1/!56,=!.6:G@38H=F4!08!@6556!36;!4,@=6-4!63/!01/!93808=!6=F!/-/:038=!O984,038=R!/D/=04>!!?+8!
F,40,=:0!@6556!36;!4,@=60H3/4!+/3/!/<9-8,0/F!08!/40,560/!01/!:696.,-,0;!82!'()#*"!08!F/0/:0!@6556!36;4K!
-8+!/=/3@;!58F/!6=F!1,@1!/=/3@;!58F/>!
J=! -8+! /=/3@;!58F/E! 01/! 91808=! ,4! :8=D/30/F! ,=! 089! 82! '()! 6=F! 6=! /-/:038=#984,038=! 96,3! ,4!
F/0/:0/F! ,=! 01/!'()!036:G/3!>! !?1,4!5/018F!82!40HF;,=@!:845,:!(! 36;4! ,4! 4,5,-63! 08! 01/!5/018F!H4/F!60!
WM)e!08!40HF;!$!f!N!&!N!f!/f/!! 3/6:0,8=4!A$$B>! !P385!01/!5/64H3/5/=0!82! 01/!938FH:0,8=!6=@-/4!6=F!/=/3@,/4!82! 01/!/fE!/!!96,3E!gMW!938D,F/4!/<:/--/=0! ,=283560,8=!8=!01/! ,=,0,6-!F,3/:0,8=!82!(! 36;>! ! J=! 01,4!
58F/! 91808=4! 56;! ./! F/0/:0/F! 2385! $! 08! "**!L/I! +,01! /<:/--/=0! 98,=0,=@! 6::H36:;E! 418+=! ,=!
P,@H3/!">""$>!!!
Energy (GeV)
! R
esol
utio
n (°
)
1 10 102
Figure 2.221: Estimated AMS-02 photon angular resolution vs. energy.
AMS-02/Physics
!"#"**!
J=!1,@1!/=/3@;!58F/E! 01/!91808=! ,4!F/0/:0/F!.;! ,04!:1636:0/3,40,:! 418+/3! ,=! 01/!/-/:03856@=/0,:!
:6-83,5/0/3!6=F!6=!6.4/=:/!82!:163@/F! 036:G4! ,=! 01/! 3/40!82! 01/!F/0/:083>! ! J=! 01,4!58F/!91808=4!56;!./!
F/0/:0/F! 2385!6! 2/+!L/I!H9! 08!?/I!+,01!6=!/=/3@;!3/48-H0,8=!82!6! 2/+!9/3!:/=0!6=F!6! 0;9,:6-!6=@H-63!
3/48-H0,8=! 82! $! F/@3//>! ! P,@H3/!">"""! 418+4! 01/! (8=0/! T63-8! :85963,48=! ./0+//=! 01/! @/=/360/F! 6=F!
3/:8=403H:0/F!49/:036!82!@6-6:0,:!6=F!/<036@6-6:0,:!(!36;4!H9!08!/=/3@;!82!$!?/I>!
!
Energy (GeV)
" (D
iffusio
n) F
lux
(m-2
sr-1
sec-1
GeV
)
Measured SpectrumInitial SpectrumBackground
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
10 102 103
Energy (GeV)
Measured SpectrumInitial SpectrumBackground
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
10 102 103
" (E
xtra
Gal
) Flu
x (m
-2 sr
-1 se
c-1 G
eV)
!!
Figure 2.222: Projected AMS-02 measurements of the diffuse galactic (left) and extra-
galactic (right) gamma flux [7]. Photons up to 1 TeV will be detected.
!
2.12.6 Cosmic Ray Spectra
'()#*"!+,--!93/:,4/-;!F/0/35,=/!01/!2-H</4!82!,=F,D,FH6-!/-/5/=04!+,01!:163@/!56@=,0HF/!60!H9!
08!60! -/640!"[! OP/R! ,=! 01/!/=/3@;! 36=@/! 2385!$**!(/I]=H:-/8=! 08!$!?/I]=H:-/8=>! !P,@H3/4!">""&E!">""a!
6=F!">""^!418+!01/!9387/:0/F!'()#*"!5/64H3/5/=04!82!01/!93808=E!/-/:038=!6=F!Y/!2-H</4!A$"B>!!!
J=F/9/=F/=0-;!82!01/!56@=/0!6=F!4,-,:8=!036:G/3E!-8+!6=F!1,@1!/=/3@;!96304!82!:845,:!36;!49/:036!
+,--!6-48!./!5/64H3/F!.;!01/!VJTY!6=F!?VW!3/49/:0,D/-;>! !P,@H3/4!">""[!6=F!">""b!418+!01/!'()#*"!
5/64H3/5/=04!82!01/!:63.8=!49/:03H5!H4,=@!01/!VJTY!6=F!82!01/!,38=!49/:03H5!.64/F!8=!01/!?VW!F606>!!!
Y,@1! 4060,40,:4! 5/64H3/5/=04! 82! 01/! 1/6D;! =H:-/,! F/0/:0/F! .;! '()#*"! +,--! 6--8+! 01/! 93/:,4/!
5/64H3/5/=0!82!01/!.838=!08!:63.8=!360,8E!64!418+=!,=!P,@H3/!">""Z>!!!
!
AMS-02/Physics
! "#"*$
Kinetic Energy (GeV)
Pro
ton
Flux
(m2
sr se
c M
eV)-1
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1 10 102 103
!!
Figure 2.223: Projected AMS-02 proton flux measurement
in 1 week (statistical errors not visible).
!
AMS-02/Physics
!"#"*"!
Kinetic Energy (GeV)
Ele
ctro
n Fl
ux (m
2 sr
sec
MeV
)-1
10-10
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
10 -1 1 10 102 103
!!
Figure 2.224: Projected AMS-02 measurement of the electron cosmic ray spectrum over 3 years.
!
AMS-02/Physics
! "#"*&
Kinetic Energy (GeV/N)
He
Flux
( m
2 sr s
ec M
eV/N
)-1
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
1 10 10 2 10 3
!!
Figure 2.225: Projected AMS-02 measurement of the He flux over 1 month.
!!
AMS-02/Physics
!"#"*a!
Kinetic Energy (GeV/N)
C F
lux
(m2 s
r sec
MeV
/N)-1
10 -6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1 10
Figure 2.226: Projected AMS-02 10 day measurement of the carbon flux using the RICH.
This measurement may be performed with the magnet at zero field.
AMS-02/Physics
! "#"*^
Kinetic Energy (GeV/N)
Fe F
lux
(m-2
sr-
1 se
c-1
(GeV
/N)-1
)
!
Figure 2.227: Projected AMS-02 1 year measurement of the iron flux using the TRD.
This measurement may be performed with the magnet at zero field.
!
AMS-02/Physics
!"#"*[!
Kinetic Energy (GeV/n)
B / C
Strong & Moskalenko
Dwyer et al.
