1

2

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oufOD;qHyd k fi fbk&ifrsm;ESif h ‚if;wd k @. wd ki f;Ed ki fi Hrsm; (bDpD 2500- at'D 1885)oufOD;qHyd k fi fbk&ifrsm;ESif h ‚if;wd k @. wd ki f;Ed ki fi Hrsm; (bDpD 2500- at'D 1885)oufOD;qHyd k fi fbk&ifrsm;ESif h ‚if;wd k @. wd ki f;Ed ki fi Hrsm; (bDpD 2500- at'D 1885)oufOD;qHyd k fi fbk&ifrsm;ESif h ‚if;wd k @. wd ki f;Ed ki fi Hrsm; (bDpD 2500- at'D 1885)oufOD;qHyd k fi fbk&ifrsm;ESif h ‚if;wd k @. wd ki f;Ed ki fi Hrsm; (bDpD 2500- at'D 1885)jrefrmhordkif;ordkif;qdkonfrSm'¾m&Drsm;xJrS ordkif; tpOftvmrsm;a&S;umvrsm;qDu vlwdk@b0a&S;bk&ifhwdkif;jynfrsm;

ud kvd ke De,fch s Jacwf (1885 - 1948)ud kvd ke De,fch s Jacwf (1885 - 1948)ud kvd ke De,fch s Jacwf (1885 - 1948)ud kvd ke De,fch s Jacwf (1885 - 1948)ud kvd ke De,fch s Jacwf (1885 - 1948)udkvdkeDe,fchsJpepft*Fvdyf - jrefrm ppfyGJrsm;udkvkdeDacwftkyfcsKyfa&;udkvdkeDe,fchsJpepf. jrefrmEdkifiHtay:±dkufcwfr_rsm;jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vlrsKd;uGJrsm; ydkrdkwdk;yGg;vmjcif;jynfyomoemjyK tzGJ@rsm;udkvdkeDqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifhocifv_yf&Sm;r_AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkvdkeDacwf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;

'kwd,urBmppf (1940 - 19 45)'kwd,urBmppf (1940 - 19 45)'kwd,urBmppf (1940 - 19 45)'kwd,urBmppf (1940 - 19 45)'kwd,urBmppf (1940 - 19 45)'kwd,urBmppf. a,bl,so±kyfo¿mef&JabmfoHk;usdyf*syefodrf;ydkufjcif;Armjynfvrf;r}uD;ESifh vD'dkvrf;rppfwGif;umv (BIA) ESifh vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;t=um;&dS jy\emrsm;

vGwfvyfa&; v_yf& Sm;r_ }udK;yrf;r _rsm; (1945 - 1948)vGwfvyfa&; v_yf& Sm;r_ }udK;yrf;r _rsm; (1945 - 1948)vGwfvyfa&; v_yf& Sm;r_ }udK;yrf;r _rsm; (1945 - 1948)vGwfvyfa&; v_yf& Sm;r_ }udK;yrf;r _rsm; (1945 - 1948)vGwfvyfa&; v_yf& Sm;r_ }udK;yrf;r _rsm; (1945 - 1948)zqyv tzGJ@csKyfESifh atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfyifvHkpmcsKyfvGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh !d‡@Ed_if;&mwGif +Adwdo#wdk@. tcef;u¾1947 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@ vkyf}uHcH&jcif;

34567

10111213141516181920

2122232425

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tce f ; (1)tce f ; (1)tce f ; (1)tce f ; (1)tce f ; (1)

tce f ; (2)tce f ; (2)tce f ; (2)tce f ; (2)tce f ; (2)

tce f ; (3)tce f ; (3)tce f ; (3)tce f ; (3)tce f ; (3)

tce f ; (4)tce f ; (4)tce f ; (4)tce f ; (4)tce f ; (4)

pmrsufE SmpmrsufE SmpmrsufE SmpmrsufE SmpmrsufE Sm

3

tcef;(1)tcef;(1)tcef;(1)tcef;(1)tcef;(1)

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oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. wdkif;EdkifiHrsm; (bDpD 2500 - at'D 1885)oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. wdkif;EdkifiHrsm; (bDpD 2500 - at'D 1885)oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. wdkif;EdkifiHrsm; (bDpD 2500 - at'D 1885)oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. wdkif;EdkifiHrsm; (bDpD 2500 - at'D 1885)oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. wdkif;EdkifiHrsm; (bDpD 2500 - at'D 1885)

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4

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5

'¾m&Drsm;xJrS ord kif;tpOftvmrsm;?'¾m&Drsm;xJrS ord kif;tpOftvmrsm;?'¾m&Drsm;xJrS ord kif;tpOftvmrsm;?'¾m&Drsm;xJrS ord kif;tpOftvmrsm;?'¾m&Drsm;xJrS ord kif;tpOftvmrsm;?

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xdkif;jrefrme,fpyf qd ki f;yk'fwckxd ki f; jrefrme,fpyf qd ki f;yk'fwckxd ki f; jrefrme,fpyf qd ki f;yk'fwckxd ki f; jrefrme,fpyf qd ki f;yk'fwckxd ki f; jrefrme,fpyf qd ki f;yk'fwck

bk&ifwyg;jzpfvmcJ hygonf? ‚if;xD;eef;pd kuf&m tqdkygt&yfudkvnf; “rdkif;arm0f”aejynfawmf[k ac:wGif apcJhonf? “arm0f” [kac:aom &Srf;bmompum;.t"dyg,frSm“acgif;udkufjcif;” jzpf+yD; tqdkyga'oY rdcifbk&ifr}uD;acgif;ukdufpOf iSuf}uD;rS okwfcsDoGm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf[kqdkxm;ygonf?

'¾m&Dwck.tqdkrSm u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@onf oJajrrsm; pD; qif;&mt&yf udk jzwfausmfI,ck jrefrmEdkifiH [kac:qd k&mt&yfod k @0ifa&mufcJhonf[k qdkygonf?tqdkyg ae&mopftm; u&ifb m o m j z i f h“aum fvm;”[k trnfay; cJh&m p dr f ;vef;aomwdkif;jynf[k t"dy`g,f&yg onf? tvGefvSyaomae&ma'ojzpfaoma=umif h “aumfol;av;”[k u&ifbmomjzifh ajymif;vJrSnfhac:cJh=u+yD; om,mvSyI jynfhpHkºuG,f0+yD; +idrf;csrf;aomwdkif;jynf[k t"dy`g,f&ygonf?

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b,fha=umif h ta&;ygoenf;?b,f ha=umif h ta&;ygoenf;?b,f ha=umif h ta&;ygoenf;?b,f ha=umif h ta&;ygoenf;?b,f ha=umif h ta&;ygoenf;?

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6

a&S;umvordkif;rS vlwdk@.b0a&S;umvordkif;rS vlwdk@.b0a&S;umvordkif;rS vlwdk@.b0a&S;umvordkif;rS vlwdk@.b0a&S;umvordkif;rS vlwdk@.b0

yk*H+rdK @ / r*FvmapwDawmf?yk*H+rdK @ / r*FvmapwDawmf?yk*H+rdK @ / r*FvmapwDawmf?yk*H+rdK @ / r*FvmapwDawmf?yk*H+rdK @ / r*FvmapwDawmf?13 &mpkwGifwnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhonf?13 &mpkwGifwnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhonf?13 &mpkwGifwnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhonf?13 &mpkwGifwnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhonf?13 &mpkwGifwnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhonf?

&efukef+rdK @&d S tpPvrfomoemAvDausmif;awmf&efukef+rdK @&d S tpPvrfomoemAvDausmif;awmf&efukef+rdK @&d S tpPvrfomoemAvDausmif;awmf&efukef+rdK @&d S tpPvrfomoemAvDausmif;awmf&efukef+rdK @&d S tpPvrfomoemAvDausmif;awmf

a&S;bk&ifhwdkif;jynfrsm;a&S;bk&ifhwdkif;jynfrsm;a&S;bk&ifhwdkif;jynfrsm;a&S;bk&ifhwdkif;jynfrsm;a&S;bk&ifhwdkif;jynfrsm;c&pfray:rDESpfaygif;wpfaxmiftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH

[k u|efEfkyfwdk@,ckac:qdkaomt&yfa'oodk@ vlrsm;a&G@ ajymif;a&muf&dScJhonf[k qdk=uonf? xdk@aemuf uGJjym;onf hvlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;onf Ta'oY aexdkifcJh=u&mtcsKd@rSm ajrjyef@ydkif;wGif +rdK@awmfrsm;wnfaxmifcJh=u+yD; tcsKd@rSm awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm;ay:wGif &GmwnfIaexdkifcJh=uonf? Ta'o&dS tiftm;}uD;rm;aombk&ifrsm;onf wcgw&HwGif w±kwf/ tdENd,ESifh wdkif;EdkifiHtxdwdkifatmif ‚if;wdk@. tifyg,mrsm;udk xlaxmifcJh=uonf? tqdkyg bk&ifhEdkifiHrsm;Y yHkaoe,fpyfoyfrSwfxm;&dSjcif;r&dSbJ bk&ifhEdkifiH. tiftm;tenf;trsm;tay:rlwnfI wdkif;jynf. yHko¿mefESifh t&G,ftpm;ajymif;vJcJh=uonf? bk&if.=oZmtm%monf wdkif;jynf.A[kdYxda&mufr_&dS+yD;e,fpGefe,fzsm;a'oY tm;aysmhae avh&dSaoma=umifh TuJhodk@aom bk&ifhEdkifiHrsm;udk ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;u rE<vpuf0dkif; (Mandalas) [kac:=uonf?

xdk@tjyifbk&if. =oZmtm%monf bk&ifhEd kifiHtwGif;&dSy¾mqufwdkif;jynfi,fav;rsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: Yvnf; rlwnfaewwfonf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh bk&ifonf Tacgif;aqmifi,frsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&onf? Tpepfudk A[dkrS tm%mjzef@a0pD;qif;aompepf (Hierarchy) [kac:qdk=uonf? tqdkygpepfwGifbk&ifonf =oZmtm%mt}uD;qHk; jzpfI rif;nDrif;om;rsm;ESif htjcm;t}uD;tuJrsm;rSm =oZmr&d Soavmufyifjzpfonf? &Gmol}uD;rsm;rSmrl =oZmtrJhqHk;yifjzpfayawmhonf?

a&S;tcgu ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'oonf vlOD;a&rsm;jym;jcif; r&dSojzifhaexdkiftajccs&ef e,fajr us,f0ef;cJhonf? wdkif;jynf t}uD;tuJrsm;onf pyg;pdkuf&ef/ bk&m;ausmif;rsm;aqmufvkyf&ef ppfwdkuf&efESifh EdkifiHchsJxGif&ef vlrsm;vdktyfonfjzpf&m ta0;wkdif;jynfrsm;udk ppfEdkifonfhtcgY tqdkygppf±_H;wdkif;jynfrSvlrsm;udk +rdK@awmf. teD;0ef;usifodk@r=umc% ac:aqmifvmwwf=uonf? &v'ftaejzifhuGJjym;onfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm; a&maESmoGm;=u+yD;tEkynmtygt0if todynm/ twwfynm/ udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ESifh v,f,mvkyfief;vkyfukdifyHkrsm; r#a0aygif;pyfukef=uonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;wdk@ onf vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm; tcsif;csif;aoG;aESmaygif;pyfum r[mrdwfrsm;jzpfvm=u+yD; tjcm;a'orsm;udk ppfrufwdkuf cdkufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvm=uonf?

omrefjynfolrsm;omrefjynfolrsm;omrefjynfolrsm;omrefjynfolrsm;omrefjynfolrsm;bk&ifrsm;ppfwdkufae=uonfhtcgY vnf;aumif;

eef;awmfrsm;wnfaqmufae=uonfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif;omrefjynf oltrsm;pkonf pyg;pdkuf/ ig;zrf; ponfjzifh omtouf&SifaexkdifcJh=uonf? &Gmi,frsm;wGif aexdkif =uaomomrefjynfolrsm;wGif &Gmol}uD;wOD; odk@r[kwf rif;om;wyg;yg;rS tkyfcsKyf+yD; tqdkyg&Gmol}uD;u ‚if;xuf ydkI =oZm}uD;aom t}uD;tuJrsm;udk vufaqmify¾m qufo&avonf? xdk@twGuf &Gmom;rsm;onf aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;ukdydkrdk &SmazGpkaqmif;&onf? odk@r[kwf bk&ifhppfwyfwGif vdkufyg

7

tr_xrf;&onf? awmifay:a'owGif aexdkif =uolrsm;onfr=umc% a&$@ajymif;aexdkif=uolrsm; jzpf=u I bk&ifhaejynfawmfESifh tquftoG,f odyfr&dSvSay?

udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_,ae@umvuJhodk@yif a&S;umvvlrsKd;rsm;Yvnf;

taumif;ESifhtqdk;rSm t+rJ'GefwGJvsuf&dSaecJhonf? vlrsm;onf tjzpftysuf/ ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk }uHKawG@cJh+yD;aemuf tb,fha=umifh ,if;odk@jzpfysufcJhonfukd em;vnf&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? xdk@twl tqdk;udk rnfuJhodk@ a&Smif&Sm;&rnfenf;/ aysmf&$ifr_udk rnfodk@&SmazG&rnfenf;ponfwdk@udkvnf; em;vnf&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? ,if;odk@}udK;pm;&mwGif udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_u ‚if;wdk@udk taxmuftyHhjzpfapcJhonf?

a&S;umvrsm;Y ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'owGif udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_trsKd;rsKd;v$rf;rdk;cJh&m ewfudk;uG,fonfh0g'/[dENLbmom/ r[m,meAk'<bmom/ ax&0g'Ak'<bm omESifhtpPvrfbmom ponfwdk@jzpfonf? ewfudk;uG,f ,Hk=unfjcif;onf ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'o udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_.

a&S;bk&if hwd kif;jynfrsm;a&S;bk&if hwd kif;jynfrsm;a&S;bk&if hwd kif;jynfrsm;a&S;bk&if hwd kif;jynfrsm;a&S;bk&if hwd kif;jynfrsm;

jrefrmhordkif;wav#mufwGif uGJjym;onfh vlrsKd; tkyfpkrsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;tcsif;csif; xdawG@v$rf;rdk;r_rsm;&dScJhonf?ordkif;a=umif;rStcsKd@ta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrsm;/ ae&ma'orsm;ESifh vlrsm;udk atmufyg twdkif; awG@&onf?

awmifay:aevlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;onf tifyg,mrsm; xlaxmifjcif;/ tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&dS=uyJ‚if;wdk@.ae&ma'orsm;Yom tajccsaexdkif=uonf? u&if/ u&ifeD/ ucsif/ csif;/ em*/ ytdk0fh/ yavmif/ ya'gif/ udk;uef@/0 ESifh tjcm;vlrsKd;/ tkyfpktcsKd@onf awmifay: a'orsm;wGif aexdkif=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsdefumv=umjrihfvS+yDjzpfojzifhtqdkygawmifay:aevlrsKd;tkyfpkwdk@ . touf&Sifaexdkif=uyHkESifhywfoufI ordkif;qdkif&mtaxmuftxm;rsm;&&dS&efcufcJvSygonf?

at'D(1) &mpkat'D(1) &mpkat'D(1) &mpkat'D(1) &mpkat'D(1) &mpkysLvlrsKd;rsm; Ad\Edk;+rdK@udk wnfaxmifcJh=uonf?

at'D(2) &mpkat'D(2) &mpkat'D(2) &mpkat'D(2) &mpkat'D(2) &mpkrGefvlrsKd;rsm;u ok0Àblrd(,ckoxHk+rdK@)udk xlaxmif+yD; ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'orsm;ESifh ukefoG,fcJh=uonf?

at'D(3) &mpkat'D(3) &mpkat'D(3) &mpkat'D(3) &mpkat'D(3) &mpk&cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;onf "n0wDaejynfawmfudk xlaxmifcJh+yD; T+rdK@awmfonf tdEdN,ESifhukefoG,f&mYta&;

ygcJhonf?

tpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmyif v$rf;rdk;cJhonf?xdk@aemuf tqdkygewfudk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_onf aemufydkif;wGif0ifa&mufvmaombmomrsm;ESif h a&maESmoGm;cJ honf?[dENLbmomESifh Ak'<bmomonfvnf; Ta'oodk@ a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif tdEdN,rS a&muf&dScJhonf? ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'orsm;wGif ax&0g'Ak'<bmomudk;uG,fr_ rsm;pGmxGef;um;cJhonf? tpPvrfbmomonf (13) &mpkESpfwGifa&muf&d ScJ h +yD; ,ae@ jrefrmEd kifiH[kac:onfh a'o.taemufbufodk@ v$rf;rdk;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf c&pf,mefbmomtm; Oa&myom;rsm; ESifh tar&duef omoemjyKrsm;uTa'oodk@a&muf&dSapcJhonf? Tudk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_tm; vHk;onf jrefrmEdkifiH&dS uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh wdkif;&if; om;vlrsKd;tkyfpktm;vHk;twGuf ta&;ygv#ufyif&dSaeonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufjre frm hvlr _b0rsm; rnfuJ hod k @a jymi f ;vJc J hojre frm hvlr _b0rsm; rnfuJ hod k @a jymi f ;vJc J hojre frm hvlr _b0rsm; rnfuJ hod k @a jymi f ;vJc J hojre frm hvlr _b0rsm; rnfuJ hod k @a jymi f ;vJc J hojre frm hvlr _b0rsm; rnfuJ hod k @a jymi f ;vJc J ho

enf;? a&S;umvrsm;Yvnf; rnfodk@ajymif;vJcJ hoenf;?enf;? a&S;umvrsm;Yvnf; rnfodk@ajymif;vJcJ hoenf;?enf;? a&S;umvrsm;Yvnf; rnfodk@ajymif;vJcJ hoenf;?enf;? a&S;umvrsm;Yvnf; rnfodk@ajymif;vJcJ hoenf;?enf;? a&S;umvrsm;Yvnf; rnfodk@ajymif;vJcJ hoenf;?,ae@umvxdwd ki f vlr _b0rsm;wlnDv#ufyif & d Sygo,ae@umvxdwd ki f vlr _b0rsm;wlnDv#ufyif & d Sygo,ae@umvxdwd ki f vlr _b0rsm;wlnDv#ufyif & d Sygo,ae@umvxdwd ki f vlr _b0rsm;wlnDv#ufyif & d Sygo,ae@umvxdwd ki f vlr _b0rsm;wlnDv#ufyif & d Sygovm; ?vm; ?vm; ?vm; ?vm; ?

