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GIO TRNH

VI SINH VT HC

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Cng bn c.

Vi sinh vt (microorganisms) l nhng sinh vt nh b n mc ch c th thy c chngdi knh hin vi quang hc hay knh hin vi in t. Vi sinh vt gy ra rt nhiu bnh him nghocho ngi, cho gia sc, gia cm. Tuy nhin s vi sinh vt gy bnh ch chim mt phn rt nh

trong th gii vi sinh vt. T xa xa ngi ta bit ng dng cc vi sinh vt c ch (tuy cha hbit ti s tn ti ca chng) ch bin thc phm ( nh nu ru, lm tng, mm, nc mm,

gim, sa chua, chao, mui da, mui c, ...), phn, ngm v cy ly si, xp i t, trng luncanh vi cy h u...; hoc s dng cc bin php ngn chn tc hi ca vi sinh vt (nh pmui tht, c, lm mt, phi kh c ci, tm, c...).

Sau vic Leeuwenhoek pht hin ra vi sinh vt v vic Louis Pasteur pht hin ra bn chtca cc vi sinh vt- t khai sinh ra ngnh Vi sinh vt hc (Microbiology) - th nhn loi bt uquan tm rt nhiu n lnh vc khoa hc mi m ny.

Vi sinh vt hc tr thnh nn tng cho s pht trin ca Cng ngh sinh hc(CNSH). Ngi

ta chia s pht trin ca CNSH ra thnh 3 giai on:

* CNSH truyn thng l cc qu trnh dn d nhm ch bin , bo qun cc loi thcphm, x l t ai, phn bn phc v nng nghip...

* CNSH cni l qu trnh s dng cc ni ln men cng nghip sn xut quy mln cc sn phm sinh hc nh m chnh (bt ngt), lizin v cc axt amin khc, cc acid hu c,cc dung mi hu c, cht khng sinh, mt s vitamin (nh vitamin B2, B12, C...), nhiu loienzym...

* CNSH hin i chia ra cc lnh vc nh CN di truyn (genetic engineering), cng ngh tbo (cell engineering), cng ngh enzym v protein (enzyme/protein engineering), CN vi sinh vt/CN ln men (microbial engineering / fermentation), CN mi trng (environmental engineering).CNSH hin i thng gn lin vi cc c th mang gen ti t hp ( recombination gene).

Vi sinh vt hc l khoa hc nghin cu v cc c th hoc cc nhn t qu nh n mckhng thy c bng mt thng, tc l cc vi sinh vt. Vi sinh vt hc ang c ging dytrong rt nhiu trng i hc, Cao ng, Trung hc chuyn nghip v cng c cp n tnhiu bc ph thng. Vi sinh vt hc l nhng kin thc lin quan n cuc sng ca mi ngi.

Bn cnh gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc c bin son t lu v c ti bn nhiu ln chngti mun cung cp thm cho ng o bn c, nht l cc thy c gio ang ging dy v vi sinh

vt hc tp ti liu trnh by vi nhiu tranh nh v s , biu ny. C th coi y l phntham kho thit k cc bi ging nhm mc tiu cp nht vi cc tin b ca ngnh khoa hclun lun i mi ny.

gip cc bn tr tip cn c vi sch bo nc ngoi, nht l cp nht kin thc quaInternet chng ti c gng vit thm ting Anh sau cc thut ng khoa hc v nguyn cc chthch ting Anh trong hnh v. Thng qua vic gio vin hng dn sinh vin in ting Vit vo cchnh v s gip ch rt nhiu cho qu trnh t hc ca sinh vin.

Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc bn ng nghip v ng o bn c.

V mc ch phc v phi li nhun chng ti mong c lng th vic s dng nhnghnh nh thu nhn qua Internet.

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Bi 1 Lc s nghin cu Vi sinh vt hc

1546- Girolamo Fracastoro (1478, 1553). cho rng cc c th nh b l tc nhn gy rabnh tt. ng vit bi th Syphilis sive de morbo gallico (1530) v t ta ca bi th , ngi tadng t tn bnh

1590-1608- Zacharias Janssen ln u tin lp ghp knh hin vi.

1676- Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)hon thin knh hin vi v khm ph rath gii vi sinh vt (m ng gi l anmalcules).

1688-Nh vn vt hc ngi Francisco Redi cng b nghin cu v s pht sinh t nhinca gii.

1765-1776- Spallanzani (1729-1799) cng kch thuyt Pht sinh t nhin

1786- Mller a ra s phn loi u tin v vi khun

1798-Edward Jennerngh ra phng php chng m u b phong nga bnh u ma

1838-1839- Schwann v Schleiden cng b Hc thuyt t bo.

1835-1844- Basi cng b bnh ca tm do nm gy nn v nhiu bnh tt khc do vi sinhvt gy nn.

1847-1850- Semmelweis cho rng bnh st hu sn ly truyn qua thy thuc v kin nghdng phng php v khun phng bnh.

1849- Snow nghin cu dch t ca bnh t vng London.

1857-Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)chng minh qu trnh ln men lactic l gy nn bivi sinh vt.

1858- Virchov tuyn b t bo c sinh ra t t bo.

1861- Pasteur chng minh vi sinh vt khng t pht sinh nh theo thuyt t sinh.

1867- Lister cng b cng trnh nghin cu v phu thut v khun.

1869- Miescher khm ph ra acid nucleic.

1876-1877- Robert Koch (1843-1910)chng minhbnh than do vi khun Bacillusanthracisgy nn.

1880- Alphonse Laveran pht hin k sinh trngPlasmodiumgy ra bnh st rt.
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1881- Robert Koch nui cy thun khit c vi khun trn mi trng c cha gelatin.

Pasteur tm ra vaccin chng bnh than.

1882- Koch pht hin ra vi khun lao -Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

1884- Ln u tin cng b Nguyn l Koch.

Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) miu t hin tng thc bo (phagocytosis)

Trin khai nikh trng cao p (autoclave)

Trin khai phng php nhum Gram.

1885- Pasteur tm ra vaccin chng bnh di.

Escherich tm ra vi khun Escherichia coligy ra bnh tiu chy.

1886- Fraenkel pht hin thy Streptococcus pneumoniae gy ra bnh vimphi.

1887- Richard Petri phi hin ta cch dng hp lng (a Petri) nui cy vi sinh vt .

1887-1890- Winogradsky nghin cu v vi khun lu hunh v vi khun nitrat ho.

1889- Beijerink phn lp c vi khun nt sn t r u.

1890- Von Behring lm ra khng c t chng bnh un vn v bnh bch hu.

1892- Ivanowsky pht hin ra mm bnh nh hn vi khun (virus) gy ra bnh khm cythuc l.

1894- Kitasato vYersinkhmph ra vi khun gy bnh dch hch (Yersina pestis).

1895- Bordet khm ph ra B th (complement)

1896- Van Ermengem tm ra mm bnh ng c tht (vi khun Clostridium botulinum).

1897- Buchner tch ra c cc men (ferments) t nm men (yeast).

Ross chng minh k sinh trng st rt ly truyn bnh qua mui.

1899- Beijerink chng minh nhng ht virus gy nn bnh khm l thuc l.

1900- Reed chng minh bnh st vng ly truyn do mui.

1902- Landsteiner khm ph ra cc nhm mu

1903- Wright v cng s khm ph ra Khng th (antibody) trong mu ca cc ng vt

min dch.
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1905- Schaudinn v Hoffmann tm ra mm bnh giang mai (Treponema pallidum).

1906- Wassermann pht hin ra xt nghim c nh bth chn on giang mai.

1909- Ricketts chng minh bnh St ban ni lan truyn qua ve l do mm bnh vi khun

(Rickettsia rickettsii).

1910- Rous pht hin ra ung th gia cm.

1915-1917- DHerelle v Twort pht hin ra virus ca vi khun ( thc khun th)

1921-Flemingkhm ph ra lizzim (lysozyme).

1923-Xut bn ln u cun phn loi Vi khun (Bergeys Manual)

1928- Griffith khm ph ra vicbin np (transformation) vi khun.

1929- Fleming pht hin ra penicillin.

1931- Van Niel chng minh vi khun quang hp s dng cht kh nh ngun cung cpelectron v khng sn sinh xy.

1933- Ruska lm ra chic knh hin vi in t u tin.

1935- Stanley kt tinh c virus khm thuc l (TMV).

Domag tm ra thuc sulfamide.

1937- Chatton phn chia sinh vt thnh hai nhm: Nhn s (Procaryotes) v Nhn tht(Eucaryotes).

1941- Beadle v Tatum a ra gi thuytmt gen- mt enzym.

1944- Avery chng minh ADN chuyn thng tin di truyn trong qu trnh bin np.

Waksman tm ra streptomycin.

1046- Lederberg v Tatum khm ph ra qu trnh tip hp (conjugation) vi khun.

1949- Enders, Weller v Robbins nui c virus Polio (Poliovirus) trn m ngi nuicy.

1950- Lwoff xc nh c cc thc khun th tim tan (lysogenic bacteriophages).

1952- Hershey v Chase chng minh thc khun th tim ADN ca mnh vo t bo vt ch(host).

Zinder v Lederberg khm ph ra qu trnh ti np (transduction) vi khun.

1953-Frits ZernikeLm ra knh hin vi tng phn pha (phase-contrast microscope).
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Medawar khm ph ra hin tng nhn min dch (immune tolerance).

Watson v Crick khm ph ra chui xon kp ca ADN

1955- Jacob v Monod khm ph ra yu t F l mt plasmid.

Jerne v Burnet chng minh l thuyt chn lc clone (clonal selection).

1959- Yalow trin khai k thut Min dch phng x.

1961- Jacob v Monod giithiu m hnh iu ho hot ng gen nh operon.

1961-1966-Nirenberg, Khorana v cng s gii thch m di truyn.

1962- Porter chng minh cu trc c bn ca Globulin min dch G.

Tng hp c quinolone u tin c tc dng dit khun ( acid nalidixic).

1970- Arber v Smith khm ph ra enzym gii hn (restriction endonuclease)

Temin v Baltimore khm ph ra enzym phin m ngc (reverse transcriptase)

1973- Ames trin khai phng php vi sinh vt hc khm ph ra cc yu t gy t bin(mutagens).

Cohen, Boyer, Chang v Helling s dng vect plasmid tch dng gen vi khun.

1975- Kohler v Milstein pht trin k thut sn xut cc khng th n dng ( monoclonalantibodies).

Pht hin ra bnh Lyme.

1977- Woese v Fox tha nhn Vi khun c (Archaea) l mt nhm vi sinh vt ring bit.

Gilbert v Sanger trin khai k thut gii trnh t ADN (DNA sequencing)

1979-Tng hp Insulin bng k thut ti t hp ADN.

Chnh thc ngn chn c bnh u ma.

1980- Pht trin knh hin vi in t qut

1982- Pht trin vaccin ti t hp chng vim gan B.

1982-1983- Cech v Altman pht minh ra ARN xc tc.

1983-1984- Gallo v Montagnier phn lp v nh loi virus gy suy gim min dch ngi.

Mulli trin khai k thut PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

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1986- Ln u tin ng dng trn ngi vaccin c sn xut bng k thut di truyn(vaccin vim gan B).

1990- Bt u th nghim ln u tin liu php gen (gene-therapy) trn ngi.

1992- Th nghim u tin trn ngi liu php i ngha (antisense therapy).

1995- Hoa K chp thun s dng vaccin u g.

Gii trnh t h gen ca vi khunHaemophilus influenzae.

1996- Gii trnh t h gen ca vi khunMethanococcus jannaschii.

Gii trnh t h gen nm men.

1997- Pht hin ra loi vi khun ln nht Thiomargarita namibiensis

Gii trnh t h gen vi khunEscherichia coli.

2000- Pht hin ra vi khun t Vibrio choleraec 2 nhim sc th ring bit.

JanssenLeeuwenhoek (1632-

1723)Pasteur (1822-1895)

Knh hin vi ca Leeuwenhoek

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Bt tch miu t vi sinh vt caLeeuwenhoek

Th nghim bnh c congphn i thuyt t sinh(Pasteur)

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Vi khun lao chp quaknh hin vi

Elie Metchnikoff(1845-1916)

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Nm Penicillium sn

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sinh penicillin

Bi 2 Nhng c im chung ca Vi Sinh Vt

1-Vi sinh vt thuc gii sinh vt no?

Vi sinh vt khng phi l mt nhm phn loi trong sinh gii m l bao gm tt c cc sinhvt c kch thc hin vi, khng thy r c bng mt thng, do phi s dng knh hin vithng hoc knh hin vi in t. Ngoi ra mun nghin cu vi sinh vt ngi ta phi s dng ti

phng php nui cy v khun.