HEAO-3
ISEE-3
Spacelab-2
AMS-02 (6 months)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
10-1
1 10 102
103
Figure 2.228: Projected AMS-02 6 month measurement of the Boron to Carbon ratio,
together with recent data from different experiments [13].
AMS-02/Physics
! "#"*b
2.12.7 Search for anomalously heavy nuclei
NH5/38H4!4/63:1/4!283!6=856-8H4-;!1/6D;!=H:-/,!,=!:845,:!36;4!6=F!,=!01/!6058491/3/!16D/!.//=!
:8=FH:0/F!8D/3!01/!9640!;/634!H4,=@!.6--88=!6=F!460/--,0/#.83=!/<9/3,5/=04!64!+/--!64!-64/3!49/:0384:89;!
6=F!@/84,458-8@;!A$aB>!!'!2/+!:6=F,F60/!/D/=04!16D/!.//=!28H=F!6=F!-,5,04!8=!01/!9844,.-/!2-H<!82!4H:1!
/D/=04!/406.-,41/F>! !X=/!82! 01/!580,D60,8=4! 283!4H:1!4/63:1/4! ,4! 01/!9844,.-/!/<,40/=:/!82!4036=@/!UH63G!
5600/3!,=!01/!2835!82!4036=@/-/04!A$^B>!!C4,=@!583/!016=!28H3!5,--,8=!Y/!/D/=04!:8--/:0/F!+,01!01/!'()#
*$! F/0/:083! FH3,=@! 01/! )?)#%$! 2-,@10! ,=! hH=/! $%%ZE! 6! 4/63:1! +64! 9/32835/F! 283! F8H.-;! :163@/F!
6=856-8H4-;! 1/6D;! =H:-/,!A$[B>! ! '4! 418+=! ,=! P,@H3/!">""%E! 8=/! /D/=0! :6=F,F60/! +64! 28H=F! +,01! i]'!
638H=F!*>$$>!!?1/!.6:G@38H=F!938.6.,-,0;!82!4H:1!/D/=0!,4!/40,560/F!60!*>$d>!!j,01!01/!-63@/!6::/906=:/!
82!'()#*"!6=F!583/!016=!$E***!F6;4!82!F606!:8--/:0,8=E!!'()#*"!+,--!./!6.-/!08!F/0/:0!583/!016=!"**!
4H:1!/D/=04!6=F!F,4:8D/3!4036=@-/04!,2!01/;!/<,40>!!!
!
!!
Figure 2.229: Measurement of Z/A using AMS-01 data for selected He events.
AMS-02/Physics
!"#"*Z!
2.12.8 Measurement of 10
Be/9Be ratio
?1/!D/-8:,0;!3/48-H0,8=!82!01/!VJTY!5/64H3/F!+,01!0/40!./654!:6=!./!4//=!,=!P,@H3/!">$"b>!!?1,4!
,59-,/4!6=!/<:/--/=0!:696.,-,0;!283!'()#*"!08!4/96360/!./3;--,H5!,48089/4>! !?1,4!6.,-,0;! 08!56G/!6!1,@1!
4060,40,:4!F/0/35,=60,8=!82!01/!$*c/]%c/!360,8!+8H-F!/=6.-/!'()#*"!08!9/32835!8=/!82!01/!5840!,598306=0!
5/64H3/5/=04!,=!:845,:!36;!91;4,:4K!6!1,@1-;!6::H360/!F/0/35,=60,8=!82!01/!:845,:!36;!:8=2,=/5/=0!0,5/!
,=! 01/!@6-6<;!6=F!6!F/0/35,=60,8=!82! 01/!5/6=!F/=4,0;!82! ,=0/340/--63!560/3,6-! 036D/34/F!.;!:845,:!36;4>!!
P,@H3/!">"&*!418+4!01/!3/4H-0!9387/:0/F!H4,=@!01/!'()#*"!VJTY!8D/3!8=/!;/63!82!F606!06G,=@>!!!
!
Kinetic Energy (GeV/n)
10B
e / 9
Be
Strong & Moskalenko
ACE
Ulysses
ISOMAX
Voyager
ISEE-3
AMS-02 (1 year)
0.070.080.09
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
10-1
1 10
!!
Figure 2.230: Projected AMS-02 1 year measurement of the 10
Be / 9Be ratio energy
dependence compared with a diffusion/convection model prediction
(curve) together with the results from satellite measurements [17].
AMS-02/Physics
! "#"*%
2.12.9 References
A$B! '>W>!)6G1638DE!hM?_!Q/00/34!5!O$%[bR!"ak!'>W>!W8-@8D!6=F!e6>c>!i/-F8D,:1!et al.E!V/D>!(8F>!_1;4>!53!O$%Z$R!$k!
M>j>!l8-.!6=F!(>)>!?H3=/3E!'==>!V/D>!NH:->!_630>!):,>!33!O$%Z&R![a^k!
'>W>!W8-@8DE!_1;4>!V/9>!222!O$%%"R!&*%k!
W>!T85/--,!et al.E!NH:->!_1;4>!B412!O$%%aR!aa$k!
'>W>!W8-@8D!6=F!h>!),-GE!_1;4>!V/D>!D47!O$%%&R!a"aak!
(>eH>!l1-898DE!L36D,060,8=!6=F!T8458-8@;!4!O$%%ZR![%#b"k!
'>L>!T81/=!et al.E!'9>!h>!495!O$%%ZR!^&%#^a%k!
h>!V/15!6=F!l>!h/F65S,G!et al.E!_1;4>!V/D>!Q/00>!81!O$%%ZR!&&*b#&&$*k!
'>W>!W8-@8DE!Q/:>60!"^01!J?M_!j,=0/3!):188-E!O$%%bRE!1/9#91]%b*ba$%k!
j>!l,==/;!et al.E!_1;4>!V/D>!Q/00>!79!O$%%bR!"["*k!
(>eH>!l1-898D!et al.E!_1;4>!V/D>!D62!O"***R!Z&#^*^k!
h>!V/15!6=F!l>!h/F65S,G!et al.E!O"***R!63\,DK64038#91]***[&Z$>!
A"B! Q>c/3@403m5E!V/9>!_38@>!_1;4>!63O"***R!b%&#Za$k!
h>!M--,4!et al.E!_1;4>!Q/00>!B214 O$%%ZR!&k!
(>!?H3=/3!6=F!P>!j,-:S/GE!_1;4>!V/D>!D42!O$%%*R!ak!
M>'>!c6-0S!6=F!h>!MF478E!!_1;4>!V/D>!D59!O$%%%R!"&^$$k!
?>!(838,!6=F!Q>!V6=F6--E!NH:>!_1;4>!B570!O"***R!a^^>!
A&B! V>!c3H=!et al.E!LM'N?&E!CERN-DD/EE/!84-1!OV/D,4/F!$%ZbR>!
