Fo lrR orde oEis: pt%e,cou. r Bmt poinr Lld. {a Mi tbn pt. \ b.ngdon. O^onu^r44rD. rtephone:/44i0t?154O0a,4.Fd,. |J,0t)J5r0o4ra. I in,droFndoT9.00- m. VdaJ ro-sarda\. trirh a /a hor m;.s;Cc .trenne @rce.Em Gss: orde6 @booL?oinr..o.u ktu' U S. { & cedd ordqueri$. p'eM coac, \ rc/Co0Fpom4 pubsh ng.425,w*r loubya\fll.. iocot\ad. Ltnob064 ,o?s. L S.A. t;kDt";n r84,;_a j5oo.

In"qg HoMed tu,'te a dikh e sur io. !el_gu,.red tem ns _ s, moflhd JOnlonrcp e\ $td qdtdtr id e r /d.r rar , .ar*r tu i0! tud\over2o0r i r t* ,nener or rdgldg6. !rdt. hobhie.. ud oer tcire turie,.Rinsh bnry Catltaguihg in pubtetion Data ca|aloeu entry l rhis rid is avaible fion IIE Briish Lihry.Librury o Cohgres cataloR cnd NMber O\ tire_F^t published in uK 199 by Hodder Eeadine plc, 338 Euslon Road, Londo., inv I 3BH.Fi^rDubshed'nt S a@b\ Mcr. onFmpora,.ypubirh,na.,1255wd foJ ALenre,Unolwood rch'caeo), nnors 6O4G97j. U.S aTl' T.h Yolrel' nne dd logo se Eebred rde IMIG of Ho,l.tq & Stogbton Lr.LCoptright @ I999 Bevney Knsch md silvia Skrse.

1, U(: .ishts sened. No parr f is pubtiqtion my bc repm.tced or lrnsmittcd itu-y b..Jn or_by dl nds. deror. mechical, nciudi pholocopt erding, oraDyirr omr on :lordee md Eie\tsJ nen s,nou, pmi\ror in

",rrg n".,r,iDmrre o Hder bme lrr,be copy .sh, | ,.nsi1A a"mq | ,niEd idte, ot,^ffir,eMq'd

pme!! rep'odu.r,o,,aJ beoDrd.ned .ofr e.prri8h,L ei(rs agenc\ | '

tuEd. o0 Tomlh I our Roaa, Ld dor $ lpoHl/, / \: crlrihl. F.eaeJ. \o pd or r, bool d) be rp,Jdu-d. rord,n a Eje\al\ysG. o d m" nrue'l I n 0) lor. or b\ dny me\, etecuonjc. ma hL! 1, pho.o@\ ins.uosw e. qrhl p d oemi'rirn oi vC or.mmrd pubLsh,neCo;IranJ. -I?ese by Tenset Linted, Covenry. Enlmd.Pbd inCrfl Britain ror H@dq & s,o;gfro0 Fducdion,t, cd \.sonor HodddHeddm Pl! 3Je Eu..m R@d. rnndon vwt JBH bJ cor & \Ivrn Ld. RddrBdkshiF

Gettng acquted on an aeroplaret kudtbna k$'khona klray

_32Meeting agin t th Murays' homeUkwazi ukuthetha isixhosaKnowing how to speak )

ACKNOWIEDGEMENTS

lo

l1

t2

13

14

15

l6

Msiye kula rqsdnr intsha!Lt's go to tht new rcstauant!Ukuenga impahla nezinto nto

zkwaNtu zesiNtuBuing clotles and vaious Afiican as nd caftsIinkathazo zohamboTlave woesUmz a welifa llkaxhosa)ftos heritag tritTranslaiions o dialoguesKe!' to execisesXhosafnglish vocabularyEnglish-Xhosa vocabula4rBtbliogtaphgIndex

UThemba emsebenzlni -

udliurano-ndlebe 149Themba at wo*

- an intelview

Ndi[gathetha noMnumzana Thamsanqa? _

164May I speak to Mr Thansnq?Kmdlalo weqakambaAt the cricket mtch

Acknowledgementsli is impossib to qniiy Rlph Ksch's pt in helping us to bring thsbook to ftrion. His inieest, suppo, lechnicl dvice nd especily hisgenerosity of spint ae wtfiling.We would also like to thDt Ms Theres Soci fo her help wi pmofreading and for the mny usefi sggestons she made.We re giefu to the olowing copyight oxnes for pe.mission toepoduce texts and photographs:David Philip Pubishes ery) Ltd, Cpe TowFort Hare University, Aice, Eastern CapeJohn Mumy, LondoD'Witwatesand Univesity hess, JohannsburgHeinenanD Publishen (Pty) Ltd, JohannesbugS unday Inde pendent, J oharesbEMskew Miler Loneran, Cape TownLittle, Brown, UKBducm Publishes, Haffway HouseBona, DubanPhotographsTV Bulpn, Muizenbeg, Cape To\Inlndepenalent Newspapen, Cape TovrnNational Botnical Institute, Kistenbosch, Cpe TowDcpartment of Water Affais, PetoriaUnited Cricket Boad of Sou Africa, Nothlands, JohannesbugBon, DubnMaccrcgor Museum, KimberleyNational Gallery, Cape TowrMayibuye Centre, Univesity of the Westem Cape

Loon CominunictionsFir Ldy, Cpe TownmctlmvoSA Oardn & Hone

797

2ll

177

30831531',7

241

Introduction

About XhosqTle word Xhos comes ftom the nme of a legendary chie. In ddion toEngish and Afrikans, ere are nine ofEcial languagef Souih Africa.These nine belong to e Sb-Sharan Bau o .lintr fmily ofanguages,Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele aDd Swti colstitute the Nguni gmup, SoutbemSotho, Pedi (Nohem Sotho) and Tswan costitute the Soo gop.Venda and Tsonga (Shngan) do not belong to eie the Nguni or theSotho grop.Xhos, President Mandel's mother tongue. is the souemmost of thenine Afticar languages nd togethe with Zulu, e most widely spokenlngage in South Afica, is spoken by appmxim-arely l8 pe cenr of SouthAfticans, d vast njodry of whom live in e Eastem and Westea Cap

'... history hs poved that the )Closa language is one of thetenaciousy endudng eements of )ftosa crre for it has maintained afirn fooold on Southem African soil, gowing like an evergreen,deep-rooted te, nd has nnifested itsef as a dlnmic, vibnt, vhilelanguge dptble to, and developing in hmmony t, the changingenviotrment in that il spmuts new wods and expressions roaccommodte new concpts and ctural items nd, to ar even greierextent, horbs and xhosaizes foreign words and terms. This i. didoiginaly from te Khoisan languages, s extending ard eDrihingts vocbuay and speech sound sysiem, nd for the past hundred yearshs been doing [so] ftom Dutch and Alrjas and in is centuyespciay ftom English with which e anaxosa came inro closecontct through the schools that werc estabshed by the missioniesof various denominations,.-'

L,9itrt is used 6y Pl in his dictiondy s a vdio ofadh. ln Xhos! irNt denotes elalguaee or aryine ch@tdistic, e.s. .Lss, cston of th aru Ntu d e ardlsaNt. ire &s@ndmis of Nu, ir gn.lary posflitor Patn, H.w (ed .) Th creater Dictiarro/xnda, vol. 3. Alice Univeniry ol Fon Hare, 1989.

IMRODUCTION

It was the Scottish missionary John Bnnie of Lovedale who firstrecoded e Xho6a language and poducd e fust witten texts usingthe Latin alphabet wi e letters c, q, x epresenting e three clicksounds. The clicks nd sounds such as '' (pronounced like e Aftikaansinitial 'g'in 'goe-d' o the German 'ch'in 'nach') restiy ro e influence ofthe Khoi and Str lnguages spoken by the irdigenous herdes andhunteN of Southem Afric with whom the vadous Xhosa tribes had erlytrd intimate conlct-This iDfluence is also rcflected in some geogmphical names e.g.Keiskamma (gez'$^ter). Anotler manifesttron of this influence is ilhe coexistence of slnonyms taken from the Khoi lnguage, for example:

tyani / tngcs (grss)tmu / ,lgwha (shep),rrthkthi / igqwia Gocere)

In more rccent yeaff many Engsh and Afikans words have been'xlssed' , for example:

irikolo (school)ibhokisi box)rtshini (machine)

Xhos is a heteogeneos and complex language originting ftom a largeand divenified goup with many chiefs and clans. Until the mid- 1950s theXhos spoken by dtnllccalek nd drzaR.hrhabe (also known asdn,aNgqika or Tbhirvo xhosa)' was egariled as standd lelary )ftosg- 'is (ho6 esithethwa ngmaNgqik omgqba'- but nowdays thevariations of e dilects o the oer groups fuher Dor, namdraMbo o Fingoes, drdThembu, /mdBomvn, atn Mpondo anddruMpondomise, arc also ccepted in e witten languge. Lile alllangages, everyday colloquial Xhos differs fom that fond in'aumiative' grarDmars. Similady, language usag often diffen not oDyfrom rcgion to rcgion, but also from genention to genemlon, and youmay encounter these differences when convesing with )ftosa speakes.

'tuGelk! md ,ruRlrhtlE r nmed aner e two brctheE. chf Golk otrdcniefRhrhhe. Ngqle Nas Rhan.h's g@dsn.

XHOSA INTRODUCTION

About this boolcTeach yorselfxhosa is ]JJ.ended for all rvho are inrerested in leaming one ofthe mos. widely spoken Aficn anguges ir Sourh Aftjca-It is aimed . both South Africans and sitos ro Sourh Afric. and ai osewho are leming Xhosa ftom satcb as well as tose who would ike tobush up their existing skills. As s.!ch, it should benef studenrs r highschool and univenity level, as well as those nvoved in adt education.wlrcever possible, the communcative aspecr of rhe language has beenemphsised which has hopefuly esulted in a course which is usefu ndpracticl. Cutural backgond ad infomarion forms an inreg pat of

The book is divided into 1 units which range fom bsc lunctioN rndlmguage usage in e initial units to moe vaied nd compex usage in thclater units. The inclusion of material Iiom )ahosa ltertue nd magaziesis aimd at encouging tutter readine.Ech nit consists ofI a list of tunctionst a dialogue (tucoko) E setting out the situation and tunctionsI a vocabulary (irign) box I wittr atl new words and expressionsI a 'How to ...'sec[on N which surnmarises and exoands upon e

firnctions dealt with in the conve$aonI a 'How it wo*s' section l which expla;ns the ganmtical stlctues

as they occur e coDversations and exec1sesI a 'How to apply it' section E comprising a numbe oi exercises to

help you to evaluate you pro$ess and you bfiry to apply the newvocabulry and stuctures you bave learnt.

ln e initial uts, useful idiomtic expressions and phses which clopup in the conversations are highlighted in a 'Try ro memorise' box. Youwill ndestand eir grammatical structure as you pmgress ough the

Cultual information and songs arc included thoughout the couse.Tr.nsltions ofe dialogues of each unit nd the key to exercises refound fter the last unit followed by a Xhosa-Engish vocabulary, nEnglishiftos vocabulary, n index and a bibliogaphy.

The use of contrasting ErpefcesOne of the most siking features of Xhos is the combinaon of differentpas of speech into 'single' wod. Thus e eqvalent of 'I at Jnny'is 'NdrgJe ry'- We hve used contrs.ing t)"efaces to identify ecomponebts of Xho6a words nd sentences as i[ustated herc. In oder toestablish this usge, these me used in 11 components of Uits l-3. InUnits 4 16 contastng typefaces hve only been used in ceain sectionswhee they e useful in explining grmmar. Engsh translations are inthe same typefaces as the coresponding Xhos, nd theefoe almolwavs self-exolnatorv.

l -

- r ' \ t - ,aba-\ ,L- l-

leq

'o;:)

r.tsq,xat q^L-

\ f",amaRhab;4t6;

o."t',*a{

t llo XHOSA

K.y to tfi ur. f brpefo.6:To fird elamples consult the index.Italici:I noun pref*sa object concoftls, sbject concorls of \owel yebsa negative subject concords aad final -ia adjectival, relati,e, possessiye co cords and. sufit'-yo'I recenl past tente su,frxes '-ile' and '-e'a -ni n instructonsa emphatic pronouns preceded by n-, ku-, ng- and followed

by -naI locative prefircs ard sffixesa palatalised forms of he passive, Iocative ard dimintiyeI ideophones ar dioms.Bod:a slems of Douns. verbs. adjectives. relatiresI interrogatiYsI po6sssive adjectiyesI final -e of subjunciveI negative inixesI elements with shortened emphatic pronoun ns-, ku-, etc.Italicised bold:a copullttivesI two jtr.ttaltoseil components.Underlining:I added emphasis.

INTRODUCION

Worth knowing before embarkng onths courseBefoe you start this couse, it would be useful to make yourselves awareof some of the strilong chaacteistics of the Xho6a lnguage.The lacing of uordsOne ofe most strildng differcnces between )oosa and Engsh sentenceconstructions is at Xosa 'laces' wods togeiher whefe English hasmostly sepate words:

NdingrJnyIlm Jt'ryNdiyavuy uku*wziI an glad to know )o (lit. ... yo know)

All nouns consst of tr/,o pdttsEvery noun in xhosa consists of two pas, namely, a prfix and a em.The pefix indicates wheer non is singulr o plurl urlike inEnglish whe, in most cses, e ddition of t' makes a no.n plur. Thestam cnies th mnfug and doe. nor chDge:

mDtu one pesonabaft peope

Noun stems cn occ with diffeent prefixes thereby ltedng themeaning:

umrrtn one peson mxho6 a Xrosa pesonaantu people ?1 axhosa Xhosa peopleirint dress, rguage, i$Xho6 Xhosa hnguge

custom of a?:Ntuuuntu humankind,xtu commonhuman rruxho6'Xhosaness'

decencyIt is very impotant to be abe ro idendry is division between prefix andstem as nouns ae listed ir aLcdonaes according to their stem.

t3l2 INTRODUC]IONThe diuision o nons ino goups o cldssesAnothe characaerislic of Xhosa, s wiih mosr of rhe indigenouslanguages spoken south of e Sahr, is the division of nouns intodifferent gops or noun clsss. The pefix of e noun determines theclss to which picula noun beongs-No qtticle

Unike English, there is no definite (e) o indefinite (a /an) aicte in)Gosa. Context inctes whether the meaning of, for example, 'lant'is 'rre person' or 'd person'.No genderLile English Out unlike nny oer languages such s Fench, cerman,Itan, etc.) there ae no mascine, feninine or neuter nouns in Xhos:

Wotd otderQuestion words (interrogativt usualy foory th verb (or predicate):

Hor are you?(t. You ve how?)

