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:

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.

[L2]

[m2]

[mm2

] [km2

]

[mm2]= 10-6 [m2] [km2] = 106 [m2]

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d

(d

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C

1d

A

y y A

A

C

1d

A

z z A

A

C CC ,y z

dA

A A

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, ,

:

n

C Ci i

i 1

1y y AA

n

C Ci i

i 1

1z z AA

i - -

- - i Ci CiC ,y z

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C1 {y1, z1}; C2 {y2, z2}; C3 {y3, z3};; Cn {yn, zn}

3z

y

C

C1C3

C2C4

2 4

1

C5

Cn

1

1

2 3 4 5 .....n

i

i

nA A A A AA AAA

A dA

[L2] [m2]

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z

y

A

ZC

C

yCb

h

=f(y)

2

bhA

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O yC

C

1

dA

y y AA

dA

z

y

A

b

hyb

h

z

hd

dy

Cd

y

a dA

- dy -

d

hh z y h

b

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:

dCd

2hzCd d

2yy y

:

dd d dh

A h y y h yb

:

dA

z

y

A

b

hyb

hz

hd

dy

Cd

y

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C Cd

0 0

1 1 dd d

2

b bh y

y y A y h y yA A b

C

0 0

22 3

0 0

1 1d d

2 2d

3 2

b b

bb

hy y A y h y y

A A b

h h hyy hy y y

bh b bh b2 2 2

3

2

2 2

3 2 3 2

2

6 3

h hb b h hb

bbh b bh

b h b

bh

C

3

by

2

bhA

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d

C0 0

1 1

d d2

b bh

z z A AA A

C

3hz

:

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yC

r

z

y

A

C

z

y

A

r

dA

Cd

rC

d

C

2sin

3y r

21 1

d d d2 2A r r r

, r

C

0

1d

a

y y AA

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:

.

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y

A

S zdA

z

A

S ydA

[L3] [m3]

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:

c

A

c

A

z A zdAy A ydA

c z c yz A Sy A S

cc

yz S

zyA A

S

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Sy= Sz= Su= Sv= 0

() :

0

0

0

0

c

c

c

c

z

y

v

u

cc

c uc y

z v

z

y A S u A

v S

S

A AS

C y

zv

u

O

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3z

y

C

C1C3

C2C4

2 4

1

C5

Cn

1 2 3

1 2 31 2

1

3

...

...

n

n i

A A A A

C C n i CC

i

C

z

n

ydA ydA ydA ydA

A

S

A yy A y A y A y

1 2 3 11 2 3

1 2 3

1

...

...

n

iC C C

n

i C

iz

n

i

C

C

i

n

n

AA y A y A y A y

A A A

yS

yA

A

A

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3z

y

C

C1C3

C2C4

2 4

1

C5

Cn

1 2 3

1 2 31 2

1

3

...

...

n

n i

A A A A

C C n i CC

i

C

y

n

zdA zdA zdA zdA

A

S

A zz A z A z A z

1 2 3 11 2 3

1 2 3

1

...

...

n

iC C C

n

i Cy i

n

i

C

C

i

n

n

AA z A z A z A z

A A A

zS

zA

A

A

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, , .

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y

y

y

0yS 0yS 0yS

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0 0z

z c

SS y

A0

y

y c

SS z

A

, .

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y

S1>0

S2

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zC

dAdA

y-y

0z levo desno

S S S

( )

lA

z levo yS dA ( )

l

z desn

A

o yS dA

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zC

yC

C

0y zS S

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.