]] earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó }}...6]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }} 1/ e,f (3) e,f 2/ twå ESifh tewå 3/ txnfcE¨m ESifh oabmcE¨m 4/ NrJaomedpö ESifh rNrJaomtedpö 5/ raem'Gg&

1

]] earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó }}

bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm? rdb? q&mwdkYtm; þ"r®pmpkjzifh

&dkaopGm uefawmhyg\/

]] jrwfAk'̈\0dyóem}}

a'gufwmpdk;vGif (rEÅav;)

2

jrwf jrwf jrwf jrwf jrwfAk'¨\0dy0dy0dy0dy0dyóemoifwef;

]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}

0dyóemtvkyfonf r*¾if (8)yg; tvkyf

w&m;yifjzpfygonf/

1/ or®m'd|d - rSefpGmjrifjcif;(right view)

2/ or®mouFyÜ- rSefpGmMuHjcif;(right thought)

3/ or®m0gpm - rSefpGmajymjcif;(right speech)

4/ or®mur®E Å- rSefpGmvkyfjcif;(right action)

5/ or®mtmZD0- rSefpGmtoufarG;jcif;

(right livelihood)

6/ or®m0g,mr- rSefpGmtm;xkwfjcif;

(right effort)

7/ or®mowd - rSefpGmatmufarhjcif;

(right mindfulness)

8/ or®morm"d - rSefpGmwnfMunfjcif;

(right concentration)

3

]] or®mouFyÜ }} ]] or®mouFyÜ }} ]] or®mouFyÜ }} ]] or®mouFyÜ }} ]] or®mouFyÜ }}

or®mouFyÜ\ t"dyÜg,frSm rSefpGmMuHjcif;

(right thought) jzpfonf/ rSefpGmMuHrS rSefpGmodjrif

jcif;qdkaom or®m'd|d (right understanding)

jzpfayrnf/ or®m'd|djzpf&eftwGuf or®mouFyÜvkyf

&rnf/ or®mouFyÜ rSefpGmMuHEdkif&ef MuHyHk? MuHenf;udk

oif,lMu&jcif;jzpfonf/ twåjzifhawmh MuHwwf

ygonf/ avmb? a'go? arm[jzifhawmh MuHwwf

ygonf/ tewåjzifhawmh rMuHwwfMuyg/

tavmb- pGefYjcif; (wPSm? Oyg'gef)

ta'go - Nidrf;at;jcif; (udavom)

tarm[ - ynmjzifh odjrifjcif; (or®m'd|d)

wPSm? Oyg'gefpGefYzdkY? udavomjidrf;apzdkY?

ynmjzifhMuHpnfzdk YawmhrvkyfwwfMuyg/ ,if;wdk Y

twGuf rSefpGmMuHpnfwwfatmif oif,l&jcif;

jzpfygonf/

]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}

'ku©opömudkodjcif;? ork',opömudk y,f

jcif;? eda&m"udk opömqdkufjcif;? r*¾opömudk yGm;jcif;

onf opömav;yg;ESihfhpyfí tvkyfw&m; (4)rsdK;

4

jzpfygonf/ ,if; od? y,f? qkduf? yGm;onf avmuD

opömESih f avmukwå&mopöm[lí (2)yd kif;&S d\/

avmuDopömudk oif,lESvHk;oGif;Ed kifaomfvnf;

avmukwå&mopömudk udk,fwdkif rsufarSmufjyKrSom

odjrifEdkifayrnf/

tajccH avmuDopöm (4)yg;

1/ &kyfemrf 'ku©opömudk ydkif;jcm;odjcif;

2/ t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef ork',opömudky,fjcif;

3/ um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHcsKyf&m eda&m"opömudk

qdkufjcif;

4/ or®m'd|dqdkaom 0dyóemr*¾if (5)yg;udkyGm;jcif;

0dyóemqdkonfrSm ynmr*¾ifESifh orm"d

r*¾if ESpfrsdK;aygif;jzpfaom r*¾if (5)yg;udk oDvr*¾if

(3)yg; wpfaygif;wnf;yg0ifaom r*¾if(8)yg;

jynfhpHkatmif yGm;rsm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ trsm;tm;

jzifh a,m*DwdkYonf r*¾if(5)yg;udk b,fvdkyGm;rsm;

tm;xkwf&rnfudk ar;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/

trSefrSm r*¾if (5)yg;udk jynfhpHkatmif rdrd

udk,fwdkifyif jyKvkyf&avonf/ orm"dr*¾ifudk

trsm;tm; jzi f hv ky fwwf Muygonf/ 0i fav

5

xGufav? azgif;ydef?

6

]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}

1/ e,f (3) e,f

2/ twå ESifh tewå

3/ txnfcE¨m ESifh oabmcE¨m

4/ NrJaomedpö ESifh rNrJaomtedpö

5/ raem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kH (tm&Hk\oabm)

6/ t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef tzHk;

7/ y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESifh taMumif;tusdK;

8/ cE¨m (2)rsdK; ESifh opömav;yg;

9/ a&SUpdwf? aemufpdwf? r*fpdwf

10/ t&IcHtm&Hk jzpfysuf? t&IÓPfr*f

txufyg tcsufwdkYudk or®mouFyÜ rSefpGm

MuHpnfoHk;oyf ESvHk;oGif;wwfygvQif udk,fydkifÓPf

jzifh (olrsm;ajymod? pmzwfod? qifjcifod r[kwfyJ)

rdrdudk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifvQif or®m'd|djzpf

ay:NyD; r*¾if(5)yg;jzifh 0dyóem½IyGm;Edkifayrnf/

]] plVaomwmyef }}]] plVaomwmyef }}]] plVaomwmyef }}]] plVaomwmyef }}]] plVaomwmyef }}

plVaomwmyefonf aomwmyefyk*¾dKvfod

&rnfh tajccHoabmw&m;wkdUudk odxm;aom

yk*¾dKvf jzpfonf/ aomwmyefonf 'd|dESifh0dpdudpäm

7

tjrpf jywfcsKyfjidrf;onf/ emr&lyy&dapä'ÓPf

ac: emrf&kyfudk yd kif;jcm;odaomÓPfonf 'd|d

t,lrSm;udk y,f&efjzpfjyD; ypö,y&d*¾ÓPfac:

taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfaom ÓPf

onf 0dpdudpämudk y,f&eftwGufjzpfonf/ ,if;wkdU

udk pmod? BuHpnfodr[kwfyJ udk,fydkifoddjzpfygu

plVaomwmyef[k ac:xdkufayonf/ bk&m;&Sif\

"r®a'oemawmfrsm;onf t&d,opömudkxdk;xGif;

odjrifEdkifatmif oGefoifqHk;r a[mMum;xm;awmf

rlaom ynm&yfrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ xdkynm&yf wkdUudk

pepfwpfus av;av;pm;pm; avhvmoif,l

tm;xkwfoihfygonf/

]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }} ]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }} ]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }} ]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }} ]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }}

(1) or®Kwde,f - (oDv)

ig olwpfyg;? a,mufsm; rdef;r? yk*d¾Kvf

owå0g &dS\/ taumif; tqdk;&dS\? taMumif; tusdK;

&dS\/ eddpö? okc? twå? okb t,lrSm; &dSMu\/

(2) y&rwfe,f - (orm"d)

&kyfemrfESpfyg;? cËmig;yg;&Sd\/ yk*d¾Kvfowå0g

8

r&dS/ &kyfemrf taMumif;tusdK;om&dS\/ tedddpö? 'ku©?

tew?å tokb t,lrSef&dS\/

(3) opöme,f - (ynm)

avmuDopöm (2)yg;jzpfaom 'ku©opömESifh

ork',opöm? avmukwå&mopöm (2)yg;jzpfaom

eda&m"opömESifh r*¾opömqdkaomopöm(4)yg;&dS\/

0dyóemonf opöm(4)yg;udk odjrif&ef?