T trc n nay c rt nhiu h thng phn loi sinh vt. Cc n v phn loi sinh vt nichung v vi sinh vt ni ring i t thp ln cao l Loi (Species), Chi (Genus), H (Family), B(Order), Lp (Class), Ngnh (Phylum), v Gii (Kingdom). Hin nay trn gii cn c mt mc

phn loi na gi l lnh gii (Domain). y l cha k n cc mc phn loi trung gian nh Loiph (Subspecies), Chi ph (Subgenus), H ph (Subfamily), B ph (Suborder),Lp ph(Subclass), Ngnh ph (Subphylum).

John Ray Carl Von Linnaeus

Xa kia John Ray (1627-1705) v Carl Von Linnaeus (1707-1778) ch chia ra 2 gii l Thcvt v ng vt. Nm 1866 E. H. Haeckel (1834-1919) b sung thm gii Nguyn sinh (Protista).

Nm 1969 R. H. Whitaker (1921-1981) xut h thng phn loi 5 gii : Khi sinh(Monera), Nguyn sinh (Protista), Nm (Fungi), Thc vt (Plantae) v ng vt (Animalia).

Khi sinh bao gm Vi khun (Bacteria) v Vi khun lam (Cyanobacteria).

Nguyn sinh bao gm ng vt nguyn sinh (Protzoa),

To (Algae) v cc Nm si sng trong nc (Water molds).

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Gn yhn c h thng phn loi 6 gii- nh 5 gii trn nhng thm gii C vi khun(Archaebacteria),

gii Khi sinh i thnh gii Vi khun tht (Eubacteria) (P. H. Raven, G. B. Johnson,2002).

C vi khun v Vi khun tht thuc Cn

T. Cavalier-Smith (1993) th li xut h thng phn loi 8 gii:

Vi khun tht (Eubacteria),

C vi khun (Archaebacteria),

C trng (Archezoa),

Sc khun (Chromista),

Nm (Fungi),

Thc vt (Plantae) v

ng vt (Animalia).

Theo R. Cavalier-Smith th

C trng (nhGiardia) bao gm cc c th n bo nguyn thu c nhn tht, c ribosom70S, cha c b my Golgi, cha c ty th (mitochondria) cha c th dip lc (Chloroplast), chac peroxisome.

Sc khun bao gm phn ln cc c th quang hp cha th dip lc trong cc phin

(lumen) ca mng li ni cht nhn (rough endpplasmic reticulum) ch khng phi trong t bocht (cytoplasm), chng hn nh To silic , To nu, Cryptomonas, Nm non.

Nm 1980, Carl R. Woese da trn nhng nghin cu sinh hc phn t pht hin thy Ckhun c s sai khc ln trong trt t nucleotid ARN ca ribosom 16S v 18S. ng a ra hthng phn loi ba lnh gii (Domain) bao gm

C khun (Archae),

Vi khun (Bacteria) v

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Sinh vt nhn thc (Eucarya).

C khun l nhm vi sinhvt c ngun gc c xa. Chng bao gm cc nhm vi khun cth pht trin c trong cc mi trng cc oan (extra), chng hn nh nhm a mn(Halobacteriales), nhm a nhit (Thermococcales, Thermoproteus, Thermoplasmatales), nhm k

kh sinh mtan (Methanococcales, Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales), nhm vi khun luhunh a nhit (Sulfobales, Desulfurococcales).

Monera trong h thng 5 gii tng ng vi Vi khun v C khun trong h thng 8 giiv trong h thng 3 lnh gii. Nguyn sinh trong h thng 5 gii tng ng vi 3 gii C trng(Archaezoa), Nguyn sinh (Protista-Protozoa) v Sc khun (Chromista) trong h thng 8 gii vtng ng vi 5 nhm sau y trong h thng 3 lnh gii (domain): Archaezoa, Euglenozoa,Alveolata, Stramenopila v Rhodophyta.

Theo h thng 3 lnh gii th Archaezoa bao gm Diplomonad, Trichomonad vMicrosporidian. Euglenozoa ao gm Euglenoid v Kinetoplastid. Alveolata bao gm

Dinoflagellate, Apicomplexan, v Ciliate. Strmenopila bao gm To silic (Diatoms) , To vng(Golden algae), To nu (Brown algae) v Nm si sng trong nc (Water mold) . Rhodophytagm cc To (Red algae). Ring To lc (Green algae) th mt phn thuc Nguyn sinh(Protista) mt phn thuc Thc vt (Plantae)

H thng phn loi 5 gii sinh vt

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H thng 3 lnh gii (domain)

Monera hay 2 lnh gii Vi khun v C khun thuc nhm Sinh vt nhn s (Prokaryote),cn cc sinh vt khc u thuc nhm Sinh vt nhn tht (Eukaryote). Sai khc gia 3 lnh giiBacteria, Archaea v Eukarya c trnh by trn bng di y:

***- So snh ba lnh gii Bacter ia, Archaeav Eukarya

c im Bacteria Archaea EukaryaNhn c mng nhn v hch Khng Khng C

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nhn

Phc hp bo quan c mng Khng Khng C

Thnh t boHu ht c peptidoglycancha acid muramic

Nhiu loi khc nhau, khngcha acid muramic

Khng cha acidmuramic

Mng lipid

Cha lin kt este, cc acid

bo mch thng

Cha lin kt ete, cc chuialiphatic phn nhnh

Cha lin kt este, cc

acid bo mch thngTi kh C C Khng

ARN vn chuyn

Thymine c trong phn lntARN

tARN m u cha N-formylmethionine

Khng c thymine trongnhnh T hoc TyC ca tARN

tARN m u chamethionine

C thymine

tARN m u chamethionine

mARN a cistron C C Khng

Intron trong mARN Khng Khng C

Ghp ni, gn m v gnui polyA vo mARN

Khng Khng C

Ribosom

Kch thc 70S 70S 80S (ribosom t bo cht)

Yu t ko di EF2Khng phn ng vi c tbch hu

C phn ng C phn ng

Mn cm vicloramphenicol vkanamycin

Mn cm Khng Khng

Mn cm vi anisomycin Khng Mn cm Mn cm

ARN polymerase ph thuc ADN

S lng enzym Mt Mt s Ba

Cu trc 4 tiu n v 8-12 tiu n v 12-14 tiu n v

Mn cm vi rifampicin Mn cm Khng Khng

Promoter typ Polymerase II Khng C C

Trao i cht

Tng t ATPase Khng C C

Sinh methane Khng C Khng

C nh N2 C C KhngQuang hp vi dip lc C Khng C

Ho dng v c C C Khng

hiu c chi tit ni dung ghi trong bng ni trn gio vin cn gii thch cho sinh vinnhng kin thc c bn thuc gio trnh T bo hc v Di truyn hc

Phn ln vi sinh vt thuc v ba nhm C khun, Vi khun v Nguyn sinh. Trong gii

Nm, th nm men (yeast), nm si (filamentous Fungi) v dng si (mycelia) ca mi nm ln uc coi l vi sinh vt. Nh vy l vi sinh vt khng c mt trong hai gii ng vt v Thc vt.

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Ngi ta c tnh trong s 1,5 triu loi sinh vt c khong 200 000 loi vi sinh vt (100 000 loing vt nguyn sinh v to, 90 000 loi nm, 2500 loi vi khun lam v 1500 loi vi khun). Tuynhin hng nm, c thm hng nghn loi sinh vt mi c pht hin, trong c khng t loi visinh vt.

Virus l mt dng c bit cha c cu trc c th cho nn cha c k n trong s 200000 loi vi sinh vt ni trn. S virus c t tn l khong 4000 loi.

Poliovirus Virus cm g H5N1 Virus HIV/AIDS

Trong thc t, s loi vi sinh vt phi ti hng triu loi. Bo tng ging chun vi sinh vt(VTCC) thuc TT Cng ngh Sinh hc, HQG H Ni hp tc vi cc nh khoa hc Nht bn vda trn cc k thut sinh hc phn t bc u pht hin c kh nhiu loi vi sinh vt mic th giicng nhn.

2-Cc c im chung ca vi sinh vt:

Vi sinh vt c cc c im chung sau y:

1)-Kch thc nh b:

Vi sinh vt thng c o kch thc bng n v micromet (1mm= 1/1000mm hay1/1000 000m). virus c o kch thc n v bng nanomet (1nn=1/1000000mm hay 1/1000 000 000m).

Kch thc cng b th din tch b mt ca vi sinh vt trong 1 n v thtch cng ln. Chng hn ng knh ca 1 cu khun (Coccus) ch c 1mm,nhng nu xp y chng thnh 1 khi lp nhng c th lch l 1cm3 thchng c din tch b mt rng ti ...6 m2 !

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Ba dng ch yu vi khun: trc khun, cu khun v xon khun.

2)-Hp thu nhiu, chuyn ho nhanh:

Tuy vi sinh vt c kch thc rt nh b nhng chng li c nng lc hp

thu v chuyn ho vt xa cc sinh vt khc. Chng hn 1 vi khun lctic(Lactobacillus) trong 1 gi c th phn gii c mt lng ng lactose lnhn 100-10 000 ln so vi khi lng ca chng. tc tng hp protein canm men cao gp 1000 ln so vi u tng v gp 100 000 ln so vi trub.

Lactobacillus qua KHV in t

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3) Sinh trng nhanh, pht trin mnh:

Chng hn, 1 trc khun i trng (Escherichia coli ) trong cc iu kinthch hp ch sau 12-20 pht li phn ct mt ln. Nu ly thi gian th h l20 pht th mi gi phn ct 3 ln, sau 24 gi phn ct 72 ln v to ra 4 722366 500 000 000 000 000 000 t bo (4 722 366. 1017), tng ng vi 1khi lng ... 4722 tn. Tt nhin trong t nhin khng c c cc iu kinti u nh vy ( v thiu thc n, thiu oxy, d tha cc sn phm trao icht c hi...). Trong ni ln men vi cc iu kin nui cy thch hp t 1 tbo c th to ra sau 24 gi khong 100 000 000- 1 000 000 000 t bo. Thigian th h ca nm men di hn, v d vi men ru (Saccharomycescerevisiae) l 120 pht. Vi nhiu vi sinh vt khc cn di hn na, v d vito Tiu cu ( Chlorella ) l 7 gi, vi vi khun lam Nostoc l 23 gi...C thni khng c sinh vt no c tc sinh si ny n nhanh nh vi sinh vt.

Vi kun Escherichiacoli

Nm menSaccharomyces

cerevisiae

Nm siAlternaria

Vi to Chlorella

4) C nng lc thch ng mnh v d dng pht sinhbin d:

Trong qu trnh tin ho lu di vi sinh vt to cho mnh nhng c chiu ho trao i cht thch ng c vi nhng iu kin sng rt khcnhau, k c nhng iu kin ht sc bt li m cc sinh vt khc tgng khng

th tn ti c. C vi sinh vt sng c mi trng nng n 1300C, lnhn 0-50C, mn n nng 32% mui n, ngt n nng mt ong, pHthp n 0,5 hoc cao n 10,7, p sut cao n trn 1103 at. hay c phng x cao n 750 000 rad. Nhiu vi sinh vt c th pht trin tt trongiu kin tuyt i k kh, c noi nm si c th pht trin dy c trong bngm t thi vi nng Formol rt cao...

Vi sinh vt a s l n bo, n bi, sinh sn nhanh, s lng nhiu,tip xc trc tip vi mi trng sng ... do rt d dng pht sinh bin d.Tn s bin d thng mc 10-5-10-10. Ch sau mt thi gian ngn c th

to ra mt s lng rt ln cc c th bin d cc h h sau. Nhng bin dc ch s a li hiu qu rt ln trong sn xut. Nu nh khi mi pht hin ra

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penicillin hot tnh ch t 20 n v/ml dch ln men (1943) th nay c tht trn 100 000 n v/ml. Khi mi pht hin ra acid glutamic ch t 1 -2g/lth nay t n 150g/ml dch ln men (VEDAN-Vit Nam).

Nh my Vedan-Vit Nam

5) Phn b rng, chng loi nhiu:

Vi sinh vt c mt khp mi ni trn Tri t, trong khng kh, trongt, trn ni cao, di bin su, trn c th, ngi, ng vt, thc vt, trongthc phm, trn mi vt...

Vi sinh vt tham gia tch cc vo vic thc hin cc vng tun hon sinh-a-ho hc (biogeochemical cycles) nh vng tun hon C, vng tun hon n,vng tun hon P, vng tun hon S, vng tun hon Fe...

Trong ncvi sinh vt c nhiu vng duyn hi (littoral zone), vngnc nng (limnetic zone) v ngay c vng nc su (profundal zone), vngy ao h (benthic zone).

Trong khng kh th cng ln cao s lng vi sinh vt cng t. S lng vi

sinh vt trong khng kh cc khu dn c ng c cao hn rt nhiu so vikhng kh trn mt bin v nht l trong khng kh Bc cc, Nam cc...