Whee do you live?(lit. You ve where?)

Similarly, descriptive rvords such s adjecves, nmeas andpossessives, are usualy plced fter the yord they descibe:

um\tttomtsha a youg persol

upruLa A|n|rblah phi?

Lible ;zulu nalaje.

(1. person )r,ro is young)

(lit- person ,, is one)my chid (lit. child o/mtne)

um^( / the gendeman)

( / the child)Another inteesting diffeece between Engsh and Xhos \od orde isat Xhos often stas sentence u/ith the pdicate (ve):

lr. It is beutitul thercsthr todyThe equiodtent of English pronouns are called

subject concodsSubject concods (SC) are alwys rtached, i.e. they never srad alone asis the case with Bnglish ponouns:

Ndil alaeKapa I stay in Cap To\rn

Verb endings ote the so.me o" al, Wrsons,singul,t and ptudt

NdiyauyaSiyaruyyawyarylyaruyaUyaruyaByavuy

I gladWe ae gladYou G.) ae gladYou (p1.) are gladHe/she is gladThey are glad

Verb endings emain the same not ony for aI pelsons, wbether singulaor plal, bt aso in all tenses.Note: he aEd she = -. Note also tone differuc distinsuishes- = you (s.) fton - = he / she.

Wols and abbrqalons

E ,u"od"d "o,""n"

+ c. / soe Unil ...SC subiectconcod(JL oDtcl concorcAC odieclivol concordRC rlo,ive concords. s ingulorpl. plurolodi. odiclivlit. lilollyPrccding on element, e.S.'-no', meons something must be otlochedbeore. tollowing on element, e.s. 'n+, meons somlting must ollow. Onili sde of on slement, .9. 'n9r, oeons somhing musl pecde

t5t4

Pronunciation guidet goes without saying tht a witte guide ro pronunciation cn at bestonly give an appoximation of sounds. Theefore. to ,tune i' to thelnguage try, as much s possible, to listen to moihe-tongue speakes(radio and television are excellent rcsouces) and to the cassstte thataccomDanies t[is book-

peop!eYestedayhelo

Il Xhosa, two vowels neve follow one anoe wiin a word. Doublevowels oDly occur e plrl peffx$, ao- ad ii-:

oomam (mothes) iiveki (weeks)Double vosels aio occur in some demonrtives:

loo nto (tht ing) aba bntu (lhGe peo,I over tberelThis difference in tone cn change the meaning of two words or elemntsthat are written identicall e.g.:jani? How ae you? (s.) s rrn rhng tijani? How is he/she? tts| intestine ng pumpkin

Notwistanding these differences in tone, leamerc should not allowconcem egadng e use of 'the coect tone' ro inlibit ei efios iospeak, elpcially ar a word ma) bave djfferenr one parrems in clifferenrdiects ofxhosa. As is e case wilh all languages, the contexa wi, inmost cses, hep the listere to underslnd the intended maDins.

In words adopted ftom English nd Afikaans, vowels are often sepratedby a h)Then:

@ Stress

laopleni (aeroplane) tqf,s (ofEce)Xlosa speaers ted not to ponounce the fial vowel of a lvod,especially when the following word statu wi vowel:

Yiz'apha instead of Yiz apha (Colne here)Uind' ithuba Ulindg iuba! (Wait you chace!)Enkos'kakhulu nos! kalulu (Mny anls)

Single coDsoDanL" sinila o English in prorunciarjon are:

The penulaimate syllbe in a sentence srructure is often lensthenealbeyond e single word limit:

namhlanie todvum lbo friend

vetu phi?Hayi, ahkho to.

ibhotalo builerkulungile lllight

Whee do yo come iom?No, there is nothing bad.i.e.I'm fine.

g

fj

v

dh

[! ToneXhosa is a tone lDguge. Its range of toes makes )flrcsa the bauriI,musica lnguge tht it is. The Ie tonal distinctions ae:

high'tone falling ^ rone towtone.Exampes of some tonal pattems are:

high/ fa ing/low khyhigh/hi/low bnhigh/low/low zlhigh/low mllow/hieh w

The penuliirate syllbe of most )ftosa wods is erytheed (stressed): E co'tso'lons

INTRODUCTION

I A wo*lnS Sutde to Xhosq pronurrclatlonbwelc

b|ntr Appt9.ximo oundc Enslish ost lolo l"l..p). bpenl Enslish esg lvo)o {closedl Enslish e(i)shr ivcki {week)I Enslish be nini lwhenalo {openl Enslish lqw izolo (yeedoylo {closed) E slish own nsoku (now)u English rule umntu (person)

17t XHOSThe Xhosa consonnts b, k, p, t ar very inreresring. Followed by .,ri,(spirted) they ae pronounced s rhey arc in English, i.e. ar isaccompied by a puff of air:

B,{l(Write!)Kpl,al (Go wil)Prp!(Be alel)Trta!(Takel)

Howeve, when ey ae not folowed by 'i', ai is dawn ito the morh_Compae lhe following:

Dala!(ftite!)Xlapra! (co with!)Prp,tl @e alert!)T&a!&a!(Take!)

In oder to asceain whihe you are proDouncirg;borbl l kokl i porpl i torth

you might find it helptul, in the beginning, to hold your hand in fmnt ofyour moth when pronouncing these consonants. Ifyon feel a pufiof ai,you wi be pronouncing aspirated consonant and vice vesa.m, when not followed by vowel or e consonants b / v, is pronounced

(o,4'$onant combinatbns wrh no Engtish quvalenslJosuic there are no English equivalents of the following consonant.ombintions it might take you a little longer to maste them:

dl umdlalo (sane, play)hl hlala Git, stay (as in reside)) (ct Zulu 'Hluhluv'o

welsb Llandudno. Don'tse an ' maldng it soundlite'shl')

ntl iagnzi (fish)dy -dludpza (pour wi rain)ry ukuea (to eao (ct 'cape'Aftilaans 'tjie')t3 iirbpho (familiet ('t'is not aspnated) iRhwuti (Johannesbwg) (< Afiikaans 'soud' = sold:

ct Gauteng (Sotho);sconish'lo')

k -Irelekele (shae < ikrele = swod)hI as we as and the dicks e somds taken over ftom e Kloi andSan languages.

The clicksThe thle cltcks are rcpresented by the lees:

cqx'Wen Xhosa became a wtten language in the 1800s, these thre lettenwere chosen to reprcsent the thee cick sounds bcause the etter k coud

INNODUCION

El (Count!)ip (Cape rown)ippa (poffidge)ulla (fathe)

3 syllablesas a syllable:

/ !q /nt (person) / !q / fu / ndi Gtudent, pupit) 4 syables

As prr repesents an sphated 'p' and is trot pronounced tike the Engtish'f,similay,trrepese s ar aspiatd 't' not English .th' as in .ing'.Some consonanl conbinator$ siml to English could be witten kat

cold be wntten kweencould be {ilten aksng i|r_goma (song) pmnounced like Englshsh is_biini (factory)

tsh ikibbi (kitchen)ntsh inlbhonalanga (west)try ulyana (son)ths !!Eu (pitch-blck)

'ng'in s14g''in bine'fth' in ki!Len'rch'in ileb'ny' in ca4fon'ts' in i8

E C - ihe '..hat o p' ckThis is dentl ck prodced by pressitrg e tip of the togue againste pp hont teh whee these met e gum and apidly pu[ing itaway with a '.rr-ir8' sound.

t9ta

Q - t'ne'chompogne cor.,( poppngl cllckThis is a palt dick poduced by pressing the front pa of the tonguagainst the hrd palte behind th foDt eeth and rapidly pulling irawy with a ?rppig' sound.X

- the 'coaredng trorse' clid.

This is a ltel ck produced by plcing the side of the tonge againstthe uppr side taeth and apidly putling it away with a 'clckhg' sond.Clicks may also be aspirated, i.e. folowed by '''

INRODUCIONHcfc are some phases o wo& yo'l come acoss iD this coulse, TakerDcil note of the implosives b, t, k, e comotrnt combitions thno English quivalents and the clicks:

Remember t 'ci' is not pronounced like the English 'ch' rherefore'craca'= 'recupete'is not plonounced like the Latin American dancelNon-spited clicks can be precded by e following consonnts andconsonant combintions:

cfr -cliacla (erupente)

q -ql'ub (drive)

c -cc (be clear)

q -qubh (swim)

x -xoxa (discuss)

SoboDna!Sckmnndr udibn naweHamb kakuhle!Namlelekile e(paSiza kufil eKapa kamsinyaneKlungileMolo taa!NdistotobaSiphi isibhedlele?Abad badlala undlaloMasihlale ngaphandlenanHanje

Mhlawumbi, yonte imihllntle le ntlnziInOe in0aohlazTyala ezi zityalo ehlotyeniIkomityi eny hphlNanbi ikofu!Ukrelekrele gqithUhlala eRhawutiniNdingakuncedrsa?z,ircedeUchan' ucv,/ethe !Cheba igca!Ndigqibile!Ekugqibleni !Qhuba kuQoboqotnMssiqabule uxanoNdidaniweUxolo!

we'll se eath other!It |9as nice to meet toGo i)eluWelcone to Cape TownWe' ave h Cape Torn shoftlrAU ight

I'nu,el(I'n stl totunng aong)Wherc| the hosptal?The players arc plsjnq a ganIzt's sit outside today

It's beautiful, this fshIt\ beautillrl, spnnqPlant these plants in su ner

He's the cofree!

He |tus in JohannsburgHetp rounetJ

Dirre to KeiskmmahokLet'r quench the thirst

c um8a u4edo(help) (doot

r4goxo(discussion)

i4&rtho(expenditue)

a4oL'4/rza(knock)

i4Baso(suppot

q ugqirha(docto)

x igralab lqno(shoulde) (thnst)

i4gwelo-moya i4ggondo(aeroplane) (inteligence)

+In these naslised voiceless sounds 'k' is not ponounced.Practise the q cticks by listening to e frst few lines of the 'C#c Song,mde famous by Miiam Mkeb. Ty singng along:

'IAqirha lendlea nguqoraqothwane,Ebeqabel' egqith' apha uqonAqowne !'

IJKWMANA \WIEROPIENI

Ukwazana kuri-eropleni*Getting acquaintedon an aeroDtane

In this Unit yo4n 'rirt ted'l' ho'u, to,

I exchange greetingsI welcome a groupI ask how someone is and espond to being asked how you aeI introduce yourseff nd respond ro n inroducrionI ask where someone lives and espond to being asked whee you liveI say goodbye to goup and indivduals

UJennyUThandiUJennyUTbandi

UJenny

UThandi

Oo! Nam ndihlla "PinelndslNdawoni kanye?

Ngas.rFosf Diye. Wena uNl ndawo,ii?Ngas.rPinelands High School.

Fot the durution o the flieht Thndi atul Jennj get to kno\e erch otherand agrce to make conact again soon.Umququzelelikazi Uxolo, /rarcne ndmdnenekazi. Qhobos[ant

dnabhnti. Siz kufika Kp kamsinya. Enkosikaklul ngokukheh i-Rainbow Atlines.Ndiythemb soboana kwakhona kamsinyne!Nan*elkrl eKapal Hmbrt kakle!Hmb kuhle Thandi. Bekunandi kariuluukuthetha nawe.Sobonna sisi, bekumndi ukudiban nawel

UThndiUJennyllThandi

UJenny

tlThandi

UJennyUThandi

l'lgama (Vocabutary,0rquqzelelitzi rtesd6s

t!li8hl

0'rnl?

0 ont?

rl.

lhDo

'lh.lhr

eenllnen (direcr ddrcs)

ndiyany, I d.gld

-kw ,o, (s.) (objecO

ta&urzi to lws yaa r you G.)

-pbilr be *ell,.llve

siphil/ we m e[enosi lhe you

ne too, I ris-hldt stay.live (alrc sn)cPiDl.nls Pirl .rsawiknte? wh@ abdb mdy?gbe- !*/hdPvi.iDirynolo emse ne (lit. pqce)qholBhe, frstn (p.)!rubhti (sa0 hhs

l! lncoko (Dialoguel@ lln-ai t"-"*qu *d Jnny Mray ffe sealed nexr to each other or a

flight ftom Port Elizbeth. The stewardss grets rhe passengen.Umququzelelikzi Molwenir annndtruinnkazi!

Nmkelektk tuflight 301 ,y eKsp!Molo sisi, qidi nanbtanje?Ewe sisi, sikhonlOo! sitheth kL:uhle ,rftos, sisi!NdirgThtrdi ThmsaDq.NditgzJermy Munay. Nyruya ul:ulwazi,Thrdi. Wena, uphil 4iatri?Hai. siphiltip enl,osi. Nm. ndilaTy ukut

'ezi,Jenny.h|h IGp, Thnti?Ewe, sihl ePelds.

*Anglicjsed vesion of the much more picuresqqe .q{elo-moy, (lit. wago(of e) it.

i-tu

XHOSA -

UNI

go (pl.)

Try to memoriseNomklkill Welcom! (pl.)Ndiycvuyo ukutu,ozi I om glod ro know yu ls.lNdowoni? Whs obouis exoidvcSobononq We sholl see eocn ornerlekumnondi ukudboro naw t wos ni ir meet (wh) you s.lEekumnqndi ukurhdho now tr wos nice to tolk wirh vou (s.l

N Hor, o ...El(chonge greetingsWith one per6on:

Molg sisi!Molg nkosikazil

Wi noae an one person:MoIlcli ,fl/nen ftrrrlnenekazi !