rsufarSmufjyK&eftwGuf tm;xkwf&jcif;jzpfonf/

xdkaMumifh or®Kwdde,frS y&rwfe,fodYk ul;&onf/

&kyfemrfy&rwfa&mufrS opöm0ifum ork',

y,fjcif;? 'ku©csKyfjcif;? eda&m"qdkufjcif;wdkYudk r*¾if

&Spfyg; yGm;rsm;jcif;jzifh aqmif&Guf&jcif;jzpfonf/

opöme,fwGif udpö(4)yg; aqmif&GufjyD;pD;

ygu or®Kwde,fwGif ork',r&dSyJ 'ku©jidrf;um

eda&m"tjrifjzifh avmuaumif;usdK;wdkYudk xuf

0ef;usif pifMu,faom um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH

wdkYjzifh aqmif&GufaexdkifEdkifavonf/

9

]] jrwfAk'¨\0dyóem }}

0dyóemtajccHtydkif;ESifh 0dyóemyGm;jcif;

tydkif;wdk Yyg0ifonf/ 0dyóemtajccHtydkif;wGif

emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfESi f h ypö,y&d* ¾[ÓPfwd k Y

yg0ifí owd 0D&d, orm"dwdkYudk xlaxmif&onf/

ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf

e,f (3)e,f ESifh taMumif;tusdK;

1/ or®Kwd taMumif;tusdK;

2/ y&rwf taMumif;tusdK;

3/ opöm taMumif;tusdK;

or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;

1/ tusdK;w&m;tay:rSm rdrdtvdktwdkif; tpdk;&

onf[k,l\/

2/ taMumif;w&m;aMumifh tusdK;w&m;jzpfay:

jcif;udkvufcH\/

3/ odkYaomf taMumif;aumif;ojzifh tusdK;aumif;

onf[kqdkNyD; taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;

w&m;tay:rSmwdkuf&dkuf tpdk;&ae\/

4/ taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusdK;w&m; qufET,frIudk

10

wdkuf&dkuf qufET,fjcif; (connection) oabm

tm;jzifh ,ljcif;jzpfonf/

Oyrma&udk rD;jzifhtylay;ygu rD;ylaom

aMumifh a&yl&onf[k wdkuf&dkuftaMumif;tusdK;

qufET,frI (connection) oabmrsdK;,lvQif

or®Kwde,frS twåtjrifjzpf\/ rD;onf a&ylrI

tay:wGif wdkuf&dkuf tpdk;&aejcif;jzpfonf/

y&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrify&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrify&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrify&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrify&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrif

1/ tusdK;w&m;onf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm

jzpfay:\/

2/ rdrdonf taMumif;w&m;ESifhom oufqdkif\/

3/ taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;tay:rSm

tpdk;r&/

4/ taMumif;w&m;wdkY jynfhpHknDnGwfonfESifh

tusdK;w&m;onf olYoabmolaqmifjyD;

(topftopf) jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/

taMumif;w&m;ESifhtusdK; w&m; qufEG,frIudk

tajctaeay;jcif;? aus;Zl;jyKjcif; (condition)

oabmtm;jzifh,ljcif; jzpfonf/

tewåtjrifwGif rD;wGif&d Saom tyl

11

awaZm"mwfonf jzpfonfhae&mrSmyifcsKyf\/

ae&majymif;a&GUjcif; (vHk;0)r&dSyg/ a&yljcif;onf

a&wGif&d Saom at;onfhawaZm"mwfrsm; csKyf

aysmufjyD; ylonfhawaZm"mwfrsm; olYoabm

olaqmifum (topftopf) jzpfay:aejcif;aMumifh

jzpfonf/ odkYaomf rD;qdkaom taMumif;w&m;\

aus;Zl;jyKrIESifhum; ruif;Edkifacs/ rD;onf a&ylrI

tay:wGif wdkuf&dkufqufET,frI (connection)

oabmrsdK; (tpdk;&jcif;) r[kwfyJ tajctaeay;rI

(condition) taejzifhom (aus;Zl;jyKjcif;)oabm

rsdK; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&yljcif;udpöwGif rD;onf

tyl"mwftaMumif;w&m;wdkY vHkavmufjynfhpHkrIjzifh

aus;Zl;jyKjcif;oabmomjzpfonf/ a&yljcif; (tusdK;

w&m;)onfolYoabmolaqmifum(topftopf)

jzpfay:aeaomobm0wpfckomjzpfygonf/

aemufOyrmwpfrsdK;rSm avwdkufíopf&Guf

vIyfjcif;jzpfonf/ or®Kwde,fwGif avwdkufjcif; onf

taMumif;w&m;jzpfí opf&GufvIyf jcif;onf

tusdK;w&m;jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif avwdkufjcif;

(taMumif;) w&m;onf opf&GufvIyfjcif; (tusdK;)

12

w&m; tay:wGif tpdk;&aeonf/ y&rwfe,fwGif

avwGifyg0ifaom 0ga,m"mwfonf avrSmyif

csKyfaysmuf\/ odk Yaomf opf&GufvIyfjcif;onf

opf&GufwGifyg0ifaom rlvwnfNidrf0ga,m csKyf

aysmufí vIyf&Smtopfjzpfay:vmaomaMumifh

olYoabmolaqmifum vIyf&Sm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

xdkodkY vIyf&Sm;0ga,m topfjzpfay:vm jcif;onf

avwd ku f jci f ;q d kaom taMumi f ;w&m; \

aus;Zl;jyKrIESifhum;uif;í rjzpfay:Edkifacs/ xdkaMumifh

taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m; tay:wGif

wdkuf&dkufqufET,frI (connection) oabmrsdK;jzifh

(tpdk;&jcif;) r&dSaomfvnf; tajc taeay;rI

(condition) oabmrsdK; jzifhomaus;Zl; jyKjyD;

tus d K ;w&m;onf ol Yoabmolaqmi fum

(topftopf)jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfonf/

xYdktwl za,mif;wdkifrD;ul;rIwGifvnf;

yxrza,mif;wdkifrS rD;onf 'kwd,za,mif;wdkifudk

tajctaeay;rI (condition)taejzifhom aus;Zl;

jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,za,mif;wdkifü rD;awmuf

rIonf 'kwd,za,mif;wdkif&d S awaZm"mwfu

13

oYloabmolaqmifum rD;awmuftopf jzpfay:

vmjcif; jzpfonf/ rD;ul;ajymif;jcif;rsdK; vHk;0r&dSyg/

tcef;wpfckwGif tarSmifudkz,fvdkygu

tarSmifudk wdkuf&dkufz,fír&yg/ tvif;qdkaom

taMumif;w&m;udkom tm;xkwf&\/ rdrdonf

taMumif;w&m;ESifhomoufqdkifí tusdK;w&m;

onf taMumif;w&m;wdkYjynfhpHkygu oYloabmol

aqmifum jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;tjrif

onf taMumif;tusdK;udk tewåtjrifjzifh ydkif;jcm;

odjrifjyD; ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf\ tajccHoabm w&m;

(concept) wpfckudk &&dSjcif;jzpfayonf/

]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}

'ku©udk or®Kwde,frS olodigod &yfuGufod

taejzifh qif;&Jjcif;udk 'ku©[k em;vnfMuygonf/

Oyrm wJjzifhae&jcif;onf'ku©? acgif;udkufjcif;onf

'ku©? Adkufemjcif;onf 'ku©? aumif;aumif;rpm;

&jcif;onf 'ku©ponfjzifh odMuygonf/ bk&m;&Sif

qkdvdkaom'ku©rSm xdkuJhodkY r[kwfyg/ ork',&dSygu

'ku©&dSygonf/ ork', r&dSygu 'ku© r&dSyg/ 'ku©udk

ork',&dS r&dS tay:wGif rlwnfí "r®pMumw&m;