Hu nh khng c hp cht carbon no (tr kim cng, grapht...) mkhng l thc n ca nhng nhm vi sinh vt no (kc du m, kh thinnhin, formol. dioxin...). Vi sinh vt c rt phong ph cc kiu dinh dng khcnhau : quang t dng (photoautotrophy), quang d dng(photoheterotrophy), ho t dng (chemoautotrophy), ho d dng(chemoheterotrophy).t dng cht sinh trng (auxoautotroph), d dngcht sinh trng (auxoheterotroph)...

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6)-L sinh vt xut hin u tin trn tri t:

Tri t hnh thnh cch y 4,6 t nm nhng cho n nay mi ch tmthy du vt ca s sng t cch y 3,5 t nm. l cc vi sinh vt hothch cn li vt tch trong cc tng c. Vi sinh vt ho thch ca nht c pht hin l nhngdng rt ging vi Vi khun lam ngy nay. Chngc J.William Schopf tm thy ti cc tng c min Ty Australia. Chngc dng a bo n gin, ni thnh si di n vi chc mm vi ng knhkhong 1-2 mm v c thnh t bo kh dy. Trc cc nh khoa hc cng tm thy vt tch ca chi Gloeodiniopsis c nin i cch y 1,5 t nm vvt tch ca chiPalaeolyngbya c nin i cch y 950 triu nm.

Vt tch vi khunlam cch y 3,5 tnm

Vt tch Gloeodiniopsis cchy 1,5 t nm

Vt tchPalaeolyngbyacchy 950 triu nm

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Bi 3Cu trc t bo vi khun

1. Thnh t bo:

Thnh t bo (cell wall) gip duy tr hnh thi ca t bo, h tr s chuyn ng ca tin

mao (flagellum) , gip t bo khng vi p sut thm thu, h tr qu trnh phn ct t bo , cntr s xm nhp ca mt s cht c phn t ln, lin quan n tnh khng nguyn , tnh gy bnh,tnh mn cm vi Thc khun th (bacteriophage).

Nm 1884 H.Christian Gram ngh ra phng php nhum phn bit phn chia vi khunthnh 2 nhm khc nhau : vi khun Gram dng (G+) v vi khun Gram m (G -). Phng phpnhum Gram v sau c s dng rng ri khi nh loi vi sinh vt. Thnh phn ho hc ca 2nhm ny khc nhau ch yu nh sau :

Gram dng Gram m

Thnh phn T l % i vi khi lng kh ca thnh t bo

Peptidoglycan 30-95 5-20

Acid teicoic (Teichoic acid) Cao 0

Lipid Hu nh khng c 20

Protein Khng c hoc c t Cao

Mng sinh cht (plasma membrane); Mng ngoi (outer membrane); Chu cht(Periplasmic space)

Peptidoglycan l loi polyme xp, kh bn vng, cu to bi 3 thnh phn:

-N-Acetylglucosamin ( N-Acetylglucosamine, NAG)

-Acid N-Acetylmuramic (N-Acetylmuramic acid, NAM)

-Tetrapeptid cha c D- v L- acid amin

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Thnh t bo vi khun Gram m

2- Mng sinh cht:

Mng sinh cht hay Mng t bo cht (Cytoplasmic membrane, CM) vi

khun cng tng t nh cc sinh vt khc. Chng cu to bi 2 lpphospholipid (PL), chim 30-40% khi lng ca mng, v cc protein (nmtrong, ngoi hay xen gia mng), chim 60-70% khi lng ca mng. uphosphat ca PL tch in, phn cc, a nc ; ui hydrocarbon khng tchin, khng phn cc, k nc.

CM c cc chc nng ch yu sau y:

- Khng ch s qua li ca cc cht dinh dng, cc snphm trao i cht

- Duy tr p sut thm thu bnh thng trong t bo.

- L ni sinh tng hp cc thnh phn ca thnh t bo vcc polyme ca bao nhy (capsule).

- L ni tin hnh qu trnh phosphoryl oxy ho v qu trnhphosphoryl quang hp ( vi khun quang t dng)

- L ni tng hp nhiu enzym, cc protein ca chui hhp.

- Cung cp nng lng cho s hot ng ca tin mao

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Sinh vin in ch thch theo hng dn ca gio vin

Cu trc ca u v ui ca phospholipid

2. T bo cht :

T bo cht (TBC-Cytoplasm) l phn vt cht dng keo nm bn trong mng sinh cht,cha ti 80% l nc. Trong t bo cht c protein, acid nucleic, hydrat carbon, lipid, cc

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ion v c v nhiu nhiu cht khc c khi lng phn t thp. Bo quan ng lu trongTBC l ribosom (ribosome). Ribosom nm t dotrong t bo cht v chim ti 70% trnglng kh ca TBC. Ribosom gm 2 tiu phn (50S v 30S), hai tiu phn ny kt hp vinhau to thnh ribosom 70S. S l n v Svedberg- i lng o tc lng khi ly tm caotc. Cu trc ca ribosom vi khun so vi ribosom 80S cc sinh vt nhn tht (nm, thc

vt, ng vt) c trnh by trong bng sau y (Gio vin ging sinh vin ch thch vohnh bng ting Vit)

Ribosom vi khun

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So snh Ribosom Vi khun v cc Sinh vt nhn tht (Eukaryotic ribosome)

Trong t bo cht ca vi khun cn c th gp cc cht d tr nh cc

ht glycogen, ht PHB (Poly--hydroxybutyrat), Cyanophycin, Phycocyanin,cc ht d nhim sc (metachromatic body), cc git lu hunh...

loi vi khun dit cn trng Bacillus thuringiensis v Bacillussphaericus cn gp tinh th c (parasoral body) hnh qu trm, c bn chtprotein v cha nhng c t c th git hi trn 100 loi su hi (tinh th cch gii phng c t trong mi trng kim do cc vi khun ny hon tonv hi vi ngi, gia sc, gia cm, thu hi sn- c hi i vi tm). Bacillussphaericus c th dit cung qung ca cc loi mui.

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Bo t (spore) v Tinh th c (Crystal) Bacillus thuringiensis (tri) vBacillus sphaericus(phi).

3. Th nhn:

Th nhn ( Nuclear body) vi khun l dng nhn nguyn thu, cha c mng nhn nnkhng c hnh dng c nh, v v vy cn c gi l vng nhn. Khi nhum mu t bo bngthuc nhum Feulgen c th thy th nhn hin mu tm. l 1 nhim sc th (NST,chromosome) duy nht dng vng cha 1 si ADN xon kp ( X khun Streptomycesc th gpnhim sc th dng thng). NST vi khun Escherichia coli di ti 1mm (!), c khi lng phnt l 3.109, cha 4,6.106cp base nit. Th nhn l b phn cha ng thng tin di truyn ca vikhun.

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*

Th nhn trong t bo vi khunEscherichia coli.

Ngoi NST, trong t bo nhiu vi khun cn gp nhng ADN ngoi NST. l nhng ADN xon kp c dng vng khp kn, c kh nng sao chp clp, chng c tn l Plasmid.

4. Bao nhy:

Bao nhy hay Gip mc (Capsule) gp mt s loi vi khun vi ccmc khc nhau:

-Bao nhy mng ( Vi gip mc, Microcapssule)

-Bao nhy (Gip mc, Capsule)

-Khi nhy ( Zooglea)

Mun quan st bao nhy thng ln tiu bn vi mc tu, bao nhy cmu trng hin ln trn nn ti.

Thnh phn ch yu ca bao nhy l polysaccarid, ngoi ra cng cpolypeptid v protein. Trong thnh phn polysaccarid ngoi glucose cn cglucozamin, ramnose, acid 2-keto-3-deoxygalacturonic, acid uronic, acidpyruvic, acid axetic...

ngha sinh hc ca bao nhy l:

-Bo v vi khun trong iu kin kh hn, bo v vi khun trnh b thcbo (trng hp Ph cu khun-Diplococcus pneumoniae)

-Cung cp cht dinh dng cho vi khun khi thiu thc n

-L ni tch lu mt s sn phm trao i cht (dextran, xantan...)

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-Gip vi khun bm vo gi th ( trng hp cc vi khun gy su rngnh Streptococcus salivarrius, Streptococcus mutans...)

Vi khunAcetobacter xylinum cbao nhycu to bi cellulose. Ngi ta dngvi khun ny nui cy trn nc da ch to ra Thch da (Nata de coco).

da (Nata de coco)

Vi khunLeuconostoc mesenteroidesc bao nhy dy cha hp cht polyme lDextran c tc dng thay huyt tng khi cp cu m thiu huyt tng. Snphm ny rt quan trng khi c chin tranh. Vi khun ny thng gp cc

nh my ng v gy tn tht ng trong cc b cha nc p ma. Nhenzym dextransuccrase m ng saccarose b chuyn thnh dextran vfructose.

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Vi khun Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Mt s bao nhy ca vi khun cn c dng sn xut Xantan(Xanthane) dng lm cht ph gia trong cng nghip du m.

5. Tin mao v khun mao:

Tin mao (Lng roi, flagella) khng phi c mt mi vi khun, chng quyt nh kh nngv phng thc di ng ca vi khun. Tin mao l nhng si lng di, di knh hin vi quang hc

ch c th thy r khi nhum theo phng php ring. Di knh hin vi in t c th thy rt rcu trc ca tng si tin mao. xc nh xem vi khun c tin mao hay khng cn c cch thgin tip nhm bit kh nng di ng ca chng. Cy bng que cy nhn u vo mi trng thchng cha 0.4% thch (agar-agar), cn gi l mi trng thch mm. Nu thy vt cy lan nhanhra xung quanh th chng t l vi khun c tin mao, c kh nng di ng.

Tin mao c th gc (basal body), gm 1 tr nh c gn vi 4 a trn (vi khun G -) cdng vng nhn (ring), k hiu l cc vng L,P,S v M. Vng L nm ngoi cng, tng ng vi lpliposaccarid ca mng ngoi; vng P tng ng vi lp peptidoglycan, vng S tng ng vi lpkhng gian chu cht; vng M nm trong cng. Vi khun G+ ch c 2 vng: 1 vng nm ngoitng ng vi thnh t bo v 1 vng trong tng ng vi mng sinh cht. Xuyn gia cc vng l

1 tr nh (rod) c ng knh 7nm. Bao bc tin mao phn pha ngoi l mt bao ngn c hnhmc (hook). Si tin mao (filament) di khong 10-20m v c ng knh khong 13-20nm.ng knh ca bao hnh mc l 17nm. Khong cchgia vng S v vng M l 3mm, gia vng Pv vng L l 9nm, gia vng P v vng S l 12nm. ng knh ca cc vng l 22nm, ng knhcc l cc vng l 10nm. Khong cch t mt ngoi ca vng L n mt trong ca vng M l27nm. Si tin mao cu to bi loi protein c tn l flagellin, c trng lng phn t l 30 000 -60000. Mt s vi khun c bao lng (sheath) bao bc sut chiu di si, nh trng hp chi

Bdellovibriohay vi khun t Vibrio cholera.

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Tin mao v khun mao vi khun

Tin mao VK Gram dng Tin mao VK Gram m

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Tin mao vi khun G +

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Tin mao vi khun G -

Cc tiu phn (subunit) ca flagellin c tng hp t cc ht ribosom nm gn mng sinhchy tng hp nn v i qua li m to dnthnh si tin mao

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Tin mao ca vi khun c cc loi khc nhau tu tng loi:

-Khng c tin mao (v mao, atrichia)

-C 1 tin mao mc cc ( n mao, monotricha)

-C 1 chm tin mao mc cc ( chm mao, lophotricha)

-C 2 chm tin mao mc 2 cc (song chm mao, amphitricha)

-C nhiu tin mao mc khp quanh t bo (chu mao, peritricha)

C loi tin mao mc gia t bo nh trng hp vi khunSelenomonas ruminantium.

Cc loi tin mao vi khun

Kiu sp xp tin mao lin quan n hnh thc di ng ca vi khun. Tin mao mc ccgip vi khun di ng theo kiu tin- li. Chng o ngc hng bng cch o ngc hngquay ca tin mao. Vi khun chu mao di ng theo hng no th cc tin mao chuyn ng theohng ngc li. Khi tin mao khng t li v mt hng th vi khun chuyn ng theo kiu nholn. Tc di chuyn ca vi khun c tin mao thng vo khong 20-80m/giy, ngha l trong 1giy chuyn ng c mt khong cch ln hn gp 20 -80 ln so vi chiu di ca c th chng.

Cc chi vi khun thng c tin mao l Vibrio, Spirillum, Pseudomonas, Escherichia,Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus... cc chi Clostridium, Bacterium,Bacillus, ...c loi c tin mao cloi khng. cu khun ch c 1 chi (Planococcus) l c tin mao

Xon th c mt dng tin mao c bit gi l tin mao chu cht (periplasmic flagella), haycn gi l si trc ( axial fibrils), xut pht t cc t bo v qun quang c th. Chng gip xonth chuyn ng c nh s un vn tbo theo kiu vn nt chai.

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Xon th (Spirochete) quan st di knh hin vi nn en.