8

at'D(4) &mpkat'D(4) &mpkat'D(4) &mpkat'D(4) &mpkat'D(4) &mpktdENd,Y‘*kw’tifyg,mxGef;awmufcsdefjzpfonfh (at'D 320-467)Y Ta'oodk@ ukef;vrf;/ a&vrf;/ ukef

oG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;wav#muf Ak'<0g'ESifh [dENL0g' wdk@v$rf;rdk;cJhonf?

at'D(5) &mpkat'D(5) &mpkat'D(5) &mpkat'D(5) &mpkat'D(5) &mpkysLvlrsKd;wdk@u [efvif;ESifh oD&dacwW&m+rdK@rsm;xl axmifcJh+yD; tdENd,“*kw”

tifyg,mESifh qufoG,fr_rsm; &dS cJhonf?

at'D(6) &mpkat'D(6) &mpkat'D(6) &mpkat'D(6) &mpkat'D(6) &mpk&cdkifvlrsKd;wdk@. "n0wDEdkifiHawmf us±_H;cJhonf?

at'D(7) &mpkat'D(7) &mpkat'D(7) &mpkat'D(7) &mpkat'D(7) &mpkysL ESifh &cdkifvlrsKd;wdk@ qufoG,fr_&dScJhonf?

at'D(8) &mpkat'D(8) &mpkat'D(8) &mpkat'D(8) &mpkat'D(8) &mpk kysLvlrsKd;wdk@ oD&dacwW&m+rdK@tm;wnfaxmif+yD;aemuf xD;eef;us±_H;cJhonf? tm&Swdkuftv,fydkif;rS

ArmvlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm; ydkrdktajccsvmojzifh Ta'oY Armwdk@ . =oZmtm%m wdk;yGm;vmonf?

at'D(9) &mpkat'D(9) &mpkat'D(9) &mpkat'D(9) &mpkat'D(9) &mpk• w±kwfawmifydkif;&dS “eefcsKd” bk&ifEdkifiHrsm;u txufjrefrmjynfodk@=oZmchsJ xGifvmonf?• &Srf;vlrsKd;wdk@. “rdkif;arm0f” bk&ifhwdkif;jynf=oZm}uD;rm;vmonf?• rGefvlrsKd;wdk@u “&mrn”a'o[kac:aom yJcl;ESifh oxHkY eef;wnfcJh=uonf?• ArmESifh ysLvlrsKd;wdk@ yk*Haejynfawmftm;xlaxmifonf?

at'D(11) &mpkat'D(11) &mpkat'D(11) &mpkat'D(11) &mpkat'D(11) &mpkArmESifhrGefvlrsKd;wdk@t=um;xdawG@qufqHr_1057 Y Armbk&if taemf&xmu rGefbk&if rEl[mukd ppfEdkifojzifh oxHkrS yk*Hodk@

,laqmifonf? ax&0g' Ak'<&[ef;awmfrsm;/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;ESifh Adokumynm&Sifrsm;udkoxHkrSac:aqmifI ooemhtaqmuftOD;ESpfaxmif eD;yg; yk*HwGif wnfaqmufapcJhonf?rGefpmaytm;tajccHI Armpmtm;wDxGifonf?

- 1084wGif yk*HY usefppfom;eef;wufonf? ‚if;udk tdENd,ESifhrGef,Ofaus;r_wdk@v$rf;rdk;onf? usefppfom;rif; onf Ak'<bmomudk tm;ay;olwpfOD;jzpf+yD; ausmf=um;vSonfh tmeENmapwDudk wnfxm;cJhonf?

at'D(12) &mpkat'D(12) &mpkat'D(12) &mpkat'D(12) &mpkat'D(12) &mpkyk*HY ArmESifh rGefwdk@. ,Ofaus;r_vuf&mrsm; txGwftxdyfa&mufonf?

at'D(13) &mpkat'D(13) &mpkat'D(13) &mpkat'D(13) &mpkat'D(13) &mpk-1287w0dkufwGif rGef*dkwdk@onf ‚if;wdk@.tifyg,mtm; w±kwfawmifydkif;rS Ta'oodk@chsJxGif+yD; yk*Htiftm;

udk usqif;ap+yD; &Srf;wdk@.tiftm;udk }uD;rm;apcJhonf?-&Srf;jynfe,fi,ftrsm;pkonf ‘armh0f’bk&if‘qdk;crfzm’(hsohkanfah) (1311-1364).tkyfcsKyfr_atmufY &Sd

cJhonf? xdkbk&if.tm%monf tdEdN,tmoHtxdysH@ESH@cJhonf?

Ad\Ed k;+rd K @a[mif;wnfae&mAd\Ed k;+rd K @a[mif;wnfae&mAd\Ed k;+rd K @a[mif;wnfae&mAd\Ed k;+rd K @a[mif;wnfae&mAd\Ed k;+rd K @a[mif;wnfae&m

taemf&xmbk&iftaemf&xmbk&iftaemf&xmbk&iftaemf&xmbk&iftaemf&xmbk&if

9

-qludkxdkif;(Sukothai)ESifh vefe(Lan-na) a'owdk@wGif ‘wdkif;’(Tai) bk&ifhEdkifiHawmfwdk@. =oZmtm%m}uD;rm;cJhonf?

-‘0g&D&k’trnf&Sdaom rGef-&Srf;aoG;pyfaombk&ifonf vefeESifhqludkxdkif; wdk@ESifh tquft oG,f&SdcJh+yD;yJcl;ESifhrkwWrY [Hom0wD [kac:wGifaom bk&ifhEdlifiHawmfudk wnf axmifcJhonf?

-,ckuarBm'D;,m;wnf&Sd&m tefumtifyg,mrS crmvlrsdK;rsm;onf rGefESifhwdkif; e,fajrrsm;txda&muf&SdcJhonf?

at'D(14) &mpkat'D(14) &mpkat'D(14) &mpkat'D(14) &mpkat'D(14) &mpk -ArmESifh &Srf;vlrsKd;wdk@ tif;0aejynfawmfudk wnfaxmifonf? ArmpmayxGef;awmufcJh+yD; bmoma&;qdkif&mtEkynmvuf&mrsm; zefwD;cJh=uonf?- jrefrmEdkifiHawmfajrmufydkif;Y &Srf;rif;om;rsm;=oZm}uD;vm+yD; Armbk&iftm; awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhonf?

at'D (15) &mpkat'D (15) &mpkat'D (15) &mpkat'D (15) &mpkat'D (15) &mpk&cdkifvlrsKd;wdk@ajrmufOD;Y eef;wnfonf? 1433rS 1785xdwdkiftiftm;EdkifiHwcktm; xlaxmifEdkifcJh+yD; tdENd,

ESif h b*gFvD ,Ofaus;r_v$rf;rd k;cJ honf? &cdkifvlrsK d;wdk@. ajrmufOD;acwfY ausmf=um;vSonf? tEkynmvuf&mrsm;xGef;um;cJhonf? Ta'oodk@ Oa&myom;rsm; yxrOD;qHk;a&mufvm+yD; rGefvlrsKd;wdk@ESifh ukefoG,fcJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@uppfwyfESifh tjcm;twwfynmrsm; ,laqmifvmcJh=uonf?

at'D (16) &mpkat'D (16) &mpkat'D (16) &mpkat'D (16) &mpkat'D (16) &mpktENd,e,fajrtpdwftydkif;tcsKd@tm; ay:wl*Dwdk@ odrf;ydkuf+yD; 'ufcsfwdk@u tif'dkeD;&Sm;udk odrf;,lonf?

t*F vdyf/ jyifopfESifh tjcm;vlrsKd;wdk@ta&S@awmiftm&SESifh ukef oG,f=uonf? Armbk&ifrsm; awmifilY eef;wnf=uonf?awmifilbk&ifrsm;jzpfonfh wyifa&$xD;ESifh bk&ifh aemifwdk@.vufxufrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@. tifyg,mrsm;udk

t&yfrsufESmtoD;oD;odk@ chsJxGif&ef }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf rGef/ &Srf;ESifh &cdkifrsm;qDrS vufaqmify¾m rsm;&&dScJh=u+yD;,ckxdkif;[kac:aom ,dk;',m;ESifhvnf; ppfwdkufcJh=uonf? TppfyGJrsm;u tifyg,mudk csdeJ@apcJhonf? ay:wl*DvlrsKd;zdvpf'DA&pfwdkac: iZifum u oHvsifudk odrf;,lI +rdK@awmf wnfaxmif&ef}udK;yrf;cJhonf? odk@aomf =um&Snf rcHcJhay?

at'D (18) &mpkat'D (18) &mpkat'D (18) &mpkat'D (18) &mpkat'D (18) &mpkArmvlrsKd;wdk@ ukef;abmifrif;qufudk xlaxmifonf? a&$bdk/ tif;0/ tr&yl&ESifh rE Wav;wdk@Y +rdK@awmfrsm;

wnfaxmif tkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf? Armbk&if tavmif;bk&m; (1752-1760) onf rGef/&cdkifESifh awmifay:ae vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk ‚if;. tifyg,m twGif;odk@ odrf;,lcJhonf?

at'D (19) &mpkat'D (19) &mpkat'D (19) &mpkat'D (19) &mpkat'D (19) &mpkrGef/&Srf;/&cdkifESifh awmifay:aevlrsKd;pkwdk@u ukef;abmifbk&ifrsm;tm; qef@usifawmfvSefcJh=uonf? ukef;abmif

bk&ifrsm; ESifh +Adwdo#wdk@onf 1824/ 1852 ESifh 1885 ckESpfrsm;wGif ppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;cJh=uonf? 1885wGif ukef; abmifrif;quftqHk;owfI jrefrmEdkifiHtm; +Adwdo#wdk@ odrf;ydkufcJhonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufjrefrmEd ki fi H& S d uG J jym;vSaom vlrsK d ;tkyfp krsm;onf tcsif;csif; enf;rSe fvrf;rSe frsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @jrefrmEd ki fi H& S d uG J jym;vSaom vlrsK d ;tkyfp krsm;onf tcsif;csif; enf;rSe fvrf;rSe frsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @jrefrmEd ki fi H& S d uG J jym;vSaom vlrsK d ;tkyfp krsm;onf tcsif;csif; enf;rSe fvrf;rSe frsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @jrefrmEd ki fi H& S d uG J jym;vSaom vlrsK d ;tkyfp krsm;onf tcsif;csif; enf;rSe fvrf;rSe frsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @jrefrmEd ki fi H& S d uG J jym;vSaom vlrsK d ;tkyfp krsm;onf tcsif;csif; enf;rSe fvrf;rSe frsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @

v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;? tcsif;csi f;qd k ;0g;&ufpufaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @ v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;?v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;? tcsif;csi f;qd k ;0g;&ufpufaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @ v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;?v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;? tcsif;csi f;qd k ;0g;&ufpufaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @ v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;?v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;? tcsif;csi f;qd k ;0g;&ufpufaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @ v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;?v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;? tcsif;csi f;qd k ;0g;&ufpufaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzif h rnfuJ hod k @ v$rf;r d k ;c J h =uoenf;?

&cd ki f jynf/ ajrmufOD;&cd ki f jynf/ ajrmufOD;&cd ki f jynf/ ajrmufOD;&cd ki f jynf/ ajrmufOD;&cd ki f jynf/ ajrmufOD;

10

udkvdkeDe,fchs JpepfudkvdkeDe,fchs JpepfudkvdkeDe,fchs JpepfudkvdkeDe,fchs JpepfudkvdkeDe,fchs JpepfOa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;onf 1500 ckESpfrsm;wGif

tm&S/ tar&du/ tmz&duESifh urBmhtjcm;a'orsm;odk@udkvdkeDe,fy,frsm; chsJxGifcJh=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS vlrsm;udk ‚if;wd k @odrf;yd kuf&mEd kifiHrsm;qDodk @yd k @Itpdk;&rsm; xlaxmifum Xmaejynfolrsm;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf? ay:wluDwdk@onf ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'oodk@ OD;pGma&muf&dScJh+yD; ,if;aemufwGif pydef/ +Adwdo#/ 'ufcsf/ jyifopfESifhtjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;toD;oD;odk@ a&muf&dScJh=uonf? 17 &mpktwGif; +Adwdo#wdk@u tdENd,Y tifyg,mwck pwifxlaxmifcJ h +y D; 19 &mpkwGif jrefrmEd ki fi Htxd ch s JxGifc J h =uonf?tqdkyg+Adwdo#tifyg,monf urBmht}uD;qHk;tifyg,mtifyg,mrsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfcJh+yD; 20&mpkY ‚if;wdk@. tifyg,mtqHk;owfcJhonf?

Oa&myom;wdk@onf pD;yGg;a&;/ Edk fifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/bmoma&; ta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh udkvdkeDe,fy,frsm;chsJxGifcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@. tpdk;&rsm;ESifh yk*~vduydkifukr`%D}uD;rsm;onf tqdkyge,fajrrsm;rS obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESif h ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;udk tvdk&d ScJ h =uonf?aiGa=u;&vdkr_ESifh urBmhae&ma'otm;vHk;tm; xdef;csKyfvdkjcif;wdk@a=umifh udkvdkeDe,fchsJrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;=oZm}uD;rm;vm&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? xdk@tjyifOa&myom;trsm;pkonf Oa&myjyify&dSvlrsm;udk r,Ofaus;olrsm; odk@r[kwftod^m%ft& vlpOfrrD =uolrsm;[lIyif ,H k =unfcJ h=uonf?

Tta=umif;a=umifhyif olwdk@onf olwdk@e,fcsJ@&m

tcef; (2)tcef; (2)tcef; (2)tcef; (2)tcef; (2)udkvdkeDe,fchsJacwf (1885 - 1948)udkvdkeDe,fchsJacwf (1885 - 1948)udkvdkeDe,fchsJacwf (1885 - 1948)udkvdkeDe,fchsJacwf (1885 - 1948)udkvdkeDe,fchsJacwf (1885 - 1948)

EdlifiH&Sdvlrsm;udk !Sif;yef;owfjzwfcJh=uonf? e,fcsJ@ tkyfcsKyfjcif;cH&aom vlrsdK;trsm;Y wdk;wufaom,Ofaus;r_rsm; trSefwu,f&S dcJ honfudk u|Ek fyfwdk @od&S dcJ honf? odk@&mwGifynma&;/ usef;rma&;ESifhEdlifiHa&pepfrsm;udk acwfrSDwdk;wufapjcif;jzifh a'ocHvlxludktaxmuftuljzpfvdrfhrnf[k tcsdK@Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;uxifjrifcJ h =uonf? tcsK d @vlenf;pkrsm;u tqdkyg tultnDrsm;udk }udKqdkcJh=u+yD; tcsKd@rSm‚if;wdk@.a'orsm;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaponftxdyif&SdcJhonf?Oa&myomoemjyKrsm;uvnf; c&pf,mefbmomudk tqdkyga'orsm;wGif ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fvmap&ef }udK;yrf; cJh=u+yD;tcsKd@a'ocHrsm; vufcH,Hk=unfI tcsKd@u‚if;wdk@. rd±dk;zvm,Hk=unfr_udk qufvufxdrf;odrf;cJh=u onf?

udkvdkeDe,fchsJpepfonf urBmudk t}uD; tus,fv$rf;rdk;cJh&m EdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&;udk wdk;jr‡ifhapcJh+yD; urBmt&yf&yf&dS rwluGJjym;aom vlrsKd;/ 0g'rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomt&mrsm;u tcsif;csif; awG@xdwdk;wdkufrdapcJhonf? trsm;pkaomudkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;onf 18&mpk/ 19 &mpk ESifh 20 &mpkrsm;wGifvGwfvyfaom EdkifiHrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? odk@&mwGif udkvdkeDe,fchsJwdk@. "avhxHk;wrf;rsm; ESifh ‚if;wdk@odrf;ydkufcH&olwdk@."avhxHk;wrf;rsm; wckESifhwck xdawG@a&maESmcJh=u&m ,ae@xdwd ki f ud kvd ke De,fch s Jpepf. a&mifjyef[yfr_tcsK d @tm;awG@&dSEdkifygonf?

aqG;aEG;csuf?aqG;aEG;csuf?aqG;aEG;csuf?aqG;aEG;csuf?aqG;aEG;csuf? udkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. tusKd;oufa&mufudkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. tusKd;oufa&mufudkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. tusKd;oufa&mufudkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. tusKd;oufa&mufudkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ud k aqG;aEG;yg?r_rsm;ud k aqG;aEG;yg?r_rsm;ud k aqG;aEG;yg?r_rsm;ud k aqG;aEG;yg?r_rsm;ud k aqG;aEG;yg?