A gu& to hetp Wu grea apptlprtc''/y i Xhos.,I An oldr mon of your fothr's seierqrion:

tolo lolsl loffcro.oteolo bowol (moE le'pcull Hollo my orhen

Hello snl (lir. own ohonesteod/s = utzi / inin)

Helo sirl llit. hondsombis one)

ltw r^NA (ryE!9!!EM

I An oldcr mon o your gondorhe's generorion:olo noornkhulu I Hello grondoAerl

t A womon of your mothe's gnerolion:llolo momol Hello mothe.l

I A wonon o yor:r grondmoo's generotion:,olo makhulul Hello srondmo*'erl

23

A moid womon o your ogo or younger:lolo nkcikaril Hello modon!

{c. Arikoons nevroaFrench modoDe)

An unmoried lody or o young girl:llolo nko.dzonol Hello missl (c. Ahikoons

neufrrcu, rrcncl'nodenoisdtQ

(e libro meoning ol i'nkordzono is o linle chietoiness

7 A perlon of opprximolly the some oge os youl'ef;itolo mondini! Hello my ellowl(< umo = llowl + r4o; is usd os o rm o otucrionbtween mole equokl

Hello brolhelHlo sislr!Helo my rindl

Hllo youns monl(A young mon oher ccumcision is rred lio os umfonq.)

9 A young sirl lolso doushte):Hello young lodyl

Hllo liide sirll

olo bhslilMolo 5i5iltolo nhlobo wlml

I A young mon:olo mfonql

Molo nlombill0 A litde girl:

Molo nrombazdno!

UKWAZANA KWI.EROPTEN]lryl, siphilild. No, we e v,/e11.(tjf. Alrikaans Ne, dit gan goed. No, it's going we )

poaitivc response wi[ ol(en lso be qualified by complainl f so s,,9, boul the weaihe, work, fgue, etc.:

Ndiphilite ngphndekobu bushshu.

t Se Unit 7 for othe waysPondng.

Introduce gourse$

I'm ftne excpt fothis het.

of asking after someone's healh and

(kwdini < irkwenkwe + -d,nt expresses offcron, iniimocy

biwei on oldr ond youngs mon ,/ boy)l2 A chi ldi

,Vlolo mnlwon'om! Hello my child!+ S culturol bockSound.

Welcome a groupNamkelekil (lit. You (pl.) are weco)

Note: Wamklekil (lit. You (s.) ae welcome)Ask hot'lu someone is

Singlunjaruiphil qini?

Respnd to beng asked hou gou are

XHOsA -

UNIT I

A lilde boy:Molo nkwenkwelIrlolo nkwenkwcnclolo kwedinit

Hello litle boylHello littl boylHello little chop!

NdirgJemy MuyNdingaNkosikazi Thmsnqa

Nole: ,kosilarig^&o6ikzi + sumame

= lad nadam= rs

StnguHayi, ndiphilt .Nakhora.

Pur.INDjani?Niphila riani?

PluralHayi, siphiliie.Sikhor.

whete gou lioePturSihla .rKpa.

PlualHmbaxt kakuhlel

Respond to an inttoductionNdiyaru)a ukaui.

Ask ahere someone loesSinglr Plurlhll phi? Nibll phi?

In Xhos, nDike in English, ere is a distinction in forD between esecond person si|rgulI and plurl )or' (ct Afrkaans rly; ju ra Fercht/i var). It is common prctice in )Gosa to use e plua fom ,Nirinstead of the singula form 'D-' when enquiring after someone heal,thercby showig an interest in the well beins nor only of th person bengdecty ddressed. but also in a1 of the iImere fmily. Similah eresponse, more often than not, wi be in the plal forn 'Si-'(= 'n')even though only one peson is espondiry.)Cosa speaen often prefce 'Hayi' (= 'no') when responding posiivelyto the ouestion 'How are vo?'j

Sobonna!Nota: Sala kkuhlel (s.) Salani k:ubtel (p.) = 'Sty wel' is sid bv thepany who i' leaving lo e pr) $ho is.layiog

Respond to being askedSbgutaNdihlala eKp.

Soy goodbyeSingularHmba kakuhel

XhOSA UNIT ]Cultural background

'Gretmes e the key to allnost ever]ing mong Xhosa spekesin paicula, and among Afiicns in geneI. We do not otry getsurpdsed but also are somewhat dishbed when someon walkspst our saying heo.'(Chapole, S. Course Notes n Convn.ttonat Xrra. SunerSchool) Deparlrnent o Addt Education nd Bxa-Muml SrudiesUniversity of Cape To\rn, 1988.)

The vaious stages ftom babyhood to old age e of grear imporrance in)Oosa society. This is milrod in how peope of vaious age groupsaddress ech other It is imporrnt for us, as lemers of)ftosa, to be awareof this etiqutle when geeting )

2A XHOSA -

UNIT ]aThemba (pomise)

"Sipha (sift) nasculine

zThembek (tliable) "Nomvuyo

(mothe ofjoy) feminine3 Gioing instructionsGing iDstructions ir Xhosa is easy. When instructing one pelson simplyuse the veb stem.* To give instructions to moe than oDe pelson simplysufix

-rt':

I.XWAZANA KWI.EROPIENI

6 Some Xhosa equindlents of Engtish ptepositlonsIr Xhosa, ere ae seveal ways in which the equivalent of nslishprcpositions (,r, ,n, dt ,4 /,rr', etc.) car be expessed, two of which aclllurlrated in is unit:

Ukwz &4l-empleni.

hhh 4Kp?Nmkekil, sKapa!

Note: The context denotes translation of the peposition.) See Unit 4 for nore examples.

Cultural backgroundIn Xhosa society a great dea of significance is attached to lhe ne givenlo ! new-bom baby. The name often eflects the hopes, aspiations,lmotions, spcial qualities, historicl events ard even amily circumstancesrl lh time of bih, e.g. a boy cafed K\vnel (< t]rnel = to becomelnough) indictes at the family now consideff itsef completelNntl occurrencs at e aime of the bith also influence a choice of[umol girl named Nomkhvzl (< dma}hwzi = stas) was pobablybom on a clear nit while a gi named Nomyul (< tr"l'uls = rain) wasDmbrbly bom when it q/as ailtins!lV," meaning 'mothr of is olen prefied to a masculine nme to formfh bminine equivatent while -ka.i I -v,a I -eka ae leminine sutrixes. Theulx

-ir? incale\ eer a girl '

or bo) . name.Itoyn Gids Meaning DerivationllDlrc Siphoa?i gift (

3l30 XHOSA UNII i UKWAZANA KWIEROPLENI

s.v(s) Welcome to Cape Tow]1

ladies and gendemen!(b) I an v/e[, thanl you.(c) I am glad to meet you.(d) I live in Cape Tow.(e) It ws nic to talk with you!() It was nic to meet you!(g) We sh see each othe soon agan!(h) Coodbye when leaving a ftiend.(i) Ooodbye when leang a gmup.(j) Goodbye when a friend is leaving.(k) Goodbye when goup is leaving.What qredi'|s $ouldlptr ad(io ort dP folbu,iE r,r'E?

Xol

Bogi

Lirlthdo

Themb

Xoliswu

Brywe

LindrreIhandrwgThardekaThenb",ta

pacifie

pisgbe paied

lo,teabletmst,

o calm do\rn)

o paise)(

UKUDIBANA KWAKHONA KWAMURRAY 33

LJkudibana kr/alonalnvalVlurrayMeetng agan at theMurrays'home

In this Unrt you |'/uirt ,edtn hou) to:I inr guests into your homeI exFess pleasue at metingI mke intoductions (using kinship temtI sk wbat someone's name isI offe efteshmentsI sk someone what they want to doI sk someone what they prefer to doI suggest doing somethingI offe help

IncokoThandi nd Themba Thamsnqa visit Jemy and Pete Mury-UJeny MolwenilNgemai!UTandi Ewe, ninjani?UJemy Hyi, silhon. Kumandi kakhu ukuaibonalUThndi Ngnyeni wm, lThemb 10.UJeDny Molo Themba, ndiyaTya kklulu ukut?zi. Lo rgnyeni

wam, Pete.UThmb Ndiyawyukurzi.UPete Nt siyauy ukunzi. Namklkl ekhayeri lethu!David, .lhny and Petq'r son, comes in.

L n8lmyn wethu.Illhandi Molo rrotwn'aln- lijubani igama alo?UDad Ndirgr.Dd.UThemba yatud,*Dd?UDad Ewe, nditun'l ecov.UTltandi fund phi ukuthetha trilftosa?

tjDvid Ndi.ifundaestkoltni,Nkosikazi.l'(k r asks about Thmba and Thani\ , hl.],Pn.tJPctertJ'Ihembat,PteUThembatJJcnny

OoThmsanqaUPeteUThndi

UJennyUPeter

Nina, nindntYna?Ewe sino, ,/nya nentombzn.Byfunda?*Ewe, bayafund. Bafutrd ewstfford.Knjni ngokuphunga? Nkhth tti okanye ikofirokye ito banil)o yokusela?Nokub yintoni. Ewe, nokuba yinton.Nifrma rirll ngaphthi oknye ngaphandl?Masi alerd ngaphandle. Ll namhlanje! Ndingi{,-ncedisa, Jenny?Entosi sisi- Petr noThemb, ningncokol!KulungilP!

"Lil. Ae you leaming? i.e. Ae you at schoo? Ae ey leaming?Le. Ae they a school?

trtttl

*

lslgama

help sonn sirh

-n- (< ni ) r,a (object) (pl.)nthi .nd !r,khyri lelh r, ou bome4ny. wehnteu'm ny.hild

rXlblois'm vh it y Dtnc?

phl?rIolw,ru (< trolo) d, shml nga-lloth 10 sprt Dc.dlsanla tr for you (pl.)

-@kohniar,nte@? do yN naE cldldru? .un8iladnlsm .lrildM

3534

fry ,o ,,'morsNcmkeleklc ckhoyeni letftul Wdcome to our homelKunicni ngokuphungo? How obout someihing worm

o drink?Nikhelhc inro yokuselq? Do you prfr something cold

o drik?Nokubo lnroni Whtvllcrihlolcni ngophokohi / Lr's st inside / oubide

ngophondlehlc nomhloniel l h boutiul {weoher) bdoyl

UKUDIBANA KWAKHONA KWAMURRAY

Offer refreshments

SingulaKunjni ngokuphnea/neokuse?

ft!re irto yol-uphunga?frlna tuto yokusl?

Atk r.hot someo e dnas/preerc to dotun uhlala ngaphkathi okanye nsaphandle?khh ukala ngaphaki okanye ngaphandle?

Su ggest doirr g som ethn gMasincokolq! Masiphungpikotu! MasiNalcngaphande!

No: These foms already incorpoate a plul rnker, i.e. -s-' = 's'.However the addition of the plural srffix ' ni' can be heard n eveyday$pch when addressing a group.

Masihllcntphantsil Maiithetherdirrxhofa' Masihambqi!Ofer to help t/Jith a

'pecific actirrity

NdingatTncedisa?cf. ukunced = to hlp someone by doing somthing for them nottogether wi em.

Cultural bockgroundWhen Xhosa speakes meet fo the fus time, it is customay to find outcsch oers cbn nams by sying:

ngu'tri? (o a male) eulri? (1o a female) orKhawzibongl / Khwuzithuthel Please paise )rxru?4

^

clsn s conceptul kinship group. Membss trace their kinship to aoommon mle cestor. The name of this nale ancestor is e clan name-

lstduko -

d membels are usua[y ca[ed by this name. Mentioning declon name(s) of someone you wish to dr o sing the praises (izibongo)ol slarling with the min clan name nd den continuing dr the sub-clannmes, is the ultrmate wy of shwng rcspect used mong family ndlicnds, e.g.:

Tolo, Zulu, Mchenge, Mdbh.a ekdzi

XHOSA -

UNI 2

PluralNiffDa irto yokuphunp?

Niltn irto yokusel?

N How to ...Inite guests

SigulNge!

Lrto yortr homePluralNgen,ri!

Express preasure at meetl^g (ogsin)Kumnandi kkhulu uh*bon (L:waknona) (to one pe$on)KumDandi kakulu ukun;bon (twallona) (to morc than one person)

Make IntrdctionsJenny noPete, lo ,rgnyeni wam, ,ThmbaNdngarazis mymi wam, rThemb

Ask whd, someone's nome ond surname isNjubi igd lklo?Ngubni ,fni yakno? (fani < Anikaans vdn) (Wlat is your snmme?)

Note: When you can't ecall the name of someone \rhom you've met

Ndiza kuthi urgubni knene? (lit. I am going to say who are you, bythe wa i.e. just emind me)

See Ctual background.

la,

373

The respons 10 this is Utuo kum htnye! o Ndin turye owo! Amati a1\dwoman of the same clan name can never marry as they e consideed tobe rclted to one anothe. A wolnan ahvays keeps he cln nme which isprefixed by Md-. Children take then father's claD name-Dlamh, Gamb, Iwarhlr, I, Mb.ttjwa, Mnsuni Mp sa, Tlo andTshawe (oyal cllt Mme) ae but a few of the many clan names.Do you know wbich famous South Aftican has the clt ne Ma.liba2Find out the clan nmes of yor Xhosa friends and cquaininces.

IIK]DISANA KWAKHONA KWr'NAURRAY4tr8. Phir nini?

| *Sec Unit 3 fo a cmplete list ofnon clsses nd en correspondingt||hJoca concords.t The ptesent tense

- ttositi teII lh present tense (as well as in all othe teses) veb endings ae ihernc fo ll pelsons, mascutine and feminine, singul nd plrI.In lhc prsent ttrs e verb ends in -. The subject cocord (SC) is lheorly indicator of peson aod numt'er-

XHOSA UNI 2

@ Horo it works

to the verbl fomr, e.g,:U,n\lwg'na yaL.'/,az;

ukutheth irixhos?