AF: Si trc

PC: ng nguyn sinh cht

OS: V ngoi

IP: L ni

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C mt loi khun mao t bit gi l Khun mao gii (Sex pili, Sex pilus-snhiu) c th gp mt s vi khun vi s lng ch c 1-10/ vi khun. N ccu to ging khun mao , ng knh khong 9-10nm nhng c th rt di.Chng c th ni lin gia hai vi khun v lm cu ni chuyn vt cht ditruyn (ADN) t th cho (donor) sang th nhn (recipient). Qu trnh ny c

gi l qu trnh giao phi (mating) hay tip hp (conjugation). Mt s thckhun th (bacteriophage) bm vo cc th th (receptors) khun mao giiv bt u chu trnh pht trin ca chng.

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Bi 4 Cc nhm vi khun ch yu

Theo quan im hin i (NCBI- National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2005) th vikhun bao gm cc ngnh sau y:

1. -Aquificae2. -Thermotogae3. -Thermodesulfobacteria4. -Deinococcus-Thermus5. -Chrysiogenetes6. -Chloroflexi7. -Nitrospirae8. -Defferribacteres9. -Cyanobacteria10. -Proteobacteria11. -Firmicutes12. -Actinobacteria13. -Planctomycetes14. -Chlamydiae/Nhm Verrucomicrobia15. -Spirochaetes16. -Fibrobacteres /Nhm Acidobacteria17. -Bacteroidetes/Nhm Chlorobia18. -Fusobacteria19. -Dictyoglomi

Vic phn ngnh da trn cc c im hnh thi, sinh l, sinh ha, sinh thi...

Cn c vo t l G + C trong ADN ngi ta xy dng c cy pht sinh chng loi(Phylogenetic tree) v chia vi khun thnh 11 nhm sau y:

1. -Nhm Oxy ho Hydrogen2. -Nhm Chu nhit3. -Nhm Vi khun khng lu hunh mu lc4. -NhmDeinococcus5. -Nhm Vi khun lam6. -NhmProteobacteria7. -Nhm Chlamydia8. -Nhm Planctomyces9. -Nhm Spirochaetes(Xon th)10. -Nhm Vi khun lu hunh mu lc11. -Nhm Cytophaga12. --Nhm Vi khun Gram dng

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S v cc loi in hnh

c khi nim v cc chi vi khun thng gp chng ta lm quen vi mt s kho phn loin gin, da trn cc c im v hnh thi, sinh l , sinh ho. Trong thc tin vi cc loi vikhun gy bnh ngi ta thng chn on thm bng phn ng huyt thanh (vi cc khngth c hiu)

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1.Vi khun quang hp (Phototrophic bacteria) :

1.1.Vi khun lu hunh mu ta (Purple sulfur bacteria):

Thuc nhm ny l cc vi khun k kh bt buc, c kh nng quang t dng v c

(photolithoautotroph), t bo c cha chlorophyll a hoc b , h thng quang hp cha cc mnghnh cu hay hnh phin (lamellar) gn vi mng sinh cht. dng lm ngun cho in t(electron donors) trong quang hp thng s dng H2,H2S hay S . C kh nng di ng vi tinmao mc cc, c loi chu mao, t l G+C l 45-70%.

a- H Chromatiaceae:

1.1.1- Chi Thiospirium

1.1.2. Chi Chromatium

1.1.3. Chi Thiocapsa

1.1.4. Chi Thiocystis

1.1.5. Chi Thiospirillum

1.1.6. ChiThiorhodovibrio

1.1.7. ChiAmoebobacter

1.1.8. ChiLamprobacter

1.1.9. ChiLamprocystis

1.1.10.Chi Thiodyction

1.1.11.Chi Thiopedia

1.1.12. ChiRhabdochromatium

1.1.13. Chi Thiorhodococcus

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Chromatium Thiocapsa

Thiocystis Thiospirillum

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Rhodocyclus purpureus Rhomicrobium

1.3.Vi khun lu hunh mu lc (Green sulfure bacteria)

Thuc nhm ny l cc vi khun k kh bt buc, c kh nng quang t dng v c(photolithoautotroph), t bo c cha chlorophyll a cng vi b , c hoc e, cha caroten nhm 5, hthng quang hp lin quan n cc lc th (chlorosom) v c lp i vi mng sinh cht. dnglm ngun cho in t (electron donors) trong quang hp thng s dng H 2,H2S hay S . Ht lu

hunh tch lu bn ngoi t bo Khng c kh nng di ng , mt s loi c ti kh; t l G+C l48-58%.

1.3.1- Chi Chlorobium

1.3.2- ChiProsthecochloris

1.3.3- ChiPelodictyon

1.3.4- ChiAncalichliris

1.3.5- Chi Chloroherpeton

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Chlorobium Pelodictyon

Prosthecochloris

1.4.Vi khun khng lu hunh mu lc (Green nonsulfurbacteria)

Thuc nhm ny l cc vi khun a bo, dng si,thng k kh khng bt buc ,thng lquang d dng (photoheterotroph), c loi quang t dng hoc ho d dng. T bo c chachlorophyll a v c, trong iu kin k kh thy c chlorosom. dng lm ngun cho in t(electron donors) trong quang d dng l glucose, axit amin, axit hu c; trong quang t dng lH2, H2S. Di ng bng phng thc trn (gliding) , t l G+C l 53-55%. Chi in hnh lChloroflexus., Chloronema

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Chloronema Chloroflexus

1.5- Vi khun lam (Ngnh Cyanobacteria)

Trc y thng nhm ln l To lam (Cyanophyta). Thc ra y l nhng c th nhnnguyn thu, khng lin quan g n to , ngoi kh nng quang hp hiu kh (quang t dng v

c) v dng H2O lm cht cho in t trong qu trnh quang hp. Vi khun lam cha chlorophyll av phycocyanin-phycobiliprotein. Mt s loi c sc t phycoerythrin. Chng phi hp vi sct lc to nn mu nu. Mng lin kt vi phycobilisom. n bo hoc a bo dng si. Khng ding hoc di ng bng cch trn (gliding), mt s loi c ti kh (gas vesicles).Nhiu loi c d t

bo (heterocysts) v c kh nng c nh nit. Vi khun lam c mt khp mi ni, trong t, trn, trong sui nc nng, trong nc ngt v nc mn. Chng c nng lc chng chu cao hn sovi thc vt i vi cc iu kin bt li nh nhit cao, pH thp. Mt s loi c kh nng sngcng sinh vi cc c th khc nh Ru, Dng x, Tu...Nhiu loi cng sinh vi nm to ra ay (Lichen). Vi khun lam c th l sinh vt xut hin sm nht trn Tri t

Vi khun lam c chia thnh 5 nhm (subsection) nh sau:

a- Nhm I (c tc gi gi l b Chroococcales):

Hnh que hoc hnh cu n bo, khng c dng si hay dng kt khi (aggregate); phni hoc ny chi; khng c d t bo (heterocytes). Hu ht khng di ng. T l G+C l 31-71% .Cc chi tiu biu l:

-Chamaesiphon

-Chroococcus

-Gloeothece

-Gleocapsa

-Prochloron

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Chamaesiphon Chroococcus

Glooeothece Gleocapsa

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Prochloron

b-Nhm II (c tc gi gi l b Pleurocapsales):

Hnh que hoc hnh cu n bo. c th to dng kt khi (aggregate); phn ct nhiu ln tora cc baeocytes; khng c d t bo.Ch c cc baeocytes l c di ng. T l G+C l 40-46% . Ccchi tiu biu l:

-Pleurocapsa -Dermocapsa -Chroococcidiopsis

Pleurocapsa Dermocapsa Chroococcidiopsis

c-Nhm III(c tc gi gi l b Oscillatorriales):

Dng si (filamentous) ; dng lng (trichome) khng phn nhnh ch c cc t bo dinhdng; phn i trn mt phng, c kiu t on (fragmentation); khng c d t bo; thng ding. T l G+C l 34-67%. Cc chi tiu biu l:

-Lyngbya -Osscillatoria -Prochlorothrix -Spirulina -Pseudanabaena

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Lyngbya Oscillatoria Prochlorothrix

Spirulina Pseudanabaena

d-Nhm IV(c tc gi gi l b Nostocales) :

Dng si; dng lng (trichome) khng phn nhnh c th cha cc t bo bit ho(specialized cell) ; phn i trn mt phng, c kiu t on to thnh on sinh sn(hormogonia);c t bo d hnh; thng di ng c th sn sinhbo t mng dy (akinetes). T lG+C l 38-47%. Cc chi tiu biu l:

-Anabaena -Cylindrospermum -Aphanizomenon -Nostoc -Scytonema -Calothrix

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Anabaena Anabaena trong Bo hoa du

Cylindrospermum Calothrix

Nostoc Scytonema

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e-Nhm V(c tc gi gi l b Stigonematales) :

Lng (trichome) dng si, phn nhnh hoc do cc t bo nhiu hn mt chui to thnh ;phn i theo nhiu mt phng, hnh thnh on sinh sn (hormogonia); c t bo d hnh; c thsn sinh bo t mng dy ( alkinetes), c hnh thi phc tp v bit ha (differentiation). T l G+C

l 42-44%. Cc chi tiu biu l:

-Fischerella -Stigonema -Geitlerinema

Fischerella

Geitlerinema

Theo NCBT (2005) th Vi khun lam bao gm nhng b sau y:

-Chlorococcales -Gloeobacteria -Nostocales -Oscillatoriales -Pleurocapsales -Prochlorales

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Paenibacillus Bacillus

3- Trc khun Gram m, ln men , hiu kh hoc k

kh khng bt buc

A- Catalase dng tnh, khng di ng hay ding nh tin mao cc

B- Thng di ng nh tin mao cc, khng k sinh ng vt c xng sng

H Vibrionaceae

3.1- ChiAeromonas

3.2- ChiEnhydrobacter

3.3- ChiPhotobacterium

3.4- ChiPleisiomonas

3.5- Chi Vibrio

BB- Khng di ng,k sinh ng vt c xng sng

H Pasteurellaceae

3.6- ChiActinobacillus

3.7- ChiHaemophilus

3.8-ChiPasteurella

AA- Catalase m tnh, khng di ng hay di ng nh chu mao

H Enterobacteriaceae

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3.9- ChiProteus

3.10-ChiEnterobacter

3.11-ChiPantoea

3.12-ChiRhanella

` 3.13-ChiProvidencia

3.14-ChiMorganella

3.15-Chi Tatumella

3.16-ChiSalmonella

3.17-ChiEdwardisiella

3.18-Chi Citrobacter

3.19-ChiBudvicia

3.20-ChiPragia

3.21-ChiLeminorella

3.22-Chi Serratia

3.23-ChiXenorhabdus

3.24-ChiKlebsiella

3.25-ChiKluyvera

3.26-Chi Yersinia

3.27-Chi Cedecea

3.28-ChiEwingella

3.29-ChiButtiauxella

3.30-ChiMoellerlla

3.31-ChiLeclecia

3.32-ChiEscherichia

3.33-Chi Yokenlla

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3.34-ChiHafnia

3.35-ChiTatumella

Aeromonas Photobacterium Vibrio

Vibrio Actinobacillus Proteus

Pasteurella Pasteurella Enterobacter

Morganella Salmonella Salmonella Yersinia

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Citrobacter Serratia Serratia

Klebsiella Klebsiella Escherichia

4-Trc khun Gram m , khng ln men , hiu kh hoc kkh khng bt buc

A- Sinh trng c 60C

B-T bo ln, chiu rng 1,3-1,8mm

4.1- Chi Thermomicrobium

BB-T bo nh, chiu rng 0,4-0,8mm

C-C th dng glucose lm ngun carbon

D-Sinh trng c pH 4,5

4.2- ChiAcidothermus

DD-Khng sinh trng c pH 4,5

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4.11- ChiAzomonas

GG- T bo rng < 2,0mm

4.12- Chi Derxia

DD- C th c nh nit trong iu kin vi hiu kh

E-Tin mao thng mc cc

F-Trong t, c th trao i carbohydrat

4.13- ChiAgromonas

FF-Trong nc, khng trao i carbohydrat

4.14-LoiAquaspirillum fasciculus

EE-Chu mao

F-Sinh trng v c nh nit pH < 3,0

4.5- LoiAcetobacter diazotrophicus

FF-Khng sinh trng v c nh nit pH < 3,0

4.15- ChiXanthobacter

CC- Khng th c nh nit ngoic th

D-Hnh thnh nt sn trong r, trong thn thc vt, c th c nh nit tkhng kh.

E-Sinh acid trn mi trng Thch-Cao nm men-Mannit

F-C th dng DL-Arginin, L-Histidin lm ngun nit duynht.