14

awmfwGi f a[mMum;awmfr lc J hygonf/ Oyrm

wdkufjzifhae&jcif;onf csrf;om\? wJjzifhae&jcif;

onf qif;&J\[k trsm;odygonf/ or®Kwde,f

taejzif hvnf; rSefygonf/ or®Kwdopömvnf;

xd kufygonf/ od k Yaomfopöme,fr S Munf hvQi f

wdkufjzifhae&aomfvnf; wdkuftay:wGif ork',

&d Sygu 'ku©&d Sygonf/ wJjzif hae&aomfvnf;

wJtay:wGif ork',r&dSygu 'ku©r&dSyg/ xdkYaMumifh

opöme,fwGif ork',&dSrS 'ku©&d S jcif;jzpfonf/

ork',r&dSygu 'ku©r&dSyg/ ork',udk r*¾jzifh y,fí

ork', (taMumif;)csKyfjcif;aMumifh 'ku© (tusdK;)

csKy f jcif;onf eda&m"jzpfygonf/ xd k YaMumif h

opöme,fwGif ork',ESifh'ku©? r*¾ESifh eda&m"wdkY onf

taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh qufET,faeMu avonf/

xd kod k Y od jri fygu cE¨y#dp öorky Ü g' f

aMumif; tusdK;udkvnf; tewåÓPftjrifjzif h

em;vnf odjrifatmif ESvHk;oGif; tm;xkwf&ayrnf/

15

]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}} ]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}} ]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}} ]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}} ]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}}

rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf

( taMumif; ) ( tusdK; )

taMumif;tusdK;udk tewåtjrifjzifh ESvHk;

oGif;wwfvQif taMumif;w&m;jzpfaom rsufpd

ESifhtqif;wdkufqdkifrIonf rdrd\ apwemESifh ouf

qdkifaomfvnf; tudsK;w&m;jzpfaom jrifpdwfonf

rdrdESifh (vHk;0) roufqdkifyJ taMumif;w&m;wdkY

jynfhpH knDnGwfrIaMumifh oYloabm olaqmifjyD;

(topf)jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;w&m;

wdk YwGif eD;aomtaMumif;(ypö,)ESif h a0;aom

taMumif; (a[wk)[líESpfrsdK;&dS\/ jrifrIwGif rsufpd

ESifhtqif; wdkufqdkifrIonf eD;aomtaMumif;jzpfí

twdwfrSuHonf a0;aomtaMumif;jzpfonf/

odkYaomf twdwfrSuHonf ydkít"duusygonf/

OyrmuHukefíaoqHk;jyD;aomolud k rsufpdESif h

tqif;wdkufqdkifay;aomfvnf; jrifpdwfrjzpfay:

Edkifawmhyg/ xdk YaMumifh jrifrIwGif tusdK;w&m;

jrifpdwfjzpfay:jcif;onf twdwfuHqdkaom a[wk

taMumif;w&m;onfom y"meusygonf/

16

]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}} ]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}} ]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}} ]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}} ]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}}

rdbESpfyg;wGif om;orD;rsm;arG;zGm;jcif;udk

taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh tewå&IaxmifhrSvnf;

odjrifEdkifygonf/ rdbESpfyg; awGYqHkaygif;zuf rIonf

eD;aomtaMumif;w&m;jzpfí twdwfrSuH onf

a0;aom taMumif;w&m;jzpfonf/ eD;aom

taMumif;w&m;&dSaomfvnf; twdwfrSa0;aom

taMumif; (uH)r&dSygu om;orD; r&Edkifyg/

xdkYaMumifh arG;zGm;vmaom om;orD;onf

ol\uHtaMumif;w&m;twdki f; ol Yoabmol

aqmifíjzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m;rQomjzpf

avonf/ þuJhodk Y taMumif;tusdK;udk tewå

ÓPfjzifh rodjrifEdkifaomaMumifh twåtjrifjzifh

ighom;? ighorD;taejzif h pG JpG Jvrf;vrf;jzpfay:

aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ þodkYjzifh or®Kwde,f jzpfaom

om;orD;wdkYudk ry,f&aomfvnf; ork', (ac:)

wPSm Oyg'gef (attachment)udk y,f&ayrnf/

rdbwdkYonf a&avmif; aygif;oif ajrMoZmauR;

jcif;qdkaom taMumif;w&m;wdkYjzifhom oufqdkifí

tusdK;onf oYloabmolaqmifjzpfay:ayrnf/

17

]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}

txnfcE¨m (structural body) -

,if;onf acgif; udk,f ajcvufjzpfonfh

q&m0efwd k Yodaom cE¨mud k,fMuD; jzpfygonf/

,if;cE¨mudk odjrifygu a&m*gaysmufygonf/

(,if;cE¨mwGif t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gefyg\)

oabmcE¨m (functional body) -

,if;onf bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;awmfrlaom

&kyfemrfcE¨mjzpfygonf/ ,if;cE¨mudkodjrifygu

udavom aysmufygonf/ (,if;cE¨monf t0dZÆm?

wPSm? Oyg'gef uif;\/)

(txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m) (txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m) (txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m) (txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m) (txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m)

1/ rsufpd - jrifonfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m

(pu©m,we)

2/ em; - Mum;onfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m

(aomwm,we)

3/ ESm - eHonfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m

(Cmem,we)

4/ vQm - pm;onfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m

(Zd0Sm,we)

18

5/ udk,f - xdonfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m

(um,m,we)

6/ raem - awG;onfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m

(rem,we)

rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f? raemonf

or®Kwde,fjzpfí tjrJ&dSaom edpötjrifjzihf rdpäm'd|d

t,lrSm;&dS\/ taMumif;wdkufqdkifrS jzpfay:aom

emrf&kyfonf y&rwfe,fjzpfí rNrJaom tedpötjrif

jzifh or®m'd|d t,lrSef (right view) jzpfavonf/

]]&kyf\oabm}} ]]&kyf\oabm}} ]]&kyf\oabm}} ]]&kyf\oabm}} ]]&kyf\oabm}}

rsufpdESifhqufqHaom&kyfonf tqif;

(&lyg&kH)? em;ESifhqufqHaom &kyfonf toH (o'́g&kH)?

ESmacgif;ESifhqufqHaom &kyfonf teHY (*Ëm&Hk)? vQm

ESifhqufqHaom &kyfonf t&om (&om&Hk)? udk,fESifh

qufqHaom &kyfonf txd (azg|AÁm&Hk)? raemESifh

qufqHaom &kyfonf oabm ("r®m&Hk)jzpfygonf/

y&rwf&kyf\oabmonf tajymvG,f

oavmuf todrvG,fyg/ Oyrm &THUcJwpfckudk

acG;yHkvkyfygu acG;jzpf\? ,if;acG;&kyfudk &THUcJjyef

vkyfí EGm;yHkvkyfygu EGm;jzpfjyef\? ,if;EGm;&kyfudk

19

&THUcJjyefvkyfí vlyHkvkyfygu vljzpfjyef\? tppf

trSefwGif acG; EGm; vlwdkYonf wu,fr&dSyg? &THUom

&dSygonf/ xdkYtwl armifjzL armifeD armifrJ[k ac:

oHMum;ygu yk*¾dKvf? owå0g[k t,lrSm;Muygonf/

trSefrSm t&dSw&m;jzpfaom(toH)\ zGJYpnf;yHkajymif;

aejcif;om jzpfygonf/ &THUudk yHkoP²mef trsdK;rsdK;

ajymif;aejcif;ESifhwlygonf/ wu,fh t&dSw&m;rSm

toHqdkaom &kyfy&rwfw&m;om jzpfygonf/

]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}

ESmacgif;vdkYajymoHMum;ygu rdrdrsufESm&dS

txnfj'yf ESmacgif;&kyfudkom odMuygonf/ trSef

rSm em;ESifhqufqHaom&kyfonf toH&kyf (o'´g&kH)

omjzpfonf/ ESmacgif;udk rsufpdjzif h jrif&ygu

tqif;&kyf (&lyg&Hk)omjzpfonf/ ESmacgif;udk vuf

jzif hxdygu txd&ky f (azg|AÁm&H k ) jzpfonf/

ESmacgif;ud k pdwfjzih fawG;xifygu oabm&kyf

("r®m&Hk) jzpfonf/ xdkodkY tm&Hkjzpfaom oabm&kyfudk

odjrifygu ESmacgif;qdkaom ynwftxnfcE¨m

(structural body)ESifh tm&Hkqdkaom y&rwf

oabmcE¨m (functional body)wdkYudk ydkif;jcm;

20

odjrifEdkifayrnf/ xdktcg 'd|d (t,lrSm;)wdkYjzifh

jyif;pGm pGJvrf;rIrS pwifvGwfajrmufEdkifayrnf/

]]emrfoabm}}]]emrfoabm}}]]emrfoabm}}]]emrfoabm}}]]emrfoabm}}

emrfonf nTwfwwfaomoabm&dSonf/

emrfcE¨m (4)yg;&dSonf/

1/0dnmPu©E¨m - tm&Hkudk odaomoabm

2/a0'emu©E¨m - tm&Hkudk cHpm;aomoabm

3/onmu©E¨m - tm&Hkudk rSwfom;aomoabm

4/ocFg&u©E¨m - tm&Hkudk aphaqmfaomoabm

Oyrm ESmacgif;vdkY ajymoHMum;ygu rdrdwGif

onmomay:ygonf/ arG;vmpOftcgu ESmacgif;