20 &mpktapmyd ki f ; +A dwdo#tifyg,mjyajryH k20 &mpktapmyd ki f ; +A dwdo#tifyg,mjyajryH k20 &mpktapmyd ki f ; +A dwdo#tifyg,mjyajryH k20 &mpktapmyd ki f ; +A dwdo#tifyg,mjyajryH k20 &mpktapmyd ki f ; +A dwdo#tifyg,mjyajryH k

11

t*Fvdyfwdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; tdENd,rSwqifhodfrf;,lcJh=uonf? odk@aomf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; w}udrfwnf;jzpfodrf;yd d kufcJ h jcif; r[kwfay? +Adwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@onf 17&mpkESifh 18 &mpktwGif; e,fpyftjiif;yGg;r_udk ta=umif;jyKIukef;abmifacwfjrefrm bk&ifrsm;ESifh ppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGg;cJhonf?xdktcsdefY jrefrmbk&ifrsm;wGif eef;wGif;a&;vnf; ±_yfaxG;aecJhonf? "g;jytkyfpkrsm;onf wcgw&HY &cdkifa'o&dS jrefrmydkifeufrsm;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufI +Adwdo#-tdENd, e,fajrxJodk@ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;avh&d Sonf? Armbk&ifb}uD;awmfvufxuf 1824wGif tmoHESifh r%dyl&a'o &dS" g ; jy tky fp kr sm;ud kzr f ;qD;&e f pp fwyfrsm; apv$wfcJh onf?Armwdk@u tqdkyga'otm; jrefrmEdkifiH .ydkif euf[lI rSwf,l=u+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@uoabmrwl =uacs?Tjzp f&y fu t*Fvdyf -jrefrmppfyGJudkjzpfyGg; apcJhonf?

t*Fvdy f jre frmyxrppfyGJwGif t*Fvdyfwdk@ ppfEdkifcJh +yD; tmoH/ r%dyl&e,frsm;tjyif &cdkifESifh weoFm&Da'orsm; udkyg odrf; ydkufcJhonf?xdk@aemuf 1852 wGif t*Fvdyfjrefrm 'kwd,ppfyGJjzpfyGg;cJh+yD;t*Fvdyfwdk@onf atmufjrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ykdufcJh=uonf?aemufqHk;t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJudk 1885 wGif jzpfyGg;cJh&mt*Fvdyfwkd@onf rE Wav;+rdK@udk odrf;yd kufcJ h+yD; Armukef;abmifrif;quf tqHk;owfcJh&onf? xkd@aemuf t*Fvdyfwdk@onf Armbk&if oDaygrif;ESifh ‚if;. awmf0ifrdom;pk tm;tdENd,odk@ ydk@aqmifcJh=uonf? 1886 ESifh 1887 ckESpf rsm;twGif; +Adwdo#qef@usifa&;awmfvSefykefuefr_rsm; ay: aygufcJhonfjzpf&m t*Fvdyfwdk@onf tqdkygawmfvSefykefuefr_rsm;udk EdSrfeif;cJh=u+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHonf +Adwdo#tifyg,m. tpdyftydkif;w&yf jzpfcJh&onf?

t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyG JoH k;}udrfjzpfcJ h&mY Armukef;abmifbk&ifrsm;udk +Adwdo#wdk@ tEdkif&&dScJhonfhta=umif;&if;rsm;teuf wcsufrSm +Adwdo#wdk@Y aumif;rGefaom vuf

t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyG Jrsm;t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyG Jrsm;t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyG Jrsm;t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyG Jrsm;t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyG Jrsm;

eufESifh ppfwyfrsm;&dSaoma=umifhjzpfonf? tjcm;ta=umif;tcsufwckrSm ukef;abmifbk&ifrsm;Y tjcm;aomjy\emrsm; &dSaejcif;jzpfonf? bk&ifhrdom;pktwGif;Yeef;wGif;a&;jy\emrsm; &dSaeonfhtjyif Armtifyg,mudk awmfvSefykefuefae=uonfh tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm; &dSaeojzifh wdkif;jynftm; xdef;odrf;ae&onfh jy\emvnf;bk&ifY &dSaecJhonf? &v'ftaejzifh bk&ifh=oZmusqif;cJhonf? r[mAE<KvuJhodk@aom Armppfol}uD;rsm;onf t*Fvdyfwdk@tm; jyif;jyif;xefxefwdkufcJh=u+yD; aemufydkif;wGifppf±_H;cJh&onf?

+Adwdo#ESif hjrefrmt=um;wGif jzpfyGg;c h Jonf h jy\em&yfrsm;tm;vHk;onfppfa&;udpP&yfrsm;omr[kw fc J h ay?vlr_a&;/ udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ESifh ±dk;&m"avhrsm;wGifvnf;+Adwdo# ESifhjrefrmwdk@t=um; jy\em&yfrsm;p Gm & d S

cJhonf? ‘zdeyfjy\em’onf xif&Sm;aom Oyrmw&yfjzpfonf? rE Wav;eef;wGi f;od k @ +A dwdo#wd k @ yxrt}udrfa&muf&dScsdefY eef;wGif;odk@ 0ifa&muf&mwGif t*Fvdyfwdk@zdeyfrc|wfvkd=uacs? ,if;ESifhywfoufI Armwdk@ tvGefa'gojzpfcJh=u&+yD; t*Fvdyfwdk@u tqdk yg"avhonf ‚if;wdk@ESifhtvGefpdrf;onfjzpfI bk&m;&ifjyifay:odk@ wufa&mufonfjzpfap/ eef;wGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufonfjzpf apzdeyfrc|wf=uay?Armbk&ifrsm;u Tonfudk t*Fvdyfwdk@u rav;rcef@ jyKvkyfonf[k owfrSwfcJh=uonf? xkd@a=umifh t*FvdyfESifh Armwdk@onf ppfudka&SmifvGJEdkifrnfh tjcm;enf; vrf;wpHkw&mtwGuf wbufESifhwbuf pum;ajym&ef tvGefw&m cufcJcJh=uonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csuft*Fvdy f- jre frmpp fy G Jtay:wGi f +A dwdo#E Si f ht* Fvdy f- jre frmpp fy G Jtay:wGi f +A dwdo#E Si f ht* Fvdy f- jre frmpp fy G Jtay:wGi f +A dwdo#E Si f ht* Fvdy f- jre frmpp fy G Jtay:wGi f +A dwdo#E Si f ht* Fvdy f- jre frmpp fy G Jtay:wGi f +A dwdo#E Si f h

Armwdk @t=um; uG J jym;onfhtjrif±_axmif hrsm; &d SaecJ hArmwdk @t=um; uG J jym;onfhtjrif±_axmif hrsm; &d SaecJ hArmwdk @t=um; uG J jym;onfhtjrif±_axmif hrsm; &d SaecJ hArmwdk @t=um; uG J jym;onfhtjrif±_axmif hrsm; &d SaecJ hArmwdk @t=um; uG J jym;onfhtjrif±_axmif hrsm; &d SaecJ h=uonf? ,if;tjrif± _axmif hr sm;tm;aqG;aEG;yg?=uonf? ,if;tjrif± _axmif hr sm;tm;aqG;aEG;yg?=uonf? ,if;tjrif± _axmif hr sm;tm;aqG;aEG;yg?=uonf? ,if;tjrif± _axmif hr sm;tm;aqG;aEG;yg?=uonf? ,if;tjrif± _axmif hr sm;tm;aqG;aEG;yg?

19 &mpkY +Adwdo#wdk@ujrefrmwdk@tm;wdkufcdkufyHko&kyfaz:yef;csDum;

12

1853 rS 1878 xdtkyfcsKyfc J haom1853 rS 1878 xdtkyfcsKyfc J haom1853 rS 1878 xdtkyfcsKyfc J haom1853 rS 1878 xdtkyfcsKyfc J haom1853 rS 1878 xdtkyfcsKyfc J haomrif;wkef;bk&if.yH kwlyef;cs Drif;wkef;bk&if.yH kwlyef;cs Drif;wkef;bk&if.yH kwlyef;cs Drif;wkef;bk&if.yH kwlyef;cs Drif;wkef;bk&if.yH kwlyef;cs D

hh hh hvuf&dSjrefrmEdkifiH. e,fajra'otm;vHk;udk +Adwd

o#wdk@u odrf;ydkufcJhonfjzpf&m ‚if;wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiH tm;rnfod k @tkyfcsKy f&rnfqd konfud k twdtus qH k; jzwfcJ h

=u&onf? uG J jym;jcm;em;onfhe,fajra'o toD;oD;&d Svlrsm;onfukef;abmifbk&iftm;qef@usifcJ h=uonfudk +Adwdo# wdk@aumi f ; p G mo d & d S c J h=uaomfvnf;uGJjym;vSonfh vlrsK d;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; qufqHa&;udk wdwdyy rod& d Sc J hacs? a,bl,stm;jzif h +A dwdo#wd k @aw G ;xi fc J honfr Smawmifay:ae vlrsK d ;tkyfpkrsm;ESif h ajrjyef@aexdkifcJholrsm;t=um;tajccHtm;jzifhuGJjym;j cm ;em ; =uonf[ lIomjzpfonf?trSefwu,ftm;jzifhajrjyef@

Yvnf; uGJjym;onfhvlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;pGm&dSouJhodk@ awmifay:Yvnf; vlrsKd;tkyfpkuGJrsm;pGm&dScJh=uonf? Oyrm - u&ifvlrsKd;trsm;pkonf "Burma Proper" [kac:onfh jynfrYaexk di f =uouJ hod k @ uG J jym;onf hvlrs K d ;tky fp ktrsm;tjym;aexkdifonfh awmifay:a'orsm;wGifvnf; aexdkifcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; 1897 wGif oD;jcm;a'orsm; (Ex-

cluded Area) ac: a0;vHa'orsm;ESihf tpdk;&wdkuf±dkuftkyfcsKyfonfha'orsm; (Ministerial Burma) ac: jynfra'orsm;ukd cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfonfhpepfjzifh +Adwdo#wdk@u e,fajra'orsm; ykdif;jcm;oyfrSwfcJh=uonf? Frontier Area [kvnf;ac:qdkaom oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm;wGif&Srf;jynfe,frsm;/ ucsifjynfe,fwpdwfwa'o/ csif;/ em*ESifh &cdkifawmifay:a'orsm;yg0if+yD; e,fajryrm%tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. oHk;yHkwpfyHkcef@ &Sdonf?

+Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtm; jynfe,fjynfr[lI a'oESpfcktjzpf cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfonfh rl0g't& wdkuf±dkuf tkyfcsKyfa&; ESifh tpdk;&tapmifha&SmufcHtkyfcsKyfa&;[lI toHk;jyKcJh=uonf? tcGefaiG&&dSa&;twGuf +Adwdo#wdk@onf awmifwef;a'oac: oD;jcm;a'orsm;ukd oG,f0dkuftkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf? a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;u +Adwdo#tifyg,mtm; =oZmcHaeor#umvywfvHk;tm%m&&dSaeonfhpepfjzpfonf?

+Adwdo#wdk@onf ukef;abmifbk&ifwdk@u wcgw&H YtkyfcsKyfcJ h=uonfhenf;wlOya'jyKtkyfcsKyfcJ h=uonf?ukef;abmifbk&ifrsm;xHodk@ vufaqmify¾mqufo&onfhae&mwGif +Adwdo#wdk@utcGefaiGaumufcHcJhonf? oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm;Yyifv#if +Adwdo#wdk@u tcsdefumvtvdkuf uGJjym;onfhtkyfcsKyfa&;ay:vpDrsm; ajymif;vJusifhoHk;cJh=uonf? csif;awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifh u&ifeDa'otkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwdk@udk toGifjcm;em;xm;onf?

tpdk;&w&yf vnfywfEdkif&ef tvdk@iSg +Adwdo#wdk@onf tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;a'oESifh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;r[kwfonfha'o[lI cGJjcm;xm;cJhonf? a&S;umvrsm;Y wnf&dScJ haom uGJjym;onfh bk&ifhEd kifiHrsm;t=um; e,fjcm;rsOf;rsm;onf umv=umjrifhvmonfESifhtnD ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? odk@aomf+Adwdo#wdk@onf xdkif;w±kwfESifh tdENd,e,fpyfrsOf;rsm;udk yHkaooyfrSwfcJh=uonf? ,if;uJhodk@tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESif h e,fjcm;rsOf;oyfrSwfonfhtcgY tcsKd@vlrsK d;tkyfpkrsm;udk cGJxkwfcJh+yD; tcsKd@udk EdkifiHwckcktwGif;odk@ ac:aqmifpkpnf;cJhonf? EdkifiHrsm;t=um; yHkaoe,fpyfrsOf; rsm;oyfr Swfonf henf;wl vlrs K d ;tky fp krsm;t=um;Yvnf;yHkaoe,fpyfrsOf;rsm; owfrSwfEdkif&ef +Adwdo#wdk@ }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? a&S;umvrsm;Ywdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;t=um; &dSe,fpyfrsOf;rsm;onf vlrsK d;tkyfpkwckcsif;pD.=oZmwufvmyHkay:wGifrlwnfI ajymif;vJr_rsm; &dScJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; Oa&myom;wdk@u rnfolonf rnfonfhvlrsKd;jzpfonf[k cGJjcm;xm;onfhtjyif vlrsKd;tkyfpkwckESifh wckudkvnf; cGJjcm;xm;&dScJhonf? Tonfudk cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfa&; rl0g'(divided and rule policy) [k ac:wGifcJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@onf vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;ukd cGJjcm;xm;&dSjcif;jzifh ‚if;wdk@taeESifh tkyfcsKyf&vG,fulonf[k ,lqcJh=uonf? xdk@tjyif ao;i,fI tiftm;enf;yg;onfh vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;

udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;

13

udk }uD;rm;onfhvlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;rS tumtuG,f ay;&ma&mufonf [lIvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@txif &SdcJhonf? Oyrm-+Adwdo#bm;rm;ppfwyfudkpwif xlaxmifonfhtcg u&if/ucsif/ csif;ESihf tjcm; vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;udk +Adwdo#wdk@uppfom;tjzpf toHk;jyKcJh=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; awmfvSefykefuefr_rsm;udk EdSrfeif;&ef +Adwdo#wdk@u tqdkygppfom;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJh=uonf?

umv=umjrif hvmonfhtcgoD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm;wGif jynfe,fjynfrESif huGm[onfh tajctaew&yfjzpfay:vmonf? oD;jcm; tkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm;&dS vltawmfrsm;rsm;u +Adwdo#wdk@onf‚if;wdk@. oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm;udk zGH@+zdK;wefoavmuf zGH@+zdK;ap&ef jyKvkyfray; odk@r[kwf xdkufoifhonfh ynma&;udk vkyfaqmifray;[k xifjrifvm=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm;&d Svlrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. a'oacgif;aqmifrsm; tm%m

wnfqJ jzpfaoma=umifh ydkrdkvGwfvyfcJh=uonf? Todk@ jzifhtqdkygjynfe,fjynfrESifh awmifwef;a'o&dS vlrsm;onfydkrdkuGJuGmvmcJh =uonf? ,if;uJhodk@ uGJjym;oGm;cJhjcif;onfaemifwGif ta&;}uD;onfh t}udK;qufrsm;ukd jzpfay:vmapcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&dS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; tkyfpkrsm;t=um;&dS jy\emtm;vHk;u jzpfay:vmap&ef +Adwdo#wdk@urjyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; ‚if;wdk@t=um;&dS uGJjym;jcm;em;r_udk+Adwdo#wdk@u ydkrdkwdk;yGg;apcJhonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufjynfe,f/ jynfr yd ki f;jcm;oyfrSwfcJ h jcif;. a&jynfe,f/ jynfr yd ki f;jcm;oyfrSwfcJ h jcif;. a&jynfe,f/ jynfr yd ki f;jcm;oyfrSwfcJ h jcif;. a&jynfe,f/ jynfr yd ki f;jcm;oyfrSwfcJ h jcif;. a&jynfe,f/ jynfr yd ki f;jcm;oyfrSwfcJ h jcif;. a&

&SnftusK d ;quftm; aqG;aEG;yg? tu,fI +A dwdo#&SnftusK d ;quftm; aqG;aEG;yg? tu,fI +A dwdo#&SnftusK d ;quftm; aqG;aEG;yg? tu,fI +A dwdo#&SnftusK d ;quftm; aqG;aEG;yg? tu,fI +A dwdo#&SnftusK d ;quftm; aqG;aEG;yg? tu,fI +A dwdo#wdk @pwiftkyfcsKyfpOfuwnf; ua'owpfckwnf;tjzpfwd k @pwiftkyfcsKyfpOfuwnf; ua'owpfckwnf;tjzpfwd k @pwiftkyfcsKyfpOfuwnf; ua'owpfckwnf;tjzpfwd k @pwiftkyfcsKyfpOfuwnf; ua'owpfckwnf;tjzpfwd k @pwiftkyfcsKyfpOfuwnf; ua'owpfckwnf;tjzpfjrefrmEd kifiHudkodrf; yd kuftkyfcsKyfcJ hv#if ,ae@tcsdefwGifjrefrmEd kifiHudkodrf; yd kuftkyfcsKyfcJ hv#if ,ae@tcsdefwGifjrefrmEd kifiHudkodrf; yd kuftkyfcsKyfcJ hv#if ,ae@tcsdefwGifjrefrmEd kifiHudkodrf; yd kuftkyfcsKyfcJ hv#if ,ae@tcsdefwGifjrefrmEd kifiHudkodrf; yd kuftkyfcsKyfcJ hv#if ,ae@tcsdefwGifrnfuJ hod k @ jzpfvmrnf[k oifxifoenf;?rnfuJ hod k @ jzpfvmrnf[k oifxifoenf;?rnfuJ hod k @ jzpfvmrnf[k oifxifoenf;?rnfuJ hod k @ jzpfvmrnf[k oifxifoenf;?rnfuJ hod k @ jzpfvmrnf[k oifxifoenf;?

udkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ±d kufcwfr_rsm;udkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ±d kufcwfr_rsm;udkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ±d kufcwfr_rsm;udkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ±d kufcwfr_rsm;udkvdkeDe,fchs Jpepf. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ±d kufcwfr_rsm;

+Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHtm; udkvdkeDtjzpfodrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyf&mwGif jrefrmhpD;yGg;a&;/EdkifiHa&;/vlr_a&;ESifh bmoma&;udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_rsm;tay: ±dkufcwfr_rsm;pGm&dScJhonf?udkvdkeDpepfu pD;yGg;a&;udk ajymif;vJapcJhonf? +Adwdo#wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@oHk;aiGa=u;udkjrefrmhajray: Yvnf;vma&mufoHk;pGJcJh+yD; vlwdkif;tm; toHk;jyKapcJhonf? a&S;,cifumvrsm;qDu qefpyg;ESifh tjcm;aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;udk pm;oHk;&ef pdkufysKd;cJh=uaomv,form;rsm;onf +Adwdo#wdk@xH aiGa=u;jzif ha&mif;cs&ef pwifpd kufysK d ;c J honf? +Adwdo#wd k @onfu|ef;opf/ a&eH/ oHESifh ausmufrsuf&wemrsm; tp&dSonfh ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm;ukd t*Fvdyfodk@jyefydk@jcif; odk@r[kwftjcm; odk@ a&mif;csjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJh=uonf?

+Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;pepf ajymif;vJr_rsm;vnf;jyKvkyfcJh=uonf? ukef;abmifrif;qufudkvnf;tqH k ;owfapcJ h +y D ; aus;& Gmrsm;ud k om;pOfajr;quftkyfcsKyfcJh=uaom +rdK@ol}uD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@tpm; ol}uD;rsm;ESifh aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm; cef@xm;cJh=uonf?+Adwdo#wdk@udk,fYbk&ifpepfjzifhtkyfcsKyfaom wdkif;jynfjzpfaoma=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; +Adwdo#bk&ifr. tkyfcsKyfaomwdkif;jynfwcktjzpfodk@a&muf&dScJh&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGufbk&ifcHwpfOD;xm;&dS+yD; +Adwdo#-tdENd,tifyg,mtwGuf aumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;wpfOD;ESifh vufaxmuf

wOD;wdk@xm;&dStkyfcsKyfapcJhonf? trsKd;rsKd;aomXmersm;udktkyfcsKyf&ef e,fchsJudkvdkeDt&m&dSrsm;xm;&dScJh=uonf? 1923aemufydkif; wGif +Adwdo#wdk@u 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pwifcJh+yD;jrefrmvlrsKd;tenf;i,fonf tpdk;&tzGJ@. tkyfcsKyfa&;&mxl;ae&mtcsKd@udk&&dScJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;ta&;}uD;onfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwfonfh&mxl;rsm;udk +Adwdo#wdk@qufvuf&,lxm;cJh=uonf? 1935ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#wdk@onft*Fvdyf rsm;uJhodk@ ArmESifh tjcm;vlenf;pkrsm;udk &mxl;ae&may;xm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDtm; puULjzLpmwrf;t&cGifhjyKcJhonf?

+Adwdo#wdk@onf jrefrmwdk@. vlr_b0rsm;udkvnf;tvm;wlajymif;vJapcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@onf +rdK@awmfrsm;ukdacwfrDatmif wnfaqmufcJhojzifh aus;vufaejynfolrsm;ESifh +rdK@jyaeolwdk@t=um; vlr_b0vGefpGmuGmjcm;cJh=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf; ausmif;rsm;ESifhaq;±Hkrsm; aqmufvkyfay;cJhaomfvnf; txl;ojzifh +rdK@}uD;rsm;wGif ydkrdkwnfaqmufay;cJhonf? t*Fvdyfwdk@onf ausmif;rsm;wGif +Adwdo#tifyg,m}uD;u jrefrmjynfolwdk@tm; rnfodk@aumif;rGefatmifjyKvkyfay;xm;onf ponfhaumif;uGufrsm;udkom oif=um;ayaomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHtm;odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom rnfonfhqdk;usKd;ukdr# aqG;aEG;oif=um;jcif;r&dSay? t*Fvdyfwdk@onf &

14

xm;vrf;/ um;vrf; ponfho,f,lykd@aqmifa&;u¾tm;wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;apcJh+yD; tjcm;tajccHtaqmuftOD;rsm;ukdvnf; wnfaqmufay;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh +rdK@jyrsm;wGifaexdkifolrsm;onfusef;rma&;/ynma&;/enf;ynm ponfhtpdk;&0efaqmifr_rsm;udk &&dScHpm;Edkif=uonf? e,fchsJOa&myom;rsm;onfa'ocHjrefrmrsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&mY tultnD&&dS&ef odk@r[kwftvkyform;rsm;tjzpftoHk;jyK&ef tdENd,ESifh w±kwfvlrsKd;rsm;ukd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odk@ ac:aqmifvmcJh=uonf?

aemufqHk;wGif udkvdkeDe,fcsJ@pepfonf udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udkvnf; ajymif;vJapcJhonf? ukef;abmifrif;rsm;jyKvkyfouJhodk@ +Adwdo#wdk@onf Ak'<bmomudk umuG,fay;jcif; odk@r[kwf jyef@yGm;apjcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfcJhay? twdwfum

vrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH&dSvltrsm;pkonf Ak'<bmom odk@r[kwf ewfudk;uG,folrsm; jzpfcJ h=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;+Adwdo#wdk@ 0ifa&mufvm+yD; aemuf omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;uvltcsKd@wdk@tm; c&pf,mef bmom0iftjzpfodk@ ul;ajymif;a&muf&dSapcJhonf? omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;wGifaexd ki f =uaom ewfud k;uG,folrsm; ud kc&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;tjzpfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mY tvGefatmifjrifr_&dScJh=uonf? rsm; pGmaom ucsif/ csif;/ u&ifESifhu&ifeDvlrsKd;rsm;onf c&pf,mef bmomudk;uG,folrsm;jzpfvmcJh=uonf? xdk@twl tdENd,ESifh w±kwfvlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf;‚if;wdk @.udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_rsm;udk jrefrmEd kifiHod k @,laqmifvmcJh=uonf?

jrefrmEd kifiHtwGif; vlrsK d;jcm;rsm; yd krd kwd k;yGg;vmjcif;jrefrmEd kifiHtwGif; vlrsK d;jcm;rsm; yd krd kwd k;yGg;vmjcif;jrefrmEd kifiHtwGif; vlrsK d;jcm;rsm; yd krd kwd k;yGg;vmjcif;jrefrmEd kifiHtwGif; vlrsK d;jcm;rsm; yd krd kwd k;yGg;vmjcif;jrefrmEd kifiHtwGif; vlrsK d;jcm;rsm; yd krd kwd k;yGg;vmjcif;udkvdkeDpepf. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;teuf t

a&;ygonfh tcsufwckrSm vlrsKd;jcm;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf? +Adwdo#ESifhOa&myom;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHudkodrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyf&mwGif tcsKd@rSm a'ocHjrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifhtjyeftvSef vufxyfI om;orD;rsm; xGef;um;cJhonf?xdk@tjyif +Adwdo#wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@. tpdk;&±Hk;rsm;wGif 0efxrf;tjzpf toHk;jyK&eftdENd,EG,fzGm; pma&;pmcsDrsm;udkjrefrmEdkifiHodk@ ac:aqmifvmcJh=uonf? tqdkygtdENd,om;rsm;udk t*Fvdyfwdk@uOD;pGmavhusifhoif=um;cJhzl;+yD; ‚if;wdk@

. ta=umif;ukd +Ad dwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@ aumif;pGmem;vnfoabmaygufxm;onfjzpf&ma'ocHjrefrmwdk@tpm;tdENd,om;wd k @ud k± H k ;0efxrf;rsm;tjzpftoHk;cs&ef t*Fvdyfwdk@ydkrdkvdkvm;cJh=uonf?rsm;pGmaom tdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;ESif h w&kwfrsm;onfv,form;r sm;tjzp fvnf;aumif; / aqmufvky fa&;ESi f h

vrf;azmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;uJhodk @ tajccHtaqmuftOD;wnfaqmufa&;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;vkyfudkifcJ h =uonf? udkvdkeDtjzpfodrf;yd kuftkyfcsKyfjcif;rcH&rDuyif w&kwfESifhtdEdN, vlrsdK;tcsdK@&SdaecJhonf? odk@aomf (19)&mpktwGif;wGifom vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? tcsKd@rSmjrefrmbmompum;oif,l+yD; jrefrmtrnf

rE Wav;&dS[dENLbk&m;ausmif;wck

cH,lI jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpf vmcJhonf? od k @aomfvnf;‚i f ;wd k @. ± d k ;&m"avhESifhbmompum;rsm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;cJh=uonf?

tcsdK@jrefrmEdlifiHom;rsm;twGuf TvlrsdK;uGJtopfrsm;udkvufcH&efcufcJonf? tcsdK@u jrefrmh"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;rnfudk pd k;&drf=u+yD; tdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;udk+Adwdo#wdk@.taygif;tygrsm;tjzpfxifjrif=uI tdEdN,vlrsKd;rsm;udkrESpfouf=uay? jrefrmh ordkif;wGif jrefrm - w±kwf/jrefrm - tdENd,/ yËdyuQrsm; t}udrf}udrf jzpfyGg;cJh=uonf?ud kvd ke Dwd k @acwftwGif; tdEN d,om;trsm;tjym;onfaiGwdk;acs;pm;olrsm; odk@r[kwf v,fydkif&Sif}uD;rsm; jzpfvmcJh=u+yD; ‚if;wkd@tm;cspfwD;rsm;[k ac:qdkcJh=uonf? ‚if;wkd@.v,fajrrsm;udk rw&m;odrf; ydkufcH&onfh jrefrmrsm; a'gojzpf=u&+yD; wcgw&HwGifv,fydkif&SifcspfwD; rsm;udk wdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? 'kwd,urBmppf aemufydkif; +Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSqkwfcGgcsdefY tdENd,vlrsKd;ig;odef;cef@onf t*Fvdyfwdk@ESifhtwltdENd,odk@ jyefvnfxGuf ajy;cJh=uonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf jrefrmppfom;rsm;ESifh a'ocHjrefrmrsm;u ‚if;wkd@ tm;wd kufc d kuf =uaoma=umif h jzp fonf? tdE N d,om;rsm;pGmtowfcHcJh&aomfvnf; tcsKd@ rSmjrefrmjynfYusef&pfaexdkifcJh=uonf?

w±kwfvlrsKd;tcsKd@wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;usef&dScJh=u=u+yD;tcsKd@rSm'kwd,urBmppfaemufydkif;wGif0ifa&mufvm=uolrsm;jzpf =uonf? tdENd,om;rsm;uJhodk@ aiGa=u;ESifh =oZmtm%mydkrdk&&dSvdkolrsm;jzpf=u&m pD;yGg;a&;vkyf

15

1930 0ef;usifcef @u &efuke f& d Sw±kwfukefp dr f;onfrsm;1930 0ef;usifcef @u &efuke f& d Sw±kwfukefp dr f;onfrsm;1930 0ef;usifcef @u &efuke f& d Sw±kwfukefp dr f;onfrsm;1930 0ef;usifcef @u &efuke f& d Sw±kwfukefp dr f;onfrsm;1930 0ef;usifcef @u &efuke f& d Sw±kwfukefp dr f;onfrsm;

ief;rsm;wGifw±kwfvlrsKd;rsm;atmifjrifcJh=uonf?ArmtcsKd@u‚if;wkd@tm; rl&if;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@jyefydk@vdk=u+yD; w±kwf-Arm t"du±k%f;rsm; jzpfyGg;cJh=uonf? tqdkygvlrsKd;a&;t"du±k%f;rsm;onf pD;yGg;a&;usyfwnf;+yD; vltrsm;touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf yifyef;}uDpGm ±kef;uef&csdefrsm;wGif jzpfyGg;avh&dSonf?

1967 ckESpfwGif tcsdK@aomw&kwfrsm;uqefudk aps;¹rSifha&mif;jcif;ESifhtcsdK@uolwdk@ w&kwfacgif;aqmifarmfpDwkef;udk axmufcHonfudkjyoonfhtaejzifh‘armfpDwkef;’&kyfyHkESifhpmwrf;rsm;yHkESdyfxm;onfh t0wftxnfrsm;udk 0wfqifjcif;wdk@a=umifh &dkufESufwdkufcdkufcHcJh&onf? ,if;uJhodk@aomjy\em&yfrsm;udkajz&Sif;&ef vkdtyfonfh tajccHta=umif;w&m;rsm;pGm&dSaomfvnf; jy\emajyvnfatmif tpdk;&uajz&Sif;ay;cJhjcif;r&dSojzifh tjypfrJhjynfoltrsm;tjym;aoqHk;cJh=u&onf? ,if;odk@ owfjzwfr_cHcJh=u&aomfvnf;jrefrmjynf&dS tdENd,om;ESifh w±kwfvlrsKd;tm;vHk;wdk@onfaiGa=u;csrf;omI =oZm}uD;rm;olrsm; r[kwf=uacs?

,ae@csdefcgY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;tjzpf&&dS&eftvGefw&m cufcJvSonf? vlrsK d;jcm;rsm;taejzif h‚if;wkd@.bdk;ab;rsm;onf yxr t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJ (1824)rwdkifrD jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; tajccscJha=umif;oufaojyEdkif

rSomv#if EkdifiHjzpfydkifcGifh&dSavonf? Trl0g't& jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlwdkif;tm;EdkifiHom;tjzpf vufrcHEdkifa=umif;jyoae+yD; uGJjym;onfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpk rsm;t=um;jcm;em;csufrsm;udkvnf; a&mifjyef[yfaeavonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufud kvd ke DacwfESi f h ,if;aemufyk di f;umvrsm;tudkvd ke DacwfESi f h ,if;aemufyk di f;umvrsm;tudkvd ke DacwfESi f h ,if;aemufyk di f;umvrsm;tudkvd ke DacwfESi f h ,if;aemufyk di f;umvrsm;tudkvd ke DacwfESi f h ,if;aemufyk di f;umvrsm;t

wGif; w±kwfESif htdEN d,EG,frsm;tay: jrefrmtcsK d @utwGif; w±kwfESif htdEN d,EG,frsm;tay: jrefrmtcsK d @utwGif; w±kwfESif htdEN d,EG,frsm;tay: jrefrmtcsK d @utwGif; w±kwfESif htdEN d,EG,frsm;tay: jrefrmtcsK d @utwGif; w±kwfESif htdEN d,EG,frsm;tay: jrefrmtcsK d @utb,f ha =umi f h rE Sp f +r d K @ =uoenf;? jre frmE d ki fi Hom;b,f ha =umi f h rE Sp f +r d K @ =uoenf;? jre frmE d ki fi Hom;b,f ha =umi f h rE Sp f +r d K @ =uoenf;? jre frmE d ki fi Hom;b,f ha =umi f h rE Sp f +r d K @ =uoenf;? jre frmE d ki fi Hom;b,f ha =umi f h rE Sp f +r d K @ =uoenf;? jre frmE d ki fi Hom;jzpfc Gi f hOya'onf w&m;r#wr_&d Sonf[k oifxifygojzpfc Gi f hOya'onf w&m;r#wr_&d Sonf[k oifxifygojzpfc Gi f hOya'onf w&m;r#wr_&d Sonf[k oifxifygojzpfc Gi f hOya'onf w&m;r#wr_&d Sonf[k oifxifygojzpfc Gi f hOya'onf w&m;r#wr_&d Sonf[k oifxifygovm;? tb,f ha=umif h w&m;r#woenf;? od k @r[kwfvm;? tb,f ha=umif h w&m;r#woenf;? od k @r[kwfvm;? tb,f ha=umif h w&m;r#woenf;? od k @r[kwfvm;? tb,f ha=umif h w&m;r#woenf;? od k @r[kwfvm;? tb,f ha=umif h w&m;r#woenf;? od k @r[kwftb,fha=umif h w&m;r#wr_ r&d Soenf;?tb,fha=umif h w&m;r#wr_ r&d Soenf;?tb,fha=umif h w&m;r#wr_ r&d Soenf;?tb,fha=umif h w&m;r#wr_ r&d Soenf;?tb,fha=umif h w&m;r#wr_ r&d Soenf;?