AaB! L>!c6F1+63!et al.>!N60H3/!274!O$%bZR!$&bk!!
'>!cH22,=@08=!et al.E!'9>!h>!248!O$%Z$R!$$b%k!
V>Q>!L8-F/=!et al.E!'9>!h!>479!O$%%bR!%%"k!!
h>!'-:636S!et al.E!_1;4>!Q/00>!B461!O$%%%R!&Zbk!!
(>!)646G,!et al.E!"b01!JTVT!O"**$R!$b$$k!
hH6=!L63:,6#c/--,F8E!93,D60/!:855H=,:60,8=E!@360/2H--;!3/:/,D/F>!
A^B! M>'>!c6-,0SE!h>MF478E!_1;4>!V/D>!D59!O$%%%R!"&^$$k!
)>j>!c63+,:G!et al.,!'9>!h>!Q/00>!482!O$%%bR!Q$%$k!
)>T8H0H!et al.,!'40389630>_1;4>!11!O$%%%R!a"%k!
)>T8H0H!et al.,!"b01!JTVT!O"**$R>!
A[B! _>!)6-60,E!et al.E!NH:->_1;4>_38:>)H99->!81!O"***R!&b>!
AbB! I>!T18H0G8E!L>!Q656==6!6=F!'>!(6-,=,=/E!J=0>!h>!(8F/3=!_1;4>!A17!O"**"R!$Z$b>!
AZB! I>!T18H0G8E!NH:->!_1;4>!B!O_38:>!)H99->R!113 O"**"R!$b*>!
A%B!! l>!e841,5H36!et al.E!_1;4>!V/D>!Q/00>!75!O$%%^R!&b%"k!!
(>!Y82!et al>E!'9>!h>!467!O$%%[R!&&k!
Y>!(604H=6@6!et al.E!_1;4>!V/D>!Q/00>!81!O$%%ZR!a*^"k!
)>!X3,08!et al.E!_1;4>!V/D>!Q/00>!84!O"***R!$*bZk!!
h>j>!(,0:1/--!et al>E!_1;4>!V/D>!Q/00>!76!O$%%[R!&*^bk!!
(>!c8/S,8!et al.E!'9>!h>!487!O$%%bR!a$^k!!
(>!c8/S,8!et al.E!'9>!h>!561!O"**$R!bZbk!
h>!'-:636S!et al.E!_1;4>!V/9>!366/6!O"**"R!&&$>!
A$*B! V>!c600,408=!et al.E!'40389630>_1;4>!13!O"***R!^$>!
A$$B! h>L>!'4.H3;!et al.,!_1;4>!V/D>!Q/00>!18E!"!O$%[bR
AMS-02/Physics
!"#"$*!
A$"B! L>W!c6F+63!6=F!_>(>!XnN/,--E!'FD>!)96:/!3/4>!17/2!O$%%[R!bk!
'>h>!?;-G6E!j>P>!W,/03,:1E!6=F!_>V>!c8./3@E!JMMM!?36=46:0,8=4!NH:>!):,>!44!O$%%bR!"$a*>!!
c>!j,/./-#)8801E!_>Q>!c,/356==!6=F!Y>!(/;/3E!'!o!'!330!O$%%ZR!&Z%>!
A$&B! ! V>!W+;/3E!_>!(/;/3E!'9>!h>!322!O$%ZbR!%Z$k!
h>h>!M=@/-56==!et al.E!'o'!96!O$%%*R!""&k!
l>M>!l385./-E!(>M>!j,/F/=./:GE!'9>!h>!328!O$%ZZR!%a*k!
)>_>!)+83F;!et al.E!'9>!h>!349!O$%%*R!["^k!
'>j>!)038=@!6=F!J>!(84G6-/=G8E!'9h!509!O$%%ZR!"$">!
A$aB! ! j>V>!c,==,4!et al.E!'9>!h>!347!O$%Z%R!%%bk!
_>Y>!P8+-/3!et al.E!'9>!h>!314!O$%ZbR!b&%k!!
(>!J:1,5H36!et al.E!NH8D8!T,5/=08!106A!O$%%&R!Za&k!
_>!(H--/3!et al.E!O"**&R!63\,DK=H:-#/<]*&*"*"^k!!
_>c>!_3,:/!et al.E!_1;4>!V/D>!D18!O$%bZR!$&Z"k!
?>!)6,08!et al.E!_1;4>!V/D>!Q/00>!65!O$%%*R!"*%ak!!
M>l>!)1,3G!6=F!_>c>!_3,:/E!'9>!h>!220!O$%bZR!b$%k!
W6D,F!_>!'=F/348=!et al.E!O"**"R!63\,DK64038#91]*"*^*Z%>!
A$^B! ! _>Y>!P8+-/3!et al.E!'9>!h>!314!O$%ZbR!b&%k!!
h>!(6F4/=E!_1;4>!V/D>!Q/00>!87!O"**$R!$b"k!
h>!)6=F+/,44!h>!_1;4>!L!30!O"**aR!^$!
A$[B! ! I>!T18H0G8E!"Z01!JTVT!4!O"**&R!$b[^>!
A$bB! ! j>V>!c,==4!et al.E!"[01!JTVT!3!O$%%%R!%k!
h>h>!T8==/--E!$%%ZE!'9>!h>!501!O$%%ZR!Q^%k!
L>'>!F/!N8-28!et al.E!"b01!JTVT!5!O"**$R!$[^%k!
?>!Y654!et al.E!"b01!JTVT!5!O"**$R!$[^^k!
'>!QHG64,6G!et al.E!"[01!JTVT!3!O$%%%R!a$k!
(>M>!j,/F/=./:GE!$%01!JTVT!2!O$%Z^R!Za>!
!
!
Conclusion
'()#*"! ,4! 01/! 2,340! 93/:,4,8=! 9630,:-/! 91;4,:4! /<9/3,5/=0! 8=! 01/! 496:/! 4060,8=>! ! j,01! ,04!
6::/906=:/E!3/48-H0,8=!6=F!6.,-,0;!08!40HF;!F,22/3/=0!9630,:-/4!6=F!=H:-/,!8D/3!&!08!^!;/634!82!F606!06G,=@E!,0!
938D,F/4!6=!899830H=,0;!08!6::H360/-;!/<9-83/!=/+!3/@,8=4!82!91;4,:4>!!!
Acknowledgements
?1/! :8=403H:0,8=! 82! '()#*"! ,4! 6=! H=F/306G,=@! 82! 56=;! ,=F,D,FH6-4! 6=F! 83@6=,S60,8=4>! ! ?1/!
4H99830! 82! N')'! 6=F! 01/! C>)>! W/90>! 82! M=/3@;! 164! .//=! D,06-! ,=! 01/! ,=:/90,8=E! F/D/-895/=0! 6=F!