4ntwn b4ltd irixho6. The children (they) em Xhosa.Note: The use of bo noun atrd subject concord in Xhosa explains whysome Xhosa speakes, \rhen speaking English, wil say, for exanple:

The childrn lley are leming.Simlly, the fct that '' = 'he' / 'she' explns why some Xhosaspees e inclined to use 'he'/ 'she' intechangeby in English.'- = 'he'/ 'she' ha5 a higher tone v,/tule '-' = 'you' (s.) is Fonounced

To ensle that you a not misunderstood, you can use the so-calledemphatic pmnoun ')r?n' = 's o )' (cf. French 'roi'). as rvell as rhesubict concord '-':*

7 The Xhosa equiootent o Engtlh ?td wrson po''.outrs'he', 'she', 'they'

You hv aedy leamt how to say 'I' , 'we' nd 'you' (s. & pl.) in Xhosa.ln Engsh, lhe pronouns fo e 3rd peson 'h'/ '6he'/ 'it' tell us whethethe nom we arc referitrg to is mascine, feminine or neuter. This gededistinction does not est in )ftosa. Insaed, srbject concods ae used.Thse subject concords ae derivd fom noun peffxes nd are stchd

I am learingWe are leaoingYo are leamingYo ae lemingHe/She is learningThey arc leamitrg

Thc lnflx -ya-, inserted between SC and ve, ody occurs in lhe pesenttcse po6itive and simply denoies e log fom o this tense.gowover, i an objet (noun) or an dverb (e.g. 'kaljlulu' = ' lomch')lollows e veb, -JB- is usualy omittd. This is l(nown as the bellbEq

I ead lotDo you sdy a, he niveNiq,H/she learns dt school.we ae studying lrdy.lryhr re you laming to

spek )

XHOSA . UNI 2 UIruDIBANA KWAKHONA KWMURRAYNdiqngen?Sjsphil' entosi.

4 The nfnitieNey ll verbs in epositive, also end ir 1':

My I come in?We ae still well, thants.

infinitive, like the forms in the present tense

1jl! li'm of the object concord jr ftlenticl ro at of the subjctto||od cxccpt where th subject concod is a vowel oDly:

t" (SC) > &.r- (oc)In lhlt cre

-- is inseted to sepmte two vos,els.trhlolt concords arc lwys pacd dfucty blo the vrb:

ukuthethg ukuph|]|rgs ul:useleukuhlala

I know.Wt do you sy?He / she ssJas so.

I love]rta oit. I )ar, love.)Ndiya&lthmda.kufiks ukudibans

The e only three exceptions:uh4zi* to knovukuthi to syukutsha ao sy so

NdjrrglaJeny.Lo ,g4nyna wm.Lo t glrqlei wam.Lo ,rg4r4ntvn wm.

Po.l lon olNdlyrbon. I see.Slyabono. W see.Ndlyatundis. I tach.

Uyarylxa? Do you se t44?Uyaoibona? Do you se !{?Ndiyafo fundisa. I tech ]q4-

{llyqbndis. We tech. Siyaa]fundb. We teach tq4.T\'-i-' of -n-, -s-, -ni- is droppd befoE a vowel veb:

Do you know me?Do you l(now zr?I am gld to knor?' i-e. met yr.

Not: '-thi' and ',tsho' never occul witl infix r-yar.* As it is not possible to have rwo diffrent vowels fo[owing one arotherin the sme word in )ftosa, sound change3 must take plce, i.e. u > \tr:uku-+-azi>ulcyazi.

5 The Xhosa equivqtet of English'o'n', 'ls', 'ate'With nouns bginning th'4: a\d'utU:

yawhzilNiya{szi?Ndlyarrya uk4zi.

NOtc: In the preseni tense positive -ya- is usualy omitted when someother word follov,/s e ve (pedicate), e.g.:

Ndiyetunda. BIJT Ndind rIEc.Thls i$ also e case when ee is ar object concod invoved:

Ndi$,rlfirnd.* BUT Ndiifuniz.rikohent.{'x,- = 'il'refes to rrrxhosa.7 InterrogatioesYou 0c leE famir with the intenogative -phi? = 'whel?' :

Ndiy"ri.ttrinirtshs.

I an JeDny.This ir my son.This i my husbad.his ts my cbnd.

Note: Idiomatic exFession: gubdri igama lakho? Wlt 11 yor nme?(lit. It r who name of yours?)Wee 'al', 1i', 'rr' is understood

Eor (arc) you?I (am) well. 0it. I am her)we (arE) wen oit. We are her)

jani?Ndilon.Silon.

6 The Xhosa equldlent ol Englsh 'me', 'us', 'you'(s. and pl.) cdlred object conco,da

Yr)u huve lso come acoss 4ini? = 'ho*?':

Whee do you liv/sty?Wher do you leIn )Gos?

Eow re yo?How aboul (someing hoo to ddnk?

Who is it?What is yoDr nme? (lit. lt is who ...)

-rt-

Uhlda phi?ulunda phi is ftosa?

tjphil dni?Ku4oni neokuphunsa?

N*ubani?Nf,ubani igama hkno?

Arolhcr impondnl quesotr word i' bani? = 'who?':yo" (p1.)

r5

XHOSA UNIT 2

8 Possessioe adject oes -'mg','out', 'gour' (s. & pl.)

In )Olosa, unike in English, pos,sssive djectives e.g.'my'; 'ou' ; 'your'aetc.. rlow rhe noun:

Lo ngt[]twatta w6fi. This rl my child. (lit. This is child"/mine)Lo ng,mntwan rakho? tr this your (s.) child?

Lo rrg nyana .tthu. This is our son.N$bani igm ldkho? Wat is your name?1gma ldmrguDad. My name is Dad.

From ese xmples you can see that Xhosa possssive adjectivesconsst of tno parts. he fir{t part, e.g. 'lra|Ia-'='o, chg'ngeaaccordng 1o the noun in question, while the second prt, epresenthg'min', 'yours', 'ours', does not ch.ange.e Se Utrif 14,4, for more possessive adjectives.9 Na = 'and', 'with'as well os 'haoe', 'has'Beforc a noun'na-' ='and' (as well as'with','lso','even'):

Manene namnenekazi. namkelehle eKapal

Sinbo bantwana, unyana ncntombazna.

Ntuna kudjbana oPete noThenba. (i.e. th Pere and Themba)When two dissimila vowels folow one another in e sne wod, tovoid an iarmonious sound, yet anoer sound chge occuls.Between a subject concord and a noun '-tra-' = 'hve'. 'hs':

Nndntwn? (Do you hlE chidren?) oit. You with chiden?)Ewq siuntwna. (Yes, we hv cMdre.) (tit. We th chiden.)

ori Ewe, sin,o. * (Yes, we hve "m.) (lit. Yes, we r h /ne'"-)*

-o shortened folm of emphtic pronoun '/,ona' 'as fo rrrfl' .

t

UI(!I)II}ANA KWAKHONA KWAMUFRAY

som kin.hp |/e'|,m' ond rclotonshipsFqtr

- bclzoli

molh6r utnorno foler otufqChlldrcn

- Abonlwono

doughler inlombi son unyanoOrondpornt3

- oonowokhulu

grondmolher rimokhulu grondfother ofqvomkhuluOrondchild{renl

- Umzukulwono {ob+)

4t

II

II

Auntu

Ualcrumokozi poternol udod'obowo

poternol uWomkhulu(olde4

utol'o ncinailyounge4

I toudns -

Abozqlopqllnt ore brofher ond .itl.r unlzd / t'tr .dldslhru ore botheimolhcrs oe sislertN1...3 ond Nephws

-

,AbofrhonaKln.hip l|ns H\,veen siblings

lkoyiscukoninc

ny / ourb'othet

udodeweou your (s./pl.) sisrerunn

p How to apply itAsk re pproprtte qusti,on for e ollowing answers(a) NdinsuDad.(b) Hayi, sikhona-(c) Ewe, nditunda ecove.(d) Ndisifundaesikolweni.Complete appropriatebUThandi: Uphi umyen , JeIny?UJenny: Lo ngumyeni

-

uPeter.UThandi : Lo ngurmtwna

_, Jenny?UJenny: Ewq o ngunya

_, uDad.

Being hospitableInvite someotre imo your home:

XHOSA UNI 2 4342 IJKIJDIBANA KWAKHONA KWAMURRAY

o)(c)(d)

Express pleasue at meeiinC: -

Ask him / he to sit down (phantsi):Offe refteshment

-

Say goodbye () someone leang):

(0 Do you want to sit outside?(g) Do you want to sit inside?(h) Do you want go now?Ask what you gust prefes() Do you pefer te or coe?(b) Do you pfer to sit iside or otside?(c) Do you pefe to speat )osa or English (isNgesixSuggesl to yor ffend() Let's so in!(b) Let's sit dowtr(c) Let's speak Xhosal(d) Leth diDt cofree!() Les dink tea!(f) Let diDt sonerhing cold!(g) Let's sit orsidel(h) Let's chat!(i) Lefs sty!(j) Leth go!Aak rhere and give the ansurer(a)

-hlala phi uThadi noThemba?(b) -funda phi uhsithetha isixhosa uDavid?(c) -fimda phi ul$sithetha is Crosa, Dvid?(d) -ttlala phi ooThansanqa nooMrray?

Complete the questions and answer them(o) Ngu- igm lakho?O) ala _?(c) phil namhlanje?

l0 Llden io the dialogue and say whether th statnrotstc corect or not

Ask a guest what he/she rrants() Do you wnt coffe?O) Do you $,ant tea?(c) Do you want to meet (wi) Peter?(d) Do you want to speak wi Themb?(e) Do you wart to speak )Oosa?(0 Do you rvant to sit outside?(g) Do you want to sit inside?(h) Do you want go now (nsoku)?Ask gesb what e!' want(a) Do you want ) drin cotree?(b) Do you wnt ) dn e?(c) Do you waDt to meel (with) Peter?(d) Do you wnt to spek with Themba?(e) Do you wnt to spat Xhosa?

(o) Thandi visits Jenn(h) Thandi wants a cool alil.(o) Thndi wants to sit side .(d) Jcnny accepts Thandr's help.

IJ(WM UKUHETHA ISIXHOSA

EEt=l

Ulflr'azi ukuetha isi)rosaKnowing how to speak Xhosa

In this Unit Vott will leanr how to:I discuss your abiliry reeard to speaking nd understndng XhosaI nal(e comparisonsI make polite equests

IncokoPete nd Themba continue wi en convesatron.UThemba Wn Pete! r,theth kakuhle tsixhos! r'd&elelg,

wafurd phi uh]rhtha kL:ule kngak?UPetei N&|(hulea e8m ngaleRhini. Ndqhub ke ngol:urt-

tund stkol'rnr: Ngelishwa nditibee t to eninzi. Enyetnto, ndiyzi ukuba ndisphzama kkhulu kodwrdiyazama noko!

UThemba AyinansebeMi 1oo nto yol:uphazma. 1,to "blulekil)okukrba irzlmc uku$'theth yonke irrilla!

UPeter Unyanistl?. Kuff|treka rdelelg xa ndiphazms.UThemba Kulngil, kodw ke ylandela-UPeter Evre, ul:ub ardrtu yacolhisis!UThemba Heke, trn ndiz kuzma ul-uzekelela.UPeter Enkosi hrb andithetHkhle njegoJenny. Ns)? wakhulela

zfam eMpuma-Koloni. yn wr,und srikolrdrirteth njengotn)oc kangangokuba

uyartfrDdisa ngoku!Ulhemb Inde loo nto! Uyzi bathi dant base''.olni. 'So vel tale

s jj kaa so veel nnle s jj ,"a,'(lit. As many languages asyo can, so much morE are you a pelson!).

UPeter Yiny$iso leyo!

lsigama

will try

yo nust (l. ne6sry)*Thcrc is no exact equivnt i Bngli for 'noko' . It is kind of pleadingl lhe listene's sympthy and undentanding (cf. Afijans 'na').

Nloll.hwo ndilibele inio eninzilylno.enzi loo ntoInlc .bqlul.kileyo kukuboutom!

Unyonbllclnila loo niolYlnycnlro lcyo

Unfotunotely l'ye forgotten o lot

Th impodonl lhing is thot

hot's lovlyl

\ Hoar o ...Dlscuss you ablllty |4,ith rcgatd to qteoking dndunderstonding Xhosa

Ndiyahezi ukutheth ir (hoc. I how (ow) to spk Xhosa.Annifu^zi. I do rdt tnow (how).Uxolo, andiriththi kkuhle. I'm sory, I don spk ,7 we[.Ndi.ithetha kancinci nje. I spk ;r just a litde.Ndisfrnda. I am still laning.Ndiyzam noko- I n trytug in sma wy.Uyqond? Do you undes1nd?y iva? (tii. Do you hear rr"?) Do you undestnd,r"?Uyardibndel? D you follow ne?Ndiyaqotrda. I udestnd.Andi.{t i. I don} urdeslnd.Ndiqonda kancinci nje. I underst nd a ittle.Andilndeli katle. I do, ? follov well.Uxolo, thii? Pdon, rht dq you sy?Uxolo, thqni? Pdon, wht d!! you sy?Zkell! / Nceda zekelele! Spek slowyl/Please sTk slony!Cothisis! / Ncda cothisise! Spck slowylflease spak slordy!Phind L:wakhona. Repet (again)lNceda phindc kwakon. Please rcpat (again).Nceda rd&eec x Please tell ,fl, when I make

ndiphzm. mistkes.fintotri le nge.lxhosa? Wht is this in Xhosa?Ilntoni '...' ngr,Xhos? Wht is '...' in Xos?Itheth ntoni e nto Wht does this (rhing) mea

ngertxhos? in Xhos?

Make cormparisonsndithetht kkuhle trjtrgoJenny.Yena urtthetha,rixhos njengo1!)Gosa.

