Early Americans

Beringia land bridge: possible migration route

Glaciers

Thick sheets of ice

Bering Strait

Bering evolution

Native AmericansDescendents of the first people to reach America

Artifacts- tools, baskets, weapons- objects made by people

Archaeology- (2)study of evidence left by early people

Study artifacts, technology, and carbon dating

Culture- way of life that people develop (homes, arts, gov) pass from generation to generation

Great Serpent Mound in Ohio

Cahokia MoundsState Historic Site,Illinois

Pueblo Bonito in New Mexico

Pueblo Indians

Hohokams(3) Farming society, S. Arizona

Dug large irrigation systems- bring water to dry landAnasazi

Also farming- irrigationAdobe- walls of stone and sun dried brickPueblos- villages- hundreds of familiesCliff Dwellings- protect from warlike neighbors

Built along cliffs- toeholds to climbOn top crops

Abandoned- drought- long dry spell

Anasazi cliff dwellers

Cliff dwellers

People of North America

Culture area- region where people share same way of lifeTribe- group of villages, share common customs, rituals, language10 major culture areas- Arctic, Subarctic, Great Basin, Plateau, California, Great Plains, Southeast, Eastern Woodlands, Northwest Coast, Middle America

Eskimo (Inuit- people of the Arctic) Igloo- houses of snow & ice- seal oil heat

Subarctic- moved due to limited resources- fur traders

Northwest Coast- dentalia shells= money

Permanent villages- potlatch big dinner demonstrate how much you have = power gave everyone presents

Great Basin- dry climate, little water- moved a lot

Plateau- fresh rivers

California- many dif climates resources

Southwest

pueblos- Spanish name for people of the SW- made up of sev groups- descendents of Anasazi--- kiva- underground religious chamberKachinas- masked spirit dancers (see back board) rain dance- fam line traced through moms- women politically strongApaches & Navajo- sometimes raided pueblos for foodNavajos- Hogans- homes made of mud plaster over wooden polesApaches- moved around following herds

Great Plains

homes- sod & thickly matted grass

Travois- sled pulled by dogs to carry their goods

Village ruling class by best hunters

1700’s change- caught and tamed wild horses (brought from Spain 200 years ago)

Less farming more hunting- could travel far- built tepees- cone shaped tents made of buffalo hides

Southeast

home to more NA than any other regionMen & women different roles-

religious ceremonies linked to farmingNatchez- 13 month calendar named

for food or animal grown or huntedReligious beliefs- worshipped sun- leader “The Great Sun” worshipped as a god- family=Little Suns >nobles>honored people>Stinkards (majority)Marriage- helped change class Nobles had to marry Stinkards (why?)

People of the Eastern Woodland

Iroquois (NY most powerful)Built long houses- wood poles with bark 150 ft long x 20 ft wideWomen- owned all household property (like Pueblos) marry live w/ wife family- chose clan leaders=political powerClan- group of 2 or more related familiesIroquois- 5 nations= Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Cayuga, OnandagaHiawatha- formed league to end fightingLeague of the Iroquois- governing allianceSachem- chose tribal leaders- met once year vote discuss issuesAll nations must agree to do anythingStrong defensive alliance against enemies

Iroquoislonghouse

Iroquois people

Native Americans

Comprehension1.Native American Cultures adapted to their environment:

Great Plains- tepees & travois- winter travel after buffalo, summer fish or plant near water- horsesNavajo & Apache- hogans- hunters or raid Pueblos

2. Farming HuntingStay in one place nomad- wander after food3. Pueblo, Long House Tepee

Critical Thinking

Religion major role- worshiped according to harvest, hunting, etcEx. Natchez calendar, Kiva- rain dance for harvestIroquois League compared to today

United NationsUS Government

Founding fathers looked to Iroquois for advice while creating new nation