[k rodyg/ olrsm;ajymoHMum; (o'´g&kH)udk onmjzifh

rSwfom;xm;jcif;omjzpfonf/ odk Yaomf onm

(emrf)ay:onf[k rodMuyJ igodonf igrSwfonf

[k ,lqMuygonf/ onm(emrf)udk (ig)[k 'd|djzifh

t,lrSm;jcif;jzpfonf/ odk Yaomf onm(emrf)\

y&rwfonf tm&Hkudk rSwfom;wwfaom (oabm)

rQ(Mud,m)oufoufomjzpfygonf/ xdkYtwl a0'em?

ocF g&? 0 dnmPfwd k Yonfvnf; igolr[kw? f

Bud,moabmrQomjzpfMuavonf/

21

]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}

(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)

(raem'Gg&) (raem'Gg&) (raem'Gg&) (raem'Gg&) (raem'Gg&) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH)

pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf)

r*¾if(5)yg;r*¾if(5)yg;r*¾if(5)yg;r*¾if(5)yg;r*¾if(5)yg; emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m) emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m) emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m) emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m) emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m)

pu©K'Gg&ESif h½lyg½kH? aomw'Gg&ESif ho'´g

½kH? Cme'Gg&ESifh *E¨m½kH? Zd0Sm'Gg&ESifh &om½kH? um,

'Gg&ESifh azmXAÁm½kHqdkaom 'Gg& (5)ckESifh tm½kH (5)ckudk

todrsm;Muaomfvnf; raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k Hud k

todenf;Muygonf/ odkYaomf 0dyóem&IrIyGm;wGif

raem'Gg&ESifh "r®m½kHonf t"duusygonf/

rsufpdonf jyify orkwde,fwGif&Sdaom

yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬KESifh wdkufqdkifaomtcg

rsufpdwGif tqif;yHk&dyf(image)om ay:ygonf/

22

y&rwfe,fonf rsufpdrSponf[k qdkEdkifygonf/

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf rsufpdonf tqif; ta&mif

(colour)ESi f hom qufqHygonf/ y k* ¾ d Kv f ?

owå0gtaejzifh rsufpdxJ0ifí r&yg/ rsufpdwGif

tqif;yHk&dyfay:onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf raem'Gg&wGif

vnf; yHk&dyff(image)ay:ygonf/ ,if;onf "r®ed

,mrjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf raem'Gg&wGif yHk&dyfay:

aomfvnf; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rodEdkifao;acs/ ,if;

yHk&dyfonf "r®m½kHtjzpfay:NyD; raemrS qifjcifum

yHkoP²meftrnfwdkYjzifh ynwfjyKí xifxif&Sm;&Sm;

odcGifh&jcif; jzpfygonf/

xdkYaMumifh rsufpdrSjrifjcif; (seeing)

jzpfí raemuodjcif; (recognising)jzpfygonf/

xdkodkY rsufpdrSjrifí raemuodrIjzpfpOfudk em;vnf

oabmaygufygu em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,fwdkYjzifh

odrIjzpfpOfwdkYonfvnf; wpfoabmwnf;twlwl

yifjzpfavonf/ em;uMum;íraemuod\? ESm

acgif;ueHí raemuod\? vQmupm;í raemu

od\? udk,fuxdíraemuod\/ odkYaomf tawG;

odrIjzpfpOfwGif raemonf jyifyrS tm&HkwdkYudk r,l

23

awmhyJ yH kwGif jyxm;onfhtwd ki f; raemonf

"r®m&Hktjzpfay:aom tm&HkudkomqifjcifNyD; odcGifh

&jcif; jzpfavonf/ Oyrm rsufpdrdSwfNyD; a&Twd*Hk

apwDawmfBuD;udk qifjcifygu "r®m&Hktjzpf tm&Hk

ay:í raem0dnmPf(pdwf)uod&jcif; jzpfygonf/

rsufpdrS jrifpdwfonf jrifaomfvnf; uGJuGJ

jym;jym; rodEdkifacs/ ,if;onf tm½kHudk vufcH&m

Xme (Receptor)oabmrsdK;omjzpf\/ trSef

wu,fod&jcif;rSm raemwGif qifjcifpdwfjzpfay:NyD;

trnfESif hyH koP²mefwdk Yud k ynwfwifíodaom

pdwfaMumifhjzpfonf/ rsufpdonf ½lyg½k HESif hom

qufqH\/ em;onf o'´g½kH? ESmacgif;onf *E¨m½kH?

vQmonf &om&Hk? udk,fonf azg|AÁm&Hkponfjzifh

olY'Gg&ESif holYtm&Hktvdkuf ypöKyÜefwnfhwnfhESif h

qufqHMuaomfvnf; raem'Gg&onf tm½kHtm;vHk;

ESif hqufqHygonf/ odk Yaomf awG;rIjzpfpOfwGif

"r®m½kHjzifhomqufqHí twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜef

tm½kHtm;vHk;udk odcGifh&jcif;jzpfavonf/

xdkYaMumifh vufawGUwGif raemü qifjcif

pdwfjzpfrSom od&jcif;jzpfonf/ raem'Gg&rSm

24

jzpfaompdwfonf tm½k Hud kom od&avonf/

xdkaMumifh tm½kHESifhpdwfom&Sd\/ þodkYqdkvQif jyify

orkwde,frSm yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬K&dSNyD; rsufpd

ujrifí raemuod&onfrSm y&rwfe,frS tm½kH

oabmudkom pdwfuodcGifh&jcif; jzpfavonf/

odkYaomf tm½kHudktm½kH[k trSefrodEdkifyg/ yk*¾dKvf?

owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬K[k t,lrSm; txifrSm;\/ xdkodkY

jzpf&jcif;rSm raemü Oyg'gef&d SaeaomaMumif h

jzpfygonf/

odrIjzpfpOfwGif jrifpdwfonf t&dSw&m;

tqif;tm½kH(ta&mif)udkom odoifhygaomfvnf;

raemü Oyg'gef&dSaeaomaMumifh tm&Hkoabmudk

tcdkiftrm tESpfom&jyKí yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf?

0w¬Ktaejzif h raemuodjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm

&kyf&Sifydwfum;? wDADGzefom;jyifwdk YwGif tqif;

ta&mif(colour)wdkYomay:ygonf/ raemwGif

Oyg'gef&dSaomaMumifh ,if;tqif;yHk&dyfwdkYudk "r®&Hk wGif

yk*¾ dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Ktjzpf trSefwu,f

tppfxifNyD; txifrSm; t,lrSm;jcif;jzpfavonf/

ykxkZOfwdkY\odrIjzpfpOfwGif raem'Gg&ü

25

pdwfESifh Oyg'gefjzpfay:\/ Oyg'gef[kqdkaomfvnf;

rlvw&m;ESpfyg;jzpfaom (t0dZÆmESif hwPSm)wdk Y

yg0ifNyD;jzpf\/ ,if;w&m;ESpfyg;onf t"du

MudK;udkifjzpf\/ t0dZÆm-trSefrodrI? wPSm-ESpfouf

rI? Oyg'gef-pGJvrf;rIwdk Y\tpGrf;aMumifh tm&Hk\

oabmudk tcdkiftrm tESpfom&jyKí yk*¾ dKvf?

owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Ktjzpf txifrSm;NyD; odjrifoGm;jcif;

jzpfavonf/

(raem'Gg&) ("r®m½kH)

pdwf+Oyg'gef (ork',opöm) yk*¾dKvf owå0g (ynwf)

0dyóemÓPf (r*¾ifig;yg;) emrf&kyf ('ku©opöm)

r*fÓPf (r*¾opöm) edAÁmef (eda&m"opöm)

w&m;ESvHk;oGif; yGm;rsm;aomtcg 0dyó

emÓPfonf raem'Gg&rSm jzpf\/ xdktcg raem

'Gg&wGif wpfcsdefü ESpfpdwfNydKif rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh

t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef (ork',opöm)jzpfcGifh r&

awmhacs/ r*¾ifw&m;yGm;rsm;aomaMumifh "r®m½kHrSm

yk*¾dKvf? owå0g (ynwf) tjrifrsm; csKyfaysmufNyD;