26.3,:60,8=!82!01/!/<9/3,5/=0>!!?1/!,=0/3/40!6=F!4H99830!82!W6=,/-!)>!L8-F,=E!2835/3!N')'!'F5,=,4036083E!
'>!eH>!VH5;6=04/DE!1/6F!82! 01/!P/F/36-!'@/=:;! 283!'085,:!M=/3@;E!VH44,6E!\H!LH6=1H6E!(,=,40/3!82!
):,/=:/! 6=F! ?/:1=8-8@;E! T1,=6E! 6=F! hm3@! P/H40/-#cp/:1-E! MH389/6=! )96:/! '@/=:;! ,4! @360/2H--;!
6:G=8+-/F@/F>! !?1/! F/F,:60,8=! 82!W3>! h81=!XqP6--8=E!W3>!V8.,=!)0622,=E!W3>!'>!c;8=#j6@=/3! 6=F!W3>!
_>l>!j,--,654! 82! C>)>! WXME! 8H3!(,44,8=!(6=6@/5/=0! 0/65E! W3>! W8H@-64! _>! c-6=:163FE!(3>!(63G! h>!
),40,--,!6=F!(3>!h65/4!V>!c60/4E!N')'E!(3>!l/==/01!c8--+/@!6=F!(3>!?>!(630,=E!Q8:G1//F#(630,=E!01/!
4H99830! 82! 01/! 496:/! 6@/=:,/4! 2385!L/356=;! OWQVR$E! J06-;! O')JRE! P36=:/! OTNM)RE! )96,=! OTW?JR! 6=F!
T1,=6!OT'Q?R!6=F!01/!4H99830!82!T)J)?E!?6,+6=E!16D/!56F/!01/!:8=403H:0,8=!9844,.-/>!
?1/!4H99830!82!L)J#W635406F0E!9630,:H-63-;!82!W3>!V/,=163F!),58=!56F/!,0!9844,.-/!283!H4!08!0/40!
/-/:038=,:4! :8598=/=04! 283! 36F,60,8=!/22/:04>! !?1/! 4H99830!M)'E! ,=:-HF,=@!(630,=!i/--E! h/6=! h6563!6=F!
j8-2@6=@!)H99/3E!+,--!/=6.-/!01/!8D/36--!01/356-!D6:HH5!0/40!60!M)?MT>!!!
?1/! 4H99830! 82! JNPNE! J06-;E! JN"_&E!V/@,8=!V1r=/#'-9/4! 6=F!Y6H0/!)6D8,/E! P36=:/E!TJM('?!
6=F!TJTe?E!)96,=E!QJ_E!_830H@6-E!TYM_E!l83/6E!01/!T1,=/4/!':6F/5;!82!):,/=:/4E!01/!N60,8=6-!N60H36-!
):,/=:/!P8H=F60,8=!6=F!01/!(,=,403;!82!):,/=:/!6=F!?/:1=8-8@;!82!T1,=6E!':6F/5,6!),=,:6E!?6,+6=E!01/!
C>)>!N)PE!(>J>?>E!M?Y#i)3,:1E! 01/!C=,D/34,0;!82!L/=/D6E!N60,8=6-!T/=036-!C=,D/34,0;E!N60,8=6-!)96:/!
_38@365!X22,:/E!N60,8=6-!T16,8!?H=@!C=,D/34,0;!6=F!N60,8=6-!T1/=@!lH=@!C=,D/34,0;E!?6,+6=E!(84:8+!
)060/!C=,D/34,0;E!)8H01/640!C=,D/34,0;E!N6=7,=@E!)16=@16,!h,68!?8=@!C=,D/34,0;E!)H=!e60#4/=!C=,D/34,0;E!
LH6=@S18HE!)16=F8=@!C=,D/34,0;E!h,=6=E!Vj?Y#'6:1/=E!01/!C=,D/34,0;!82!?H3GH!6=F!01/!C=,D/34,0;!82!
?/:1=8-8@;!82!Y/-4,=G,E!,4!@360/2H--;!6:G=8+-/F@/F>!!
j/!63/!6-48!@360/2H-!283!01/!4038=@!4H99830!6=F!,=0/3/40!418+=!2385!01/!93,D60/!4/:083E!,=:-HF,=@!
W3>!M>!M00-,=@/3E!Q,=F/E!W3>!V>!Y/3S8@E!JQlE!W3/4F/=E!(3>!h>!V844E!(3>!)>!(,-+63F!6=F!(3>!)>!Y633,48=!82!
)TQE! TH-165E! ClE! (3>! (>! (8-,=6E! TL)E! (,-6=E! (3>! P>! _/038=,E! T'MNE! I,63/@@,8E! (3>! '>! _846F6E!
TVJ)'!O'403,H5RE!(6F3,FE!J=@>!'>!_8=0/00,E!Lo'!M=@,=//3,=@E!J06-;E!W3>!M>'>!j/3=/3!6=F!W3>!h>!l3,/@/3E!
J)'?MTE!'6:1/=E!6=F!W3>!Y>!c,/3,E!c,/3,!M=@,=///3,=@E!)+,0S/3-6=F>!
j/!016=G!_382/44834!'>!W/!VH7H-6E!h>!M--,4E!'>!LH01E!Q>!(6,6=,E!283!56=;!,=0/3/40,=@!F,4:H44,8=4!
6=F!4H99830>!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$!J=:-HF,=@!4H99830!H=F/3!$li!^*!**%%*"!a>!
A/Acronyms, Abbreviations!
! '#$
Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations
'! '59/3/E!O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!8=/!82!6!4/0!82!3/FH=F6=0!/-/5/=04!
'')! '()!'=0,5600/3!),5H-6083!
'Tc)_! J))!)#c6=F!3/:/,D/3!
'TT! '=0,!T8,=:,F/=:/!T8H=0/34!
'TX_! '()!O83!'4038=6H0E!F/93/:,60/FR!T3/+!X9/360,8=4!_840!
'WT! '=6-8@!08!W,@,06-!T8=D/30/3!
'J)! '=0,5600/3!J=D/40,@60,8=!);40/5!
'()! '-916!(6@=/0,:!)9/:0385/0/3!
'()#*$! '()!/=@,=//3,=@!2-,@10!8=!01/!496:/!41H00-/!
'()#*"! '()!5,44,8=!8=!01/!J))!
'_TC! '44/5.-;!_8+/3!o!T8=038-!C=,0!
'_)! 'H08560/F!_6;-86F!)+,0:1!
')JT! '99-,:60,8=!)9/:,2,:!J=0/@360/F!T,3:H,0!
')?! '5,:6!)063!?36:G/3!
')?M! '5,:6!)063!?36:G/3!M-/:038=,:4!.863F!
')?M! ')?!M-/:038=,:4!
')?_! '5,:6!)063!?36:G/3!_8+/3!.863F!
'C\! 'H<,-,63;!