4.16- ChiRhizobium

FF- Khng th dng DL-Arginin , L-Histidin lm ngun nitduy nht

4.17- Chi Sinorhizobium

EE-Khng sinh acid trn mi trng Thch- Cao nm men- Mannit

F-C Dihydrolase arginin v Decarbocylase lysin

4.18- ChiAzorhizobium

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FF-Khng c Dihydrolase arginin v Decarboxylase lysin

4.19-ChiBradyrhizobium

DD- Khng sinh nt sn trong c th c nh nit

E- Sinh khi u r thc vt

4.20- ChiAgrobacterium

EE- Khng sinh khi u r thc vt

F-C nh nit mt l

4.21- ChiPhyllobacterium

FF-Khng c nh nit mt l

G-C th dng hp cht 1 carbon lm ngun carbon duy nht

H-C tch lu PHB trong t bo

I-Gy bnh thc vt

4.22-ChiRhizobacter

II- Khng gy bnh thc vt

J-Khng di ng

4.23- Loi Paracoccus denitrificans/ Paracoccusalcaliphalus

JJ-Di ngK-Nhum Gram dng tnh

hoc kh bin

4.15- ChiXanthobacter

KK- Khng nh trn

4.24- ChiMethylobacter

HH-Khng tch lu PHB trong t bo

I-C th dng methane lm

ngun carbon duy nht

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K-Di ng

4.25- ChiMethylomonas

KK-Khng di ng

4.26-ChiMethylococcus

II- Khng th dng methane lm ngun C

duy nht

J-Catalase dng tnh

K-Sinh trng cn NaCl

4.27- ChiMethylophaga

KK- Sinh trng khng cn NaCl

4.28- ChiMethylophilus

JJ-Catalase m tnh

4.29- ChiMethylobacillus

GG- Khng th dng hp cht 1 carbon lm ngun carbon duy nht

H-Sinh trng cn NaCl hay nc bin

I- Khng di ng

4.30- ChiMesophilobacter

II- Di ng

J-C gelatinase

4.31- ChiAlteromonas

JJ-Khng c gelatinase

K-C tch lu PHB

L-S dng glucose

M-C esterase

4.32- ChiDeleya

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MM-Khng c esterase

4.33- Loi Oceanospirillum kriegii

LL- Khng s dng glucose

4.33- Loi Oceanospirillum jannaschii

KK- Khng tch lu PHB

L- Sinh axt t mannit

4.34- ChiMarinomonas

LL- Khng sinh axt t mannit

4.36- ChiPseudomonas (P.stanieri, P.perfectomarina,P.doudoroffii, P.nautica)

HH- Sinh trng khng cn NaCl hay nc bin

I- C t dng hydrogen

J-C tin mao cc hay gn cc

K-Khun lc mu vng

L-Khng sinh trng 520C

4.35- ChiHydrogenophaga

LL- Sinh trng 520C

4.36- LoiPs. hydrogenothermophila

KK- Khun lc khng mu vng

4.36- Chi Pseudomonas (P. saccharophila, P.facillis,P.hydrogenovora)

JJ- C chu mao tha

4.50- ChiAlcaligenes (A.paradoxus, biovar, A.eutrophus,A.latus, A.denitrificans subsp.xylosoxidans)

II- Khng c t dng hydrogen

J- Di ng

K- Tin mao mc cc

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L-Catalase dng tnh

4.36~47ChiPseudomonas

LL-Catalase m tnh

4.48- ChiXanthomonas

KK- Chu mao

L-Sinh acid t ng

4.49- Chi Ochrobactrum

LL-Khng sinh acid t ng

4.50- ChiAlcaligenes

JJ- Khng di ng

K-Khun lc mu vng

L-Phospholipid cha sphingosin

4.51- Chi Sphingobacterium

LL-Phospholipid khng cha sphingosin

4.52-Flavobacterium

KK- Khun lc khng c mu vng

L- Yu cu cht ch v dinh dng

M-Lng cha G+C cao (66-70mol%)

4.53- ChiBordetella

MM- Lng cha G+C thp (40-47mol%)

N-Sinh trng mnh

4.54- ChiMoraxella

NN- Sinh trng yu

4.55- Chi Oligella

LL-Khng yu cu cht ch v dinh dng

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M- Khun lc mu tm

4.56- Chi Chromobacterium

MM- Khun lc khng c mu tm

N-Catalase dng tnh

O-Hnh que c lc bin hnh cu

4.57- ChiAcinetobacter

OO- Khng bin thnh hnh cu

4.58- Chi Weeksella

NN-Catalase m tnh

O- Sinh indol

4.59- ChiSuttonella

OO- Khng sinh indol

4.60- ChiKingella

Thermomicrobium Thermoleophilum Acetobacter

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Thermus

Gluconobacter Azotobacter Methylobacterium

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Bordetella Rhizobium v nt sn trn r

Sinorhizobium v nt sn trn r

Methylococcus Bradyrhizobium v nt sn trn r

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Agrobacterium v nt sn Pseudomonas

Alcaligenes Flavobacterium v khun lc

Moraxella Chromobacterium Acinetobacter

5- Cu khun Gram m, k kh bt buc

A- ng knh t bo > 1,3m

5.1- ChiMegasphaera

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AA- ng knh t bo < 1,3m

B- Khun lc di tia t ngoi (360nm) c mu hunh quang, ch sinh acid bo 2carbon

5.2- Chi Syntrophococcus

BB- Khun lc di tia t ngoi (360nm) khng c mu hunh quang, c th sinhc cc acid bo khc

C- Aminoacid l ngun nng lng ch yu, khng ln men lactic

5.3- ChiAcidaminococcus

CC- Aminoacid khng phi l ngun nng lng ch yu, ln men lactic

5.4- Chi Veillonella

Megasphaera Acidaminococcus Veillonella

6-Trc khun, phy khun, xon khun Gram m, k kh:

I- Sinh trng nhit 550C

A-Khng ln men v ng ho carbohydrat , s dng peptid, aminoacid, cao nm men...

B- T bo c bao, khng kh Fe3+.

6.1- Chi Thermosipho

BB- T bo khng c bao

C-S dng cc loi acid hu c v H2 khFe3+

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6.2- ChiDeferribacter

CC-Khng kh Fe3+

6.3- Chi Thermosyntropha

AA-Ln men v ng ho carbohydrat

B-a mn. sinh trng nng NaCl 4%

C-Di ng nh chu mao, sn phm ln men ch yu l acid acetic, ethanol,H2/CO2

6.4- ChiHalothermothrix

CC- Di ng nh tin mao mc bn cnh hay gn cc tbo, sn phm ln

men ch yu l acid acetc, acid lactic, acid succinic, H2/CO2

6.5- Chi Thermotoga

BB- Khng a mn, khng sinh trng nng NaCl 4%

C-Sn phm ln men ch l acid acetic

D-Thnh t bo in hnh Gram m, cn vitamin B12

6.6- ChiAcetothermus

DD-Thnh t bo khng in hnh Gram m, cn H2S hoc Cystein

6.7- ChiAcetogenium

CC-Sn phm ln men l hn hp acid acetic v cc acid hu c khc

D-Di ng

E-Phy khun, di ng nh tin mao mc bn hay gn cc

6.8- ChiAcetomicrobium

EE-Hnh que hocbin i,khng di ng hoc di ng nh chu mao

6.9- ChiFervidobacterium

DD-Khng di ng

E-Sn phm ln men gm H2/CO2v hn hp acid

F-Sn phm ln men gm acid acetc, ethanol, H2/CO2

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6.10- Chi Thermohydrogenum

FF-Sn phm ln men gm acid acetic v ethanol, hoc acid aceticv H2/CO2

6.11- Chi Coprothermobacter

EE-Khng sinh kh, sn phm ln men gm acid acetic, acidpropionic, acid isopentanoic

6.12- ChiAnaerobaculum

II- Khng sinh trng nhit 550C, a m

A- Khng ng ha v ln men carbohydrat

B-Khng nui dng c thun khit, phi nui chung vi mt vi khun khc,phn gii cc on axt bo ngn

C-T bo hnh que hay hnh si di, sn phm phn gii acid bo l acid acetic vH2 /CO2

6.13- Chi Syntrophobacter

CC-Phy khun, sn phm phn gii acid bo l acid acetic, acid propionic, acidisobutiric, acid isopentanoic v H2//CO2

6.14- Chi Syntrophomonas

BB-C th nui cy thun khit

C-Cha sc t t bo, vi hiu kh

6.15- ChiWolinella

CC- Khng cha sc t t bo, k kh bt buc

D-Ch s dng acid succinic v ch sn sinh acid propionic

E-Phy khun, di ng nh tin mao mc bn

6.16- Chi Schuartzia

EE- Trc khun, khng di ng

6.17- Chi Succinoclastium

DD- ng ho cc loi protein

E-Di ng nh chu mao, khng ln men hoc ln men

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yu glucose, sn phm l ethanol v acid butyric

6.18- Chi Tissierella

EE- Khng di ng

F- Trn a thch mu khun lc c mu t nu n en

6.19- ChiPorphyromonas

FF- Trn a thch mu khun lc khng c mu t nu n en, lnmen pyridin v arginin

6.20- Chi Synergistes

AA-C th ng ho v ln men hydrat carbon, sn sinh cc loi axit hi c

1. Sn phm ch yu ln men hydrat carbon l acid acetichoc acid acetic vi ethanol v H2/CO2

B-Acid acetic l sn phm ln men duy nht

C- Di ng nh chu mao

6.21- ChiAcetoanaerobium

CC- Khng di ng

D-C th ln men aminoacid, sinh indol t tryptophan

6.22- ChiAcidaminobacter

DD- Khng ln men aminoacid, ln men carbohydrat v acid hu c

E- Sn phm ln men ngoi acid acetic cn c mt t acid formic v ac id lactic

6.23- Chi Catonella

EE-Sn phm ln men ngoi acid acetic cn c mt t acid isopentanoic, acidlactic, acid succinic, acid isobutyric v acid butyric

6.24- ChiJohngonella

BB- Sn phm ln men gm c acid acetic, ethanol v H2/CO2

C-Trc khun hoc phy khun, di ng

D- Di ng nh tin mao mc cc, khng a mn

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6.25- ChiAcetovibrio

DD- Di ng nh chu mao, a mn

6.26- ChiHaloanaerobacter

CC- T bo dng si, khng di ng

6.27- ChiAcetofilamentum

2- Sn phm ch yu ln men carbohydrat l acid lactic hocacid lactic , acid acetic v cc acid khc

B-Di ng, a mn

6.28- ChiHalocella

BB- Khng di ng, khng a mn

C-Sn phm ln men ch c acid lactic

6.29- ChiLeptotrichia

CC- Sn phm ln men gm acid lactic v cc acid khc

D-Sn phm ln men l acid lactic v acid acetic

E- T bo phnh to gia, khng sinh kh

6.30- Chi Sebaldella

EE- T bo hnh cong, sinh kh

6.31- ChiLachnospira

DD- Sn phm ln men l acid lactic, acid acetic v acid succinic

E- T bo ln, ng knh ti 3mm

6.32- ChiMegamonas

EE- T bo < 1,5mm

6.33-ChiMitsuokella

6.34- ChiHalella

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3-Sn phm ch yu ln men carbohydrat l acid propionichoc acid propionic v cc acid khc

B-Sn sinh acid hu c v H2/CO2

C-Khng di ng, a mn, cn NaCl 1%

D- Ch sn sinh acid propionic v CO2

6.35- ChiPropionigenium

DD- Ngoi acid propionic v CO2cn c cc acid khc

E- Sn sinh acid propionic, CO2,acid acetic v ethanol

6.36- ChiPelobacter

EE- Sn sinh acid propionic, CO2 , acid aceic v acid butyric

6.37- ChiHaloanaerobium

CC- Di ng, khng a mn

D-T bo hnh cong, di ng nh tin mao cc hay bn

E- ng knh t bo 0.9mm

6.38- Chi Selenomonas

EE- ng knh t bo 0,5mm

6.39- ChiAnaerovibrio

DD-T bo hnh cong hay hnh xon, di ng nh chu mao

6.40- ChiPropionispira

BB- Sn sinh hn hp acid, acid propionic l chnh, khng sinh kh

C-Ch yu sn sinh acid propionic

D-T bo hnh que

6.41- Chi Oribaculum

DD-T bo cong hnh thn rn

6.42- ChiCentipeda

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CC-Sn sinh acid propionic, acid acetic v acid succinic

D-Di ng

E- Tin mao dng lc mc bn, t bo hnh cong

6.43- ChiPectinatus

EE-T bo dng cong hoc dng xon

6.44- ChiZymophilus

DD- Khng di ng

E-ng knh t bo 3mm

6.32- ChiMegamonas

EE- ng knh t bo < 3m

F-T bo hnh que, ch sn sinh acid propionic v acid acetic

6.45ChiAnaerorhabdus

FF- T bo hnh bin i, sn sinh acid propionic v cc acid khc

G-T bo nh, u nhn, sn sinh acid propionic v acid succinic

6.46- ChiRikenella

GG- Kch thc tbo thay i, sn sinh acid propionic, acidformic, acid acetic, acid lactic, v acid succinic