UKWAZI UKUTHEHA IS]XHOsAXHOSA -

UNIT 3 47

@ How t works7 Summary of nourrs of Units 7-3To help you understand how nouns ffe groupd according to tben prcffx:

umntu unnrwono nyei umhlobo u'foncorqsquzelelik ri umXhos uDhlekri

ototc lnyaa owo urisi ubhutiumckhulu {sromkhulu uNkolikazi Thon5.nqcuhcndi uJonny lPter ulhdnbc uDovid

oba:oborirv dbonrwond obohlobo oboono

i(i4 :

ordnonkazi dnoxhoro dnobh.nri

,iixhoE t iNgeti ishulu ,szulu ,PhurukGzi is,kolo igomoin, / i .

/D.ol(o,nko5ikon inkorazonc,ikwnkwc inrombozonolkou ,(opo ircpl.ni inqwelo-moyo ni i.ro cmo

ryuniv5irhi!ku. / lkwl

u*wuto u*ophila ukoluna ukukhrhs u(uhomboirlo.elo uludibcnq ukubono ukdhcnda ulophunsculuns.no u*ufundo ukun.okolo ukdcodiro uGlou*uqord. uk honba u*selelo u*,ekl|. ukltomouldh.rho llmk lo ltE ulll{zita ukrcpno

I

Noun t oupt

Clo.! Prix Srem S.C. Trcnslorion tha Peson lhe/shel

2 obo. ru bt rh PePte ,helI o u- Thembo hmbo /lej

u Thom.onqo Thdmsnqo {hel- rhe noth sfr/

u nyond e en Aelu. loliwe the ron t,

2o oe sipho sipho ond co. teylIhomlonqo ih Thomsoiqor reyl

b@ the orhn tlnydno th sons rheyllolire e roins ,/yJ

3 hfo u the dot / dot ltt)hfa i the doys ltheyl

5 ili. zrc {on syllobhl /i rhe counrry t,i gano (wo syllobls ii th nme |i,

o' rhe counrri4 /theyJo rh nomes /ieyl

6 onc9ono

7 isi- kolo st, ihe school ,l/8 zf th s.hools tyl

-.

(oko, f.mc

r lt conveBolion t,

to izin ro {one syllobl) the inss /,i,i,n .oko {h{o s}loblesl :i rh conv&iions /rlelir oho rh ohs heyj

tt ulu. li lone syllobl) lF th ick 1,,a twihi (two sylloblesl /E ih rongue / longlos lt,

lo ri lno 'h'llhe insud/longuoges lt[e],/

ubu ntu hombo b wolk / wolking ,,sti ku- io l.now / In@lds itoio io

'@,r / rdsrins /,rt

* J See Ctual bckgound.

XHOSA UNI 3 IJXWAZI IJKUHETHA ISIXHOSAlkom thes tbles you ll see tht l nouns ae gmuped inlo clss(."t$cording to their pfix.I Th noun classs are nmber'd l-15.I Classes 1,3,5, 7, 9 and 11 re singula nouns.I Clsses 2,4,6, I and 10 the coespondins pluil ouns.I Clsses 14 and 15 have no plurt.I Clsses 12 nd 13 no longe cive in )(losa.No hard and fast res enable on to classify a panicd noun into aspccific ctss o gmup. Howev a few principles apply Nouns of:I Clssr 1 and 2: oly fer to people (but not a nouns eIring to

people are h this class).I Clssss la and 2a: include t popr mes, kinship trms, (e.g.

mothe/s, fe/s, uncle/s, a'tvs, sster/s. hoer/s), some pmfessiols(e.g- docio/s, social wo*erls, teache/s) and personifrcatioDs (e.9.tin/s. dio/s. machin/s).

I CLssas 3 and 4: many tlees nd ive$; some pas of the bod e.g.leg/s, moulh/s, finger/s, as well as som bstract nouns. (e.g mimce/s,anget contdbution/s, organisation/s, s, maiag/s).

I Classes 5 nd 6: some pas of the bod (e.9. eye/s, beast/s, kneei/s,arH/s, bon/s), nouns descibing pesonl chaacteistics, (e.g- bmvepersoD/s; eloqunt speake/s; skiful peso/s; r/s) and some adopldftom Englsb/Anians, (e.g. polic, card, wheel, kitchen)Note: Soe no|ms of Clsss I nd t have thef plual in Class 6, e.g.:'XhGa ,rdodt (nan) Mkooikzi mkwnkrv iutombazraa'axlo6a d,radodt aekhosikazi a akhwekw o'ltombzra-

I Clssas 7 nd 8: all langages, odinl numbers 2 10, (2nd, 3rd,4th etc.) many implmmts, wods adopted ftom English o Afikanstegi ng with 'Egr, !r, 'st!r: e.g. isikolo < lghool, i.tttovlr < dtove,rrtpi < lpiel [nImr], as wll as may grammticsl tfrms.

I Clsses 9 nd 10: mny niml, noms adopted ftom English ndAfrikans, (e.g. bDes, car/s, money, bicycl/s, windods, phon/t

I Clss : many abstcl nouD6. Plu: plfix of Class 10 whercapplicle.

I Clss 14: mainly abstrmt nouns but also others, (e.9. face, ber, honey,winter, night). No pbI.

I Clss 15: all inftivs which can also tunction as nouns.

XHOSA -

UNIT 3

2 Emphdt c pt'o.noitns

Similar to the French 'noi', to', 'lui' , 'mn' , 'w?n', ']dn' is usd forenph$s and contrst, and can be used s well as, but nevr inad of,the subjct cocord:

As for ,|1", I am going nowAs for rr, we re going nowAs fo ]d, how ae yo?s fo yru, do yo have children?s fo im, Petet he emt

)osa at schoo.lsn, xJenny waklela rfma. s fo r"/, JeDry she gew up on

!Dhutrgri kotu.laaoi kphnga kofir.PGitircNdiyalrhng.Siyaphug.Uyaphngs?Niyaphuga?yaphunga.Byphug.

Remember: -ya- only occus in the Fesent tense positive u/hen no object

fo[ov,'s th ve.As yo can se, when the subjeci concod consists of a vowel onl e.g.- / ;

-k- (o -w- in spoken language) is iNeted:o- + - > a&u- / auu-i a- + - > dz-.Noie: The ngative fom of: 'Ndyphil'/ 'Ndiphiltl' is Anniphilensa.See Unit 7.3

4 Remote po'st tenaeOne of e pst tenses used when talking about past evenls and actions islhe rcmote or nrative pst tense. The subject concord ndictes thetens. It is characteised by a long '-r widr a falling tone:

Ndrkhlel fm.SakhIela fm.Wakhulela* efm.Nk'hulela efna.Wk1ubh+ efama.Bakhulela efana,

*-+a=, al - , + = ,v-.5 Polite tequestsThe lon used when giving a one wod instruction in Xhosa largelyindictes e 'softness' or 'svelity' of such instrucon, e.g.:

Hlla phatrtsi! (s.) Hlni phantsi! (pl.)However is can easily be changed into pote qust by saying:

UKWAZI UKI'THEI}IA ISIXHOSA tt

M!la, ndiyamb ngoku.fin, siyahmba ngoku.+Wen, phila njani?Nin , njJnabo abaatwn.?Ycn, uPeter wariffDdaIj,xho6 .ikobreni.

I do'll 'litrk cotree.I doal wtrt to drink coffee.

NegtiveAtdiphlmgi.,4-tphutrgi.,a&/phrg,? (kotu),4rriphrg;?,aaunsi.baphutrgi.

You will suey rccognise 'thin' ftom the rcfrain of 'NKOSI SI(ELEI-:IAFRJKA'*-r see Ctual background.Notei The functon of

-na' is simply to avoid a one syllable wod towhich )ahos has an avesion' However, when the two elements of theemphatic pronoun are tanspoed, n carrier menig:

balAlela eKp.

a farm-As fo irn, the chalen, they

g1ew up i, Cape To\rn.

and n? / with n? / / too, soand )o / yith ]or / )oI/ too, lsoend r / with r / n lsoafr him, her I vitl him, her

Nam, ndiya\'rya ukulvazi. Me too, I am pleased ao kow ]|dr.Bekumnandi ukuthetha nare It was nice to tlk with )'rr.Nat i, siyawya ukunazi. fi/e lso, we are plesd !o hrow)au.

3 Present tenee negatioeThe negtive of the pesent tense is formed by prcfixing 'dr before thesubject concord nd chnging tte final vowel of e verb '-a' to -i'.lfnoun (object) follows e ve, the initial vowel of the prefix of allsubsequent nouns is alopped e.g.: Ncel uhllq phantsi.

Ndicl rihllq phantsi.

.L

(lit. I bes you G.) sjt down.)

52 XHOSA UNI] 3 UKWMI UKUHEIHA ISIXHOSA8 Conjunctions 'bec.luse', 'but', 'i', 'th.tt', 'then'Like English, )oos has co4iunctions lo ioin clauss:

'NcGl caD also be \ad when kiig fo \omething:(lir. I beg for wte)

'Nced' (lit. help) is the eqvalent of the Engsh 'pleas' and cn alsointroduce a polite request:

Nced uhl8lc phantsi.Ncedrd nihllc phantsi.

Note The ve following 'Ndicela' and 'Nceda'ends in -e.r See also Unit 4.5.

Ndicel amrnzi.Ndicl ikofu.Ncl ,rto yokusl.

Ndiceh ththc tsNgsi.

Nced thethc i,Xo6.

Ncd cothisis.Nceda khumble.Ncdari nithths tstxho6.

Utuna ntoni?Ulhini?

Ndilande kauhlekuba uycothisis-

Ndiyazama kuthetha is Iosakodw l-unzin.

Ndiyaqond ukuba umntuyacothisisa.

Ndiyazi ukubs diyph^z amkakulu.

Nceda ,ltlungise xandiphazama.

I folow well becuse you respeking slowly.

m trying to speat Xhosa,but it is ilifict.

I undestnd if a pesonspeas sowly.

I klow at I mke a lot

Please cor$t m.r whn

6 Impersonal kt -

the equiodlent of Engllsh 'it'Kunjni?Kufunek ndihambe.

Kulungile.Kushushu.Kuthethwa,rtNgesi aph.

7 More inteftogatioes

Ncd zme ul:uththa irto6a. Plese (you) try to speat Xhos.

Not: A veb follo\ing 'm' (= 'when', 'whenever') never inffxes rya '- See Ut 12.1.

Cultural bockgroundThe concept ol 'Uburrlrr''Unt'- conmon hurIan decenc humanism or s defined by theeditor of e S.A. Medical Jomal, Professo Daniel Ncayana, in arecent editoil, 'ubuntlu', the deepe menitrg of which cannot beexplined in one o two sentences bt which can be said to encompss le attibuts of caring' for one's fellow human being. Th concePt of,ntu is aso closely related to the pmverb: 'Umntu ngamntungrantu.' (lit- a peson is a l,eson though olhr pople.)Professor Ncayiy explains the meaning of lhis Pove as 'attaining lhetotality of bing a tully adjusted enbe of society only though thesuppo, comseling, love, assistance, elter, example, etc., of one'sfellow humn beings'.

Plas (you) speL Engsh.(lit. I beg (i) youspek English.)

Plese (you) speak )Cosa.

Plese (you) speak slowly.Please (yor) ernmbe.Please (you ll) spek Xhosa.

How is it? (lit. It is how?)It is necessay (drt) I go

li.e. I must golIt is all right.It is hot.It is spoken @ngish here).

Whm wee you bom?What do you want?Wht do you say?

ln U ts 1 nd 2 you were introduced to the question words 'phi?';'njani?' nd 'bni?'. Two othe interrogatives which you will need are'nini?' = 'when?' nd 'ntoni?' = 'wht?':

Not: with the veb atlri'= 'sy', the shoened fom '-?'(< ntoni?)

XHOSA UNI] 3 UKWMI UKUHEHA ISIXHOSANkosi sikele' iAik,Mluphknyisw' uphondo lwayo,Yiva imithandazo yethu,Nkosi, sitelea, thina,Luspho lwyo,Nkosi, skelel, thi|ra,Luspho lwyo.Yza Moya! Sikelela, Nkosi, sikelela,z Moya! Sikelela Nkosi, sikelel,Yiza Moya Oyingcwele,Nkosi, sikelela, tbin,Lspho lwayo.Nkosi, sikelel, thi,Lusapho lwayo.

God bless Aftica,Lt its hom (i.e. sprit ) rise,Hear also ou pryen,God bless us,Its (Aftica's) family,God bless us,Its famy.Comq O Spirit, bacs G{d bless,Come' O Spidt bless God blss,Come, O Holy Spiit,God bless us,Its family.God bless us,Its family.

Uyakwazi ul:thetha isNgesi?Utheth kakle is

575 XHOsA - UNI 3Use tlre map on de following pag to ans,er tlte questiots.Besides English, trNgesi, and Afrikaans, ;r;Bhlu, South Aftica hasnine otricial languages: Ngui goup: tstxhosa, irizulu, is,Swti,ir;.{debel; Sotho group: irtsthu, iriPedi (North Sotho),trtlswna. Other goups: ts,trda, trtbonga (or Shangaan).Al laguges pefix IJ!: i$Jmni, ,stFrentshi, isi?hutukezi, etc.() Kuthethwa ezii iilwimi kaku

"ftona-Koloni?O) Kuthelhwa ezii iilwimi kakhu zMpuma-Koloni?(c) Kuthethwa eziphi iilwimi kakhulu zMnfla-Koloni?(d) Kuetbwa eziphi iilvdmi kakulu ehyitta?(e) Kthethw eziphi ijlvimi kaklulu ecateng?(D Kuthethw eziphi iilmi kklul en-4pumslng?(g) Kuthewa eziphi lwimi kklulu -'rczulu-Ntl?(h) Kuthethwa eziphi iilwimi kakhuu

"Mntla-Ntshon?(i) Kuthethwa eziphi iihvimi kaklu eMntla?C) Kthethwa rrxhosa kaklu ndawoni Mzntsi Afrika?(k) Kuttethwa izulu kkhulu ndawoni eMzrtsi Afrik?(l) Kuethwa ;stft$,ana kakulu ndawo eMzrtii Aftika?(In) Kutlethwa iSuthu kakuu ndawoni eMzntsi Afika?Complste accordlng to e exampleAaaxlo atheth rXhosa.