1800 jynfhESpftapmydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefomoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf atmufjrefrmjynfodk@a&muf&dScJh=u+yD; yxr t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJt+yD;wGif ydkrdk0ifa&mufvmcJh=uonf? tqdkygomoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf rsm;pGmaom ucsif/ u&if/ u&ifeDESifh csif;vlrsKd;rsm;udk c&pf,mefbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;a&muf&d SapcJh=uonf? bwfyfwpf(Baptists) ESifh uufovpf(Catholic)*dk%f;rsm;tygt0iftrsKd;rsKd;aom uGJjym;onfh omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ a&muf&dSvmcJh=uonf?

tcsKd@olrsm;onf c&pf,mefbmomodk@ul;ajymif;a&muf&dS+yD; tcsKd@rSm ,if;odk@ul;ajymif;jcif;r&dScJh=uacs? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf ArmESifh rGefvlrsKd;uJhodk@aom Ak'<bmomudk &mpkESpfrsm;pGm udk;uG,fvm=uolrsm;onf c&pf,mefbmomudk rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;r_ r&dS=uacs? u&iftajrmuftrsm;rSm rd±dk;zvmudk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udkqufvufcH,laeqJjzpfonf? u&ifwkd@wGif ‚if;wdk@.b0tajctaersm;udk wdk;wufajymif;vJaprnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;a&;

jynfyomoemjyKtzG J @rsm;jynfyomoemjyKtzG J @rsm;jynfyomoemjyKtzG J @rsm;jynfyomoemjyKtzG J @rsm;jynfyomoemjyKtzG J @rsm;

om;xm;onfh pmtkyfwtkyfESifhtwl vljzLnDudkawmfw OD;a&muf&d Svmvdrf hrnf [laom a&S;±d k;yH k jyif &d Sxm;onf?omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;u orRmusrf;pmtkyfESifhtwl ‚if;wdk@xH a&muf&dSvmaomtcg rsm;pGmaom u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;u,if;twdwferdwfaqmifaomyHkjyif jynfhpHkrSefuefav+yD[k,Hk=unfvufcHcJh=uonf? urBmha'o tawmfrsm;rsm;wGifc&pf,mefomoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf tzdEdSyfcH odk@r[kwftpGef@y,fcHvlrsm;udk tjypfwdk@rS u,fwifjcif;owif;pum;ESifh ‚if;wkd@. aumif;rGefaom vlr_a&;pGrf;aqmifr_ uwdu0wfrsm;jzifh c&pf,mefbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;a&muf&dSapcJhonf? rnfuJhodk@yif toGiftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ul;ajymif;apumrlc&pf,mefbmomonf vltrsm;xH aysmf±$ifjcif;ukdaqmifusOf;ay;onfh bmomw&m;jzpfavonf?

c&pf,mefomoemjyKrsm;u bmomul;ajymif;olrsm;tay: vkyfaqmifay;onfh t"dutcsufrsm;teufwckrSm ‚if;wdk@tm;pma&;pmzwfoif=um;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfavonf? c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;tzdk@ orRmusrf;pmudk zwf

16

Edkif&ef ta&;}uD;onf[k c&pf,mefomoemtzGJ@rsm;u cH,lxm;=uonf? odk@&mwGif rsm;pGmaomxdkvlrsdK;rsm;wGifolwdk@.pum;udka&;om;aompmr&Sdaoma=umifh omoemjyKrsm;u bmompum;ta&;tom;udk 4if;wdk@twGufwDxGifzG@H+zdK;ay;cJhonf? 1834 ckESpfwGif omoemjyKrsm;u u&ifbmompum;twGuf tuQ&mpmvHk;rsm;udkwDxGifay;cJhonf?1890ckESpfwGif c&pf,mefomoemjyK tdkvm[efqefu ucsifbmompumtwGuf tuQ&mpmvHk;rsm;wDxGifay;cJhonf?xdk@twlomoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf bmomul;ajymif; olrsm;. b0tajctaersm;wdk;wufvmap&efaq;±Hkrsm;/ ausmif;rsm;wnfaqmufay;cJh=uonf?

c&pf,mefomomemjyKtzGJ@rsm;onf ,if;uJhodk@aom tusKd;w&m;rsm; jzpfxGef;atmif vkyfaqmifcJ h=uaomfvnf; ,if;odk@vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;bmomajymif;vJudk;uG,fr_rsm;ESifh rudk;uG,folrsm; t=um;jy\emrsm; jzpfyGg;apcJhonf? tcsdK@wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;rSmbmoma&;a=umifhuGJ=u&onf? omoemjyKrsm;u c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;udkulnDonf? odk@&mwGif c&pf,mefr[kwfaomolrsm;rSmtjcm;c&pf,mefr[kwfaomjrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ydkrdkqufqHa&;ajyvnfcJhonf? jrefrmEdlifiH&Sdc&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh ydkrdkeD;uyfaomqufqHa&;&S dcJ h +yD; +Adwdo#wdk@ud kqef@usifaomjrefrmrsm;ur_c&pf,mefbmomodk@ajymif;vJolrsm;udk EdlifiHjcm;om;rsm;ESifhaygif;oif;qufqHaoma=umifhrESpf+rdK@=uay? tcsKd@jrefrmrsm;u vlwdkif;onf rdrdESpfoufonfh bmomudk vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh&dSonf[k cH,l=uaomfvnf; tcsKd@rSmjrefrmEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;udk Ak'<bmom0if jzpfapvdk=uonf?&v'ftaejzifh wcgw&H jrefrmtcsKd@uc&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;ukd wdkufcdkufwwf+yD; owfjzwfjcif;rsm;yif&SdcJhonf?

tdkv[ufqHESifh bmomul;ajymif;vmaomucsifvlrsKd;rsm;

+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ud k u&ifvlrs d K;rsm;avmufrnfolr#oabmrusacs? tjcm;aomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ur_+Adwdo# wdk@wdkif;jynftay:tkyfcsKyfyHkudkrESpfoufay? 4if;wdk@onf jrefrmEdlifiHudk +Adwdo#vufatmufrSvGwfajrmufumpnf; vH k ;nD!$wfaomEd li fi Hwpfc k jzp fvd kaoma=umif hjrefrmhtrsdK;om;a&;0g’udkaxmufcHcJhonf?

yxrtcsuftaejzifh t*Fvdyfwdk@onfAk'<bmomudkrav;rpm;jyKonf[k Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;

udkvdkeDqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvd keDqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvd keDqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvd keDqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvd keDqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH&dSc&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onftumtuG,f&&dS&ef +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh omoemjyKtzGJ@rsm;qDodk@ ydkrdkeD;uyfoGm;apcJhonf? rsm;pGmaom c&pf,mefbmom0ifu&ifvlrsKd;wdk@onf t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJrsm;ESifh'kwd,urBmppfwGif;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif t*Fvdyfwdk@bufrS yg0ifwdkufcdkufay;cJh=u+yD; jrefrmwdk@u tqdkygu&ifvlrsKd;rsm;ukdtjypfay; &ef}udK;pm;cJ h =uonf? +Adwdo#wdk@vufatmufodk@jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;usa&mufoGm;csdefwGifu&ifvlrsKd;rsm;pGmuaysmf±$if=u+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@u‚if;wdk@tm;Armrsm;&efrStumtuG,fayvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_qdkif&mudpPonf jrefrmjynfY tjiif;yGg;zG,f&mudpPwpfcktaejzifhwnf&dSqJjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif ,ae@umvwGif vlrsm;pGmu“tpdk;&uonf bmomwpfckudkomtm;ay;jcif;rjyKbJ jynfol wdk@.vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fr_tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;&rnf”[laom t,ltqudkvufcH,Hk=unfvm=uonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csuf“tpd k;&uonf bmomwpfckud kom tm;ay;“tpdk;&uonf bmomwpfckud kom tm;ay;“tpdk;&uonf bmomwpfckud kom tm;ay;“tpdk;&uonf bmomwpfckud kom tm;ay;“tpdk;&uonf bmomwpfckud kom tm;ay;

jcif;rjyKbJ jynfolwdk@.vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fr_ tcGif htjcif;rjyKbJ jynfolwdk@.vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fr_ tcGif htjcif;rjyKbJ jynfolwdk@.vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fr_ tcGif htjcif;rjyKbJ jynfolwdk@.vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fr_ tcGif htjcif;rjyKbJ jynfolwdk@.vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fr_ tcGif hta&;udk umuG,fay;&rnf”[laomt,ltqtm; oifa&;udk umuG,fay;&rnf”[laomt,ltqtm; oifa&;udk umuG,fay;&rnf”[laomt,ltqtm; oifa&;udk umuG,fay;&rnf”[laomt,ltqtm; oifa&;udk umuG,fay;&rnf”[laomt,ltqtm; oifaxmufcHygovm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?axmufcHygovm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?axmufcHygovm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?axmufcHygovm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?axmufcHygovm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?

xifjrif=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? +Adwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@u jrefrmbk&iftm; z,f&Sm;+yD;aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY rnfol@udkr#bmoma&;acgif;aqmiftjzpfodk@ ta&muf&dSrcHawmhacs? 1906 ckESpf twGif; Armynmwwf tcsKd@u Young

Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA) ac:Ak'<bmomuvsm%,k0toif;udkbmoma&; ESifh,Ofaus;r_wdk;wuf&eftvdk@iSm xlaxmifcJh =uonf? 1916 odk@a&mufaomtcg 0dkiftrfbDattoif;onf EdkifiHa&;tcef;u¾

17

OD;OwWrOD;OwWrOD;OwWrOD;OwWrOD;OwWr

aqmif&ef cufcJvmcJh=uonf? rnfr#yifqif;&Jaomolrsm;jzpfygap“o\ar"”[kac:onfhtcGefukdvlwdkif;ay;aqmif=u&onf?v,form;rsm;pGmwdk@onf‚if;wdk@aiGa=u;acs;,lxm;aom tdENd,om; cspfwD;rsm;xH‚if;wdk@.v,f,majrrsm;udka&mif;cscJh&onf? &[ef;awmfwyg;jzpfcJhzl;olq&mpHonf 1930 rS 1932txdv,form; y ke fuefr_rsm;ukd OD;aqmifcJhonf? jrefrmv,form;rsm;onf +Adwdo#wdk@ukd awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJh+yD; +Adwdo# wdk@rSvnf;jyif;xefpGm Ed Srfeif;cJh=uonf? v,form;trsm;tjym; aoqH k;c J h&+y D;q&mpHtm;}udK;rdef@ay;cJhonf? tqdkygawmf vSefykefuefr_onf +Adwdo#tkyfpd k ;r _ud kqef@usifawmfvSef &efjrefrmjynfolrsm;uk dv_H@aqmfEdkifcJhonf? aemiftcg +Adwdo# tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifyg0ifvmonfh a'gufwmbarmfESifh OD;apmwdk@onf ,if;awmifolv,form;ta&;awmfyHkwGifay:xGufvmolrsm;jzpf=uonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufArmtrsK d ;om;a&;0g' Drsm;ud k vufwH k @ jye f&mArmtrsK d ;om;a&;0g' Drsm;ud k vufwH k @ jye f&mArmtrsK d ;om;a&;0g' Drsm;ud k vufwH k @ jye f&mArmtrsK d ;om;a&;0g' Drsm;ud k vufwH k @ jye f&mArmtrsK d ;om;a&;0g' Drsm;ud k vufwH k @ jye f&m

wGi f +A dwdo#wd k @onf jre frmjynftky fc s Ky fa&;wGi ftwGi f +A dwdo#wd k @onf jre frmjynftky fc s Ky fa&;wGi ftwGi f +A dwdo#wd k @onf jre frmjynftky fc s Ky fa&;wGi ftwGi f +A dwdo#wd k @onf jre frmjynftky fc s Ky fa&;wGi ftwGi f +A dwdo#wd k @onf jre frmjynftky fc s Ky fa&;wGi ftajymi f ;tvJwcs K d @ jy Kvky fc J honf? Oyrm-&e fuke fa jymi f ;tvJwcs K d @ jy Kvky fc J honf? Oyrm-&e fuke fa jymi f ;tvJwcs K d @ jy Kvky fc J honf? Oyrm-&e fuke fa jymi f ;tvJwcs K d @ jy Kvky fc J honf? Oyrm-&e fuke fa jymi f ;tvJwcs K d @ jy Kvky fc J honf? Oyrm-&e fuke fwuUod kvfausmif;rsm;ud k zGif hc Gi f hay;cJ honf? tjcm;wwuUod kvfausmif;rsm;ud k zGif hc Gi f hay;cJ honf? tjcm;wwuUod kvfausmif;rsm;ud k zGif hc Gi f hay;cJ honf? tjcm;wwuUod kvfausmif;rsm;ud k zGif hc Gi f hay;cJ honf? tjcm;wwuUod kvfausmif;rsm;ud k zGif hc Gi f hay;cJ honf? tjcm;wbufYvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ onf rdrdudk qef@usifol rsm;ukdbufYvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ onf rdrdudk qef@usifol rsm;ukdbufYvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ onf rdrdudk qef@usifol rsm;ukdbufYvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ onf rdrdudk qef@usifol rsm;ukdbufYvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ onf rdrdudk qef@usifol rsm;ukdjyif;jyif;xefxef qef@ usifEd Sr feif;cJ h =uonf? Oyrm-jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@ usifEd Sr feif;cJ h =uonf? Oyrm-jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@ usifEd Sr feif;cJ h =uonf? Oyrm-jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@ usifEd Sr feif;cJ h =uonf? Oyrm-jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@ usifEd Sr feif;cJ h =uonf? Oyrm-q&mpHolykefxr_wGif yg0ifolrsm;ud k Ed Sy feif;cJ h jcif;jzpfq&mpHolykefxr_wGif yg0ifolrsm;ud k Ed Sy feif;cJ h jcif;jzpfq&mpHolykefxr_wGif yg0ifolrsm;ud k Ed Sy feif;cJ h jcif;jzpfq&mpHolykefxr_wGif yg0ifolrsm;ud k Ed Sy feif;cJ h jcif;jzpfq&mpHolykefxr_wGif yg0ifolrsm;ud k Ed Sy feif;cJ h jcif;jzpfonf? oifonf 1920 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm; od k @r[kwfonf? oifonf 1920 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm; od k @r[kwfonf? oifonf 1920 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm; od k @r[kwfonf? oifonf 1920 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm; od k @r[kwfonf? oifonf 1920 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm; od k @r[kwf1930 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm;wGi f +A dwdo#ud kvd ke DwOD; jzp f1930 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm;wGi f +A dwdo#ud kvd ke DwOD; jzp f1930 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm;wGi f +A dwdo#ud kvd ke DwOD; jzp f1930 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm;wGi f +A dwdo#ud kvd ke DwOD; jzp f1930 jynf hvGe fE Sp fr sm;wGi f +A dwdo#ud kvd ke DwOD; jzp fcJhv#if Armt rsKd;om; a&;0g'udk rnfuJhodk@ vufwHk@jyefcJhv#if Armt rsKd;om; a&;0g'udk rnfuJhodk@ vufwHk@jyefcJhv#if Armt rsKd;om; a&;0g'udk rnfuJhodk@ vufwHk@jyefcJhv#if Armt rsKd;om; a&;0g'udk rnfuJhodk@ vufwHk@jyefcJhv#if Armt rsKd;om; a&;0g'udk rnfuJhodk@ vufwHk@jyefrnfenf;? tb,fha=umif h ,if;odk @oifa&G;cs,foenf;?rnfenf;? tb,fha=umif h ,if;odk @oifa&G;cs,foenf;?rnfenf;? tb,fha=umif h ,if;odk @oifa&G;cs,foenf;?rnfenf;? tb,fha=umif h ,if;odk @oifa&G;cs,foenf;?rnfenf;? tb,fha=umif h ,if;odk @oifa&G;cs,foenf;?

“o\ar"”tcGe f“o\ar"”tcGe f“o\ar"”tcGe f“o\ar"”tcGe f“o\ar"”tcGe fo\ar" [lonfum; wd ki f ; jynfE d ki fi HYay:o\ar" [lonfum; wd ki f ; jynfE d ki fi HYay:o\ar" [lonfum; wd ki f ; jynfE d ki fi HYay:o\ar" [lonfum; wd ki f ; jynfE d ki fi HYay:o\ar" [lonfum; wd ki f ; jynfE d ki fi HYay:

aygufjzpfxGef;or#aompD;yG g;csrf;omwdk @r Smrl;rwfjynfaygufjzpfxGef;or#aompD;yG g;csrf;omwdk @r Smrl;rwfjynfaygufjzpfxGef;or#aompD;yG g;csrf;omwdk @r Smrl;rwfjynfaygufjzpfxGef;or#aompD;yG g;csrf;omwdk @r Smrl;rwfjynfaygufjzpfxGef;or#aompD;yG g;csrf;omwdk @r Smrl;rwfjynfolwd k @E Si f h !d ‡E _ di f;I rnfa&G@rnfr# aumufcHxm;onfholwd k @E Si f h !d ‡E _ di f;I rnfa&G@rnfr# aumufcHxm;onfholwd k @E Si f h !d ‡E _ di f;I rnfa&G@rnfr# aumufcHxm;onfholwd k @E Si f h !d ‡E _ di f;I rnfa&G@rnfr# aumufcHxm;onfholwd k @E Si f h !d ‡E _ di f;I rnfa&G@rnfr# aumufcHxm;onfhOya'twdkif;tydktvdkr&d Semusnf;&atmiftcGeftwkwfOya'twdkif;tydktvdkr&d Semusnf;&atmiftcGeftwkwfOya'twdkif;tydktvdkr&d Semusnf;&atmiftcGeftwkwfOya'twdkif;tydktvdkr&d Semusnf;&atmiftcGeftwkwfOya'twdkif;tydktvdkr&d Semusnf;&atmiftcGeftwkwfc H,ljcif;wnf;? (ud k ;um; - o*F[w&m;av;yg;)c H,l jcif;wnf;? (ud k ;um; - o*F[w&m;av;yg;)c H,l jcif;wnf;? (ud k ;um; - o*F[w&m;av;yg;)c H,l jcif;wnf;? (ud k ;um; - o*F[w&m;av;yg;)c H,l jcif;wnf;? (ud k ;um; - o*F[w&m;av;yg;)

w&yfud kaz:aqmifvmcJ honf? tb,fha=umif hqd kaomft*Fvdyfwdk@u Ak'<bmombk&m; ausmif;ueftwGif;odk@ 0ifaomtcg Ak'<bmom0ifjrefrmrsm;uJhodk@ zdeyfc|wfjcif;r&dSaoma=umif h ,if;uJhod k @aomEd kifiHa&;tcef;u¾qDodk@a&muf&dSvmjcif;jzpfonf? Todk@jzifh 1920 wGif YMBA

toif;}uD;onftjcm;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;I Greater

Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) toif;tjzpf zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? aemufydkif;wGif tdENd,ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHcG JxGufa&;ESif h +Adwdo# wdk@xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&,lvdkaomausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ay: ayguf&ef *sDpDbDat toif;upnf;±Hk;aqmif±GufcJhonf? *sDpDbDat acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpfOD;cspfvd_if/ OD;bazwdk@ yg 0ifcJh=uonf? &cdkifvlrsKd; &[ef;awmfOD;OwWr tygt0if OD;0dpm& tp&Sdonfh Ak'<&[ef;awmfrsm;onfAk'<bmomudk umuG,f&eftvdk@iSg EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifvmcJh=uonf? +Adwdo#wdk@onf tqdkyg&[ef;awmfrsm;udkzrf;qD;axmifoGif;tusOf;cscJh&m &[ef;awmfOD;0dpm&onfaxmifwGif;ouFef;±H kc Gi f hr&ojzif h tpmiwfcHqENjy&mtusOf;axmifwGif;Yyif ysHvGefawmfrlcJhonf? tqdkyg&[ef;awmfrsm;u jrefrmrsm;udk +Adwdo# qef@usifa&;pdwf"gwfydkrdkwdk;yGg;apcJhonf?