'jL! '5/3,:6=!j,3/!L6H@/!
c!! 485/0,5/4!c;0/E!485/0,5/4!c,0!
cT)! c/301,=@!TH/!);40/5E!6-48!McT)!
cXQ! c/@,==,=@!82!Q,2/!
T! T3;856@=/0!O,=!:85.,=60,8=RE!T8-F!O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!
T!o!W! T8556=F4!6=F!W606!
T'c! T3;856@=/0!'D,8=,:4!c8<!
T'MN! T8403HS,8=,!'9963/::1,60H3/!M-/0038=,:1/!NH:-/63,!E!)>9>'>!!
T'N! T8=038--/3!'3/6!N/0+83G!
TT! T3;8:88-/3!O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!
TTc_T! TTMc!c6:G9-6=/E!T8=038-!
TTc__! TTMc!c6:G9-6=/E!_8+/3!
TTc?! TT!&W!Y6--!_38./!6=F!_?)!3/6F8H0!
TTWT! TT!WT#WT!T8=D/30/3!.863F!
TTMc! T3;8:88-/3!M-/:038=,:4!c8<!
TTJP! TT!J=0/326:/!c863F!
TT(W(! T8556=F!o!T8=038-!(W(!
TT(X! TT!(8=,083!o!X4:,--6083!
TT_'! TT!_8+/3!'59-,2,/3!
TT)! T3;856@=/0!T163@,=@!);40/5!
TT)T! T3;856@=/0!T8=038--/3!6=F!),@=6-!T8=F,0,8=/3!!
TWW! T3;856@=/0!WH59!W,8F/4!
TWWT! T8556=F!W,403,.H083E!W606!T8=:/=036083!
TW_! T8558=!W,@,06-!_630!
TMVN! MH389/6=!T/=0/3!283!NH:-/63!V/4/63:1!
TL)! T63-8!L6D6SS,!)96:/!)9'E!J#(,-6=8!
TL)M! T;38@/=,:!L38H=F!)H99830!MUH,95/=0!
TQE!T>Q>! T8=2,F/=:/!Q,5,0!
T_! T163@/!_63,0;!
:_TJ! T8596:0!_TJ!.H4!283560!
TVJ)'! T859H06F8364E!V/F/4!/!J=@/=,/3,6E!)>'>!
T)_! T3;856@/=0!)/-2!_380/:0,8=!:,3:H,04!
TIc! T3;856@/=0!I6-D/!c8<!
A/Acronyms, Abbreviations!
!'#"!
W!! F/H0/38=!
W'T! W,@,06-!08!'=6-8@!T8=D/30/3!
W'g! W606!':UH,4,0,8=!
WT! W,3/:0!TH33/=0!
WT#WT! WT!08!WT!:8=D/30/3!
WWV)! W,@,06-!W606!V/:83F,=@!);40/5!
FM]F\! M=/3@;!-844!+1/=!036D/34,=@!5600/3!
WM)e! W/H04:1/4!M-/G038=/=#);=:138038=!
W)_! W,@,06-!),@=6-!_38:/4483!
W?)! W,@,06-!?/59/360H3/!)/=483!O/>@>!W)$Z)"*R!
M! MT'Q!O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!
M#T360/! MT'Q!T360/!
McT)! M<0/3=6-!c/301,=@!TH/!);40/5!
Mc_! M#T360/!c6:G9-6=/!
MT'Q! M-/:03856@=/0,:!T6-83,5/0/3!
MWV"! MT'Q!W606!V/FH:0,8=!.863F!O:8=06,=4!0+8!MWVR!
MYI! MT'Q!YI!c3,:G!
M(! M=@,=//3,=@!(8F/-!
M(T! M-/:03856@=/0,:!T85960,.,-,0;!
M(J! M-/:03856@=/0,:!J=0/32/3/=:/!
MXQ! M=F!82!Q,2/!
M_W! MT'Q!_8+/3!W,403,.H0,8=!.8<!
M_)PM! MT'Q!_8+/3!)H99-;!283!P38=0!M=F!.863F!
M)'! MH389/6=!)96:/!'@/=:;!
M)?MT! M)'!MH389/6=!)96:/!V/4/63:1!6=F!?/:1=8-8@;!T/=03/!
M?VL! MT'Q!?3,@@/3!.863F!
MI'! M<036D/1,:H-63!':0,D,0;!
P]X! P,./3!890,:!
PM! P38=0!M=F!
PJPX! P,340!J=E!P,340!8H0!
P(! P-,@10!(8F/-!
P)! P-,@10!)963/!
L! L6H44!O*>$!5?R!
@! %>Z!5]4]4E!@365!
L_)! L-8.6-!_84,0,8=,=@!);40/5!
L_)M! J=0/326:/!283!L_)!O?894063!&***W!sR!
L)T! L38H=F!)H99830!T859H0/34!
L)M! L38H=F!)H99830!MUH,95/=0!
L)PT! L8FF63F!)96:/!P-,@10!T/=0/3!
L)J! L/4:1/--4:1620!2p3!):1+/3,8=/=2834:1H=@!
Y! Y80!O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!
YTXV! YVWQ!T855H=,:60,8=!XH06@/!V/:83F/3!
YX)T! YH=0D,--/!X9/360,8=4!6=F!):,/=:/!T/=0/3!
YVWQ! Y,@1!V60/!W606!Q,=G!
YVP(! YVWQ!P365/!(H-0,9-/</3!
YV(! YVWQ!(8F/5!
YI! Y,@1!I8-06@/!
J! TH33/=0!
JTW! J=0/326:/!T8=038-!W8:H5/=0!
JP_!'! J=0/326:/!_6=/-!'!
J)_V! J))!)06=F63F!_6;-86F!V6:G!
J))! J=0/3=60,8=6-!)96:/!)060,8=!
A/Acronyms, Abbreviations!
! '#&
JI?! J=0/326:/!I/3,2,:60,8=!?/40!
h! W'g!83!L-8.6-!O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!
h#T360/! (6,=!T859H0/3!6=F!J=0/326:/!T360/!
hc_! h#T360/!c6:G9-6=/!
hcC! h(WT!"t$Lc!(/583;!cH22/3!
hYJP! V/FH=F!YVWQ!OJ))RuhPX(!f!4,=@-/!V)a""O)?)Ruha""!J=0/326:/4!
hJ(#'()jo$^^&! h(WT!J=0/326:/!08!'()j,3/!o!QVWQ!!D,6!hQJP!OJ))R!o!$^^&!O)?)R!
hJ(#T'N! h(WT!J=0/326:/!08!T'N!
hJ(#YVWQ]a""! h(WT!J=0/326:/!08!YVWQ!OJ))R!83!V)a""!O)?)R!D,6!hYJP!
hJNP! W'g!J=0/35/F,60/!N8F/E!P38=0!M=F!
hJNh! W'g!J=0/35/F,60/!N8F/!
hJNV! W'g!J=0/35/F,60/!N8F/E!VJTY!
