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The First AmericansThe First Americans
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Beringia and the Paleo-IndiansBeringia and the Paleo-Indians The first Americans arrived on the continent during the Pleistocene The first Americans arrived on the continent during the Pleistocene
Ice Age (about 1.65 million until 10,000 years ago)Ice Age (about 1.65 million until 10,000 years ago) Northern and southernmost parts of the Americas covered by iceNorthern and southernmost parts of the Americas covered by ice Sea level was about 300 feet lower that it is todaySea level was about 300 feet lower that it is today The now-submerged land that connected the Asian and American The now-submerged land that connected the Asian and American
continent is known as "Beringia." continent is known as "Beringia." The Paleo-Indians pursued migratory animals across the "land The Paleo-Indians pursued migratory animals across the "land
bridge" about 30,000 years agobridge" about 30,000 years ago The Paleo-Indians dispersed southwardThe Paleo-Indians dispersed southward
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The Clovis CultureThe Clovis Culture Clovis culture: name given to Paleo-Clovis culture: name given to Paleo-
Indians living south of Canada at the Indians living south of Canada at the end of the Pleistocene epochend of the Pleistocene epoch
Name derived from area in New Mexico Name derived from area in New Mexico where the Clovis point, was discoveredwhere the Clovis point, was discovered
Clovis people developed more Clovis people developed more sophisticated and efficient hunting sophisticated and efficient hunting implements to support their growing implements to support their growing populations populations
Clovis sites have been identified Clovis sites have been identified throughout North and South Americathroughout North and South America
Ancient weapons have been found with Ancient weapons have been found with the remains of Ice Age mammoths and the remains of Ice Age mammoths and mastodonsmastodons
Clovis people were nomadic and built no Clovis people were nomadic and built no permanent structurespermanent structures
The Clovis culture disappeared about The Clovis culture disappeared about 10,500 years ago with the extinction of 10,500 years ago with the extinction of the mega-fauna the mega-fauna
It is believed that the Paleo-Indians over It is believed that the Paleo-Indians over hunted the giant species or that the hunted the giant species or that the mass extinction was a result of changing mass extinction was a result of changing climateclimate Clovis pointsClovis points
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The Archaic PeriodThe Archaic Period 12,000 years ago ice sheets 12,000 years ago ice sheets
began to melt, sea levels rose, began to melt, sea levels rose, and water filled low-lying areas and water filled low-lying areas
Regional environments changed Regional environments changed drastically drastically
Technology became more Technology became more sophisticated as humans turned sophisticated as humans turned to a wider variety of activities for to a wider variety of activities for subsistence. subsistence.
In the Archaic Period, people still In the Archaic Period, people still followed seasonal migration followed seasonal migration patterns and subsisted by patterns and subsisted by hunting and gatheringhunting and gathering
Disparate cultures proliferated, Disparate cultures proliferated, trade networks developed, and trade networks developed, and occupational specialization occupational specialization occurredoccurred
Stone mortars and deer bone fish hooks Stone mortars and deer bone fish hooks are examples of specialized tools during are examples of specialized tools during
the Archaic periodthe Archaic period
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The Development of Agriculture and The Development of Agriculture and
Urban SocietiesUrban Societies Around 3000 BCE people in different Around 3000 BCE people in different
parts of the world began to domesticate parts of the world began to domesticate seeds and grow cropsseeds and grow crops
People in the highlands of Mexico People in the highlands of Mexico began cultivating maize (corn) about began cultivating maize (corn) about 5,000 years ago5,000 years ago
The practice spread throughout the The practice spread throughout the continent, facilitating the rise permanent continent, facilitating the rise permanent settlements, architecture, division of settlements, architecture, division of labor, distinctive social classes, and labor, distinctive social classes, and specialized occupationsspecialized occupations
Agriculture increased population Agriculture increased population density and allowed urban civilizations density and allowed urban civilizations to evolve in Mesoamericato evolve in Mesoamerica
The city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of The city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico appeared about 100 BCE and Mexico appeared about 100 BCE and eventually peaked at a population of eventually peaked at a population of 200,000200,000
This was a highly stratified society with This was a highly stratified society with sophisticated mastery of architecture, sophisticated mastery of architecture, mathematics, politics, hieroglyphic mathematics, politics, hieroglyphic writing, and craftsmanship. writing, and craftsmanship.
Massive temple structures along Massive temple structures along the Avenue of the Dead in the the Avenue of the Dead in the ancient city of Teotihuacan.ancient city of Teotihuacan.