xkdtcsdefY EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif ynmoif=um;ae=uaom jrefrmvli,frsm;onf'Drd kua&pDa&;ESif hvGwfvyfa&;tp&dSonfh 0g'rsm;udk avhvmoif,lcJh=u+yD;jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&dSvmum +Adwdo#qef@usifa&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf? ‚if;wkd@onfukd,fydkiftrsKd;om;ynma&;pepfw&yfxlaxmif&ef1920wGifausmif;om;oydwf}uD;udk a&$wd*Hkbk&m;Y jyKvkyfcJh=uonf?+Adwdo#tpdk;&u &efukefwuUodkvfESifhtwltrsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;zGifhcGifhay;+yD; jrefrmrsm;u tqdkygausmif;rsm;ukdwm0ef,lzGifhvSpfoif=um;ay;cJhonf? trsKd;om;ausmif;wGif wufa&mufynmoif,lonfh jrefrmvli,frsm;onf ,cifut*Fvdyfausmif;rsm;wGifoif=um;ay;onfhordkif;bmom&yfESifh tvGefw&m uGJjym;jcm;aom ordkif;ukd avhvmoif,lcJh&onf? xdk@a=umifh trsKd;om;a&;ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufoif=um;olrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t*FvdyfvHk;0r&dSoifh[k,HkcJh=uonf?

usyfwnf;vSonfhpD;yGg;a&;tajctaersm;a=umifhjrefrmEkdifiHwGif awmifolv,form; ykefuefr_rsm;vnf;ay:aygufcJhonf? 1930 pD;yGg;ysufuyf}uD; urBmw0Srf;±dkufcwf&m pyg;aps;rsm;usqif;+yD; v,form;rsm; tcGefay;

18

u|Efkyfwdk@ ,cifuavhvmcJh=uouJhodk@ jrefrmvli,f trsm;tjym;onf +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qef@usif=uaom trsKd;om;a&; 0g'Drsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? 1920 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif+Adwdo#tkyfpdk;r_udkrauseyfaomausmif;om;tcsKd@onf ‚if;wdk@ udk,fudk “ocif” [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJvmcJhonf?,if;rwdkifrDumvrsm;wGif +Adwdo#wdk@udkocif[kjrefrmwdk@u ac:a0:cJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;onf omrdrdwd k @. t&Sifocifjzpfonf[k jrefrmtrsK d ;om;a&;acgif;aqmifwdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhonf? 1931 ckESpftapmydkif;wGif,if;ocifrsm;u'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;ukdpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf?+Adwdo#wdk@tm;qef@usif&efESifh trsKd;om;a&;cH,lcsufrsm;udkaz: jy&ef jrefrmEdkifiHweHwvsm;&dSvli,frsm;onf 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;wGif yg0ifvmcJh=uonf?

'd k @Armtpnf;t±H k;wGif emrnf}uD;jrefrmhacgif;aqmif trsm;tjym;yg0if+yD; ocifbaomif;ESifhocifav;armifwdk@u pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf? trsm;oligav;pm;onfh ausmif;q&mESifhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;onfvnf; 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;.ta&;ygonfh tcef;u¾wGif yg0ifcJhonf? xdk@tjyif aemufydkif;YtvGefausmf=um;onfh acgif;aqmifESpfOD;jzpfaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhOD;Ekwdk@onfvnf;'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;jzpfcJh=uonf? tqdkygausmif;om;ESpfOD;onf 1936 wGif&efukefwuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;or*~0ifrsm;jzpf=u+yD;‚if;wdk@. Ed kifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh &efukefwuUodkvfrSausmif;xkwfcH=u&olrsm;jzpfonf? udkEku ausmif;aygif;pkHtm; pnf;±Hk;aecdkufwGif udkatmifqef;u +Adwdo#qef@usifa&;owif;pmwapmifwGif t,f'DwmvkyfaecJhonf? xdk@aemuf udkatmifqef;ESifhudkEkwdk@ausmif;xkwfcH&onfhtay:tjcm;wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;uqef@usifqENjycJh=uonf?vGwfvyfa&;&v#if ynma&;/ Ed lifiHa&;ESif houfqdkifaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm; udk,fwdkifcsrSwfqHk;jzwfEdlifrnfjzpfItqdkygausmif;om;rsm;onf +Adwdo#tpdk;&xHrS vGwfvyfa&;udkydkrdk &,lvdkvm=uonf?

ESpftenf;i,f=umonfhtcg tqdkygausmif;om;rsm;onf tvkyform;/v,form;ESifhaygif;pnf;rdcJhonf?Todk@jzifh 1933wGiftvkyform;or*~udkzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;1938

ArmtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifh ocifv_yf&Sm;r_ArmtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifh ocifv_yf&Sm;r_ArmtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifh ocifv_yf&Sm;r_ArmtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifh ocifv_yf&Sm;r_ArmtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifh ocifv_yf&Sm;r_

wGif a&eHajrtvkyform;oydwf}uD; ay:aygufcJhonf? ArmtrsKd;oma&;v_yf&Sm;r_ pwiftm;aumif;vmcJhonf? 1938wGif +Adwdo#wdk@tm;qe@fusifonfh +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjyyGJwckYwuUodkvfausmif;om;wOD;jzpfol udkatmifausmf towfcHcJh&onf? ‚if;.aoqHk;r_a=umifh jrefrmjynfolvlxk tvGefw&mrausreyfjzpfcJh=u&+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@tm;qef@ usifwdkufcdkuf&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf ydkrdkcdkifrmvmapcJhonf?

ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ t&dSeft[kefjyif;xefvmcJhaomfvnf;jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyfa'orsm;wGifaexdkif=uolrsm;tm;vHk; tqdkygv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;yg0ifcJhjcif;r&dSay? ArmhtrsK d;om;a&;0g'Drsm;tm;vHk;onfvlrsK d;tkyfpktm; jzif hArmwckwnf;r[kwfay? rGefacgif;aqmif OD;cspfvd_ifESif h&cdkifacgif;aqmifOD;OwWrwdk@onf tqdkygtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_tm; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf axmufcHcJh=uonf?odk@aomfvnf; awmifwef;a'orsm;wGif aexdkifoltenf;i,fuom ‚if;wdk@.a'oudk jrefrmEdkifiH. tpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpfvufcHcJh=u+yD; trsm;pkrSmonf ArmjynfrESifh raygif;vdk=uay? rsm;pGmaomwdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pktkyfpkrsm;onf ‚if;wd k @ud k,fyd kifEd ki fiHrsm;udk tvdk&d ScJ h =uonf(odk@r[kwf)+Adwdo#wdk@tm;tm%m&dS+rJ&d SapvdkcJ h=uonf?‚if;wdk@wGifArmtrsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifhrwluGJjym;aom ‚if;wdk@udk,fydkiftrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &dSaecJh=uonf? ,if;ta=umif;a=umifh ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGifwdkif;jynfwGif;&dSvlwdkif;yg0ifcJhjcif;r&dSay?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufArmhtrsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _onfjre frmEd ki fi HArm htrsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _onfjre frmEd ki fi HArm htrsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _onfjre frmEd ki fi HArm htrsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _onfjre frmEd ki fi HArm htrsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _onfjre frmEd ki fi H

twGi f;& d S wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;p ktm;vH k ;tay:p dwf0iftwGi f;& d S wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;p ktm;vH k ;tay:p dwf0iftwGi f;& d S wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;p ktm;vH k ;tay:p dwf0iftwGi f;& d S wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;p ktm;vH k ;tay:p dwf0iftwGi f;& d S wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;p ktm;vH k ;tay:p dwf0ifpm;r _& d Sa =umi f ; jyocJ hy govm;? ,if ;v_y f& Sm;r _wGi fpm;r _& d Sa =umi f ; jyocJ hy govm;? ,if ;v_y f& Sm;r _wGi fpm;r _& d Sa =umi f ; jyocJ hy govm;? ,if ;v_y f& Sm;r _wGi fpm;r _& d Sa =umi f ; jyocJ hy govm;? ,if ;v_y f& Sm;r _wGi fpm;r _& d Sa =umi f ; jyocJ hy govm;? ,if ;v_y f& Sm;r _wGi fwd ki f ;&i f ;om;tky fp ktm;vH k ; yg0i fc J hy govm;? 1930wd ki f ;&i f ;om;tky fp ktm;vH k ; yg0i fc J hy govm;? 1930wd ki f ;&i f ;om;tky fp ktm;vH k ; yg0i fc J hy govm;? 1930wd ki f ;&i f ;om;tky fp ktm;vH k ; yg0i fc J hy govm;? 1930wd ki f ;&i f ;om;tky fp ktm;vH k ; yg0i fc J hy govm;? 1930ckE Sp frsm;wGi f wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;tky fp ktm;vH k ;yg0i fc kE Sp frsm;wGi f wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;tky fp ktm;vH k ;yg0i fc kE Sp frsm;wGi f wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;tky fp ktm;vH k ;yg0i fc kE Sp frsm;wGi f wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;tky fp ktm;vH k ;yg0i fc kE Sp frsm;wGi f wd ki f ;&i f;om;vlrs K d ;tky fp ktm;vH k ;yg0i faom trsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _ jzp fay:E d ki fvdr f hrnf[kaom trsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _ jzp fay:E d ki fvdr f hrnf[kaom trsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _ jzp fay:E d ki fvdr f hrnf[kaom trsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _ jzp fay:E d ki fvdr f hrnf[kaom trsK d ;om;a&;v_y f& Sm;r _ jzp fay:E d ki fvdr f hrnf[koifxi fy govm;?oifxi fy govm;?oifxi fy govm;?oifxi fy govm;?oifxi fy govm;?

19

armifxdefvif;[k trnf&aom vli,fwOD;ukd1915 azaz:0g&D(13)wGifjrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;ewfarmuf+rdK@i,fav;wGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? aemifwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[k xif&Sm;vmrnfhvli,fjzpfonf? ol@tm;odu|rf;olrsm;u atmifqef;onf tvGef±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfonf [kqdk=uonf? olonf bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;ynma&;udkoif,l+yD;aemuf trsKd;om;ausmif;wGifqufvufoif,lcJhonf? olonfxl;c|efaomausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfonfhtjyif(19)&mpkwGif+Adwdo#wdk@tm;ckcHawmfvSefcJhol Adkvfva&mifESifhaqGrsdK;awmfpyfoljzpf&m txl;ojzifh jrefrmhtrsdK;om;a&;0g'tay:pdwf0ifpm;r_}uD;rm;cJhonf?

udkatmifqef;onf 1932 wGif &efukefwuUodkvfodk@a&muf&dScJh+yD; EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifyg0ifvmum &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~. tdk;a0r*~Zif; t,f'Dwmtjzpfaqmif&Guf cJhonf? 1936 ausmif;om;oydwfwGifacgi f ;aqmifwOD; jzp fc J honf? E Sp ftenf;i,ft=umYudkatmifqef;onf 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;odk@0ifa&mufcJh+yD; EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkwpdkufrwfrwf aqmif±GufcJh&m vltrsm;. tav;xm;r_udk cHvm&onf? 1941 wGif udkatmifqef;onf tjcm;aom vli,ftrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmif 29 OD;ESifhtwl ppfynm oif,l&ef *syefEdkifiHodk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf?jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefa&mufvmcsdefwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) udkpwifzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; ol@udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[kvlodrsm; vmcJhonf?

tapmydkif;Y AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfjrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;&&dS&eftvdk@iSg *syefwdk@ESifhtwlyl;aygif;cJhaomfvnf;aemufydkif;wGif *syefa&mt*Fvdyfudkygjrefrmhajray:rSarmif;xkwf&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf? jrefrmEldifiHudkvGwfvyfI pnf;vHk;

Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;

“AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_. ta&;ygqHk;acgif;aqmifrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. vGwfvyfa&;zcif[k ol@udk vltrsm;uowfrSwf=uonf? olonf jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf +Adwdo#tpdk;&. ,Hk=unfr_udk&&dS&ef}udK;yrf;cJh+yD; aemufqHk;wGif vlrsm;pGm.tultnDjzifhatmifjrifr_&&dScJhonf? ”

nD!Gwffaomwdkif;jynfwpfckjzpfvmap&ef olonf +Adwdo#tpdk;&ESifhvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; aphpyf!dS@Ed_if;r_rsm;jyKvkyfEdlifcJhonf? olonf1947 Yvkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&onf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf aphpyf!d‡@Ed_if;aqG;aEG;a&;udk ,Hk=unfolwpfOD;jzpf+yD; +Adwdo#udkvdkeDwdk@ESifh aqG;aEG;!d‡@Ed_if;cJhouJhodk@ vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;!d‡@Ed_if;EdkifcJholjzpfonf? ol. ±dk;ajzmifhaomp±dkufa=umifh vltrsm;u ol@udk ,Hk=unfudk;pm;=uonf?tu,fI olomouf&dSxif&Sm;&SdaecJhv#ifjrefrmEdkifiHonf,ckvuf&dS tajctaeESifh tvGefjcm;em;aevdrfhrnf[k vltawmfrsm;rsm;u ,Hk=unf=uonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaphpyf!d‡@E_ dif;tajz&SmEd kifjcif;onf acgif;aqmifaphpyf!d‡@E_ dif;tajz&SmEd kifjcif;onf acgif;aqmifaphpyf!d‡@E_ dif;tajz&SmEd kifjcif;onf acgif;aqmifaphpyf!d‡@E_ dif;tajz&SmEd kifjcif;onf acgif;aqmifaphpyf!d‡@E_ dif;tajz&SmEd kifjcif;onf acgif;aqmif

rsm;twGuf tb,fha=umifh ta&;}uD;a=umif;udk aqG;rsm;twGuf tb,fha=umifh ta&;}uD;a=umif;udk aqG;rsm;twGuf tb,fha=umifh ta&;}uD;a=umif;udk aqG;rsm;twGuf tb,fha=umifh ta&;}uD;a=umif;udk aqG;rsm;twGuf tb,fha=umifh ta&;}uD;a=umif;udk aqG;aE G ;y g?aE G ;y g?aE G ;y g?aE G ;y g?aE G ;y g?

*sye facwf jre frm hvGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;*sye facwf jre frm hvGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;*sye facwf jre frm hvGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;*sye facwf jre frm hvGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;*sye facwf jre frm hvGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;

20

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ArmhtrsKd;om;a&; acgif;aqmifrsm;u t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&&dS&ef }udK;yrf;aepOf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpktawmfrsm;rsm;ut*FvdyftumtuG,fjzifh aevdk=u+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&dSonfhtcg ArmESifhaygif;v#if ‚if;wdk@.uH=urRmrnfokd@jzpfrnfudkraocsmcJh=uay? tcsKd@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;u ‚if;wdk@.e,fajra'otwGif;&dS t*FvdyfESifhArmwdk@tm;wdkufxkwfI udk,fydkifEdkifiHxlaxmifvkd=u+yD; tcsKd@u ArmvlrsKd;tkyfpkESifh yl;aygif;I tem*wfjynfaxmifpkw&yf xlaxmifa&;aqG;aEG;&ef qEN&dScJh=uonf? ,if;tcsdefY wdkif;

udkvd keDacwf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvd keDacwf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvd keDacwf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvd keDacwf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvd keDacwf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpktcsKd@onftzGJ@tpnf;tcdkiftrm&dScJh=u+yD;tcsKd@rSm cdkifrmonfhtzGJ@tpnf;tjzpfodk@ra&muf&dSao;ay? &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;taejzifh zGJ@pnf;r_ tcdkiftrm&dScJh+yD; 1922wGifapmfbGm;p0fa&$odkufOD;aqmifonfh&Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzifh &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;jynfaxmifpkaumifpDukd zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? wqufwnf;Y qif0g;aemif tp&dSonfhucsif'l;0g;rsm;uvnf; ucsifvlxkudk OD;aqmifaecJh=u+yD; OD;cspfaomif;ESifh Edkifzdk;csKdwdk@uvnf; rGefvlrsKd;wdk@udk OD;aqmifaecJh=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;wkd@rSm ‚if;wdk@. bmom pum;a&;om;ajymqdkydkifcGifhrsm; ydwfyifcH&rnfukd pdk;&drf cJh=uonf?&c d k i fw d k i f ; &i f ;om;v lr s K d ;t ky f p k r Svnf ;,i f ;tc Gi f hta&;rsm;tay: pdk;&drfcJh=u+yD; OD;pdENm acgif;aqmifI bmompum; tcGifhta&;tjyif tjcm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? OD;bDwl;&,ftygt0if u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf u&ifeDvGwfvyfa&;udk tvdk&dScJh=uonf? wpfbufYvnf; csif;acgif;aqmif OD;0rfokra0gifonfArmtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;vkyfudkifvdkonfh qENrsm;&dScJh+yD; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; Armhwyfrawmftm;ulnDI e,fchsJwdk@udkwdkufxkwfay;cJhonf? a'gufwmpHpDzdk;/ ref;a&$xGef;ausmfESifh apmbOD;}uD; wdk@onf xif&Sm;onfh u&ifhacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpfonf?Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;/'l;0g;qif0g;aemifESif hp0fa&$od kufAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;/'l;0g;qif0g;aemifESif hp0fa&$od kufAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;/'l;0g;qif0g;aemifESif hp0fa&$od kufAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;/'l;0g;qif0g;aemifESif hp0fa&$od kufAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;/'l;0g;qif0g;aemifESif hp0fa&$od kuf

