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MET 12 Global Warming: Lecture 12

Transportation

Shaun Tanner Outline:Outline: Energy use Petroleum Hybrid Electric Fuel Cell Biofuels

Figure 7.1 Worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, from various sources (Part 1)

Figure 7.1 Worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, from various sources (Part 2)

120x1018 cal/yr~54 kWh per person per day (7 billion people)

Figure 7.2 Past and predicted petroleum dependence

Figure 7.3 Energy usage

~250 kWh/p/day~250 kWh/p/day

~145 kWh/p/day~145 kWh/p/day

~54 kWh/p/day~54 kWh/p/day~47 kWh/p/day~47 kWh/p/day

Figure 7.4 Petroleum output (1015 calories day–1) from different regions

How important is transportation to How important is transportation to greenhouse gas emissions?greenhouse gas emissions?

Figure 7.5 Prices of fossil fuels in constant 2006 U.S. dollars per gigacalories (109) or megawatt-hours (106)

Figure 7.10 Greenhouse gas emissions in carbon equivalents (109 metric tons C per year) from different human activities

Figure 7.17 Roads, vehicles, and traffic in the United States

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TransportationTransportation

Transportation is large percentage of greenhouse gas emissions.

Most transportation uses petroleum. Transportation use has increased globally. Reducing transportation emissions is high

priority but challenging. At some point, oil demand will be larger than

supply (peak oil)

Cost of fuel can be used to alter Cost of fuel can be used to alter behaviorbehavior

Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006

Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006 (Part 1)

US: $2.50 / gallon US: $2.50 / gallon Iran: $.45 / gallon Iran: $.45 / gallon

Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006 (Part 2)

Australia: $3.70 / gallon Australia: $3.70 / gallon

Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006 (Part 3)

UK: $6.25 / gallon UK: $6.25 / gallon

Figure 7.20 Percentage of total state revenues that derives from taxes on fuels (Part 1)

Figure 7.20 Percentage of total state revenues that derives from taxes on fuels (Part 2)

National policies appear to shape National policies appear to shape fuel economy more than fuel economy more than

transportation technologytransportation technology

Figure 7.25 Fuel efficiency in the United States as a function of vehicle weight

Figure 7.27 Current (solid) and pending (dashed) governmental regulations on fuel efficiency standards for passenger vehicles

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ActivityActivity

Compare the cost of driving a car in the USA versus Denmark

Consider annual costs assuming a new car lasts 10 years.

The annual cost of operating a car in Denmark compared to the US is

1. About the same

2. About double the cost

3. About four times the cost

4. About half the cost

5. About a fourth of the cost

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Average car costs $20,000 or $2000 per year Insurance costs $500 per year Average # of miles is 10,000 per year

– USA: $4.00/gallon: – USA: 25 miles/gallon– USA: 400 gallons = $1600 per year– USA: Fees= (9% tax, $1300 purchase, $100 reg/yr): $400/yr– USA Total (per year): $4500 per year– Denmark: $5.93/gallon– Denmark: 45 miles/gallon– Denmark: 222 gallons=$1300 per year– Denmark: Fees= (25% tax, $21000 purchase, $600 reg/yr):

$3200/yr– Denmark Total (per year): $7000 per year

What is the most efficient form of What is the most efficient form of transportation?transportation?

Figure 7.28 Greenhouse gas emissions for various modes of transportation

Figure 7.30 Number of people in the United States who travel to work via different modes of transportation

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MitigationMitigation

Reduce transportation– Alternative methods (public transport, bike,

walk) Improve efficiency

– Lighter cars, less power, electric engines Use alternative energy

– Fuel cell– Biofuels

Hydrogen Fuel CellHydrogen Fuel Cell

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Figure 7.36 Current sources of hydrogen and uses of hydrogen

BiofuelsBiofuels

Figure 7.47 Locations of processing facilities for bioethanol in the United States

Figure 7.55 Net greenhouse gas emissions for ethanol

Use more energy than gasUse more energy than gas Use less energy than gasUse less energy than gas

Electric CarsElectric Cars

What is the least energy efficient way to get to Los Angeles from SF?

1. Bicycle

2. Auto – Sedan (single passenger)

3. Auto – Sedan (multiple passengers)

4. Airplane

What emits the least amount of CO2 per mile

1. Bicycle

2. Electric auto

3. Depends on the type of electricity

4. Depends on the type of food one eats to power the bicycle

5. 3 and 4 are correct.