hQJP! V/FH=F6=0!QVWQ!O$^^&Ruh$^^&!J=0/326:/4!
hQI$! Q/D/-#$!03,@@/3!938:/4483!
h(WT! (6,=!W'g!T859H0/3!
h_c_! h_W!.6:G9-6=/!
h_W! h#!6=F!h?#T360/!_8+/3!W,403,.H0,8=!.8<!
h_JP! WT#WT!o!(oT!283!hYJP!o!hQJP!
h_h?! WT#WT!o!(oT!283!h?!!
h_(W! WT#WT!o!(oT!283!"!h(WTq4!
h_)T! WT#WT!o!(oT!283!C)T(E!h_W!,=0/3=6-4!
h)cT! h(WT!),=@-/!c863F!T859H0/3!
h)T! h81=48=!)96:/!T/=0/3!
h?#T360/! ?3,@@/3!o!W'g!T360/!
h?c_! h?#T360/!c6:G9-6=/!
h?c\! 2640!03,@@/3!4,@=6-!26=!,=]8H0!o!-8@,:>!
h?_W! ?3,@@/3!_8+/3!W,403,.H083!O4H993/44/FR!
l!! F/@3//4!l/-D,=!
l)T! l/==/F;!)96:/!T/=0/3!
Gj! $***!j600!
-!! -,0/3E!-,03/!
QT?Q! Q64/3!'-,@=5/=0!:8=038-!.863F!O+64!Q'TR!
QWWV! Q64/3!'-,@=5/=0!F3,D/3!.863F4!O+64!Q'WR!
Q(! Q8:G1//F#(630,=!
QY/! Q,UH,F!1/-,H5!
QY_! Q889/F!Y/60!_,9/!
QN! Q,UH,F!=,038@/=!
QVWQ! Q8+!V60/!W606!Q,=G!
Q))! Q63@/!)96:/!),5H-6083!
QI! Q8+!I8-06@/!
QIW)! QI!W,22/3/=0,6-!),@=6-,=@!
(! (644E!(8=,083!o!T8=038-!O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!
(#T360/! (8=,083!o!T8=038-!T360/!
(oT! (8=,083!6=F!T8=038-!
(W(! (H-0,9-/</3]W/5H-,09-/</3!
(J_! (,=,5H5!J8=,S,=@!_630,:-/!
(QJ! (H-0,#Q6;/3!J=4H-60,8=!
(Q_! (8.,-/!Q6H=:1!_-602835!
((X! N')'!'()!(,44,8=!(6=6@/5/=0!X22,:/!
(X)PM?! (/06-!X<,F/!8=!),-,:8=!P,/-F!M22/:0!?36=4,4083!
(_W! (8=,083!o!T8=038-!_8+/3!W,403,.H083!
()PT! (63416--!)96:/!P-,@10!T/=0/3!
A/Acronyms, Abbreviations!
!'#a!
N')'! N60,8=6-!'/38=6H0,:4!6=F!)96:/!'@/=:;!
NcQ! N/H036-!cH8;6=:;!Q6.!
_! 585/=0H5E!93/44H3/E!938.6.,-,0;E!O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!_8+/3E!_830E!_3,563;!
9! 93808=E!585/=0H5!
_')! _6;-86F!'006:1!);40/5!
_T'! _3,=0/F!T,3:H,0!'44/5.-;!
_Tc! _3,=0/F!T,3:H,0!c863F!
_T)! _8306.-/!T8=038-!);40/5!-690894!!
_Wc! _8+/3!W,403,.H0,8=!c8<!OF,426D83/FR!v!4//!_W)!!
_W)! _8+/3!W,403,.H0,8=!);40/5!
_Q(W(! _6;-86F!(W(!
_(?! _1808!(H-0,9-,/3!?H./!
_XTT! _6;-86F!X9/360,8=4!6=F!T8=038-!T/=0/3!
__)! _644,D/!_164/!)/9636083!
_VQ'! _6;-86F!V/0/=0,8=!Q60:1!':0H6083!
_?)! _-60,=H5!?/59/360H3/!)/=483!O/>@>!_?$**R!
_ILP! _8+/3!6=F!I,F/8!L3699-/!P,<0H3/!
g! :163@/!
g(! gH6-,2,:60,8=!(8F/-!
V! V,@,F,0;E!VJTY!O,=!:85.,=60,8=RE!V65!
V#T360/! VJTY!T360/!
VW! V/2/3/=:/!W8:H5/=0!
VM_W! VJTY!o!MT'Q!_8+/3!W,403,.H0,8=!.8<!O:8=06,=!M_W!o!V_WR!
VYI! VJTY!YI!c3,:G!
VJTY! V,=@!J56@,=@!T/3/=G8D!F/0/:083!
VXMC! V/580/-;!X9/360/F!M-/:03,:6-!C5.,-,:6-!
V_W! VJTY!_8+/3!W,403,.H0,8=!
V_W'! V/580/!_8+/3!W,403,.H0,8=!'44/5.-;!
)! O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!):,=0,--6083!O,>/>!?XP!6=F!'TTRE!)063.863FE!)/:8=F63;!
)#T360/! ):,=0,--6083!O?XP!o!'TTR!T360/!
)%*aZ! FH6-!WT#WTOf#">^IR!
)%*^$! FH6-!WT#WTOf#">^IE!f^>[IR!
)%*^"! FH6-!WT#WTOf#^>[IR!
)%*^&! FH6-!WT#WTOf#&>aIRE!(X)PM?/F!
)%*^&J! FH6-!WT#WTOf#&>aIR!
)%*^&C! FH6-!WT#WTOf#&>ZIRE!W,8F/F!
)%*^a! FH6-!WT#WTOf^>"IR!
)%*^aW! FH6-!WT#WTOf^>"IRE!W,8F/F!
)%*^^! FH6-!WT#WTOf#[IEf$"*IRE!W,8F/F!
)%*^[! FH6-!WT#WTOf#^IEf$"*IR!
)%*^b! FH6-!WT#WTOf&>[IE#">[IR!
)%*^bM! FH6-!WT#WTOf&>ZIE#">ZIR!
)%*ba! FH6-!WT#WTOf&>aIEf^>[IR!
)c_! )#T360/!c6:G9-6=/!
)TQ! )96:/!T3;856@=/0,:4!Q0F!
)WV"! PM!W'g!283!)#T360/E!"!V/FH=FE!TW_>!
)PM'"! ):,=0,--6083!PME!0,5/!5/64H3/!82!'TT!o!?XPE!.863F!
)PMT! ):,=0,--6083!PME!:163@/!5/64H3/5/=0E!.863F!
)PM?"! ):,=0,--6083!PME!0,5/!5/64H3/5/=0!?XPE!UH6FE!.863F!
)PY/! )H9/32-H,F!1/-,H5!
)YI! ):,=0,-6083!YI!c3,:G!