a'gufwmpHpDzdk;tm; 1870 ckESpfatmufwkdbm(4)&uf wGif ykodrf+rdK@teD;wGif arG;zGg;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@ rdom;pkonfpaumu&ifvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf+yD; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? i,fpOfu pHpDzdk;onf tar&duefomoemjyKausmif;Y ynmoif,lcJh+yD;tar&duefEdkifiHaq;wuUodkvfwckwGifqufvufoGm;a&mufynmoif,lcJhonf? xdk@aemuf1894wGif jrefrmEkdifiHodk@jyefa&mufvm+yD; aq; ±Hkwckudk xlaxmifvkyfudkifcJhonf? a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@. tem*wfudk tvGefpdwfyg0ifpm;oljzpfonfhtavsmuf 1915 wGif ArmOya'jyKaumifpDY t*Fvdyftpdk;&rS‚if;tm;wm0efay;tyfcJhonf? xkd@aemuf a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf 1925wGif u&iftrsKd;om; tpnf;t±Hk; (KNA).acgif;aqmifjzpfvmcJhonf? ,if;umvonf ArmtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;awmif;qdkaecsdefjzpfonf? twdwfY ArmESifhu&ifvlrsKd;wdk@t=um;wGif yËdyuQrsm;pGm&dScJhaoma=umifh t*Fvdyfwdk@jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGufcGgaomtcg ArmvlrsKd;wdk@onf u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@udk w&m;r#wpGm qufqHvdrfhrnfr[kwf [k a'gufwmpHpDzdk; ,Hk=unfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhArmtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifwdk@. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf a&;awmif;qdkr_udkqef@usifcJh+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfaomtcg vGwfvyfaomu&ifEdkifiHudkxlaxmif vdkol jzpfonf? olonf +Adwdefodk@ oGm;a&mufcJh+yD; ‚if;.u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;tay: pdk;&drfr_tm; +Adwdo# wdk@xH &Sif;jycJhonf?“ArmESifhu&ifrsm;” trnf&dSaom pmtkyfudk a&;om;jyKpkcJh&mwGif “jrefrm jynf&dSwdkif;&if;om;ESifh jynfolrsm; tm;vHk;tae jzifh auseyfavmufzG,f&m oifhwifhr#waom &ydkifcGifh/ r#waomtkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhrsm;tm; tmrcHaomjyXmef;csuf r&dSor#umvywfvHk; olwdk@.tajctaeonf pdwfcsEdkifavmufaom aoG;pnf;cdkifrmr_ &dSvdrfhrnfr[kwf” [k a&;om;cJhonf?

a'gufwm pHpDzdk;onf ol.tawG;tjrifrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm; r#a0vdkonfhtwGuf atmufv$wfawmfwGif wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;xrf;aqmifcJholjzpfonf? olonf jy\emrsm;udk awG@qHk aqG;aEG;a&;enf;vrf;jzifh jyefvnf&if=um;aphvdkol jzpfaoma=umifh u&ifrsm;/Armrsm;ESifh tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;uyg av;pm;jcif;cH&oljzpfonf? 1946 ckESpf ZGefv (7) &ufae@wGif tzsm;a0'emjzifh uG,fvGefcJh+yD; ol@tm;ta&;ygonfh acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf vlrsm;utrSwfw& &dS=uonff?

a'gufwmpHpDzd k;a'gufwmpHpDzd k;a'gufwmpHpDzd k;a'gufwmpHpDzd k;a'gufwmpHpDzd k;

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufa'gufwmpHpDz d k ;. tawG;tac:ESi f h A d kvfcsKy fatmifqef;. tawG;tac:wd k @onf rnfuJ hod k @ uG J jym;jcm;em;a'gufwmpHpDz d k ;. tawG;tac:ESi f h A d kvfcsKy fatmifqef;. tawG;tac:wd k @onf rnfuJ hod k @ uG J jym;jcm;em;a'gufwmpHpDz d k ;. tawG;tac:ESi f h A d kvfcsKy fatmifqef;. tawG;tac:wd k @onf rnfuJ hod k @ uG J jym;jcm;em;a'gufwmpHpDz d k ;. tawG;tac:ESi f h A d kvfcsKy fatmifqef;. tawG;tac:wd k @onf rnfuJ hod k @ uG J jym;jcm;em;a'gufwmpHpDz d k ;. tawG;tac:ESi f h A d kvfcsKy fatmifqef;. tawG;tac:wd k @onf rnfuJ hod k @ uG J jym;jcm;em;+yD; rnfuJ hod k @wlnDr_&d Soenf;?+yD; rnfuJ hod k @wlnDr_&d Soenf;?+yD; rnfuJ hod k @wlnDr_&d Soenf;?+yD; rnfuJ hod k @wlnDr_&d Soenf;?+yD; rnfuJ hod k @wlnDr_&d Soenf;?

21

1945 em0gpuDwGif tEkjrLAH k;usJcspOf1945 em0gpuDwGif tEkjrLAH k;usJcspOf1945 em0gpuDwGif tEkjrLAH k;usJcspOf1945 em0gpuDwGif tEkjrLAH k;usJcspOf1945 em0gpuDwGif tEkjrLAH k;usJcspOfjrif&aomwdrfwd kufo¾mefaygufuG Jr _jrif&aomwdrfwd kufo¾mefaygufuG Jr _jrif&aomwdrfwd kufo¾mefaygufuG Jr _jrif&aomwdrfwd kufo¾mefaygufuG Jr _jrif&aomwdrfwd kufo¾mefaygufuG Jr _

'kwd,urBmppf. a,bl,so±kyfo¾mef'kwd,urBmppf. a,bl,so±kyfo¾mef'kwd,urBmppf. a,bl,so±kyfo¾mef'kwd,urBmppf. a,bl,so±kyfo¾mef'kwd,urBmppf. a,bl,so±kyfo¾mef1930 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif*syef/ *smr%DESifh tDwvDEdkifiH

wdk@onf tifyg,mrsm;pwifxlaxmifvmcJh=uonf? *syefu w±kwfEdkifiHudkusL;ausmfI tDwvDu tDoD,dkyD;,m; udkwdkufcdkufcJhonf? xdk@twl *smr%DEdkifiHu jyifopfESifh csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;udk odrf;ydkuf&ef}udK;yrf;vmcJhonf? *syeftpdk;&udk bk&if[D±dk[DwdkuOD;aqmif+yD; *smr%Dudkta'ghzf[pfwvm u OD;aqmifum tDwvDudk rlqdkvdkeDu OD;aqmifcJhonf?,if;oHk;EdkifiHonf zufqpfEdkifiHrsm;jzpfcJh+yD; 0if±dk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;[lI r[mrdwfrsm;tjzpfpkpnf;cJ h =uonf? tapmydkif;umvrsm;Y Oa&my. tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif rusL;ausmfa&;rl0g'tm; vdkufemcJh=uaomfvnf; 1939 wGif*smr%Du ydkvefEdkifiHtm; pwifusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufvdkufonf? +Adwdef ESifh jyifopfwdk@u 0if±dk;wef;tkyfpk0ifEdkifiHrsm;udkppfa=ujimjcif;jzifh wHk@jyefcJhonf? 1941 aESmif;ydkif;wGif tar&duefjynf axmifpkonf'kwd,urBmppfxJyg0ifvm+yD; aemufqdkAD,uf ESifh w±kwfEdkifiHrsm;onfvnf; tvm;wl ppfxJygvmcJhonf? tqdkygEkdifiHrsm;udk r[mrdwftiftm;pkEdkifiHrsm;(Allied powers) rsm;[k ac:qdkcJh=uonf?

'kwd,urBmppfonf Oa&my/ tm&S ESifhtmz&du[laom a'o}uD;oHk;ckwGif jzpfyGg;cJh&m *smr%DESifh tDwvDuOa&myESifhtmz&duudkodrf;+yD;*syefutm&SudkusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJh=uonf? *syefwdk@onf 1941wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'otm;odrf;,lcJhonf?'kwd,urBmppftwGif; vlaygif;7²5oef;cef@aoqHk;cJh+yD;t&yfom;

ajrmufrsm;pGmonf pD;yGg;a&;t&ESifh±kyfydkif; qdkif&mt& xdcd kufysufpD;c J h&onf?

* smre ftp d k ;&onf vlrsK d;oef@pifa&;[kac:onfhrsKd; jzKwfowfjzwfr_}uD;ukd usL;vGefcJh+yD; *sL;vlrsKd; 6 oef; ESifhtjcm;vlrsKd;tkyfpkwdk@towfcHcJ h =u&onf? xdk@aemuf tar&duefu *syef+rdK@awmf rsm; jzpfonfh[D±d k&D S;rm;ESif h em*gpuD+rdK@rsm;udk tEkjrLAH k;usJcscJ h+yD; vlaygif;wpfoef;ausmfaoqHk;cJ h&onf? ,if;aemuf0if±d k;wef;tkyfpk0ifEdkifiHrsm; vufeufcscsdef 1945 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;qHk;cJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;.ta&;ygonfhtusKd;oufa&mufwckrSm urBmppf}uD;wGifuGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;ESifh'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHrsm;[lI EdkifiHrsm;tkyfpkuGJoGm;jcif;jzpfonf?

aqG;aEG;csuf?aqG;aEG;csuf?aqG;aEG;csuf?aqG;aEG;csuf?aqG;aEG;csuf?zufqpfE d ki fi Hrsm;ud kr[mrdwfE d ki fi Hrsm;uqef@zufqpfE d ki fi Hrsm;ud kr[mrdwfE d ki fi Hrsm;uqef@zufqpfE d ki fi Hrsm;ud kr[mrdwfE d ki fi Hrsm;uqef@zufqpfE d ki fi Hrsm;ud kr[mrdwfE d ki fi Hrsm;uqef@zufqpfE d ki fi Hrsm;ud kr[mrdwfE d ki fi Hrsm;uqef@

usifwd kufcd kufcJ honfuk doifrnfod k @xifjrifoenf;?usifwd kufcd kufcJ honfuk doifrnfod k @xifjrifoenf;?usifwd kufcd kufcJ honfuk doifrnfod k @xifjrifoenf;?usifwd kufcd kufcJ honfuk doifrnfod k @xifjrifoenf;?usifwd kufcd kufcJ honfuk doifrnfod k @xifjrifoenf;?

tydkif; (3)tydkif; (3)tydkif; (3)tydkif; (3)tydkif; (3)'kwd, urBmppf (1940 - 1945 )'kwd, urBmppf (1940 - 1945 )'kwd, urBmppf (1940 - 1945 )'kwd, urBmppf (1940 - 1945 )'kwd, urBmppf (1940 - 1945 )

1942 ckESpfY 0if±dk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;odrf;ydkufxm;aoma'ojyajryHk

22

1939 ckESpf pufwifbm (1) &ufae@wGif 'kwd,urBmppfpwifcJh+yD; Tppf}uD;udkr[mtrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u vGwfvyfa&;&&dS&eftcGifhtvrf;tjzpf ±_jrifcJh=uonf?1939 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvxJwGif ocifjrESifhocifatmifqef;wdk@ OD;aqmifI 'dk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;. tpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf ajratmufygwDwckudkzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ,if;ygwDtm; Armhta&;awmfyHkygwD (odk@r[kwf) jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD[k v#Kd@0Suftrnfay;cJhonf?

jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDonf ppfwyfxlaxmif &efaiGa=u;ESif h Ed kifiHjcm;taxmuftyHhrsm; vkdtyfcJ honf?Todk@jzifh Armocifrsm;onf *syefESifh tquftoG,fjyKvkyf=u&m1940=o*kwfvwGif*syefAdkvfrSL;}uD;uif*sDqlZluD;jrefrmEdkifiHodk@a&muf&dS+yD; ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh ocifjr/ a'gufwmodrf;armif polwdk@ESifhawG@qHkcJhonf? ,if;aemufArmhvGwfvyfa&;pDrHudef;tm; twlwuGa&;qGJcJh=uonf? ,if;pDrHudef;t& Armwdk@bufrSi,f&G,faom ArmtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk ppfoifwef;rsm;ay;&ef *syefwdk@ oabmwlcJhonf? *syefwdk@u +Adwdo#wdk@tm;wdkufxkwfI jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufvkd+yD; Armocifrsm;.tultnDjzifhwdkufv#ifydkrdkvG,fulrnfjzpfa=umif;odxm;cJhonf? xdk@jyif+Adwdo#wdk@axmufyHha&;vrf;a=umif;tjzpf toHk;jyKvsuf&dSaom“Armjynfvrf;r}uD;”udk *syefwdk@ydwfvdkcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ulnDwdkufay;rnf[k *syefwdk@u Armhocifrsm;udk uwday;cJhonf?

1941 ckESpfwGif ArmhtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;ol vli,f(30) onf *syefEdkifiH [dkifeefu|ef;odk@oGm;a&mufcJh +yD; ppfoifwef;ESifhtkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&moifwef;rsm;udk AdkvfrSL; }uD;qlZluD;u }uD;rSL;oif=um;ay;cJhonf? tqdkygoifwef; rsm;onftoHk;0ifaomfvnf; *syefwdk@u jrefrmEdkifiHtm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnhftay: ArmtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;taejzifhraocsmcJhay? *syefppfwyfESifhtwl &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odk@0ifa&mufI wdkif;jynfudk t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS jyefvnfodrf;,lcJh+yD; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(BIA)udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? (aemufydkif;wGif Armhum uG,fa&;wyfrawmf(BDA) [k ajymif;vJrSnfhac:cJhonf?) &JabmfoHk;usdyfonfjrefrmEdkifiHodk@r0ifa&mufrD 1941 'D Zifbm (31) wGif xdkif;Edkif befaumuf+rdK@Y wyfrawmfudkopPmapmifhod&ef vufarmif;aoG;azgufaomufI opPmjyKcJh=uonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyftawmfrsm;rsm;onf Ed kifiHa&; wGifqufvufyg0ifcJ h +yD;jreffrmEdkifiH.tem*wftwGuf ta&;ygolrsm;jzpfvm=uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/OD;ae0if;/ ocifpdk;/ocifxGef; tkyf/A d kvfvuF sm/ A d kvfp}uFmESifh AdkvfaZ,swdk@onf &JabmfoHk;us dy f0i frsm; jzp f =u+yD;xdktcsdefY ‚if;wdk@tm;vH k;.ysrf;r#toufrSm(24)r#yif &dS=uao;onf? & JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftm;vHk;onf wlnDonfh EdkifiHa&;t,l0g'w&yfwnf;udk cH,lxm;jcif;rsKd; r&dSaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +Adwdo#tkyf pdk;r_r&d SrSomv#if Ed ki fiH htajctaeyd krd kaumif;rGefvmrnf[k‚if;wdk@tm;vHk;u ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf?

&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf

Ad kvfcsKy fatmifqef;ESi f htwl *syef jynfY ppfynmoif,lAd kvfcsKy fatmifqef;ESi f htwl *syef jynfY ppfynmoif,lAd kvfcsKy fatmifqef;ESi f htwl *syef jynfY ppfynmoif,lAd kvfcsKy fatmifqef;ESi f htwl *syef jynfY ppfynmoif,lAd kvfcsKy fatmifqef;ESi f htwl *syef jynfY ppfynmoif,lc J h =uaom&JabmfoH k ;us dy ftzG J @0iftcsK d @c J h =uaom&JabmfoH k ;us dy ftzG J @0iftcsK d @c J h =uaom&JabmfoH k ;us dy ftzG J @0iftcsK d @c J h =uaom&JabmfoH k ;us dy ftzG J @0iftcsK d @c J h =uaom&JabmfoH k ;us dy ftzG J @0iftcsK d @

&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if ADkvf&JxGËf/ AdkvfausmfaZmESifhAdkvfrSL;atmif

23

Hugh Seagram,

*syefppfwyfrsm;rD;±d_@xm;cJhonfhaus;&Gmwpf&Gm.jrifuGif;yef;csDum;

1941 'DZifbm(11)wGif *syefuifaywdkifppfwyf ujrefrmEdkifiHudkpwif0ifa&mufodrf;yk duf+yD; 1945 xdwdkifatmiftkyfcsKyfcJhonf? tapmydkif;Y jrefrmjynfolrsm;onfvGwfvyfa&;&&dS&ef *syefwdk@u ulnDvdrfhrnf[k txif&dSaoma=umifh *syefwdk@ukd }udKqdkcJh=uonf? odk@aomf*syefwdk@onfjrefrmjynfolvlxktay: zdEdSyf&ufpufr_rsm;pGm usL;vGefcJhonf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;udk rk'def;usifhjcif;/ ‚if;wdk@tm;qef@usifolrsm;udk EdSyfpufjcif;rsm;tm; *syefppfwyfu jyKvkyfcJh+yD; jrefrmjynfolvlxk vGefpGmqif;&J'kuQa&mufcJh=u&onf? xdk@jyif +Adwdo#wdk@uvnf; jrefrmjynfrS qkwfcGg&mYajrvSef pepfusifhoHk;cJh&m ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tajccHtaqmuftOD;ESifh OpPmypPnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfcJhonf? *syef

wdk@a&muf&dSvmcsdefY jynfol@b0 wdk;wufr_r&dSbJ ppfa=umifhtwd'kuQa&mufcJh=uonf? xdk@tjyif KMTac: ulrifwefw±kwfppfwyfrSmvnf;jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;&dS ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;odk@0ifa&mufI ppfa&;v_yf&Sm; r_rsm; jyKvkyfae=u+yD; a'ocHrsm;tay:zdESdyf&ufpufr_rsm;usL;vGefcJh=uonf? u&if/ ucsif/ em* ESifhc si f ;vlrs K d ;tcs K d @onf jre frm

EdkifiHudk *syefodrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfxm;aomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ tm;qufvufopPmcHcJ h=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf +Adwdo#wdk@ udkjrefrmEd kifiHY qufvuf&d Saeapvkd=uonf? t*Fvdyfwdk @jrefrmrSqkwfcGmoGm;csdefwGif t*FvdyfAdkvfrSL; [kcsfqD;*&if;tygt0if t&m&dStcsKd@onf aemufcsefwyftjzpf usef&pf+yD; u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@ESifhtwl*syefwdk@tm;qufvufwdkufcdkufcJhonf?