AaZ\trnaSw6

UKWAZI UKUTHETHA IS]XHOSA

1./Vtsha-Kolonl 0slem Cap)2. !tnda-Kolonl (Northrn Cap6)3.,1wuma-Koloni (Eslrncp)a./Fr.yr.tg (Frestat)

6. ,G.ut ns (solhoor qord)7.rMnn-iJt3hom (Nonh ws PDv nc)&u^,tn. (Nonhfl Prcvince)9. t^rpum.l.ng. (Lll. @ming ou ol lhe

sun i.e. the 4l)

()(b)

(d)(e)(D(h)

kuthclhw nk spotn di"dvimi lguaee (t. lgue) eztphi ilsiil rhich lnelases?rwimi lngaes zonke rlwimi a angulges

rdNdblA',aBhulu

(wlE l,be sr disppet (wheE dE sn soes out)Iq

mlrNgesiaSwnasthu

a

Ukuthetha ngomsebenziSpeaking about work

In this Utrit ltou ulll leor'a how to:I sk wbat someone dos or a livingI say what your occupaon isI ask wherc someone worksI respond to being asked whee you workI comment on someone's work

SlncokolEl Pere nd Themb discuss $o wbne waibns for ienry d Tbandi rojoin them wilh lh coffee, cale nd sandlviches.

UPeter Ndixelee Themb4 wenza ntoni ngokomsebenzi?UThemb Ndisebenzela irkanpani yeenqwelo-moya njengornphatti-

basebenzi.UPeter Oo, ipersonnel manager ngesNgesi na?UIl,r. Uchon' uaa,ethel+UPek Uyanrrazi ke ukusebnza nokutherh kLarle nabntu!UThemba Bwe, ndiyakuthanda kakulu L:usebenza nabantu. Uyazi

isaci sesixhosa sithi: Umrht ngumtu ngabantulUPete Unyanisile!UThemba Wena, yintoni umsebeDzi waklo, Peter?UPeter Mna,ndiyingcaphepheyezityoeKistenbosch.UThemba Mm, yinto enomdl leyo!UPete Erre. ngumsebnzi onomdla. Knnjo laa ndawo yindawo

entle yokuseberza! UThnd ye uyasebenza?LlThemba Ewe, naye uanda kusebenz nabntu. Ungugqirha.

UsebeDza hisibhedlele sbntwana iRed Co6s. Uya khonaL:usasa kuphel. Emv kwemini usebenza klvikliki yePrjmaryHeal Cre.

UKUTHETHA NGOMSEBENZI

UPete Naye usebenza ka&hulu!UThemba Ujermy, ufundisa kwesiphi isikolo?UPeter Akafundisi sil(olweni. Ufimdisa abantu abadla balntr

ukufunda ukuthea isixhosa. Uyazi, baninzi kakhulabantu abafuna ukufunda ul:uetha isxhos ngokungkunbi oosomashishini nabasebenzi beenkmpani,abanilGzi-khaya, oosqnha nabongik^zi, njalo njalo.

UThemba Heke, bathini kanene ngesiNgesi? 'Benr late thtn eve 'UPeter thi loo ntetho nges Gosa?Ulhemba Andz| Lunjlo kaloku wmi. Akusoloko L:ulu ul:utolik

ngahmbi wkufi k kwizci.

Islgama

1

o XHOSA - UNIT4 UKUTHETHA NGOMSEBENZI

I Honr it works7 More obout the Xhosa equioalent of Englsh

'am', 's', 'ate' ollowed by nounsYou aeady know that .-rrg-'Fefixed to nouns begirning with '"tn- nd'&r, (Classes 1, 1 and 3 noutrs) expresses 'arr', t' (_r see Unit 2.5):

Uri,lhethi sepalamente.Baia'thethi zepalamente.

To expess 'art', 1s', 'le'w Clss 9 trons prefix -]. :Ndiingcsphepheyezitylo- Iamahoicultrist.NJri,esonel msnger. I4m a persoDnel ranage.

Not: ubba r8,rnphathi / ,igqwetha / yltigcphph yezitylo mens !9h999!r9 a n.anazer / la\hye / hoticultist.

Similly, 'rgr / !rg- pefixed ro noutrs beginning with'aba:,'oo: ^nd

'anur (Chsses 2,2a, and 6 nours J se Uni 3.1):

Nding&Jnny.Lo nj'4nyan wm.Uandi ngagqiha.Ndirgaayeni lraH'e.uDavid rg4rtundi.UThemba ng4aphathi.Ng4r4sbezi onomdla.

Abantv^t ngabafundi.XgrrThnrsnq aba.{groMurry aba.BanK.flngq\iethi.

l an le0ny.This r's my son.Thandi i a doctor.I dn her hsbnd.Dad ir a ppil / student-Themba iir a mnger.Ir ir inrerestg wor}.

The childen d" ppib.These dr e Thnsnqs.These me the Mrrys.They d/ lawyers.

< *,,gqreth = to tum upside do\rn, to be back to font, i.e. everythingis e opposite of what it should be.To express 'am', 'is', 'are' with Class 5 nons pefix 'J-':

Ndirigqweth.uxgqrn.

lam alw..He ir tditiol heler.She ir heblist.

To er?ess 'dtr', 'ir', 'ar' wi Classs 7 nd 8 nours plfix nd 'z-'spectvely:

She is the q,ekr of paliment.They ar? spekers of parliament.

\ Hou o ...Ask uhdt someone does for o litsing

weDza ntoni ngokomsbenzi?Ybtoni,msebenzi \valo?

Say uhqt you" occup.rtlon isNdgxgqibaNdizgsomeshishiniNdirrgnphaihi-bsebDziNdizgnongikaziNdirgrrnikzi-khayaNdingqwethNdiJrrgcphephe yezitylo (t. n expe in pnts)NdiJrpeNonnel manageNdisebz rjengon4hsthi weshishiniNdisebeDzl,rkmpni

Ask where someone aotks

Usebnz phi?Uphatrgla phi?

Respond to being osked where you aotkdolophilunivBithirrlhedll

Ndisbenz erikolrerie-ofrsnieKiNtenbostr,ishishini lencwdi (publishing hoNe)frrlshishini lempNa (clothing factory)

Comment on aomeone's uotkNgnsabenzi onomllfrrdawo rtle yoh$ebetrza

a

xHosA - uNt 4

2 So'me occttp:tionsIho6e dei/ed ftm veb6 prefir i./rn- and chmge the firl vowel

-a ro +:ukuphthe to hndle > mphthi mageruufudg to study > mfond! srudentukongmele to rule ove > dnongme[ Fsidetukuphke to cook > umpheH cookukuqbube to dive > r,qhubi driveruluthutrge to sw > ,""thutrgiGzi) ror (seamstress)ukuseben?& to work > rrsbenzi worker

(cf. Msbenzi Clss 3 = wok)Nore: ukuhtha to spek > ithethi speteTose sdoptad om English or Aikrs prefix .r / .i- or .m-':

UKUTHETH NGOMSEBENZI 3lnoposi / oonoposi (lit. mother of post)Dosih / oanosarha (lit. moth of

slaughtering)unoverie / oonovenkjle (lit. mother of

shop),/somshishini / oosomashishini (lit. father offctodes)

lsompempe / oo3ompemp oit. fther ofthe wbisde)

Note: usomandla (t. falher ofpowe)3 Sufixins'-kaz' to a nounCo,tr make t lemi',.re

shopkeepeA

The Almighty

itshl / rritshl(kazi)ttitshla / ;ttitshal(tzi)pmfes / ,opr.oesa"njinglwazi / ooDjirg.Iwzimjiglwazi / taiiryalwzi(<

-jig = wve routrd)(< tlvazi = howledge)

'tmIrtyi / oornntyiijoi / andjoDi (< English Jobnny)ipolisa / al'tllpolisar'toliki / irtoliki (< Afikaans veolk),lath / nnbtheli (<

-aqla = ro ike to),nblisi / "rbalisi (<

-bsa = relre)lhose incoporting

-nor, a contracrion of.unila wq, = .mothe of'orthe ale eqivalent '-so-', a conraction of .uyile wq-' = .farher of':

l'lobhl / oonobhla (lit. mother of wiring)ogadi / oonogadi (lit. mother of guads)moncwadi / rrnoncwadi (lir_ mothe of books)nondyebo / ornondyebo (t_ mothe ofmongendi / onongendi (lir. mothe ofnot marrying)

,montlalo-nde / oonondo-ntle (1ir. mothr ofsood liviDs)

Can l'ldicate greatnes of size

sodier^

jomst/shistorian/s

guravsibIariaD/s

inkosi

utitshlmongl

ilizweumthi

intaba

chief inlosikari ctuef's wife, lad

ntitshala*ziumongikziumnikzi

Con exprcss relato shipumazi

zwekazi continentumthikazi big tree mbokzi lsge riverinrbakazi highmountain

my mothe's ster, i.e, matel auntmy father\ brothe! i.e. patemal uncle

4 Omlsslon o the initia, ool|et o the nounI^ dtect addressIf you look again at the explamtion of ho/ to geet appopritely in Unil2, you will se that all nouns folovdng 'Molo / Molweni' have lost eirinitil vowel:

ult^ / uhawo / Lm nzna / 4rnhlkazi> Moo !s, bwo, r4nrmzan, Z4htkaaiirkosikzi / inkosz / rntombi / ntombazana /j"kwenkwe

I

XHOSA -

UNI] 4 UKUHEHA NGOMSEBENZI 5

I

> Molo 4ko6ikszi / 4koszan / 4tombi / 4tombzn / 4kwDkweAte" negatit'e oms

alithndt Lotu.UJenny dfdft rndisi dntwan.

Ater de',,.onstrotues)inamsebnzi Im Zrto.Intle loo 4to.

r see Unit 9.5 for more bout demonstrtives

When oetbs end in'-e' instead o '-a' (subjunct oe)lnstuctons preceded b9 an object conco.rd

Noms studies at the univcrsily.What is she studyig for?I wok as a manager.I work fo! a company.bI you nmelTl (fo)

're.

Peter lr|rs )cos.Jeny taches Xhos.

(lit. causes o leam)

Shor ne. (li. make m" see)Go!Continl (lit- mke go)b n e when I make a mistke.Sory for dishrbing /tuterruptine )or-

Red crfullvThinksrsfulbSpek ver-v slowlvBt vrv Yell (See Unit 5)Mix rgry-!E!! (See Unit 5)

tlNomsa ufund eluvesiihiUfundl |rtoi?Ndisebenz njengomphai.Ndisebenzsl inkampni.Xla igm lakho!r'dixIgk.

'-is-' traisltes 'cause to',UPeter utunda is (hos.Ujetrny ufundisa is (osa.

Ndiybona.,lr'dibonis_.Hamb!Hambllalrvl'xlel xa ndiphzema.Uxolo ngokphzmi!.

Fundi-qbaCinsiqiaCotiiaQhuqb&baXubisisa

\a -' usually ndlcotes

Siza kubon.

alxelts.&boisc.

Tell tEShow-a!.

Aer the eryressions hrek (ukuba) = it is necssy (ar) / mst.kublulek;s (ukuba) = it is impont (rht)

Kuftnk kuba uzmc You mst t.y to speatukuteth is osa yonke imihla! Xhos every dyl

Kublulektle ukuba uzame It is importt rht you tryukutheth isixlos yonle imiN. to spe Xhos every day.

Msithethc isixhosa. Let,s spek Xhosa.Masihlale ngaphandle- Let's sit outside_

Ater -cda 'ask', 'rcquest', 'bes,

Ndicla uthethe is Cosal I quest you ro spek Xhosa.f cf. utrit 35.

6 Uetbal extensions '-elJ,'-is-', '-an-'Another interesting feature of )ftosa is e extension of vebs bv meansof itrfirs, addiog imptjcit preposirjon or eleD a chatrge of meaoing.'al-'

''o''nstares 'for', 'to'

Siza kubone4a > Sobon@a We'll see ch oth.More thn one extension cn t used in the same ve: ukubon / is / n /to discuss someing (lit. show e other):

ec rptocty' e o.ch o ther'We'Il see.

Masibonisrc nsale ntol Let's discss thatl

7 Vo'ious me.tnings o the prcposition 'nga-'Indicating pt('ce = 'tn the ocnty of, 'touards', 'near'

t

66 XHOSA, UNI 4rgeRhini trer GramsrownngaleForest Drive in the vicinity of Foes Dive

In con'lecon @t r 'phandle', 'phkathi'

UKUTHETHA NGOMSEBENZI(cf. n- + - / i- / u- etc. see Unit 2.9).

8 More dbout the equrore,'t of Engtish prcpostlong(knoan os locatioes in Xhosa)You already know that ) expess the English ppositions 'at', 'rtr', ro'.'Jt"n ' plce nmes, you chnge the inial vowl of the prefix to 'e-' :

Niirn ukuhtala ngsphakokanye ngaphndle?

Indcothrg tme = 'at', 'ln'ngeli xeshan8manye amxeshatrgokuhlwa

Do you wnt to sit insideo outside?

t ths timesontimes (lit. at some times)in the evening

oit. What do you do s fr swok is concemed?)

How bout (something hot)to alrint?

Ul l phi?

Uvel phi?

is 'ukuya' = 'to go !q' :Uy phi?Ndiy eyunivesithi.Ndiy .,itbhedlele.Ndiy .,khay.