(y&rwf)&kyfemrfay:\/ xdkemrf&kyftay:wGif

26

tedpö? 'ku©? tewåvu©Pm0ifNyD; 'ku©opöm jzpfaom

&kyfemrfqif;&JtrSefudk eda&m"opöm qdkufatmif

ESvHk;oGif; ½IyGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/

]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h ]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h ]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h ]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h ]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h "r®m"r®m"r®m"r®m"r®m&H k }}&H k }}&H k }}&H k }}&H k }}

a&Twd*HkapwDawmfMuD;onf &efukefNrdKU

od*kFwå&ukef;awmfay:rSm tNrJwnfaeygonf/ rdrdwdkY

ESvHk;oGif; qifjcifvdkufaomtcg "r®m½kH tjzpf

tm&Hkay:ygonf/ ESvHk;roGif;awmhonfESifh xdktm½kH

r& S dawmhyg/ r dr dwd k Yod&onfrSm tcd ki ftrm?

tESpfom&r&Sdaom tm½kHoabmom jzpfygonf/

xdkenf;wl 0ifavxGufavonf ESmoD;zsm;

rSmtNrJ&Sdygonf/ w&m;½IrSwfaomtcg 0ifav

xGufavudk qifjcifí ESvHk;oGif;vdkufonfESihf rdrd

rsufESm&Sd ESmacgif;ESifhavudkomod&onf[k xifMu

ygonf/ odkYaomf rdrdwu,fod&onfrSm 0ifav

xGufav(tm½kH)udk "r®m½kHtjzpf od&jcif;jzpfonf/

ESmacgif;rSm 0ifavxGufavonf tNrJ&Sdaeaomf

vnf; rqifjciforQ tm½kHtaejzihf ray:aom

aMumifh rod&jcif;jzpfonf/ rdrdod&aom 0ifav

xGufavonf (tm½kH)0ifavxGufavom jzpfyg

27

onf/ þuJhodkY tm&Hk\oabmudk cGJjcm; odjrifygu

0dyóemtm;xkwf&mwGif rsm;pGm taxmuftul

jyKayrnf/ (w&m; pwif tm;xkwfolwdk Yonf

yOöm&k H(y&rwf)ud k wd kuf&d kuf tm&H krjyKEd ki fyg/

ynwfrvGwfao;aom "r®m&HkrSmyif t0dZÆm?wPSm?

Oyg'gefrS &kef;uefae&aomtcsdef jzpfygonf/)

]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}

avmuwGif obm0w&m;wdkYonfolYo

abm olaqmifjyD; taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh wnf&dS

aejcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm - opfyif? awm? awmif?

a&? ajr? av? rD;ponfwdk Yonf or®Kwde,frS

obm0wdkY jzpfMuonf/ y&rwftaejzifh yx0D?

tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m"mwfMuD;av;yg;wdk Y\

tpktaygif; oabmw&m;rsm;om jzpfMuygonf/

odkYaomf odrIkjzpfpOfwGif xdkobm0wdkYudk

udk,f (um,'Gg&)jzifh wdkuf&dkufqufqHEdkifaomf

vnf; wu,fodrIonf raemrSmjzpfay:aom

pdwfuom od&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh raemrS

od&aompdwfonf trnfynwfjyKxm;aom rmaysmh

(yx0 D) ? ,d kp D ; z G J Upnf ; (tmayg) ? y lat;

28

(awaZm)? axmufuef wGef;wdk; (0ga,m) ponf

wdk Yudkom od&aomaMumifh "mwfMuD;av;yg;udk

"r®m&HkwGif (obm0vu©Pm)taejzifhom odcGifh

&aejcif; jzp fonf/ od k Yaomf y&rwftm&H k\

oabmrSm rmjcif;onf tcdkiftrm tESpfom&

tm;jzifh wu,frmonfr[kwf? rmonhftjcif;

t&mrQomjzpfaom tm&Hkoabmudkom ÓPfjzifh

od&jcif;jzpfonff/ ylrIonfvnf; tcd kiftrm

tESpfom&tm;jzifh wu,fylonfr[kwf? ylonfh

tjcif;t&m vu©Pmjzpfonf h tm&H koabm

oufoufudkom odcGifh&jcif;jzpfavonf/

Oyrm rSefMunfhonfESifhwl\/ rSefonf

(jyify)obm0wdkYESifh wdkuf&dkufqufqH&aomfvnf;

rSefwGif yHk&dyfomay:ygonf/ rSefudk Munfhaomtcg

yHk&dyfudkom od&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrif? Mum;? eH?

pm;? xd? awG;wGif rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,fonf

tm&Hkudk wdkuf&dkuf qufqHEdkifaomfvnf; raemrS

pdwfonf rSefrSmyH k&dyfxifouJhod k Y tcd kiftrm

tESpfom&jzifh pGJ,lr&Edkifaom yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf?

0w¬Kr[kwfonfh tm&Hkoabmoufoufudkom

29

odjriffEdkifavonf/

]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h

tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}

"mwfMuD;av;yg;onf OwkaMumifhtjrJ

azmufjyefajymif;vJaeaom obm0w&m;rsm;

jzpfMuonf/ xdkajymif;vJaeaomobm0wdkYudk rdrd

tvdktwdkif; tpd k;r&yg?? ol Yoabmolaqmif

aejcif;omjzpfygonf/ xd kaMumif h obm0\

tewåvu©Pmonf tpd k;r&jcif;? ol Yoabm

olaqmifjcif;wdkYudk em;vnfvufcHMuygonf/

rdrdwdkYodcGifh&aom "mwfMuD;av;yg; (xdrI)

wdkYonf um,'Gg& (udk,f)rSm taMumif;wdkufqdkif

rSom jzpfay:aom um,0dnmPfjzifh od&aom

azg|AÁm&Hk (txdtm&Hk)omjzpfavonf/ taMumif;

uif;onfESif h xdktm&H kud kodaom 0dnmPfcsKyf

aysmuf\/ xdkuJ hod k Y taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzif h

jzpfay:csKyfaysmufaejcif;onfvnf; olYoabm

olaqmifae jcif;jzpfygonf/ odk Yaomf um,

0dnmPfjzif h od&aomtm&H kwGi f tcd ki ftrm

30

tESpfom& r&d S jcif; (tom&ua|etewåm)

oabmonf tvGefxif&Sm;aom vu©Pm jzpfyg

onf/ w&m;tm;xkwfolwdkYwGif obm0"mwfMuD;

av;yg;wGif tpdk;r&jcif;? oYloabmolaqmifjcif;

vu©Pmrsm;udk odjrifEdkifMuaomfvnf; tcdkiftrm

tESpftom;tm;jzifh (j'yfynwf)usef&dSaewwf

ygonf/ taygif;tpkoabm (orl[Ce) NydK&ef

vdkaewwfygonf/

xdkaMumifh 0dyóemwGif tm&Hk\ tcdkif

trm tESpfom& trmcH r&dSjcif; (tom&ua|e

tewåm)qd kaom tewåvu©Pmoabmud k

xdk;xGif; odjrifEdkifrSom 'd|djzifh tm&HkwdkYudk yk*¾dKvf?

owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬KjyKí tcdkiftrmtm;jzifh vnf;

aumif;? tESpfom&tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; t,lrSm;

('d|d)ESifh jyif;pGm pGJvrf;jcif; (Oyg'gef)rS vGwfajrmuf

Edkifayrnf/ (cE¨m\ obm0onf oabmw&m;

oufoufom jzpfygonf/)

31

]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }} ]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }} ]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }} ]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }} ]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }}

t0dZÆm

ocFg&

0dnmPf

emrf&kyf

oVm,we

zó

a0'em

wPSm

Oyg'gef

ur®b0

Zmwd

Z&mr&P

y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh

ydkif;jcm;vQif t0dZÆm? ocFg&onf twdwftaMumif;

jzpfí 0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we? zó? a0'em

onf ypöKyÜeftusdK;jzpfonf/ wpfzef wPSm?