)XT! ):,/=:/!X9/360,8=4!T/=0/3!
A/Acronyms, Abbreviations!
! '#^
)_W! ):,=0,--6083!_8+/3!W,403,.H0,8=!.8<!
)_XM! )06=F63F!_6;-86F!XH02,00,=@!MUH,95/=0!
)_?"! ?8P!93/03,@@/3!
43! 40/36F,6=!
)V()! )1H00-/!V/580/!(6=,9H-6083!);40/5!O635R!
))V()! )96:/!)060,8=!V/580/!(6=,9H-6083!);40/5!O635R!
)?)! )96:/!?36=4983060,8=!);40/5!O6>G>6>!)96:/!)1H00-/R!
?! ?/4-6E!),-,:8=!?36:G/3!O,=!:85.,=60,8=R!
?#*! J=406=0!82!-,20!822E!6-48!/-/:03,:6-!:8==/:0,8=!./0+//=!)1H00-/!o!M6301E!
F,4:8==/:0/F!60!0,5/!?#*>!
?#T360/! ?36:G/3!T360/!
?cT! ?8!c/!T8=2,35/F!
?cW! ?8!c/!W/2,=/F!
?c_! ?#T360/!c6:G9-6=/!O)%*$^R!
?cV! ?8!c/!V/D,/+/F!
?c)! ?36:G/3!c,64!4H99-;!3/@H-6083!O$"!-6FF/34R!O)%*[ZR!
?T)! ?1/356-!T8=038-!);40/5!
?WT! ?,5/!08!W,@,06-!T8=D/30/3!
?WV"! PM!W'g!283!"t!O?36:G/3!-6FF/34!8=!=8=#3/FH=F!TW_R!O)%*$ZR!
?WV)! ?36:G,=@!6=F!W606!V/-6;!)60/--,0/!
?PM! ?36:G/3!PM!.863F4!O1;.3,F4R!283!v)!6=F!vl!4,F/4!
?(_! ?1/58#(/:16=,:6-!_H59!
?XP! ?,5/!82!P-,@10!F/0/:083!
?_W! ?36:G/3!_8+/3!W,403,.H083!
?_)PM! PM!?36:G/3!QI!3/@H-6083E
A/Acronyms, Abbreviations!
!'#[!
C)T(! C=,D/346-!)-8+!T8=038-!(8FH-/!
C))! C=,UH/!)H99830!)03H:0H3/!
I! I8-04!
IT!! I6:HH5!T64/!
IT)! I698OHR3!T88-/F!)1,/-F!
IWT! I8-04!WT!
IQ)J! I/3;!Q63@/!):6-/!J=0/@360/F!:,3:H,0!
j! j600E!j6G/!
j)LT! j1,0/!)6=F4!L38H=F!T859-/<!
\*! V6F,60,8=!-/=@01!
i! :163@/!
B/Bibliography
! c#$
Appendix B: AMS Principal Publications
$> h>!'-:636S!et al.E!x)/63:1!283!'=0,1/-,H5!,=!T845,:!V6;4yE!_1;4>!Q/00>!B461!O"!)/9!$%%%R!&Zb#
&%[E!1/9#/<]***"*aZ>!!
"> h>!'-:636S!et al.E!x_3808=4!,=!N/63!M6301!X3.,0yE!_1;4>!Q/00>!B472!O"[!h6=!"***R!"$^#""[E!1/9#
/<]***"*a%>!!!
&> h>!'-:636S!et al.E!xQ/908=4!,=!N/63!M6301!X3.,0yE!_1;4>!Q/00>!B484!O"b!hH=!"***R!$*#""k!!
M3360H5!_1;4>!Q/00>!B495!O$a!W/:!"***R!aa*>!
a> h>!'-:636S!et al.E!xT845,:!_3808=4yE!_1;4>!Q/00>!B490!O"Z!)/9!"***R!"b#&^>!
^> h>!'-:636S!et al.E!xY/-,H5!,=!N/63!M6301!X3.,0wE!_1;4>!Q/00>!B494!O&*!N8D!"***R!$%&#"*">!
[> (>'@H,-63!et al.E!x?1/!'-916!(6@=/0,:!)9/:0385/0/3!O'()R!8=!01/!J=0/3=60,8=6-!)96:/!)060,8=E!
_630!JE!V/4H-04!2385!01/!0/40!2-,@10!8=!01/!)96:/!)1H00-/yE!_1;4,:4!V/98304E!vol. 366/6!O'H@>"**"RE!
&&$#a*ak!!M3360H5!,.,F!&Z*!O"**&R!%b#%Z>!
C/Collaborators
!
! T#$
Appendix C: Collaborating Institutes and Universities
Institute Location Contact
J>!_1;4,G6-,4:1/4!J=40,0H0E!Vj?Y! '6:1/=! )0>!):16/-!
JJJ>!_1;4,G6-,4:1/4!J=40,0H0E!Vj?Y! '6:1/=! L>!P-p@@/!
C=,D/34,0;!82!'631H4! '631H4! h>!(6F4/=!
N60,8=6-!J=40,0H0/!283!NH:-/63!_1;4,:4!6=F!Y,@1!M=/3@;!_1;4,:4!ONJlYMPR! '540/3F65! c>!I/3-660!
Q6.83608,3/!Fn'==/:;#Q/#I,/H<!F/!_1;4,UH/!F/4!_630,:H-/4!! '==/:;#Q/#I,/H<! h>_>!I,6--/!
h81=4!Y89G,=4!C=,D/34,0;! c6-0,583/E!(W! '>!_/D4=/3!
c/,7,=@!J=40,0H0/!82!)60/--,0/!M=D,38=5/=0!M=@,=//3,=@!OcJ)MMR! c/,7,=@! \,6=@!)1H18=@!
T1,=6!':6F/5;!82!Q6H=:1!I/1,:-/!?/:1=8-8@;!OT'Q?R! c/,7,=@! Q,!N,=@!
J=40,0H0/!82!M-/:03,:6-!M=@,=//3,=@!OJMMRE!T1,=/4/!':6F/5;!82!):,/=:/4! c/,7,=@! l8=@!Q,!
J=40,0H0/!82!Y,@1!M=/3@;!_1;4,:4!OJYM_RE!T1,=/4/!':6F/5;!82!):,/=:/4! c/,7,=@! T1/=!Y/41/=!
C=,D/34,0;!82!c8-8@=6!6=F!JNPN#)/S,8=/!F,!c8-8@=6! c8-8@=6! P>!_6-58=63,!
C=,D/34,0;!82!cH:163/40 6=F!J=40,0H0/!283!)96:/!):,/=:/!OJ))R! cH:163/40! '>!(,1H-!
(6446:1H4/004!J=40,0H0/!82!?/:1=8-8@;!O(J?R! T65.3,F@/E!('! C>!c/:G/3!