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The Mayan CivilizationThe Mayan Civilization
Mayan Civilization peaked between 300 and Mayan Civilization peaked between 300 and 900 CE900 CE
Mayan population centers were located in Mayan population centers were located in rainforests, which inhibited development of large rainforests, which inhibited development of large farms to support high urban populationsfarms to support high urban populations
Impressive complexes served as religious centers Impressive complexes served as religious centers while most people lived and worked in the while most people lived and worked in the surrounding rural areas surrounding rural areas
Political control was decentralized and groups Political control was decentralized and groups operated as independent statesoperated as independent states
The Maya abandoned their cities for unknown The Maya abandoned their cities for unknown reasons about 900 CEreasons about 900 CE
Maize was grown in the nutrient-poor rain forest Maize was grown in the nutrient-poor rain forest using the milpa (slash and burn) technique.using the milpa (slash and burn) technique.
Soil would become unproductive after 2-4 years, Soil would become unproductive after 2-4 years, so vast tracts of land were needed to support a so vast tracts of land were needed to support a familyfamily
Nature was the focus of the Mayan religionNature was the focus of the Mayan religion Primarily focused on time, as the cyclical nature Primarily focused on time, as the cyclical nature
of the seasons was central to food productionof the seasons was central to food production Developed an incredibly accurate and complex Developed an incredibly accurate and complex
system of calendars system of calendars Elaborate ceremonies often involved some form Elaborate ceremonies often involved some form
of sacrifice, which was offered in the form of of sacrifice, which was offered in the form of foodstuffs, blood-letting, or the beating heart of a foodstuffs, blood-letting, or the beating heart of a personperson
A Mayan CalendarA Mayan Calendar
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The Anasazi CivilizationThe Anasazi Civilization Anasazi culture gave rise to the first Anasazi culture gave rise to the first
political societies north of Mexicopolitical societies north of Mexico Their culture peaked in 1050 CE in Their culture peaked in 1050 CE in
the Four Corners region of the United the Four Corners region of the United StatesStates
The modern tribes of the Hopi, The modern tribes of the Hopi, Pueblo, Zuni are likely decedents of Pueblo, Zuni are likely decedents of the Anasazithe Anasazi
The term "Anasazi" (Navajo for The term "Anasazi" (Navajo for "ancient enemy“) came into use in "ancient enemy“) came into use in the 1930's to designate the diverse the 1930's to designate the diverse groups of native peoples living in the groups of native peoples living in the region at the time region at the time
These tribes shared some These tribes shared some characteristic artistic, agricultural, characteristic artistic, agricultural, and settlement patterns, but the were and settlement patterns, but the were not a unified nation of peoplesnot a unified nation of peoples
Anasazi population centers were Anasazi population centers were clusters of farming communitiesclusters of farming communities
Religious ceremonies were tied to Religious ceremonies were tied to nature marked by observation of nature marked by observation of celestial eventscelestial events
Vast, informal networks of trade and Vast, informal networks of trade and communication developed amongst communication developed amongst the Anasazi and with distant North the Anasazi and with distant North American tribesAmerican tribes
Some later Anasazi groups built majestic Some later Anasazi groups built majestic cliff dwellings. This photo shows the largest cliff dwellings. This photo shows the largest of these structures, the Cliff Palace, at Mesa of these structures, the Cliff Palace, at Mesa
Verde National Park. Strictly speaking, it Verde National Park. Strictly speaking, it was not a palace, but rather a village.was not a palace, but rather a village.
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The Mississippian PeriodThe Mississippian Period "Mississippian Period" refers to "Mississippian Period" refers to
cultures that existed in cultures that existed in midwestern and southeastern midwestern and southeastern United States between 700 and United States between 700 and 1600 CE1600 CE
Developed in the Mississippi and Developed in the Mississippi and Tennessee river valleys, where Tennessee river valleys, where periodic flooding could replenish periodic flooding could replenish the soil with nutrients the soil with nutrients
Mississippian cultures were not Mississippian cultures were not unified nation-states, but rather a unified nation-states, but rather a collection of distinct groups and collection of distinct groups and villages that shared some villages that shared some common identifying common identifying characteristicscharacteristics
Socially stratified and organized Socially stratified and organized as chiefdomsas chiefdoms
Many built large earthen mounds Many built large earthen mounds for ceremonial and burial for ceremonial and burial purposespurposes
Mississippian villages cultivated Mississippian villages cultivated corn, beans, and squashcorn, beans, and squash
Monk's Mound is the largest earth Monk's Mound is the largest earth mound in the Americas and Cahokia's mound in the Americas and Cahokia's
central monument.central monument.