Oyg'gef? ur®b0onf ypöKyÜeftaMumif;jzpfjyefí

Zmwd? Z&m r&Ponf tem*wftusdK; jzpfjyef

twdwftaMumif;

ypöKyÜeftaMumif;

ypöKyÜeftusdK;

tem*wftusdK; ('ku¨opöm)

32

ygonf/ þokd U taMumif;wpfvSnh f ? tusd K;

wpfvSnhf jzpfay:aejcif;jzifh taMumif;tusdK;

b0oHo&monf rqHk;Ekdifawmhacs/

taMumif;w&m;onf ork',opömxkduf

í tusd K;w&m;onf 'ku©opömxk dufygonf/

,cktcg jrifvkduf? Mum;vdkufonfESihf ypöKyÜef tusdK;

w&m; (cE¨mig;yg;) jzpfavonf/ ,if;onf 'ku©

opömjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh jrifaomtcg jzpfay:aom

cE¨mig;yg;udk a,musfm;? rdef;rtaejzifh todrSm;rI

t0dZÆmaMumif h wG,fwmrI (wPSm)? pG Jvrf;rI

(Oyg'gef) jzpfay:\/ pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefaMumifh rdrd

tvdktwdkif; um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHwdk Y jzif h

tm;xkwfrI (ocFg&)jyKvkyfaomtcg ukodkvf?

tukod kvf (uH)wd k Y jzpfay:avonf/ xk dtcg

aemufb0 aemufcE¨mudk jzpfapaomtaMumif;

ork',opömxdkufavonf/

xkdUaMumifh b0qdkonfrSm jrif? Mum;? eH?

pm;? xd? awG;wkdUwGif y#dpöorkyÜg'f tusdK;w&m;

(cËmig;yg;)udk t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef tpGrf; aMumifh

y k* d ¾ Kv f owå0gt,l jzi f h r dr dtvd ktwd ki f ;

33

tm;xkwfrI(ocFg&)jyKum ukodkvftukodkvfuH

taMumif;w&m;rsm;jzpfay:aeovdk opömtm;jzifh

vnf; tusdK; 'ku©opömESifh taMumif; ork',

opömwdkUom jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfygonf/

þodkU y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk odjrifem;vnfygu

0dyóem\ tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfaom &kyfemrf?

taMumif;tusdK;udk tewåÓPfjzif h odjrifNyD;

'ku©opöm (cE¨mig;yg;)u od&rnfhtusdK; w&m;?

ork',opöm (t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef)u y,f&rnfh

taMumif;w&m;[lí ydkif;jcm;odjrif Edkifayrnf/

xkdtcg ork',opömudk r*¾opömjzifh

y,fí ork', r&dSaomaMumifh 'ku©kjidrf;jcif;onf

taMumif;csKyfojzifh tusdK;csKyfaom eda&m" opöm

qdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ þodkY y#dpöorkyÜg'f udk

em;vnfodjrifjcif;jzifh or®Kwde,frS y&rwfe,f

odkYa&mufum opöm0ifonftxd ESvHk;oGif; yGm;rsm;

tm;xkwfEdkifayrnf/

34

]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}

y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemwGif ypöKyÜeftusdK;

w&m; (5)yg;onf &kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&?

0dnmPfwdkYjzpf\/

ypöyÜKyeftaMumif;w&m; (5)yg;onf

t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef? ocFg&? uHwdkY jzpfygonf/

0#foHk;yg;udk opömav;yg;ESifh,SOfí odoifhayonf/

(1) tusKd;w&m; (emrf&kyf) 0dygu0#f

- 'ku©opömudk ydkif;jcm;odjcif;

(2) taMumif;w&m; (t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef)

udavo0#f

- ork',opömudk y,fjcif;

(3) taMumif;w&m;udky,fNyD; tusKd;w&m;

tay:rSm vu©©PmoHk;yg;wifí

r*¾opöm yGm;jcif;

(4) taMumif;w&m; ur®0#f (uH)csKyfjcif;

aMumifh tem*wftusdK;w&m; (0dygu0#f)

csKyfjcif;onf eda&m"opöm qdkufjcif;jzpf\/

35

0dyóemyGm;jcif;tydkif;

]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}

(a&SUpdwf) (aemufpdwf) (r*fpdwf)

0dnmPf t0dZÆm or®m'd|d

emrf&kyf wPSm or®mouFyÜ

oVm,we Oyg'gef or®m0g,mr

zó ocFg& or®mowd

a0'em uH or®morm"d

(tusdK;) (taMumif;) (r*¾ifig;yg;)

ykxkZOfwdkYwGif jrif ?Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;

wdkYü a&SUpdwfESifh aemufpdwfrsm; qufwdkufjzpfay:

Muonf/ a&SUpdwfonf rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f

wdkYrSm jzpfay:í aemufpdwfonf raemrSm jzpfay:

onf/ Oyrm jrifpdwfonf tm&HkudkvufcHonfh

oabmomjzpfí raemrS aemufpdwfuodjcif;jzpf

ygonf/ rsufpdujrifjcif;(seeing)jzpfí raemu

odjcif; (recognizing)jzpfonf/ pmzwfjcif;wGif

pmudk rsufpdujrifaomfvnf; raemrS aemufpdwfu

36

pmudk zwfjcif;? odjcif;? trSwfjyKjcif;jzpfonf/

Mum;rIwGifvnf; em;wGifjzpfaom Mum;pdwfonf

toHudk vufcHonfhoabmom (hearing)jzpfí

raemrS aemufpdwfwdkYuom vloH? acG;oH? iSufoH

ponfjzifh cGJjcm;odjcif; (recognizing)jzpfonf/

pm;rIwGif vQmonf t&omudkomod\/ csdKonf?

cg;onfponfjzif h trnfemrwd k Y jzif h raemrS

aemufpdwfu ynwfjyKjcif;jzpfonf/

Oyrm (dog) ]]a'gh}}[k Mum;ygu em;wGiff

toH ]]a'gh}}udkom Mum;ygonf/ raemuacG;[k

odjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd?

awG;wdk YwGif a&SUpdwfjzpfay:NyD; aemufpdwfwdk Y

vdkufum tenf;qHk; raemuHtodtxd jzpfay:

avonf/ xdktcg y#dpöorkyÜg'ftqHk; (uH)txd

a&mufavonf/ xdkYaMumifh Mum;pdwfjzpfNyD; raemu

owd jzi f h r* ¾i ftodvd ku fE d ki fy gu Mum;&i f

Mum;w,frSwfonf toHoabmoufoufudkom

t&IÓPfjziffh yk*¾dKvfowå0gt,ljzpfonfh avmu

ynwfod vGwfatmif ESvHk;oGif;jcif; jzpfavonf/

a&SUpdwfjzpfNyD; raemu r*fpdwfvdkufvdkygu

37

jrif ?Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif a&SUpdwftay:

Oyg'gefuyfonfudk OD;pGm jrifatmifMunfhoifh

ayonf/ jrifjcif;onf a&SUpdwfjzpfí Oyg'gef

uyfjcif;onf aemufpdwfjzpfavonf/ jrifrItay:

wGif Oyg'gefuyfonfudk owdjyKrdygu owdjyK

rdaomtcsdefwGif xd kOyg'gefcsKyf\/ owdESif h

Oyg'gefonf wpfcsdefü ESpfck wpfNydKifeuf rjzpfEdkifyg/

xd ktcg Oyg'gef jzpfysuf? odjcif;ur*fjzpf Ny D;

owdjzifhr*¾iftodvdkufEdkifavonf/

xd k jyif Oyg'geypö,mba0gqd kojzif h

Oyg'gefaMumifh rdrdtvdktwdkif; um,uH? 0pDuH?

raemuHwdkYjzihf tm;xkwfum ukodkvftukodkvfuH

qdkaom b0rsm; jzpfay:&\/ xdkaMumifh jrif? Mum;?

eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif Oyg'gefuyf? ruyfudk owd

0D&d,xm;íMunfh&ayrnf/ owdjzifhOyg'gefudk

jrifatmifMunfhEd kifjcif; (focus) vkyfEd kifygu

Oyg'gefuyfrSef; odvdkufonfESifh Oyg'gef jzpfysuf

odrIur*fjzpfí Oyg'gefudk w'*Fy,fEdkifNyD; w'*F

0dyóemr*fpdwf 0ifEdkifavonf/

Oyrm-tpm;taomufrSmvQif udk,fBudKuf

38

&m? udk,fOyg'gefuyf&mudkom rSmpm;Muojzifh

Oyg'gefaMumifh 0pDuHajrmuf\/ owdy|mef&dSygu

&om&Hkay:wGif uyfaeaomOyg'gefudk ÓPfjzifh

jrifEdkifayrnf/ xdkYtwl jrifrI? Mum;rI? eHrI? pm;rI? xdrI?