6.47- ChiBacteroides

4- Sn phm ch yu ln men carbohydrat l acid butyrichoc acid butyric v cc acid khc

B-Di ng nh tin mao mc cc hay gn cc, t bo hnh cong

C- Sn phm ln men ch l acid butyric

D- Di ng

6.48- ChiPseudobutyrivibrio

DD- Khng di ng

6.49- ChiFusobacterium

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CC-Ngoi acid butyric cn c cc sn phm ln men khc

D-Sn sinh acid butyric v CO2

6.50- ChiRoseburia

DD-Sn sinh acid butyric, acid acetic hoc acid lactic, khng sinh kh

6.51- ChiButyrivibrio

BB-Di ng nh chu mao hoc khng di ng

C- Sn sinh acid butyric, acid acetic v ethanol, khng sinh kh, cn 1% NaCl

6.52- ChiIliobacter

CC-Sn sinh acid butyric, acid acetic...v c sinh kh, cn 13% NaCl

6.37- ChiHaloanaerobium

5-Sn phm ln men carbohydrat l hn hp acid c chaacid succinic hoc acid formic

B- Sn sinh hn hp acid c cha acid formic

C-Sn sinh axit formic v CO2

6.53- Chi Oxalobacter

CC-Sn sinh acid formic v cc acid khc nhng khng sinh CO 2

D-T bo hnh que, sn sinh acid formic, acid acetic v acid succinic

6.54- ChiRuminobacter

DD- T bo hnh dng thay i, sn sinh acid formic, acid acetic, acid succinic, acidlactic v acid propionic

6.47- ChiBacteroides

BB-Sn sinh hn hp acid c cha acid succinic

C- Di ng

D-T bo hnh que ngn, ch sn sinh acid succinic

6.55- Chi Succinimonas

DD- T bo hnh cong, sn sinh hn hp acid c cha acid succinic

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E-Sn sinh acid succinic, acid acetic v c sinh CO2

6.56- ChiMalonomonas

EE- Sn sinh acid succinic, acid acetic, khng sinh CO2

6.57- Chi Succinovibrio

CC- Khng di ng

D-Sn sinh acid acetic, acid lactic v acid succinic

6.33- ChiMitsuokella

DD-Trong hn hp acid khng c acid lactic

E-Sn sinh acid propionic v acid succinic

6.46- ChiRikenella

EE- Sn sinh acid acetic v acid succinic

F- T bo hnh xon, di ng

6.58- Chi Anaerobiospirrillum

FF- Khng di ng

G-T bo hnh que ngn, ch yu sng d c v manh trng

6.59- ChiFibrobacter

GG- T bo a hnh thi, ch yu sng khoang ming

6.60-Prevotella

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Thermosipho Syntrophobacter nui cy chung viMethanobrevibacte

Wolinella Porphyromonas gingivalis vt cy trn thch mu

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Leptotrichia Bacteroides Bacteroides

Fusobacterium Fusobacterium

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Mitsuokella

7- Cu khun Gram dng hiu kh v k kh khng bt buc

A- Hiu kh

B-Di ng

C-a mn bt buc, cn NaCl 7,5%

7.1- ChiMarinococcus

CC-Khng nh trn

7.2- ChiPlanococcus

BB-Khng di ng

C-a mn, cn NaCl 7,5%

D- Lng cha GC > 50mol %

7.3- Chi Salinicoccus

DD- Lng cha GC < 50mol %

7.1- ChiMarinococcus

CC-Khng nh trn

D-Sinh acid t glucose

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7.4- ChiMicrococcus

DD-Khng sinh hay sinh t acid t glucose

7.5- ChiDeinococcus

AA- K kh khng bt buc

B-T l G + C trong ADN 50mol %

7.7- Chi Stomatococcus

BBB- T l G + C trong ADN > 30 mol % , nhng

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G- Sinh kh t glucose

7.13- ChiLeuconostoc

GG- Khng sinh kh t glucose

H- Sinh trng 45C

7.14- ChiEnterococcus

HH- Khng sinh trng 45C

I-Di ng, sng trong nc

7.15- Chi Vagococcus

II- Khng di ng

7.16- ChiLactococcus

FF- Khng sinh trng 10C

G-Lng cha G + C ca ADN>35mol %

7.17- Chi Streptococcus

GG-Lng cha G + C ca ADN< 35mol %

7.18- Chi Gemella

Micrococcus Deinococcus Deinococcus

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Melissococcus Melissococcus Khun lc Stomatococcus

Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Pediococcus

Aerococcus Leuconostoc Leuconostoc

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Enterococcus Lactococcus Lactococcu

Streptococcus Streptococcus Gemella

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8- Trc khun Gram dng hiu kh hoc k kh khng bt buc

A-Hiu kh

B-C chu k bin ho hnh cu, hnh que

C-Thnh t bo c cha DAP (acid diaminopimelic)

D- C cha LL-DAP

E-Di ng

8.1- ChiPimelobacter

EE- Khng di ng

8.2- Chi Terrabacter

DD- Khng cha dng LL- m cha dng Meso-DAP

E-Loi quinone l MK-8 (H2), MK-7 (H2)

8.3- ChiBrevibacterium

EE-Khng nh trn

8.4- Chi Brachybacterium

CC- Peptidoglycan khng cha DAP

D-Hnh que khng quy tc

8.5- Chi Arthrobacter

DD-Hnh que c quy tc

8.6- ChiKurthia

BB- Khng c bin ho hnh cu, hnh que

C-C cha acid mycolic

8.7- Chi Caseobacter

CC-Khng cha axt mycolic

D-Sp xp thnh hnh ch V

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E- Peptidoglycan c cha D-ornitin, quinone l MK-11,MK-12

8.8- ChiAureobacterium

EE- Peptidoglycan cha L-ornitin, quinone l MK-8

8.9- Chi Sphaerobacter

DD-T bo khng sp xp thnh hnh ch V

E- Hnh que khng quy tc

F-Khng c dng t bo hnh cu hay hnh que ngn

G- Quinone l MK-8

8.10- ChiRubrobacter

GG- Khng nh trn

H- Peptidoglycan cha D-ornitin

8.11- Chi Curtobacterium

HH- Khng nh trn

8.12- Chi Clavibacter

FF-C dng t bo hnh cu hay hnh que ngn

G-Peptidoglycan cha DAP

8.13- ChiAeromicrobium

GG-Peptidoglycan khng cha DAP

8.14- ChiMicrobacterium

EE- Hnh que c quy tc

8.15- ChiRenibacterium

AA- K kh khng bt buc

B-Catalase (+)

C- C cha DAP

D-C acid mycolic

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8.16- Chi Corynebacterium

DD- Khng c acid mycolic

E-Sn sinh acid propionic

8.17- ChiPropionibacterium

EE- Khng sn sinh acid propionic

F-Hnh que khng quy tc

8.18- ChiDermabacter

FF-Hnh que c quy tc

G-Chiu rng vi khun > 1,0mm

8.19- Chi Caryophanon

GG- Chiu rng vi khun < 1,0mm

H-Gy bnh ng vt

8.20- ChiListeria

HH- Khng gy bnh ng vt

8.21- ChiBrochothrix

CC-Khng cha DAP

D-Peptidoglycan cha lysin

E- Di ng

F- Quinone l MK-7

8.22- ChiExiguobacterium

FF- Quinone l MK-9

8.23ChiJonesia

EE- Khng di ng

8.24- ChiRothia

DDPeptidoglycan khng cha lysin

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E- Phn gii cellulose

8.25- Chi Cellulomonas

EE- Khng phn gii cellulose

8.26- ChiRarobacter

BB- Catalase (-)

C-Peptidoglycan thuc nhm B (theo Schleiter v Kandier,1972)

D- Hnh que khng quy tc

8.27- ChiAgromyces

DD- Hnh que c quy tc

E- Thng c dng hnh si

8.28- ChiErysipelothrix

EE-Khng c dng hnh si

8.29- Chi Carnobacterium

CC-Peptidoglycan khng thuc nhm B m thuc nhm A

D-Hnh que khng quy tc

E- Peptidoglycan cha LL-DAP

8.30- ChiArachnia

EE- Peptidoglycan khng cha LL-DAP

F-Khng c menaquinone

8.31- Chi Gardnerella

FF- C menaquinone

G-C menaquinone MK-10 (H4)

8.32- ChiActinomyces

GG- C menaquinone MK-9 (H4)

8.33 - ChiArcanobacterrium

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DD- Hnh que c quy tc

8.34- ChiLactobacillus

Brevibacterium Arthrobacter Arthrobacter

Rubrobacter Aeromicrobium Renibacterium

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Corynebacterium Propionibacterium Listeria

Cellulomonas Cellulomonas Agromyces

Actinomyces Lactobacillus Lactobacillus

9- Trc khun khng quy tc, khng bo t

A- Gram (+)

B- a nhit

C- T bo c phn nhnh

D-a kim

9.1- ChiAnaerobranca

DD- Khng a kim

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9.2- Chi Thermobrachicum

CC- T bo khng phn nhnh

D-Di ng

9.3- Chi Thermoanaerobacter

DD-Khng di ng

9.4- Chi Thermoanaerobium

BB-a m

C-T bo hnh b dc, hnh que ngn hay hnh cong

D- T bo nh nhn hnh con, sp xp tng i hnh li lim

9.5- Chi Falcivibrio

DD- T bo hnh bu dc, hnh que ngn, khng sp xp thnh hnh li lim

E-Ln men hydrat carbon ch sn sinh acid acetic, cn c th tng hp ra acidacetic t H2v CO2

F- Thch hp sinh trng 30C

9.6- ChiAcetobacterium

FF-Thch hp sinh trng 38C

9.7- ChiAcetitomaculum

EE- Ln men hydrat carbon sinh acid lactic, khng tng hp ra acid acetic t H 2v CO2

9.8- ChiAtopobium

CC-T bo hnh que khng quy tc

D-T bo c phn thnh hnh na (inh ba), ln men hydrat

carbon khng sinh kh

9.9- Chi Bifidobacterium

DD- T bo khng phn thnh hnh na, ln men hydrat carbom c

sinh kh

E-Sn phm ln men ch yu l acid butyric, acid acetic hoc acid formic.

9.10- Chi Eubacterium

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EE- Sn phm ln men ch yu l acid acetic, acid lactic v etanol

9.11- Chi Coribacterium

AA- Gram (-)

A- T bo hnh que, a nhit, khng di ng

9.12- ChiAcetogenium

BB- T bo dng cong hay dng si, di ng

C-Ln men hydrat carbon sn phm ch yu l acid butyric

9.13- Chi Butyrivibrio

CC-Ln men hydrat carbon sn phm ch yu khng l acid butyric

D-Ln men glucose, sn phm ch yu l acid acetic v acid lactic, khng sinhkh

9.14- Chi Mobiluncus

DD- Ln men glucose, sn sinh acid formic, acid acetic, acid lactic v etanol, csinh kh

9.15- Chi Lachnospira

Thermoanaerobacterdi knh hin viin t

Bifidobacterium Eubacterium

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Mobiluncus

10- Cu khun Gram dng k kh bt buc

A- T bo phn ct theo 3 mt phng thng gc, sp xp thnh hnh lp th

10.1- Chi Sarcina

AA- T bo phn ct theo 1 hoc 2 mt phng thng gc , sp xp thnh tng ihay tng 4 t bo

B-Khng ln men hydrat carbon, khng sinh kh

C- T l G + C mol % trong ADN 50

10.2- Chi Peptococcus

CC- T l G + C mol % trong ADN 45

10.3- Chi Peptostreptococcus

BB- Ln men hydrat carbon sinh acid

C-Trong sn phm ln men ngoi cc acid hu c khc cn c acid butyric vaceton (acetone)

10.4- Chi Coprococcus

CC- Trong sn phm ln men khng c acid butyric v aceton

10.5- Chi Ruminococcus

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Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus

Ruminococcus

11- Phn loi x khun

X khun l nhm vi khun c bit. Chng c khun lc kh v a s c

dng hnh phng x (actino-) nhng khun th li c dng si phn nhnh nh

nm (myces). V x khun c cu trc nhn nguyn thu nh mi vi khun

khc, chiu ngang ca si cng nh nh vi khun, cho nn c ti liu gi ch ng

l nm tial khng hp l. X khun phn b rng ri trong t nhin. S lng

n v sinh khun lc(CFU- colony-forming unit) x khun trong 1g t thng

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t ti hng triu. Trn mi trng c a s x khun c hai koi khun ty:

khun ty kh sinh (aerial mycelium) v khun ty c cht (substrate mycelium).