NdlalKpa, 4Pinelands.Ndila

g Not: *et\hy > ekyrt when followed by a possessive_

How to apply itI Complte the dialoge

XHOSA -

UNIT 4 UXUTHEHA NGOMSEBENZI 9

Bu -u > -int after:f: ikofuph: idolopbu

> ekoini> edoloph,r,i

-akh"bhl

-cul-fot-guqula-l$r a--phtba-qeqsha

-thengtua-thwala

Ddar,e.'a the pl(e o, t1r t[e .esidence ofHowevet by fI ihe corrnonesr way of exFessng preposirions in )osis by chaging the bitil vorl of the noun ro .?' and e ffnI vowl ofthe noun as follows:-> -e'd: ikhyq > qkhsycl3li* le at/in/)o t/toowtutre-e> -ent ili2rg > elizwc4i n /from/ to e cowttry-i> -iri: msebenzi > emsebenzfu! at/to/fm,nwof,-o> -'rni: irtkola > csktlwc4i at/in/fum/tos]f,l-u> -rrni. lThek! > gThel$a4! in/to/froz.,D]utban

I Deive e appropriate occupations rom the verbsbuid

singto tke photos

fm

sell (' thenga' = 'buy')

parnt, daw

o)(d)

u, -_

rr tte coleeat I in / / to towa

UDavidUBongniUDvidUBonganiUDadUBoneanilDavidLIBongani

UDvid

UBongniUDavid

UBongani

UDvid

Uyatund, Bongani?Ewe, nditunda eweslelford. Wen?Nditund ecrcve. Uyattanda* (a) titshl blo?Abanye (some) O) _lungile kakhutu, abanye hayi.Udadewenu wenza (c)

_?(d) _umfrrndi qunivesii.

Ufirnda (e) _?

Ufundea ubugqwea.Benz ntoni bzi (0

_?Utat (g)

_ingcaphephe yeznyalo. UsebenzaeKintenbosch. Umama (h)

_utitshlkazi.Ufimdisa (i)

_?ufrdisa ) _Xhosa (k) n _Nsesi.Benza ntoni (1) zati bako, bona?Utta (m)

_umphi, umma (n) _ugqiha. Nm

ndifirna ukrba ngugqh. Wena?Andazi. Mhlav,mbi ndiz kuba yinjine. (egineer)

* Whi is the Engish translation of is occupation?3 You ae introduced to a numb of people by name

nd ocqpaiion. w'ite in English who does what(t(g)(h)

You are atready able to lntoduce your husband, sonand friend (Ngumgenl r'am loi ngungana warn;ngumlobo wam, uThandl, etc-). Now induce othermembers of you amlb (usapho lwakho)you paentsyou childrcnyour gnndchildrenyou wife

Ngabzali bam

-abazukwana bamYinkosiazi yam

a

your dughte utombj y4 ulindi.Use e lst of gretings in Unit 1 to intsoduce:

youl fther

your grndfatleryou gratrdmolhe

5 You are inlroduced to someone's reliaiives. Wdte do$"rrho they are

o)(d)Answe the queslions(a) Uvela phi uPete?O) Uhaa phi ngohr?(c) Uya phi yonk imihla?(d) Uvela phi uJenDy?(e) Utundisa bani?(t Usebenza phi uThandi kusasa?(g) Uya phi emv kwemni?(h) Usebenzela ban uThemba?Say in Xhosa(a) Whee you come ftom(b) Where you ve now(c) What your occupation is(d) Where you wokFill in the verbal extension for a meaningl ansne() Wena uyasebenza?

Ewe, ndisebenz_a inkampani yekomphyrtha.(b) Inlombi yako uykwazi ularpheka?

Ewe, iphek_a uspho.(c) Uyasitundisixos?

Ewq Jenny uyadilrnd_a.(d) UNomsa ufunda elrnivesii?

Ewe, ufund-a ubugqweth.

UXUTHETHA NGOMSEBENZI(e)OoThamsaDq bathandooMray?

Ewe, bayathand_a !9 Say to a riend

(a) I-et's teach each othel(b) Let's meetl(c) Lefs help each ote!(d) Let's pu together!

(i.e. l,et's buid one anotherl)lO Say that !'ou must

() eo nowO) go to wok(d) go to e hospirl(e) so home Csoduka)(0 spak )ftos every day(d pay by crd

ll Complete appropiately() Ndiya eBhy ngomso.

Uhamba _bhasi? Ha. ndihamb _eopeni.(1') Uand uuhamba empleni?

Hayi, ndketha ukuhamba _moio.(c) Wetrz ntoni konsebenzi? Ndi_umphathi.

(d) Usebenza shishini lempbl? Hayi, ndisebeDza _-olsi_.(e) Usebenza na klwa? Ewe,

_manye amaxesh.(1) Hmba kakute. Sla kl]he. Enkosi nto yone.12 Complele the idioms using the corect form of is', 'e'

XHOSA -

UNIT 4

(0(h) Kufuneka ndiKutuneka ndi

-.Kutunek ndiKutuneka ndiKutuneka ndiKufilneka ndiKutunek ndi

Ba_umthi nexoo.

B_inyok nsele.

U_inyoka.U_umiombe.

They arq gret friends.(lit. They a& trce and esn.)They 4q great enemies.(lit. They 4e snake and frog.)He/she ira treacherous person.He/she i! a very angry person.

XHOSA -

UNIT 4

13 Ltsien io the dialogue and nswe e questions

U_indo\"u.

What are they talking about?Wherc are they talking?

(tit. Helshe ir a rhino.)He./she ir a very strong personoit. He/she i! an elephant.)

How do you lke your coee?

(a)o)

Uyithanda njani ikofuyakho?

In this Unt you l,ir, teon hor to.'I apologiseI say you ae thisty / hngryI sk glests how they tae en coffeeI ofier reftesbmentsI acc.ept and decneI express appreciationI renark on a change in the weather

$IncokoS Jenny aad handi anive with rcfresbments.

UPete Ekugqibeleni.Masiqabuleniunxno,Ujenny Uxolo ngokunilindisa ixesha elide. Besincokola! Ndiqi-

sekie hrba ninxaniwe.tlPete Ewe, siLxnwe kakhulul Silambile knanjo.UThemba Hayi, L-ulugile, nai besincokola!UJemy Thandi, uynd njani ikotu yakho? Utuna ubisi eswekile?UThandi Ubisi qld, enkosi sisi.UJenny Wen, Themb ufuna ikotu enobisi?UThemba Ewq eosi neetspuni ezimbini zeswekile.UJenIy Nantsi isweke. Zincde.UPeter Kunjningekeyiineesengwitstu,Thandi?UThndi Enkosi Pete. Ndingafumana isilayi esincinci sekeyii?

Ijongeka inde!UPeter Inene, ilnnandi ku. Nasi isilay.UThn Enl(osi. Mmm! inncas le keyiti. Jeruy, ndingafuman

iresiphi?UJeny Ngokuqinisekleyo,sisi-Undikhumbuze.

Themba, ndingaupha isilyi sekeyiti, nawe?

f ,74 XHOSA UNIT 5 UYITHANDA NJANI IKOFU YAKHOE

UThemba Etros| Jenny. Mnq ndizithanda kaf,aulu izjnto ezimandilUJenny Petl nceda ugqithisele uThemba ikeyiki ngoku ndigalel

kofu yalo.UPeter Kuungile. Thandi, kunjani ngenye ikomiryi yekofu?Uhandi Hyi entosi. Ikomiryi enye yekofu ynele kum!UPeter Yhol ilanga lithe shwaka. Kuyaphol ngoku. Sifanele

uungena ngaphakthi?UJemy Ewe, ngesquphe kuyabanda. Mn, ndiyagodola. Nina?UThndi Ewe, kancinci.UJeDny Kulungile, msingeneni! Perer, nced uvle ucango!Aic.of"c Th di enndr JcMv about thc tccipc.

Jenny, ungb utundinika iresiphi yekefki.Andilibaanga, sisi. Nntsi.Ukuba ukllea i chocolate icing, ungnyibilikisa icepheecocoa pow&r kwic?he lananzi ablayo, uqhuqhisise kri-icing.

UhandUJerny

iephe (ue) spoon xhe knx fold into eggqhuqhisisa bqt well weqmda nine

izithato sredienls ungallbisi you sholdn boi ,amqan.l eggs ,lanisele stil it itrto e balrindlela yolTen reod (ln. way endeni

ornating / dolng) dingqukuv! yh.n de rcundi-on i icing engudoqo basic icinsyenre mae dhmbiyo y/tcn is tuftshsh hot knphaphu lighr ad fluf|ykwdgaphanbili pe-ht to hmzise uet,

ifilrelvi 18(IC 180cC phalsi bels*r ydsqhuqha ndamye beat tosether koonrlekod qii ab unril thick dd .alonphenl !d on topnombi olbhu yellow ncolo

Ikeki enve eneencasaEZININZI

rzBA(o:314rtt (1 t/. yekodtv, vecost tuooltu0n1 (2 tkorwD vesrlolnurEt!\a (3 tttspunt) yebakk+Powdel,0o ,emogdkt oKA^t ithololo7nt (lt/,rc spuni \evonitkt essencl.ir ver $!shu lwoi.o.hb if le - , rSoc ohlqh;;mqoid.nomboo.6hl !-"f. iSilOUrFLlGCdk ldr nd.lrcnF ibolnqwde, dube lomtb;e!sdo. eEa shhu ibimga lbilni. Utub wbri,

zl!,1 e;qq|,'; *:. , 23...bhol; omo 2f !llio umJ0

huqho 1-500o Cpokeihi) veicinssuqor ne'2509 ymgnnl okorryrbhoioro ethonbile'/o de ibeknophukhophu. Ysbdlsephokothi loomolko nokumphel!

lsigarna

XHOSA UNI5

fry o memorisUxolo ngokunilindisc Soy or \ping you woiting

ixsho elide such o lono rimeZincedgl Help vo,'se'llkomityi nye yekotu yonele One cup of coffee is enough

kuml for melllongc lirh swokol The sun hos di,oppeoredlUngolibolil Don'r forsetlAndilibolongc | hsvenl fogtn|

UYITHANDA N]JANJ IKOFU YAKHO?Accept .tnd dectire

Ere, entosi.H/, enkosi.Ndingafumn irilal erincinci qrd?lkomityi enye yekofi! yle kum enkosi.

Expreaa apprecidtionKumnndi!Inencas gqitha!Imnandi kalhulu!Ijongeka rrtle le keki!

Rernatk on d cho,nge in the uedthetLi4ini tzulu? / Injani D"ozulu? (lit. Hoi is e weathe?)Ingathi iltre lithe rrwata.llng lilshonil" (the sw has gone down).Liyaphola ngoku.Kuyabanal ngesa$rphe.

ldeopfron* (lzif onckirczwi|An ideophonc is o port of spech which is o chorocteistic onddisinctiv feoture o Xhoso. You hove olrody com ocross two exomplesin lhh book 'ql'ond 'sirwoto'.ldeophoner ore oten onomotopoeic i.e ey suggest the oction hylhok sound, .9. 'dyumpu', similo o lhe English 'plop'. but they mosydescribe monner ond ore usd wler English uss odvbs, e.s.:

Hqmbo ngqol Go staight olong.ldcophones ore ohen introducd by'ukurhi'which indicois he tns,mood, person, ond clos, but con oko be used wi other verbs, e.s.:

Siphile qetel We or complerely well.However, becouse idcophonec ore inicionol in noture, they oreoften more effectrve when siondins olon, e.s..

\ Hou o ...Apologise

Uxolo! (ngohlirdis esha eltd)Uxolo! (ngokuilindis ixsh rlide)

Say gou ate thlBty / hungryNdinxnir. Ndinxnue kalulu.Ndilmbtl?. Nlambe klulu.

Ask hou someone tdkes ther coee / te.1U]tanda njni ikotu / i yaklo?Ufura bisi neswekil

koflrd / etiri?Uff|na ;kofu enobisi?Uff|tra ftofu enswekil?

Offet rclrcshtnentsKnjni gekofir / ngeti?Kuqini gnye ftomityi yelrotu / yeti?Kuini ngokusla rrto bad)r?Kuqii ngewyini? (wine)Ku4ini nsoilwla? (ber / alcohol)Ku4ini ngkeyiki?KuDjad trgeesengwitsbi?ZincgdglNding./,Ipha irrlayi sekeyiki?Ndjl1g./rupha rSngrihhi?r See Cutual backgound.

Nlgi ivilil Th whl is tucl< fdtl

ldcophones ore oho used lo mphosis {e inlensiry o som colous:t nryotyombo ibomvu trwl.lmilh iluhloza yokollinwl zokh zimnyomo

linwele zokh zimhloph qh wolr See Unit 14..

UYITHANDA NUAN IKOFU YAKHO?Similarly, there ae sevelr Xtosa equivalents for e English ponouna|d its plural 'rr"nr', which also depend on the noun rcferred to:

XHOSA -

UNIT 5 f9

This lower ;s b/ood rcd.The tees ore gro* grreen.

He hon is prrc blq.k.Her hoir is snow whir.

I sk fo it (wok).I lik n&ar4 Glustrations).I lik i (e nme).I k r@ (the names).I like (e Xhosa lnguge).Holv do you like (coffe)?How do you ke nLca(sandwichsX

Do''? you like (the milk)?I don ? lik (wintr).I like (tavelling).

Ndiya4lacela (arzseberzi).Ndiyathnda (.!a!zobo).Ndiylithand Cm).Ndiy!.4than& (angm).Ndiy.jthanla (&lxos).Urthanda njani (!kotu)?Uathan& njani

Gsengritrhi)? landi (abisi)?Andibrr.d: (!ba.ik).Ndiyfuthnd (a&!ahamba).

@ Horr t works

sorne tro.dtionot bte@sUmqomboir An lcohoc aldt nde fiom msize porridg ndspmuts which is eft utrtil it ferments.Amrhewu: Non-lcoholic naize mel qd. A small amount is miredwth flou and sgr (optional). Ii is then put into d rain podgecontiner until rcady.Ublyi: Mize porridg made i a eelegged pot- It is cooked until ebotom of the pot js scalded. This scalded part is then scraped off andmixed with ponidge and alowed to fement.