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The Aztecs The Aztecs "Aztec" refers to Tenocha tribe of the "Aztec" refers to Tenocha tribe of the
Mexica, who lived in the Valley of Mexica, who lived in the Valley of Mexico in the 15Mexico in the 15thth & 16th centuries & 16th centuries
The vast city of Tenochtitlan was The vast city of Tenochtitlan was founded in 1325, when the wandering founded in 1325, when the wandering descendents of the Aztecs came upon descendents of the Aztecs came upon a eagle perched on a cactus eating a a eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake on an island in the middle of snake on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, the fulfillment of an Lake Texcoco, the fulfillment of an ancient prophecyancient prophecy
The metropolis of Tenochtitlan was built The metropolis of Tenochtitlan was built on marshes and islands, which gave it on marshes and islands, which gave it an appearance not unlike Venicean appearance not unlike Venice
Its size and sophistication rivaled its Its size and sophistication rivaled its European contemporariesEuropean contemporaries
The highly stratified and organized The highly stratified and organized social structure efficiently administered social structure efficiently administered a powerful and flourishing empire, a powerful and flourishing empire, which sustained itself through warfare which sustained itself through warfare intended to secure tribute and victims intended to secure tribute and victims for sacrifice to the godsfor sacrifice to the gods
The first page of the Mendoza Codex, produced by The first page of the Mendoza Codex, produced by Mexica artists in the 1540's. This illustration, one Mexica artists in the 1540's. This illustration, one
of the few examples of pre-colonial Mexica of the few examples of pre-colonial Mexica manuscripts to survive the destruction of temples manuscripts to survive the destruction of temples by the invading Spanish, depicts the founding of by the invading Spanish, depicts the founding of
Tenochtitlan in 1325 and celebrates the prowess of Tenochtitlan in 1325 and celebrates the prowess of its leader, Tenochtli, and that of other lords and its leader, Tenochtli, and that of other lords and
warriors. warriors.
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The Iroquois Confederacy The Iroquois Confederacy The Iroquois of present-day Ontario and The Iroquois of present-day Ontario and
New York State settled along waterways New York State settled along waterways where cultivation could support their where cultivation could support their dense populationsdense populations
Lived in longhouses occupied by Lived in longhouses occupied by extended, matrilineal families, surrounded extended, matrilineal families, surrounded by imposing wooden palisades to defend by imposing wooden palisades to defend against invaders against invaders
They called themselves the They called themselves the Haudenosaunee, "people of the long Haudenosaunee, "people of the long house" house"
In the late 16In the late 16thth century, the five nations of century, the five nations of the Iroquois allied to form the Iroquois the Iroquois allied to form the Iroquois ConfederacyConfederacy
The Mohawks, Senecas, Onondagas, The Mohawks, Senecas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Cayugas, and later the Oneidas, Cayugas, and later the Tuscaroras, allied as sovereign nations Tuscaroras, allied as sovereign nations under a common constitution known as the under a common constitution known as the Great Binding LawGreat Binding Law
Some historians theorize that the framers of Some historians theorize that the framers of the United States Constitution were inspired the United States Constitution were inspired by the ingenuity of the Iroquois system, by the ingenuity of the Iroquois system, though this point is controversialthough this point is controversial
The Iroquois Confederacy was one of the The Iroquois Confederacy was one of the most formidable powers in the region most formidable powers in the region before and during the colonial periodbefore and during the colonial period
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Slide 1: http://sscl.berkeley.edu/~anth122/wenatclvs.JPG Slide 2: Slide 2: http://http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~mmap/images/Slides/beringia.jpgwww.ic.arizona.edu/~mmap/images/Slides/beringia.jpg Slide 3: Slide 3: http://sscl.berkeley.edu/~anth122/wenatclvs.JPG Slide 4: Slide 4: http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/anth7_archaic.htmlhttp://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/anth7_archaic.html
http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/newpermanent/archaeology/exhibition/arhttp://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/newpermanent/archaeology/exhibition/archaic.htmlchaic.html
Slide 5: Slide 5: http://www.photo.net/philg/digiphotos/200311-mexico-city/teotihuacan.quarthttp://www.photo.net/philg/digiphotos/200311-mexico-city/teotihuacan.quarter.jpger.jpg
Slide 6: Slide 6: http://http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CIVAMRCA/MAYAS.HTMwww.wsu.edu/~dee/CIVAMRCA/MAYAS.HTM Slide 7: Slide 7: http://www.nps.gov/history/worldheritage/images/Mesa%20Verde%20-http://www.nps.gov/history/worldheritage/images/Mesa%20Verde%20-
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