Nhiu loi ch c khun ty c cht nhng cng c loi (nh chi Sporichthya) li

ch c khun ty kh sinh. Gia khun lc thng thy c nhiu bo t mngmng gi l bo t trn (conidia hay conidiospores). Nu bo t nm trong bo

nang (sporangium) th c gi l nang bo t hay bo t kn

(sporangiospores). Bo t x khun c sinh ra u mt s khun ty theo

kiu hnh thnh cc vch ngn (septa). Cc chui bo t trn c th ch l 1

bo t(nh Thermoactinomyces, Saccharomonospora, Promicromonospora,

Micromonospora, Thermomonosspora...),c th c 2 bo t (nh

Microbispora), c th l chui ngn (nh Nocardia, Pseudonocardia,Streptoverticillium, Sporichthya, Actinomadura, Microtetraspora,

Streptoalloteichus, Glycomyces, Amycolata, Amycolatopsis, Catellatospora,

Microellobosporia...), c th l chui di (nh Streptomyces,

Saccharopolyspora, Actinopolyspora, Kibdelosporangium, Kitasatosporia,

Saccharothrix, nhiu loi Nocardia, Nocardioides, Pseudonocardia,

Amycolatopsis, Streptoverticillium...), c th cc bo t trn nm trn b si

(synnema), tng t b si ca nm (nh Actinosynnema, Actinomadura...).

Cc chui bo t c th thng, c th xon, c th dng ln sng, c th

mc n hay mc vng... Cc cung sinh bo t (sporophore) v cung sinh

nang bo t (sporangiophorres) c th ring r, c th phn nhnh. Cc c

im hnh thi ny rt quan trng khi tin hnh nh tn x khun.

X khun thuc nhm vi khun Gram dng, thng c t l GC trong

ADN cao hn 55%. Trong s khong 1000 chi v 5000 loi sinh vt nhn s cng b c khong 100 chi v 1000 loi x khun. X khun phn b ch yu

trong t v ng vai tr rt quan trng trong chu trnh tun hon vt cht

trong t nhin. Chng s dng acid humic v cc cht hu c kh phn gii

khc trong t. Mc d x khun thuc nhm sinh vt nhn s nhng chng

thng sinh trng di dng si v thng to nhiu bo t. Thm ch mt s

loi x khun cn hnh thnh ti bo t nh chi Streptosporangium,

Micromonosporav bo t di ng nh chiActinoplanes, Kineosporia.

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Trc y, v tr phn loi ca X khun lun l cu hi gy nhiu tranh

lun gia cc nh Vi sinh vt hc ,do n c nhng c im va ging Vi

khun va ging Nm. Tuy nhin, n nay, X khun c chng minh l

Vi khun vi nhng bng chng sau y:

1. Mt s x khun nh cc loi thuc chi Actinomycesv Nocardiart

ging vi cc loi vi khun thuc chi Lactobacillusv Corynebacterium.

2. X khun ging vi khun ch khng c nhn tht, chng ch cha

nhim sc cht phn b dc theo cc si hoc cc t bo.

3. ng knh ca si x khun v bo t ging vi vi khun. ngthi si x khun thng khng cha vch ngn.

4. X khun l ch tn cng ca cc thc khun th ging nh vi khun,

trong khi , nm khng b tn cng bi thc khun th.

5. X khun thng nhy cm vi cc khng sinh c tc dng ln vi

khun, nhng li thng khng vi nhng khng sinh tc dng ln nm

nh cc polyen.

6. X khun khng cha chitin, cht c mt trong si v bo t ca nhiu

nm, m khng c vi khun. ng thi ging nh phn ln vi khun,

x khun khng cha cellulose.

7. Tng t vi vi khun, x khun nhy cm vi phn ng acid ca mi

trng, c im ny khng c nm.

8. Cc c im v si v nang bo t kn(sporangium) ca chi

Actinoplanescho thy c th chi ny l cu ni gia vi khun v cc nm

bc thp.

X khun thuc v lp Actinobacteria, b Actinomycetales, bao gm 10

di b, 35 h, 110 chi v 1000 loi. Hin nay, 478 loi c cng b thuc

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chi Streptomycesv hn 500 loi thuc tt c cc chi cn li v c xp vo

nhm x khun him.

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Khun lc x khun Khun ty x khun v bo t

Chui bo t trn cung sinh bo t dng xon

Bo t x khun

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Si bo t v chui bo t trn

Mt s dng bo t x khun (SV t ch thch tng hnh)

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Mt s dng nang bo v nang bo t x khun

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Mt s dng chui bo t x khun (SV t ch thch tng hnh)

cim ca khun ty kh sinh v khun ty c cht c trnh by trong s sau y:

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phn loi x khun ngi ta s dng cc tiu chun nh trnh t

rADN 16S, lai ADN, hnh thi, sinh l sinh ha v ha phn loi. Hin nay, i

a s cc nh khoa hc ng vi quan nim hai chng c coi l hai loi

ring bit nu chng ging nhau di 70% khi tin hnh lai ADN. Keswani v

cng s chng minh rng nu s tng ng gia hai trnh t rADN 16S l

98.6% th xc sut mc ging nhau trong php lai ADN thp hn 70% s

l 99%. V th gi tr tng ng 98.6% ca trnh t rADN 16S c coi l

ngng phn bit hai loi khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu nh khoa

hc ly gi tr ny l 98%.

c bit ha phn loi l rt quan trng trong vic phn loi x khun.

Chng rt c ch trong phn loi mc n chi. l nhng c im sau:

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ng, loi acetyl, acid mycolic trong thnh t bo, menaquinone,

phospholipid, acid bo v t l GC trong ADN.

1= Chi; 2=Loi thnh t bo ; 3=Thnh phn ng ; 4=Loi peptido glycan ;

5=Acid mycolic

6=Thnh phn acid bo ; 7=Mena quinon ch yu ; 8=Loi phospho-lipid ; 9=T lmol GC trong ADN (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

H Corynebacteriaceaev mt s h lin quan

Corynebacterium IV A A1 + 1a 8(H2), 9(H2) PI51-67

Turicella IV A - 1b 10,11 65-72

Gordonia IV A A1 + 1b 9(H2) PII63-69

Williamsia IV A + 1b 9(H2) PII64-65

Skermania IV A + 1b 8(H4) PII 68

Dietzia IV A + 8(H2) PII 73

Mycobacterium IV A A1 + 9(H2) PII62-70

Nocardia IV A A1 + 1b 8(H4) PII 64-72

Rhodococcus IV A A1 + 1b 8(H2), 9(H2) PII60-69

Tsukamurella IV A A1 + 9 PII 66-73

H Micromonosporaceae

Micromonospora II D A1 - 3b9(H4.6),10(H4,6)

PII71-72

Actinoplanes II D A1 - 3b9(H4,6),10(H4,6) PII

72-73

Cattelatospora II D -9(H4,6),10(H8,6)

PII71-73

Catenuloplanes VI D A3 - 10(H4), 11(H4) PIII71-73

Couchioplanes VI D A3 - 9(H4) PII69-72

Dactylosporangium II D A1 - 3b 9(H4,6,8) PII69-73

Pilimelia II D A1 - 2d 9(H4,2) PII 71

Spirilliplanes II - 2d 10(H4) PII 69

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Verrucosispora II A1 - 2b 9(H4) PII 70

H Propionibacteriaceaev Nocardia

Propionibacterium I A3 - 9(H4)57-63

Friedmaniella I A3 - 9(H4) PI 73

Luteococcus I A3 - 1a 9(H4) PI66-68

Microlunatus I A3 - 2d 9(H4) PII 68

Propioniferax I A3 - 9(H4), 7(H4) PI59-63

Tessaracoccus I A3 - 8(H4) PI 74

Nocardioides I A3 - 3a 9(H4) PI67-72

Aeromicrobium I A3 - 3a 9(H4) PII 69-72

Hongia I A3 - 2d 9(H4) PI 71

Kribbella I A3 - 9(H4) PIII68-70

Marmoricola I A3 - 1a 8(H4) PI 72

H Pseudonocardiaceae

Pseudonocardia III A A1 - 1 8(H4)PIII/PII

68-79

Actinobispora IV A A1 - 7(H2), 9(H2) PIV 71

Actinopolyspora IV A A1 - 2c 9(H4), 10(H4) PIII64-68

Amycolatopsis III A A1 - 9(H2,4,6) PII66-69

Kibdelosporangium III A - 3c 9(H4) PII 66

Prauserella IV A - 3f 9(H2,4) PII67-69

Saccharomonospora III A A1 - 2a 9(H4) PII69-74

Saccharopolyspora IV A A1 - 2c 9(H4) PIII 70-77

Thermocrispum III C - 9(H4) PII69-73

HActinosynnemataceae

Actinosynnema III C A1 - 9(H4,6) PII69-71

Actinokineospora III C A1 - 9(H4) PII 73

Kutzneria III C - 9(H4) PII70-71

Saccharothrix III C A1 - 9(H4), 10(H4) PII 70-

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76

H Streptosporangiaceae

Streptosporangium III B A1 - 3c 9(H0,2,4) PIV69-71

Acrocarpospora III B A1 - 9(H2,4) PIV/PII68-69

Herbidospora III B - 10(H4,6) PIV 71

Microbispora III B A1 - 3c 9(H0,2,4) PIV67-74

Microtetraspora III B A1 - 3c 9(H0,2,4) PIV 66

Nonomuraea III B A1 - 3c 9(H0,2,4) PIV64-69

Planobispora III B A1 - 3c 9(H0,2,4) PIV70-71

Planomonospora III B A1 - 3c 9(H0,2,4) PIV 72

Planotetrespora III B - 3c PIV

H Nocardiopsaceae

Nocardiopsis III C A1 - 3d 10(H2,4,6) PIII64-69

Thermobifida III C - 3c 10(H6,8) PII

H Thermomonosporaceae

Thermomonospora III B A1 - 3e 9(H6,8) PI

Actinocollaria III - 3e 9(H4,6) PII 73

Actinomadura III B A1 - 3a 9(H6,8) PI66-70

Spirillospora III B A1 - 3e 9(H4,6) PI69-71

H Glycomycetaceae

Glycomyces II - 2c10(H4),11(H4)

PI71-73

H StreptomycetaceaeStreptomyces I A3 - 2c 9(H6,8) PII

69-78

Kitasatospora I/III A3 - 9(H6,8) PII66-73

H Frankiaceaev mt s h lin quan

Frankia III - 1 9(H4,6,8) PI66-71

Geodermatophilus III - 2b 9(H4) PII73-76

Microsphaera III A1 - 8(H4) 68

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Cryptosporangium II - 9(H6,8) PII 70

Sporichthya I A3 - 9(H6,8) PI 70

Cc h khc

Kineosporia I/III A3 9(H4) PIII64-79

Thermobispora III - 9(H0,2) PIV 71

Thermoactinomyces III - 7,953-55

Cc s liu trn c ly t schBergeys manual systematic of bacteriology v sch

Identification manual of actinomycetes.

Thnh t bo: Theo Lechevalier v Lechevalier, thnh t bo x khun c chia thnh 8

loi da trn cc c im v thnh phn acid amin, c bit l acid diaminopimelic, lysine v thnh

phn ng trong thnh t bo, c th l

Loi thnht bo

Aciddiamino

Cc acid amin khc ng

I LL-A2pm Gly*

II meso-A2pm

Gly**

IIImeso-A2pm

IVmeso-A2pm

Ara, Gal***

V Lys, Orn

VI Lys Asp

VII Lys, A2bu Asp

VIII Asp

Tt c cc loi thnh t bo u cha alanine, acid glutamic, glucosamine v acid muramic.

A2pm: Acid diamino pimelic c th gm cc ng phn quang hc LL- A2pm, DL- A2pm

(meso- A2pm), DD- A2pm. Ngoi ra cn c OH- A2pm khi c thm nhm OH gn vo v tr C th

4.

Lys: Lysine

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Orn: Ornitin

A2bu: acid diamino butyric

Gly: glycin

*Glycin nm trong mi lin kt gia hai mch tetrapeptid

** Glycin thay th L- alanin v tr u tin trong mch tetrapeptid

Asp: Asparagin

Ara: Arabinose

Gal: Galactose

*** Trong x khun cha acid mycolic nhNocardiavMycobacterium, thnh t bo cha

arabinogalactan, l hp cht c tng hp t arabinose v galactose.

Thnh phn ng:

Thnh phnng Cc loi ng ch yu

AArabinose, Galactose (khng chaXylose)

BMadurose (khng cha Arabinose hayXylose)

C Khng c ng c trng

D Arabinose, Xylose

Peptidoglycan: Theo Schleifer v Kandler (1972), peptidoglycan x

khun c chia thnh cc nhm nh sau:

Khiu

V trca milin kt

Khiu

Cu ni gia hai mchtetrapeptid

Khiu

Acid amin v tr th3

A 3-4 1 Trc tip L-Lys

L-Orn

meso-

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A2pm

2 Tiu n v peptid L-Lys

3L-acid amin cha mt nhmcarboxyl (gly) hoc chui peptidngn ca acid amin

L-Lys

L-Orn

meso-A2pm

4D-acid amin cha hai nhmcarboxyl (D-Asp hay D-Glu)

L-Lys

L-Orn

meso-A2pm

L-A2bu

B 2-4 1 L-acid amin (Glyn-L-Lys) L-Lys L-Hsr

L-Glu

L-Ala

2D-acid amin (D-Orn hay D-A2bu)

L-Orn

L-Hsr

L-A2bu

Du phy (): alanine v tr th nht trong mch tetrapeptid c

thay th bi glycine.