Fmm th 't glance' table you wtl see that the objct concods hve thesme fom as the subject concords except wherc the subjecr concod is avowel ony. In these cases the subject concod incorpotes a consonnt tofom the objct cocord. Do you rcmembr why? (See Unit 2.6):

I Mote object conco'.daIn English, e pronouns '&td' nd'her' ae the sm irespective ofrvhethe you are refening to a student, lawyer or engineer etc. This is notso in Xhos where 'him' and'her' are epresented by ditrerent fomswbich change according to the ro!,l to which ey refer These ae kownas object concods nd e derived fom e noun pefixes:

Iemy ttrjtfs hiallvz(e srdent). UJenny uyaz4fimdisa (dlundi).She tches ,t ?fier (the lyer). Uya[fundis (rgqweth).She teer,&!&ar (de engmeer). Uyalrtundis (i,jbeli).

The plural fom 'r?nr' so has diffeent folms i )ftosa:She techs rkr4 (wokers). Uyaafudisa (aasebenzi).She teac[Gs rk4 (doctos). Uyal2afndisa @agqirh).She teches rlsr4 oawyrs). Uyatafundisa Gr4agqweth).She taches !LsZ4 (engineers). Uyarfunsa Glaiineli).

Cultural background

Subi.., .on qds Obict @n rds

ndi-si-ni-

b.-

i-li,

zi.i:

lu-

ot a gloncI

you (s.lyou (plevi theyt t /h/ster it

hmititit

dtl you (s.l-ni- you lpt.)

.E it / hin / her

t i - i t /hn/her

2 PossessiuesIn Engl;sh, possessive ela.ionshp can be expressed by .'r' or 'r,l ', e_g.'the boy'! m' or 'e nam qlthe boy'_ln )ftosa, ory the 'ol'consrucrion exisis_ The two nouns (,name' ad'boy') e likd by a possssive concord which is chcterised bv rhe

his link (rcFesenting 'ol') between e rwo nouns chngs accotingto the pefx of the fist noun (possessee) nd influencs rhe pefix of rhesecond noun (possessor) resuiing in a sound cltaryc:rrxsebenzi d- | lnkmpatri > we ampni

(employee oJ a conpny)somshini h4- + inkmpani > wcnkmpni

(businessman rf company)aba*bez; bq- + inkmpani > ,q4nkmpi* (staff o/a conpny)oosorshitri ,a- + 4nkmpani > ?enkampi*

,iesh 14- + iti

(bsinessmen o/a company)> r'eqand (mrture o/egg)> :''4dntwa (painrings d/rhe children)> ti (tine d/tea i-e. teatime)> 4tantw (names o/the children)> ra'nsebezi (pplication o/a job)> zqnsebenzi (pplictions ofiobt> ]akotu (cp o/coffee)> z4swekil (teaspoons o/suga)> ,wzthko (list o/ingedieDrs)

anagsnaq- + 4b(mtwaI

UYITHANDA NUANI IKOFU YAKHO?

Wth the o.doerb'a'ptra' = 'here't-ofisi ilapha el(p. The ofiice here ;tl Cap Town.

lvl orm su as 'esikolueni', 'e'ofrsn,'emseberuini',.tlbhedlele, eKapa, etc. (known as the loctive fom)

XHOSA -

UNI 5 8t

Ndirkhaya.U!.-ofisint.BalPrikolrPni

I am qh.twrc.He r. !a the office.They ars 4l school.

Note: The Iocative -s- also separates the two vowels in:

nga!-: nga!.Rhini near Grahamsto\rnnae-: nalTnivsii and llr the univrsitybae : ar.rntu ba!Holsni the peop of (in) Hond

4 Hol to exp'ess 'hee is', 'hee ar''Once again e noun clss system in )ftosa ncessittes the use of severldien forns wherc only two are used in English:

isicelo 14- + 4rrseberzi

umxnbevg- + iqndaimizohot4- +4b.tntwa\a

N*u JeDny.Nb dbmtwana.NDku (or tratrg)

'l',1nxbaNntsi lrnlqmelo-Nali icephe.Nnga a dceph.Nsi trilayi sekeyiki.Nzi ezrnye izila.NDtsi .ofu.Nzi (or nanzi) tttispni.Nl bisi.Nabu* ,.,si.Naku kty.

H is Jntry.H r the childrctr.H is the phon.IIe.e arr the pillows.Ilere is the sI)oon.Ilere are tbe spoons.IIee is slice of cake.Here re some moe slices,Hee is the coffee.Hre e the tespoos,Hee is the milk.H! is the hoey.H is the food.

izicelo zg- + 4msebezitkomityit4- + itotriiaispuri z4- + isweLileuluutt lws' + 4thkoubuait bs' + sbontt > alatu (rhe humanig, o/te people)|/tubhakva l.ra-+ llrcyiki > wsakeyiki* (e bakine o/caketu}j'te'oziw l$r4- + 4busi > farsi (de making o/honey)*tf >

-e-. For ease of gonunciation ,w' is omitted bfo .o'.

3 Hou to express'am', /rs','ote'With iderogative '-phi!' wbete ,am',.s', .are'are nderstood

Uphi uDavid?Siphi isibhedlele?Iphi i-ofisi yako?

lvher (is) Dvid?Whee (is) e hospital?Whee (is) you oflc?

* Nobu is seldom sed as nouns beloneing to Class 14 are nearly all bsFact.

5 The equr.rlent o Engllsh'myrelf ,'l@u's'el', etc.At last, herc is a case wherc erc is only one fom in )0osa whee Englishhs moe thn one fom!Ue e objct concold, 'ti: = 'nyself, ,otself , 'ouseb's' , etc, isplaced immediately beforc e veb:I ct Uqioi? = lir. You how? (see Uit 2.5).

XHOSA UNIT 5Ndiyarr'dla. (it.Im eating mls"l, I am poud of ntret

T\ey ^e pron of thdnsebe'HeIp turyelf.

6 E4rtessions ln Xhosa ending in '-le'These expressions often efer to one physicl stte. They arc velforms in )ahosa, but corespond to adjectives in English:

Ndiphilru. I am well. Namketek l! ./ou'e welcome!Ndilmbile. I amhungry. Kublulek ft. Ir's impont.Kuungile. lt is I ight. Uxakekit? Ae you busy?Ndiqinisekile. I'msu. Ndingxmite. I'minahurry.Ulshtlle? Are you nried? Unynisjlu. you'rc right.Jkhrluela/e? Ae you Kupholtta. It is cool.

comfortble?

Bayzidl.Zhcde.

Ndiunrt. I am thirsty.

7 'Xhosatrsed' u'otdsIn Units 1-5 you hve come cmss a number of ,xho6lised' nouns,i.e. those nouns adopted om F'aglieh and / or Atrilans:

fun Enelbhibhotolo butterrma frni/,kamp*ni companytkeiki ckekliniki clinicikofu coffeimqiiri maryarineioisi ofce,esiphi rciperse[gvitshi sandwichiti teartispui teaspoon,]mivsithi univesity

As you can see, most of these 'adopred woIds,belong to Classes 9 /10prefixing t-ft:-. However when e dopted nglish or Aikns word

bcgins with an 's' fo[owed by a consonatrq e.g. '6qhoo', 'lice', thcscnouns usually belong to e 'ir!' class:

trikolo lqhool ifllyi !-liceAllhough the majority ofnouns adopted from English orAftikaans belongto Classes 9 and 10, there are a numtr of nouns besides 'ibhti' whichbclone to Classes 5 and 6 and not to Classes 9 and10:

UYIHANDA NIJAN] IKOFU YAKHO?

ilthitshi d'"dlitrhi(kitchen/s)tkdiiphepha dnrdpheph(paper/t tpolisttikiti anatikititicketls) rvili

dflakdi (card/ta//dpolisa (poce)az'avili (wheYt

Ndidiiee. I am tired.

Adopted wods are often used in everyday speech while the originalXhosa wods are prcferred in the written language, espcially in titeature,e.8..

leropleni iaqwelo mo) 0it. wagon (of e) aDrr(hihN rlgmbi lof/pheke (lit. room of / fo cooking)ilrv ,,r''gubo (flour)r'fowu ,l,''rxeba (phone) (lit. rope)

Not: Wlen English wods re used in witten or spoken )osa ey musthave a prcfix which is usually 't' (Class 9):

ipersonel rgerrRed Cross Hospitl,Primry Helth Caibhanti (ana)

rdolophutLomityiiswekile

bnddo?koppiesriker @ How to apply itAsk

(a) wee is the ss?O) Wee is the milk?(c) Wee is the cake?(d) Were is a spoon?(e) w'ee is the cotree?(0 Whee is the tea?(g) Where is a teaspoon?

Here is the sugar.Hee is the milk.

(a)(b)

XHOSA -

UNIT 5 UYITHANDA NIJANI IKOFU YAKHO?(c) Herc is the cke.(d) Here is spoon.(e) Here is the cotree.(f) Herc is the tea.(g) Hee is a teaspoon.

3 Sy that you like 'l'(a) Ndi-nda (ikeyiki).(b) Ndi_anda (maqnda).(c) Ndi_thanda (izinto eziInnndi).(d) Ndi_thnda (iisengwitshi).(e) Ndi_randa (ikofu) enganswekile. (withour sugr) (tir. nor

having sugr)Gtv the tnskcfons replcing the word in bracketsrtith the appopriate object concord(a) zse (iketile, n[ the kertle).(b)

_bilse (amnzi).(c) zse (ubisi).(d)

__gqithise (iswkile).(e)

_ncede (youselo.(t

_vare (ucngo).Ask (u.lng

-rrjdnl(a) How Ie you tody?(b) Holv e e children?(c) How is your husbnd?(d) How is you vdfe?(e) How ae your paents?(D How is work?(g) How is the weihe?(h) How is the cake?(i) How re e sandwiches?look at the recip Jony gives Thandi() Cicle tte objecr concods ind the noun to lvhich they rcfer(You should find th)

7 wlit a Itut tn Xhos of e things Thrdi asks Lidhveto buy or herUThandi 'Lindiwe, ndfuna ukubhak ikeyiki nsomso kusasa

kodwa ndinaxesh lokulhenga iziko ezifunekayo-Ndice uye esuphamkete zithenge. Nalu uluhu:'

egcsflour

sugmk

icing sg _

ul-indiwe Kungie- Ndiz kukq/enze oo o.I Complet e txt by fflling in

Use 'amnzi', 'ikofu' nd 'ubisi'.A Ngen sisi, uphunle mzuzwn. Ujongek udiniwel

Hlt phrtsi. Lixesha leti oknye ukheth _?

B Enkosi. Nokuba yintoni.A Dvid, lyl iketile bilise

_

D Kungie, mara.A Natsi . Ugaanda neswekie?B Galela

_

qha, enlosi.A David, nceda uziseD Luphi , mam? Luseftijini? ndiluboni &!A Oo, ndilibele ukuluttenga !

phunla rsq red ikerjle *enla itle shil bilha hoil

lyila swii.h m zis fetch

(b) Cicle e possessives

XHOSA -

UNIT 5

9 Fill in e missing formsUse:(a) ndilmbile, (b) kubalulekile, (c) v,/amkelekile, (d) nph ib,(e) ndingxamile, (0 utshtie, (g) ndinxnwe nd (h) kuphotileMob, (r)Uojai nmlnje? 12,Utuna into yokusela? Ewe, (3) ndi kakul!Utun into yokuta kannjao? Ewe, (4)Ndicea uze apha. Ungndincedisa? Hyi, ndilusizi,(5)Nced uzise ijezi yam. Ndiyagodol. (6) ngotn.(7) ufowune uThandi.(8)

Nifudumelengokwaneleyo?Are you tDarm enough?

In this U'art Wu uill leam how to:I ask whethe someone is warm enoughI discuss e weaerI exFess liks / dislkesI rcfer to the dys of the week / mons / sesons

IncokoThe Murrays and e Thamsnqs move inside and discuss e vaiable

UPeter Nifudunelengokwneleyookanyendilayiteisifudumezi?UThemba Hayi enkosi, asifirtri siirdrmezi. Atubndi kngako.UJenny Linjalo izulu lseKapa. Umzuzu ilng liykanya,

kolandlyo L:uyna!UThndi Hayi, uubaxa! Yaye rgakzi ngezulu

laseKapa! Imvul ibbetele kunembalela! Ib ayfnaimrda eMzntsi Afiika. Inqabile.

UPeter Jenny, ufna nabantu abavel ecuteng! Bona, kaloku,abalithndi izlu lethul Ebusik bhalza ngemvatehloryeni ngol:uvuthuza komoya!

UThemba Kodw msiyivumeni inyad, lihle izulu lasecauteng ebusilra.Lomile, ini.

UThandi Kodw iinduduno nemibane phy ehotyeni!UJeuy Hayi, nsivumeni yonle indwo inezino ezilungiteyo nezinro

ezingalngang!UThan Unynisie! Umzekelo, eThekwioi kumnadi ebusika kodw

ukutuma pho ehlotye, lugqthe emgcenllUJeDry Ewe, kurialo kanye sisi.

ekhayei lam!

uhemb? Ewe, uThandi yinkosikaziyake.

XHOSA UNIT NIFIJDUMEIE NGOKWANEIEYO? 89UPeer Ndiyaihemb ukuba liz kub le* ngempeta veki ezayo

kba krklo ukuphisr,/ano olukhrlu lweqakmba eNewlands.Uyakuthand ubukela iqkamba, Themba?

UThemb Kalulul sho noMakhya Ntii kwiTv: 'I dont lkecicket- I lotte it!'

UPele Heke, ndiz L-uy noDd edialweri ngoMgqibelo. Uyatunukusiklpha nonyana wakho?

UThemba Ewe, singavuya kakulu.LIPeter Kulngie, ndiz kukufowunela ngolwesihanu ukuze siethe

ngexesha nendawo yol-udibana.

+ +See Ut 10.1 fo more about idioms and plove$s.Cofine