N60,8=6-!T/=036-!C=,D/34,0;! T1H=@!Q,! eH6=!Y6==!T16=@!
C=,D/34,0;!82!(63;-6=FE!W/96305/=0!82!_1;4,:4! T8--/@/!_63GE!(W! M>)>!)/8!
C=,D/34,0;!82!(63;-6=FE!M640#j/40!)96:/!):,/=:/!T/=0/3! T8--/@/!_63GE!(W! V>!)6@F//D!
l;H=@988G!N60,8=6-!C=,D/34,0;! W6/@H! W>!)8=!
N60,8=6-!'/38496:/!Q6.836083;!ONQVR! M55/-883F! h>!D6=!M4!
J40,0H08!F,!V,:/3:6!4H--/!X=F/!M-/003856@=/0,:1/!OJVXMR! P-83/=:/! L>!T640/--,=,!
(6<#_-6=G#J=40,0H0!O(_JR!2p3!M<0360/33/403,4:1/!_1;4,G! L63:1,=@! h>!?3H/59/3!
C=,D/34,0z!F/!L/={D/E!W>_>N>T>! L/=/D6! (>!_81-!
N')'!L8FF63F!)96:/!P-,@10!T/=0/3!OL)PTR! L3//=./-0! )>!c3/8=!
Q6.83608,3/!F/!_1;4,UH/!)H.6085,UH/!/0!F/!T8458-8@,/!OQ_)TR! L3/=8.-/! (>!cH/=/3F!
)H=!e60#4/=!C=,D/34,0;!O)e)CR! LH6=@S18H! Y/!i1/=1H,!
N')'!h81=48=!)96:/!T/=0/3!Oh)TR! Y8H408=! )>!_830/3!
N60,8=6-!T1,68!?H=@!C=,D/34,0;!ONT?CR! Y4,=:1H! T>e>!T16=@!
N60,8=6-!)96:/!_38@365!X22,:/!ON)_XR! Y4,=:1H! Q8H#T1H6=!Q//!
)16=F8=@!C=,D/34,0;!O)WCR! h,=6=! Q,!l6=@!
C=,D/34,0;!82!l63-43H1/E!J=40,0H0/!283!M<9/3,5/=06-!NH:-/63!_1;4,:4! l63-43H1/! j>!W/!c8/3!
Y/-4,=G,!C=,D/34,0;!82!?/:1=8-8@;E!(/04618D,!V6F,8!X.4/3D6083;! l;-56-6! '>!(H7H=/=!
Q6.836083;!82!J=403H5/=060,8=!6=F!M<9/3,5/=06-!_630,:-/!_1;4,:4! Q,4.8=!! P>!c6368!
T1H=@!)16=!J=40,0H0/!82!):,/=:/!6=F!?/:1=8-8@;!OT)J)?R! QH=@!?6=! eH6=#?SH!?,=@!
T/=038!F/!J=D/40,@6:,8=/4!M=/3@/0,:64!!
(/F,865.,/=06-/4!;!?/:1=8-8@,:64!OTJM('?R!
(6F3,F! (>!'@H,-63!
C=,D/34,F6F!N6:,8=6-!'H08=856!F/!(/<,:8!OCN'(R! (/<,:8!T,0;! '>!(/=:16:6!V8:16!
C=,D/34,0;!82!(,-6=8!6=F!JNPN#)/S,8=/!F,!(,-6=8! (,-6=! _>L>!V6=:8,06!
L38H9/!Fn'40389630,:H-/4!F/!(8=09/--,/3!OL'(RE!JN"_&E!!
C=,D/34,0/!(8=09/--,/3!JJ!
(8=09/--,/3! '>!h6:18-G8+4G6!
C/Collaborators!
!T#"!
Institute Location Contact
J=40,0H0/!82!?1/83/0,:6-!6=F!M<9/3,5/=06-!_1;4,:4!OJ?M_R! (84:8+! e>!L6-6G0,8=8D!
J=40,0H0/!82!)96:/!V/4/63:1!OJlJR! (84:8+! J>!(,03628=8D!
VH44,6=!V/4/63:1!T/=03/E!lH3:1608D!J=40,0H0/! (84:8+! N>!T1/3=89-/G8D!
)G8./-04;=!J=40,0H0/!82!NH:-/63!_1;4,:4E!(84:8+!)060/!C=,D/34,0;! (84:8+! (>!_6=64;HG!
)8H01/640!C=,D/34,0;!O)MCR! N6=7,=@! QH8!hH=S18H!
e6-/!C=,D/34,0;E!W/96305/=0!82!_1;4,:4! N/+!Y6D/=E!T?! h>!)6=F+/,44!
MH389/6=!)96:/!'@/=:;E!MH389/6=!)96:/!6=F!?/:1=8-8@;!T/=03/!OM)?MTR N883F+,7G!! (>!i/--!
C=,D/34,0;!82!_/3H@,6!6=F!JNPN#)/S,8=/!F,!_/3H@,6! _/3H@,6! V>!c600,408=!
C=,D/34,0;!82!_,46!6=F!JNPN#)/S,8=/!F,!_,46! _,46! P>!T/3D/--,!
J06-,6=!)96:/!'@/=:;!O')JR! V856! )>!W,!_,998!
C=,D/34,0;!82!V856!wQ6!)69,/=S6w!6=F!JNPN#)/S,8=/!F,!V856! V856! c>!c83@,6!
MjY'!j85/=n4!C=,D/34,0;! )/8H-! h>!e6=@!
)16=@16,!h,6808=@!C=,D/34,0;!O)h?CR! )16=@16,! e/!g,=@168!
C=,D/34,0;!82!),/=6!6=F!JNPN#)/S,8=/!F,!),/=6! ),/=6! _>)>!(6338::1/4,!
N60,8=6-!T1/=@!lH=@!C=,D/34,0;!ONTlCR! ?6,=6=! T1,=!M>!Q,=!
':6F/5,6!),=,:6E!J=40,0H0/!82!_1;4,:4! ?6,9/,! )1,1#T16=@!Q//!
P-83,F6!'o(!C=,D/34,0;! ?6--61644//E!PQ! V>!XnN/6-!
J=40,0H08!F/!'40382,4,:6!F/!T6=63,64!OJ'TR! ?/=/3,2/! V>T>!L63,:6!Q89/S!
T/=0/3!283!'FD6=:/F!V/4/63:1!,=!)96:/!X90,:4!OT'V)XRE!!
C=,D/34,0;!82!?3,/40/!
?3,/40/! _>!?3659H4!
C=,D/34,0;!82!?H3GHE!)96:/!V/4/63:1!Q6.836083;! ?H3GH! h>!?8340,!
M,F@/=m44,4:1/!?/:1=,4:1/!Y8:14:1H-/!OM?YR!ip3,:1E!!
Q6.>!2>Y8:1/=/3@,/91;4,G!!
iH3,:1! Y>!Y82/3!
!