V d: Loi peptidoglycan ca chi Actinoplanes l A1 c ngha l: Hai

mch tetrapeptid lin kt vi nhau v tr acid amin s 3 v 4, mi lin kt ny

l trc tip v acid amin v tr s 3 l meso- A2pm.

Thnh phn acid bo:

Khiu

Boha

Khngboha

Iso-

14/16/18

Iso-

15/17

Anteiso-

15/17

10-

Methyl-

17

10-

Methyl-

18

Cyclopropane

1 a ++++++ - - - - - -

b ++++++ - - - - ++ -

c ++++++ - - - - - ++

2 a ++ + +++ + (+) - - -b (+) + ++ +++ + - - -

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c + (v) +++ + +++ - - -

d + + +++ +++ +++ - - -

3 a +++ ++ +++ (+) (+) (+) +++ -

b + + +++ +++ ++ ++ (+) -

c + + ++ + + +++ (+) -

d + + +++ ++ +++ (+) +++ -

(v): t hn 5%

Thnh phn menaquinone:

X khun ch cha menaquinone, khng cha ubiquinone. K hiu 8(H 2) hay MK-8(H2) ch

menaquinone cha mt trong s tm n v isoprene b hydro ha.

Thnh phn phospholipid:

Khiu

Thnh phn phospholipid c trng

PI Phosphatidylglycerol(v)

PII Phosphatidylethanolamine

PIII

Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine(v),phosphatidylmethyl-ethanolamine(v),phosphatidylglycerol(v), khng cha phospholipid chaglucosamine

PIVPhospholipid cha glucosamine,phosphatidylethanolamine(v),phosphatidylmethylethanolamine(v)

PV Phospholipid cha glucosamine, phosphatidylglycerol

Tt c cc loi u cha phosphatidylinositol

V tr phn loi ca X khun:

LpActinobacteria

Di lpActinobacteridae

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BActinomycetales

Di bActinomycineae

HActinomycetaceae

Cc chi: Actinomyces, Actinobaculum,Arcanobacterium, Mobiluncus

Di b Micrococcineae

H Micrococcaceae

Cc chi: Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Kocuria,Nesterenkonia, Renibacterium, Rothia

H Bogoriellaceae

Chi: Bogoriella

H Brevibacteriaceae

Chi: Brevibacterium

H Cellulomonadaceae

Chi: Cellulomonas

H Dermabacteraceae

Cc chi: Dermabacter, Brachybacterium

H Dermacoccaceae

Cc chi: Dermacoccus, Demetria, Kytococcus

H Dermatophilaceae

Chi: Dermatophilus

H Intrasporangiaceae

Cc chi: Intrasporangium, Janibacter, Terrabacter,Terracoccus, Tetraphaera

HJonesiaceae

Chi:Jonesia

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Incertae sedis (cha xc nh)

Cc chi : Skermania, Williamsia

Di b Micromonosporineae

H Micromonosporaceae

Cc chi: Micromonospora, Actinoplanes, Catellatospora,Catenuloplanes, Couchioplanes, Dactylosporangium,Pilimelia, Spirilliplanes, Verrucosispora

Di b Propionibacterineae

H Propionibacteriaceae

Cc chi: Propionibacterium, Friedmaniella, Luteococcus,Microlunatus, Propioniferax, Tessaracoccus

HNocardioidaceae

Cc chi: Nocardioides, Aeromicrobium, Hongia,Kribbella, Marmoricola

Di b Pseudonocardineae

H Pseudonocardiaceae

Cc chi: Pseudonocardia, Actinobispora,Actinopolyspora, Amycolatopsis, Kibdelosporangium,Prauserella, Saccharomonospora, Saccharopolyspora,

Thermocrispum

HActinosynnemataceae

Cc chi: Actinosynnema, Actinokineospora,

Saccharothrix


Cc chi: Kutzneria, Streptoalloteichus

Di b Streptosporangineae

H Streptosporangiaceae

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Cc chi: Streptosporangium, Acrocarpospora,Herbidospora, Microbispora, Microtetraspora,

Nonomuraea, Planomonospora, Planotetraspora

H Nocardiopsaceae

Cc chi: Nocardiopsis, Thermobifida

HThermomonosporaceae

Cc chi: Thermomonospora, Actinocorallia,Actinomadura, Spirillospora

Di b Glycomycineae

H Glycomycetaceae

Chi: Glycomyces

Di b Streptomycineae

H Streptomycetaceae

Cc chi: Streptomyces, Kitasatospora

Di b Frankineae

H Frankiaceae

Chi: Frankia

HAcidothermaceae

Chi:Acidothermus

H Geodermatophilaceae

Cc chi: Geodermatophilus, Blastococcus

HMicrosphaeraceae

Chi: Microsphaera

H Sporichthyaceae

Chi: Sporichthya


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Chi: Cryptosporangium

BBifidobacteriales

HBifidobacteriaceae

Cc chi: Bifidobacterium, Gardnerella

Di lpAcidimicrobidae

BAcidimicrobiales

HAcidimicrobiaceae

Chi:Acidimicrobium

Di lpCoriobacteridae

B Coriobacteriales

H Coriabacteriaceae

Cc chi: Coriobacter, Atopobium, Collinsella,Cryptobacterium, Denitrobacterium, Eggerthella,

Slackia

Di lpRubrobacteridae

BRubrobacteriales

H Rubrobacteriaceae

Chi: Rubrobacter

Di lp Sphaerobacteridae

B Sphaerobacteriales

H Sphaerobacteriaceae

Chi: Sphaerobacter

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M t mt s chi thng gp:

Chi Rhodococcus:

Pht trin di dng que hoc khun ty c cht phn nhnh. tt c cc chng, chu trnh sng

(morphogenetic) u bt ngun t giai on hnh cu hoc que ngn. Bng cch phn on, cc tbo hnh cu s to thnh dng que ri dng si, si phn nhnh v h si. Mt s chng cn tokhun ty kh sinh phn nhnh hoc b si (synnemata). Chng khng c kh nng chuyn ngcng nh khng hnh thnh bo t hay ni bo t.

Gram dng. Acid-alcohol fast (nhum khng acid-cn) mt s giai on pht trin. Hiu kh.Ha d dng hu c. Catalase dng tnh. Hu ht cc chng u mc tt trn cc mi trng tiuchun 30oC, s khc cn thiamin cho sinh trng. Khun lc c th sn si hoc trn nhn, cmu vng sm, kem, vng, vng da cam, hoc khng mu. Arylsulfatase m tnh, nhy cm vilysozyme, khng phn hy c casein, cellulose, chitin, elastin hay xylan. C th s dng c rtnhiu loi hp cht hu c lm ngun cacbon v ngun nng lng.

Thnh t bo cha lng ln acid meso- diaminopimelic (meso-DAP), arabinose v galactose. Chadiphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamin, phosphatidylinositol mannoside. Thnh phnmenaquinone chnh l MK-8(H2) v MK-9(H2). Cha lng ln acid tuberculostearic mch thng,khng bo ha v acid mycolic vi 32-66 cacbon, vi nhiu nht bn lin kt i. T l mol G+Ctrong ADN l 63-72%.

C nhiu trong t v phn gia sc. Mt s chng gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt.

Loi chun:Rhodococcus rhodochrous

Chi Nocardioides:

Si s cp phn nhnh trn b mt, sau xm nhp vp trong thch ri t on thnh dng quehay cu hay khng u. Si kh sinh c th tha tht, phn nhnh hoc khng sau cng t thnhnhng mu ngn hoc dng que. Nhng mu ny s l ngun gc ca nhng si mi. Khng c t

bo di ng. Khun lc nho. Gram dng. Khng nhum khng acid ( Non-acid fast ). Catalasedng tnh. Hiu kh bt buc. Ha d dng hu c. Mc d dng trn cc mi trng tiu chun.

Nhy cm vi thc khun th c hiu. Acid amin chnh trong thnh t bo l L-DAP v glycine.

Khng cha acid mycolic. Phospholipid ch yu l phosphatidylglycerol vacylphosphatidlyglycerol. Acid bo chim u th l 14-methylpentadecanoic. Thnh phnmenaquinone chnh l MK-8(H4). T l mol G+C trong ADN t 66,1-72,7%. C nhiu trong t.

Loi chun:Nocardioides albus

ChiPseudonocardia:

Si kh sinh v si c cht u sinh bo t dng chui. Si phn on, thng c dng zich -zac vixu hng phng ln ngn hoc gia. Si ko di bng cch ny chi. Cc on si c chc

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nng ca bo t hoc bin i thnh bo t. Thnh si c hai lp. Gram dng. Khng c giai ondi ng. Hiu kh. Sinh trng trn nhiu loi mi trng hu c hoc tng hp. a m hoc anhit.

Loi chun:Pseudonocardia thermophila

Chi Saccharopolyspora:

Si c cht pht trin mnh, phn nhnh, t thnh cc on dng que vi kch thc 1x5m, chyu nhng phn gi hn ca khun lc. Khun ty kh sinh phn on to cc chui bo t. Gramdng. Khng nhum khng acid. Hiu kh. Khun lc mng, nh ln, hi nhn, si kh sinh t,thng to thnh chm, ch yu nhng phn gi. C th s dng nhiu loi cht hu c nhngun cacbon v nng lng duy nht, c th phn gii adenine, khng nhiu loi cht khng sinhnhng nhy cm vi lysozym. T l mol GC trong ADN l 77%.

Loi chun: Saccharopolyspora hirsute

ChiIntrasporangium:

Si phn nhnh, c xu hng t thnh nhiu on c kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau. Khngbao gi c si kh sinh. Cc ti bo t hnh oval hay hnh qu chanh c to thnh gia hoc/v u si. Cc bo tkhng di ng. Gram dng. Khng nhum khng acid. Ha d dng hu

c. Catalase dng tnh. Hiu kh. Mc tt nht 28-37o

C, khng mc c 45o

C. Sinh trngtt hn trn cc mi trng cha peptone v cao tht. T l mol GC trong ADN l 68,2%. Thnh tbo cha L-DAP v glycine. Thnh phn phospholipid ch yu l mt loi phospholipid chaglucosamin cha bit. Thnh phn acid bo ch yu l cc acid bo mch thng bo ha v khng

bo ha. Menaquinone chnh l MK-8.

Loi chun:Intrasporangium calvum

ChiActinopolyspora:

H si phn nhnh, hnh thnh rt nhiu si kh sinh c ng knh khong 1 m. Si c cht huht khng t on. Cung sinh bo t cha 20 hoc hn bo t dng que ngn hoc dng cu viv nhn hnh thnh trn si kh sinh theo chiu hng gc. Si c cht khng sinh bo t. Gramdng. Nhum khng acid. Thnh t bo cha meso-DAP, arabinose v galactose. Khng cha acidmycolic. Hiu kh. Ha d dng hu c. T l mol GC trong ADN l 64,2%.

Loi chun:Actinopolyspora halophila

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Chi Saccharomonospora:

Ch yu sinh bo t n trn si kh sinh. Bo t khng bn nhit, khng c kh nng di ng,c hnh thnh trn cc cung sinh bo t n gin, khng phn nhnh, di ngn khc nhau. Trnmi trng thch, h si dinh dng phnnhnh, bao ph bi lp si kh sinh vi cc bo t mc

dy c dc trn cc si. Si kh sinh ban u c mu trng ri chuyn thnh xm xanh v xanhsm. Sc t xanh cng c si dinh dng v khuch tn ra mi trng. Thnh t bo cha meso-DAP, arabinose v galactose. Khng cha acid mycolic. Cha lng ln iso- v anteiso- acid bo,

phosphatidylethanolamin v MK-9(H4). Hiu kh. Ha d dng hu c. Nhit thch hp chosinh trng l 35-50oC, pH 7-10. Sinh catalase, deaminase v phosphatase. Phn hy c casein,gelatin, tinh bt. xylan v tyrosin. c bit c th s dng glycerol lm ngun cacbon.

Phn lp c trong t, cht lng cn h, than bn, thy nhiu trong phn bn, phn compt, vc kh. T l mol GC trong ADN l 69-74%.

Loi chun: Saccharomonospora viridis

Chi Frankia:

Khng sinh si kh sinh. Ti bo t thng sinh trn cung sinh bo t. Bo t khng c kh nngdi ng vi hnh dng khng c nh, t khng mu n mu en. Trong iu kin kh k

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118109482-Vi-Sinh-Vật (1)