awG;rIponfwdkYwGifvnf; rdrdOyg'gefuyf&m udkom

MudKufpGJ? rMudKufpGJjzifh ajymMu? vkyfMu? MuHMujcif;

jzpfygonf/ &kyf&SifBudKufolu &kyf&Sif taMumif;?

abmvHk;yGJBudkufolu abmvHk;yGJ taMumif;? rdrdwdkY

Oyg'ge fuy f&mud kom a jym Mu? vky f Mu?

awG;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/

Oyg'gefonf ork',jzpfí Oyg'gefudk

odaomÓPfonf r*¾jzpfygonf/ raemwGif

wpfcsdefü ESpfpdwfjydKif rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh raem

wGif r*¾if0ifvdkufygu ork',(Oyg'gef) w'*F

csKyf\/ ork',jzpfysuf odrIonf r*fjzpf\/

Oyg'gefudk Oyg'gef[lí owdjzifhtodvdkufjcif; onf

r* ¾i fx d ku f Ny D ; w'* F0 dyóemjzp fygonf/

t&IÓPfonf r*¾i fig;yg; jzp fí t&Ic Honf

ork',opöm jzpfavonf/

39

]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}

(a&SYpdwf) (aemufpdwf) (r*fpdwf)

0dnmPf t0dZÆm or®m'd|d

emrf&kyf wPSm or®mouFyÜ

oVm,we Oyg'gef or®m0g,mr

zó ocFg& or®mowd

a0'em uH or®morm"d

('ku©opöm) (ork',opöm) (r*¾ifig;yg;)

a&Shpdwfudk aemufpdwf r*¾ifjzifh&Ijcif;onf

0dyóemjzpfygonf/ pdwåmEkyóem[kac:onf/

a&S hpdwfonf "r®m&H ktaejzif ht&IcHw&m;jzpfí

aemufpdwfonf raemwGif t&IÓPfw&m; jzpfay:

onf/ xdkaMumifh jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif

taMumif;wdkufqdkifí jzpfay:vmaompdwfwdkY onf

"r®m&HkwGif t&IcHtm&Hktjzpf &dSaeMuygonf/ vmyg?

&Iyg[k ac:aeouJhodkYjzpfygonf/

Oyrm jrifpdwfwdkYtay:wGif Oyg'gefuyf

ygu Oyg'gefyg0ifaompdwfudk raemu t&IÓPf

r*¾ifjzif h &IyGm;&\/ xdktcg Oyg'gefjzpfysuf?

40

odaomt&IÓPfu r*fjzpf\/ Oyg'gefruyf

ygu jrifpdwfonf "r®m&HkwGif t&IcHtm&Hkjzpfí

raemwGif t&IÓPf0ifEdkifNyD; jrifpdwf jzpfysuf?

raemu r*fjzifh 0dyóem&IyGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/

jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wGif taMumif;

wdkufqdkifí jzpfay:vmaom cE¨mig;yg;? &kyfemrf

ESpfyg;onf t&IcH 'ku©opömw&m;rsm;om jzpfMu

ygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh 'ku©opömudk a&S;OD;pGm

rjrifEdkifacs/ avmuobm0rSm 'ku©udk ork',u

zHk;uG,fxm;\/ xdkaMumifh ork',opömjzpfonfh

Oyg'gefuyfaompdwfudk OD;pGmjrifatmif Munfhoifh

ayonf/ ork',opömudk OD;pGm&IyGm;jcif;jzifh r*¾if

w&m;rsm; tm;aumif;vmonfhenf;wl ork',

rsm;vnf; enf;yg;vmavonf/ xdktcg raemwGif

ork',opömae&mü t&IÓPf r*¾if0ifum &kyfemrf

'ku©opömudk odjrif &IyGm;Edkifavonf/

xdkaMumifh 0dyóempwif tm;xkwfolwdkY

onf ork',opömudk t&IcHtaejzifh OD;pGm&IyGm;

oif hygonf/ ork',opöm (t0dZÆm? wPSm?

Oyg'gef)tzHk;udk zGifhEdkifrSvnf; 'ku©opömudk awGYEdkif

41

ygonf/ xdktcg 'ku©opöm &kyfemrf y&rwfwdkYudk

qHk;atmif csKyfatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMu&\/

&kyfemrfcsKyf&monf edAÁmefjzpf\/ edAÁmefudk rsuf

arSmufjyKEdkifrSom ork',udk tMuGif;r&dS tjyD;

y,fEdkifavonf/ orkapä'y[mef[k ac:onf/

0dyóemvrf;qHk; jzpfavonf/

]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}

jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wGif a&SYpdwf

jzpfay:jyD; owdjzifhr*fpdwf0ifEd kifvQif wPSm?

Oyg'gef? uH csKyf\/ "r®pMumw&m;awmfwGif

e da&m"opömonf wPSmcs Ky f&m jzp fonf/

xdk YaMumif h rsufpdwGif jrifpdwfjzpfNyD; raemu

r*fpdwf0ifEdkifvQif udavomMum;rcdkygu wPSm

csKyfaomaMumifh avmuDeda&m"opömqdkuf\/

xdkodkY ESvHk;oGif;EdkifygvQif 0dyóemÓPf

jzifh r*¾opömESifh eda&m"opömudk odjrifEdkifayonf/

xdkaMumifh jrifpdwf? Mum;pdwfponfwdkYudk udav

omMum;rcdkbJ uyfí&IEdkifygvQif r*fpdwfcPü

w'*Feda&m" qdkufavonf/ ,if;r*fukodkvfonf

0#frS&kef;xGufEdkifaom edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; 0d0#³

42

ukodkvfvnf; jzpfonf/ tu,fí jrifpdwfjzpfjyD;

raemupdwfonf MunfndK o'¨gpdwfjzpfygu

ukodkvfuHajrmufNyD; ewf&Gmok*wd a&mufaMumif;

jzpfavonf/ odk Yaomf jrifpdwfjzpfjyD; raemu

pdwfonf a'gopdwfjzpfygu tukodkvfuHajrmuf jyD;

tyg,f'k*¾wdyd k Yavonf/ xdk YaMumif h edAÁmefud k

r*fpdwfuydk Y\? ewfjynfudk ukodkvfpdwfuydk Y\/

tyg,fudk tukodkvfpdwfuomydkYjcif;jzpfavonf/

]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}

bk&m;&Sifonf udk,fomemí pdwfremap

ESifh[k cE¨oH,kwf eukvydwkokwfü a[mMum;

awmfrlygonf/ ,if;\t"dyÜg,fudk t&Sifom&d

ykMwmrax&fonf þodkYa[mawmfrl\/ cE¨mig;yg;

jzpfaom &ky?f a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPfwdkY

tay:wGif Oyg'gefjzifh ig? igOpöm[lí twåtjzpf

pGJ,lvQif udk,femjcif;onf (um,du'ku©a0'em)

jzpfí pdwfemjcif;onf raemu apwodu

(a'greóa0'em)jzpfay:avonf/

rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,fwGif jzpfaom

cE¨mig;yg;tay:wGif ig[lívnf;aumif;? ighOpöm

43

[lívnf;aumif; twåtjzpf raemu r&Iygu

udk,femoljzpfaomfvnf; raemwGif r*¾if0ifvdkuf

ygu pdwfemol rjzpfawmhacs/ ud k,femjcif;

tay:wGif Oyg'gefuyfaomaMumifhom pdwfemjcif;

jzpf&onf/ xdkaMumif h udk,femjcif;tay:wGif

raemur*¾ifjzif h todvdkufNyD; owdESif h0D&d,

tm;aumif;aumif;xm;í 0dyóem&IEd kifygu

bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlouJhodkY udk,fomemí

pdwfremawmhacs/

]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }} ]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }} ]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }} ]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }} ]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }}

ukodkvfuHonf ok*wdbHkoYdkydkY\? tuk

odkvfuHonf 'k*¾wdbHkoYdk ydkY\/ odkYaomf bk&m;oGm;

csifaom raemuH (apwem)onf bk&m;odkY ydkY\?

w&m;yG JoGm;csifaom raemuH(apwem)onf

w&m;yG Jyd k Y\? bD,mqdkifoGm;csifaom raemuH

(apwem)onf bD,mqdkifydk Y\ponfjzifh ypöKyÜef

uHtaMumif;w&m;E Si f h uHy d k Y&ma&muf&aom

tusdK;w&m;udkrl yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? igvGwfatmif

0dyóemtaMumif;tusdK;ÓPfjzif h rjrifwwf

Muyg/ ]]igoGm;vdk Y iga&mufwm}}[lí rdrdtvdk

44

twdkif; jzpfw,fxifaom 'd|dt,lrSm; tjrif rSm;jzifh

awGa0aeMuavonf/

]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}

vltrsm;pkonf uHaumif;csifMuygonf/

odkYaomf uHaumif;jcif;onf tusdK;w&m;jzpfí rdrd

ESifhroufqdkifyg/ rdrdonf taMumif;w&m;ESifhom

oufqdkifaomaMumifh aumif;aom um,uH? 0pDuH?

raemuHwd k Yud kom vkyfaqmif&ayrnf/ ,if;

taMumif;w&m;aumif;wYdk jynfhpHk&ifhusufrIaMumifh

jzpfay:vmrnfh tusdK;w&m; uHaumif;jcif;wdkYudk

awmif hwp&m rvd kyg/ taMumif;w&m;wd k Yud k

jynfhpH katmif tm;xkwfygu tusdK;w&m;onf

olYoabmolaqmifum "r®ed,mrt& rvTJraoG

jzpfay:vmayrnf/

45

oH,kwåedum,f oVm,we0*¾ygVdawmf

e0yk&mP0*f

]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}

&[ef;wd k Y topf ta[mif;jzpfaom

uHwdkYudk 4if;? uH\csKyf&mudk4if;? uH\csKyf&modkY a&muf

aMumif; tusifhudk4if; a[maytHh/ xdkw&m;udk

emMuukefavmh? aumif;pGm ESvHk;oGif;Muukefavmh?

a[mMum;aytHh/

]] uHa[mif; }}]] uHa[mif; }}]] uHa[mif; }}]] uHa[mif; }}]] uHa[mif; }}

&[ef;wdk Y tb,fonf uHa[mif;rnf

oenf;/

&[ef;wdkY rsufpdonf uHa[mif;rnf\?

jyKjyiftyf\? pDrHtyf\? cHpm;rI\taMumif;[k

½I&rnf/ em;onf uHa[mif;rnf\/ ESmacgif;onf

uHa[mif;rnf\/ vQmonf uHa[mif;rnf\/

udk,fonf uHa[mif;rnf\/ pdwfonf uHa[mif;

rnf\? jyKjyiftyf\? pDrHtyf\? cHpm;rI\taMumif;

[k½I&rnf/ &[ef;wdkY þ(tvHk;pHk)udk uHa[mif;[k

qdktyf\/

46

]] uHopf }} ]] uHopf }} ]] uHopf }} ]] uHopf }} ]] uHopf }}

&[ef;wdkY tb,fonf uHopfrnfoenf;/

&[ef;wdk Y ,ck]ypöKyÜef} tcgü tMuif

(wpfpHk wpf&m)trIudk udk,fjzifh4if;? EIwfjzifh4if;?

pdwfjzifh4if; jyK\/ &[ef;wdkY udk,f EIwf pdwfjzifh

,ckjyKtyfaom þtrIudk uHopf[kqdktyf\/

]] uH\csKyf&m }}]] uH\csKyf&m }}]] uH\csKyf&m }}]] uH\csKyf&m }}]] uH\csKyf&m }}

&[ef;wdkYtb,fonfuH\csKyf&mrnfoenf;/

&[ef;wdk Y tMuifedAÁmefonf um,uH

0pDuH raemuH\csKyfjcif;aMumifh (udavomrS) vGwf

ajrmufrI t&[wåzd kvfod k Y tm½H k\tjzpf jzif h

a&muf\/ &[ef;wdkY þedAÁmefudk (uH\csKyf&m)[k

qdktyf\?

]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}

&[ef;wdk Y tb,fonf uH\csKyf&modkY

a&mufaMumif;tusifhrnfoenf;/

t*Fg&Spfyg;&Sdaom þt&d,mr*fyifwnf;/

rSefpGm jrifjcif;? rSefpGm MuHjcif;? rSefpGm qdkjcif;? rSefpGm

jyKjcif;? rSefpGm toufarG;jcif;? rSefpGm tm;xkwfjcif;?

rSefpGm atmufarhjcif;? rSefpGmwnfMunfjcif;wnf;/

47

&[ef;wdkY þr*fudk (uH\csKyf&m)odkY a&muf

aMumif;tusifh[k qdktyf\/ &[ef;wdkY þodkYvQif

igonf uHa[mif;udka[mtyfNyD? uHopfudk a[mtyf

NyD? uH\csKyf&mudk a[mtyfNyD?? uH\csKyf&m odkY

a&mufaMumif;tusifhudk a[mtyfNyD/ &[ef;wdk Y

wynfhom0uwdkY\ tpD;tyGm;udk vdkvm;aom

oem;wwfaom q&mjzpfaom igonf oem;jcif;

udkpGJí oifwdkYtwGuf jyKoifhonfudk jyKtyfNyD/

&[ef;wdkY þonfwdkYum; opfyif&if;wdkY

wnf;? þonfwdkYum; qdwfNidrf&mausmif;wdkYwnf;/

&[ef;wdkY (udavomudk)½IdUNr§dKufMuukefavmh? rarh

ravsmh hMuukefvifh? aemiftcg ESvHk;rom,m rjzpf

Muukefvifh? þonfvQif oifwdkYtwGuf ig\tqHk;

trwnf;[k jrwfpGmbk&m;onf rdefYawmfrl\/

(yd#uwf - jrefrmjyef)

a'gufwmpdk;vGif (rEÅav;)

48

]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}} ]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}} ]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}} ]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}} ]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}}

BudKufp&m[kxifvdkufonfESifh wyfrufrI

(tbdZÑm)onfjzp fy:\/ tbdZÑmonfumr

0dwufyifwnf;/ rBudKufp&m[kxifonfESifh ESvHk;

rom,mrI (a'greó)onf jzpfay:\/ ESvHk;rom

,mrIoufoufjzpfvQif 0d[d Hom0dwufjzpfí

ysufpD;&efMuHpDtm;xkwfvQifAsmyg'0dwufjzpf\/

,if;0dwufoHk;rsdK;vHk;yif rdpämouFyÜjzpf\/ rdpäm

ouFyÜ (3)rsdK;vHk;udk zsufqD;EdkifrS or®mouFyÜjzpfEdkif

rnf/ or®mouFyÜjzpfrS or®m'd|dudk taxmuf

tuljyKEdkifayrnf/

or®m'd|dr*¾ifonf ]Zmwdynm}[k ac:\/

or®mouFyÜr*¾ifudk ]ud&d,ynm}[k ac:\/ or®m

'd|dr*¾ifonf jrif&Hkomjrifwwf\/ Munfh&HkomMunfh

wwf\/ or®m'd|dr*¾ifjrifvmatmif or®mouFyÜ

r*¾ifu 0dyóemtm&Hkrsm;udk or®m'd|dr*¾if\a&SU

arSmufodkYa&mufatmif wifjyay;&\/ 0ef;usif

tm;vHk;udk jrifomxifom&dSatmif jyKvkyfay;&\/

þonfrSmor®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0efwnf;/

OD;a&Tatmif (csrf;omudk&SmazGjcif;rS)

49

"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;

1/ "r®vrf;udk avQmufMur,f

2/ rZösdrvrf;udk avQmufMur,f

3/ jrwfAk'̈\0dyóem

4/ yd#uwfrSwfpk

5/ "r®aumufEkwfcsufpmpkrsm;

6/ 0dyóem ]0vHk;wef;}

7/ 0dyóem tajccHESifh tvkyfay;w&m;

8/ tajccHÓPfESpfyg;ESifh tewåtjrif

9/ ouúm,'d|d odyHky,fyHk

10/ vufawGUavQmufvSrf;"r®vrf;

11/ tqefvrf;

12/ The Origin of Rebirth

13/ The Four Noble Truths and Anatta

Documents

]] earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó }}...6]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }} 1/ e,f (3) e,f 2/ twå ESifh tewå 3/ txnfcE¨m ESifh oabmcE¨m 4/ NrJaomedpö ESifh rNrJaomtedpö 5/ raem'Gg&