*syefwdk @onf Armocifrsm;udk uwday;xm;cJ honfhtwkdif; jrefrmEdkifiHukd ppfrSefonfhvGwfvyfa&; ray;cJhay? vGwfvyfa&;tpm; ocifxGef;tkyfESifh a'gufwmb armfwdk@ OD;aqmifonfh ±kyfao;tpdk;&w&yf zGJ@pnf;ay;cJh onf?Tod k @ jzi f h 1943 =o*kwfv(1)&ufae@wGi f *sye fwd k @jrefrmEd kifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;a=ujimay;cJ honf? Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifjrESifhocifEkwdk@onf t

pdk;&opfxJwGifyg0ifvm=uaomfvnf; *syefwdk@onfjrefrmEdkifiHtm; ppfrSefonfh vGwfvyfa&;ay;vkdonfhqEN&dSonf [k‚if;wdk@r,Hk=unfcJ h=uacs? xdk@a=umifh *syefawmfvSefa&;twGufv#dK@0SuftpDtpOfrsm;}udKwifa&;qGJxm;cJh=uonf?odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf tqdkygv#Kd@0SuftpDtpOfrsm;udk rod&dS=uojzifh ocifrsm;ESifh BIA wyfwdk@tay: ,Hk=unfr_usqif;um rdrdwdk@enf;[efjzifh *syefudkpwifawmfvSefcJh=uonf? 1944 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ESifhtjcm;acgif;aqmifwdk@onf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; (zwzv)(Anti-Fascist Organization AFO) tzGJ@ udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?(aemifwGif zufqpfqef@usifa&;ESifh jynfol@ vGwfajrmufa&;zqyv[kajymif;vJ owfrSwfc J honf?) zwyvonfocifpdk;ESifhvnf;aumif;/jrefrmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@ ESifhr[mrdwfzGJ@cJhonf? tqdkygtkyfpkESpfpkvH k ; onf 1945wGi ftdEdN,EdlifiHuENDYusif;yaomnDvmc Hwp fc kY+Adwdo#wdk@ESifhr[m rdwfjyKcJhonf? jrefrmhajray:rS *syeftm; jyefvnfwdkufxkwf&mwGif +Adwdo#wyfr (136) u zqyv. ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_tpDtpOfrsm;udk axmufyH hay;cJ honf? Todk@jzif h 1945rwfvwGif BIA ESifh *syefwdk@wdkufyGJrsm;qufcJh+yD; rwfv27&ufae@udk awmfvSefa&;ae@[k owfrSwfcJh=uonf? BIA

wyfrsm; onf *syefwdk@vufeufcscJhonfh 1945 =o*kwfv14 &uf ae@xdwdkif *syefwdk@udkwdkufcdkufcJhonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csuf1945 rwfvtwGif; *syeftm; awmfvSef1945 rwfvtwGif; *syeftm; awmfvSef1945 rwfvtwGif; *syeftm; awmfvSef1945 rwfvtwGif; *syeftm; awmfvSef1945 rwfvtwGif; *syeftm; awmfvSef

&ef bDtdkifat. qHk;jzwfcsuftay: aqG;aEG;yg? *s&ef bDtdkifat. qHk;jzwfcsuftay: aqG;aEG;yg? *s&ef bDtdkifat. qHk;jzwfcsuftay: aqG;aEG;yg? *s&ef bDtdkifat. qHk;jzwfcsuftay: aqG;aEG;yg? *s&ef bDtdkifat. qHk;jzwfcsuftay: aqG;aEG;yg? *syef awmfvSefa&;tm; yd krd kaqmvsifpGm jyKvkyfoif hyef awmfvSefa&;tm; yd krd kaqmvsifpGm jyKvkyfoif hyef awmfvSefa&;tm; yd krd kaqmvsifpGm jyKvkyfoif hyef awmfvSefa&;tm; yd krd kaqmvsifpGm jyKvkyfoif hyef awmfvSefa&;tm; yd krd kaqmvsifpGm jyKvkyfoif hygovm;? od k @r[kwf aemufus+y D; jyKvkyfoif hygoygovm;? od k @r[kwf aemufus+y D; jyKvkyfoif hygoygovm;? od k @r[kwf aemufus+y D; jyKvkyfoif hygoygovm;? od k @r[kwf aemufus+y D; jyKvkyfoif hygoygovm;? od k @r[kwf aemufus+y D; jyKvkyfoif hygovm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?vm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?vm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?vm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?vm;? tb,fha=umif henf;?

*syefodrf;yd kufjcif;*syefodrf;yd kufjcif;*syefodrf;yd kufjcif;*syefodrf;yd kufjcif;*syefodrf;yd kufjcif;

24

Armjynfvrf;r}uD;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; r[mrdwfwdkif;jynfrsm;ESif h 0if±dk;wef;tkyfpk0ifwdkif;jynfrsm;twGuftvGefta&;ygcJh&onf?,if;vrf;r}uD;onf w±kwfEdkifiHawmifydkif;&dS ulrif;ESifh &Srf;jynfe,f vm;±d _;wd k @tm;qufoG,fxm;I(1130)uDvdkrDwm&Snfvsm;+yD; 1937 ESifh 1938ckESpftwGif; w±kwftvkyform; (2)odef;cef@jzifh azgufvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? awmawmifrsm;ukdjzwfoef;azgufvkyfcJh&aoma=umifh tvGefw&mcufcJyifyef;cJh&onf? ,if;umvonf *syefu w±kwfEdkifiHudkusL;ausmfaecsdefjzpf+yD; ppfvufeufypPnf; taxmuftyHhrsm;&&dS&ef tqdkygvrf;r}uD;tm; w±kwfulrifwefppfwyf utoHk;jyKcJhonf? tqdkygtaxmuftyHhrsm;onf &efukefokd@oabFmjzifha&muf&dS+yD; rD;&xm;jzifh vm;±d_;odk@o,f,lIulrif;od k @ y d k @ay;jcif; jzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppf jzpfy G g ;vmaomtcg *syefwdk@uw±kwfqdyfurf;+rdK@tm;vHk;udkydwfypfvdkuf+yD; w±kwfulrifwefppfwyftaejzifh*syeftm;wdkufxkwf&ef tqdkyg vrf;r}uD;onf t"duppfvufeufypPnf;axmufyHha&;vrf;a=umif; jzpfvmaoma=umifh r[mrdwfwkd@twGuf ta&;ygvSonf?

1941 aESmif;ydkif; *syefwdk@jrefrmEdkifiHtm; odrf;,lonfhtcg ,if;Armjynfvrf;r}uD;udk *syefwdk@uzsufqD;vdk=uonf? e,fpyfrsOf;. xdkif;EdkifiHbuftjcrf;wGif v_yf&Sm;onfh rDemrDuDuef;ac: *syefaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@jzifh tqdkygvrf;r}uD;ukd ydwfcJh=uonf? Tenf;jzifh*syefwdk@onf w±kwfulrifwefwdk@. vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;&&dS&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk jzwfawmufypfcJh=uonf?

tar&duef ppfAdkvfcsKyfAifeDum*sK d;pwD;0Jvf onftar&duef/ t*Fvdyf/ tdENd ,ESi f h jre frmppfom;rsm;tygt0if t&yfom; rsm;udkOD;aqmifI ,if;vrf;r}uD;tm; jyefvnftoHk;jyKEdkif &ef}ud K ;yr f ;c J honf? 1942'DZifbm wGif pwD;0JvfESif hol. tzGJ@onf tdENd,EdkifiHvD'dk rS jrpf}uD;em;odk@vrf;r}uD;wckudkazgufvkyfcJh&m t

vGefw&mcufcJvSaomfvnf; 1944wGif+yD;pD;cJhonf? tqdkyg vD'dkvrf;r}uD;azgufvkyfjcif;udk tar&duef pma&;q&mwpfOD;u

“ae&mwdkif;rSmawmtkyfawGomjzpfw,f? olwdk@av#mufvSrf;oGm;wdkif;EG,fyifawGuolwdk@&J@ajcaxmufawGudk+idwG,fzrf;qGJxm;=uw,f? tylaiG@awGa=umifh olwdk@&Jh &if[m EGrf;vsaeygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ ay(6000)jrifhwJh awmifxdyfawGwpfck+yD;wpfckay:a&mufwdkif;atmufajcrSm&SdwJh xlxyfwJhtpdrf;&ifha&mifrkwfoHkopfawmawGudkjzwfai;=unfhw,f/tJh'Daemufolwdk@&J@t=unfhawG[m rdk;ukwfpuf0dkif;qDudkwjznf;jznf;csif;vSrf;ar#mf=unfhw,f? olwdk@a&S@ [dk;ta0;wpfae&mrSm olwdk@eJ@vkH+cHKr_&SdrJhae&mt=um; aemufxyfawmifwef;udk aemufqHk;rSmawG@vdkuf&w,f? a=omf--'Dawmifwef;udk vnf;olwdk@wuf=u&OD;rSmygvm;”[kpdwf ul;yHkazmfa&;om;cJhonf?

vD'dkvrf;r}uD; (aemiftcg pwD;0Jvf vrf;r)onfjrefrmEdkifiHudk t*Fvdyfwdk@ jyefvnfodrf;,l&mwGif tvGefta&;ygonf? tqdkygvrf;r}uD;onf Oa&myESifh tar&duwGif emrnfausmf=um;vm&mtar&duefrsm;pGmuAdkvfcsKyfpwD;0Jvftm; ol&Jaumif;wOD;tjzpf jrifvm=uavonf?odk@aomf ,ae@umvwGif Armjynfvrf;r}uD;ESifh pwD;0Jvfvrf;r}uD; ESpfckpvHk;udktoHk;jyKjcif;r&dSay?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csuftar&duefvlrs K d ;r sm;p Gmonf jre frmE d ki fi Httar&duefvlrs K d ;r sm;p Gmonf jre frmE d ki fi Httar&duefvlrs K d ;r sm;p Gmonf jre frmE d ki fi Httar&duefvlrs K d ;r sm;p Gmonf jre frmE d ki fi Httar&duefvlrs K d ;r sm;p Gmonf jre frmE d ki fi Ht

a=umif ;rod =uaomfvnf; pwD;0 Jvfvrf ;r }uD; ta=umif ;rod =uaomfvnf; pwD;0 Jvfvrf ;r }uD; ta=umif ;rod =uaomfvnf; pwD;0 Jvfvrf ;r }uD; ta=umif ;rod =uaomfvnf; pwD;0 Jvfvrf ;r }uD; ta=umif ;rod =uaomfvnf; pwD;0 Jvfvrf ;r }uD; ta=umif ; =um;z l ; =uonf?tb,f ha =umi f henf;? Ta=umif ; =um;z l ; =uonf?tb,f ha =umi f henf;? Ta=umif ; =um;z l ; =uonf?tb,f ha =umi f henf;? Ta=umif ; =um;z l ; =uonf?tb,f ha =umi f henf;? Ta=umif ; =um;z l ; =uonf?tb,f ha =umi f henf;? Tvrf;r}uD;ta=umif;ukdod±H k jzif h jrefrmEd kifiHa=umif; udkvrf;r}uD;ta=umif;ukdod±H k jzif h jrefrmEd kifiHa=umif; udkvrf;r}uD;ta=umif;ukdod±H k jzif h jrefrmEd kifiHa=umif; udkvrf;r}uD;ta=umif;ukdod±H k jzif h jrefrmEd kifiHa=umif; udkvrf;r}uD;ta=umif;ukdod±H k jzif h jrefrmEd kifiHa=umif; udkem;vnfE d ki fy grnfavm? tb,f ha =umi f henf;? od k @em;vnfE d ki fy grnfavm? tb,f ha =umi f henf;? od k @em;vnfE d ki fy grnfavm? tb,f ha =umi f henf;? od k @em;vnfE d ki fy grnfavm? tb,f ha =umi f henf;? od k @em;vnfE d ki fy grnfavm? tb,f ha =umi f henf;? od k @r[kwf tb,fha=umif h jrefrmjynfta=umif;ud k em;rr[kwf tb,fha=umif h jrefrmjynfta=umif;ud k em;rr[kwf tb,fha=umif h jrefrmjynfta=umif;ud k em;rr[kwf tb,fha=umif h jrefrmjynfta=umif;ud k em;rr[kwf tb,fha=umif h jrefrmjynfta=umif;ud k em;rvnfEd ki f&ygoenf;?vnfEd ki f&ygoenf;?vnfEd ki f&ygoenf;?vnfEd ki f&ygoenf;?vnfEd ki f&ygoenf;?

Donovan Webster a&;om;cJhaom“The Burma Road” pmtkyf vD'dkvrf;ray:rS tar&duefppfum;rsm;

jrefrmjynfvrf;r}uD;ESif h vD'd kvrf;rjrefrmjynfvrf;r}uD;ESif h vD'd kvrf;rjrefrmjynfvrf;r}uD;ESif h vD'd kvrf;rjrefrmjynfvrf;r}uD;ESif h vD'd kvrf;rjrefrmjynfvrf;r}uD;ESif h vD'd kvrf;r

25

1942 ckESpfrwfvwGif ajrmif;jrc&dkifwGif yËdyuQ}uD; wpfckjzpfyGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefu+Adwdo#wdk@wyfrawmfwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifaecJh=uaomu&ifppfom;rsm;onf 4if;wdk@udkifaqmifonfhvufeufrsm;ESifhtwlolwdk@.ae&yfa'orsm;odk@jyefvmcJh=uonf? Ta'orsm;wGifusL;ausmf0ifa&mufae=uaomArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrSppfom;rsm;onf olwdk@.wyfom;opfrsm;twGufvufeufrsm;vdktyfaeonf?tpOD;ydkif;wGif u&ifwdk@u4if;wdk@vufeufrsm;udkArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfodk@tyfESHcJhonf? odk@aomftyfESH+yD;r=umrDyif vufeufrsm;udkif aqmifxm;aom"g;jyrsm;u olwdk@.aus;&Gmrsm;udk "g;jrwdkufvk,uf=uonf? olwdk@.aus;&Gmrsm;udkwdkufcdkufcJhol rsm;rSmArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrSwyfom;rsm;[ku&ifrsm;u,Hk=unfonfhtwGufvufeuftyfESHjcif;udk&yfwef@IArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudkckcH&efjyifqifcJhonf? Todk@jzifh bufESpfbuf=um;t=urf;bufr_}uD;pwifcJhonf?ajrmif;jraxmifrS&mZ0wftusOf;om;rsm;udkvGwfay;ojzifh xdktusOf;om;rsm;*dk%f;zGJ@Iaomif;usef;vm&mtajc taeydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmcJhonf? TwdkufyGJrsm;teufwdkufyGJwpfckwGifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;qlZluD;ESifhcifrif&if;ESD;aom*syefppfAdkvfwpfa,mufusqHk;cJh&m xdkppfAdkvfaoqHk;&onfhudpPonf u&ifaus;&Gmom;rsm;ESifhroufqdkifaomfvnf;u&ifaus;&GmESpf&GmudkzsufqD;I&Gmom;tm;vHk;udkowfypf&efAdkvfcsKyf}uD;qlZluD;utrdef@ay;cJhonf? u&ifrsm;uvnf;Arm&Gmrsm;udkwdkufcdkufjcif;jzifh vufpm;ajccJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf &owWywftenf;i,ft=umwGif ociftcsKd@acgif;aqmifaomvl&rf;um;wpkutpdk;&tzGJ@0if0ef}uD;a[mif;wOD;jzpfol apmazomtm; owfjzwfcJhonf? u&if ArmvlrsKd;tkyfpkcsif; t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGg;cJh+yD; vlrsKd;ESpf&yfpvHk; touftdk;tdrfpD;pdrfrsm; qHk;±H_;ysufpD;cJ h&onf? Tta&;tcif;wGif vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmaoqHk;I &Gmrsm;&mcsD+yD; zsufqD;cHcJh&onf?

'kwd, urBmppfumvwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) onf *syefuifaywdkifwyfrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrmEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufcJhonf? pwif0ifa&mufpOf BIA

wyfonft&G,ftpm;i,faomfvnf; jrefrmEd ki fi Hod k @0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf&mvrf;wavsmufwGifwyfom;opfrsm;pkaqmif;cJh=uonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmftm; ulnD&ef AdkvfcsKyfaqmifqef;onf jynfol@ppf[kac:aom a'ocHwyfzG J @rsm;udkzG J @pnf;cJ honf? BIA wyf&efukefodk @a&mufaomtcg ppfonftiftm;wpfaomif;cef@&dSxm;+yD; trsm;pkrSmArmvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf =uonf? 'kwd,urBmppfwavsmufBIA wyfrsm;ESifh vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;t=um;qufqHa&;rSmwif;rmcJhonf? OD;pdENmOD;aqmifonfh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm; ESifh OD;0rfokra0gifacgif;aqmifonfh csif;vlrsKd;rsm;tygt0if tcs K d @wd ki f ;&i f ;om;vlrs K d ;tky fp kr sm;onfBIA wyfE Si f htwlwuGy l ;aygi f ;c J h =uonf? od k @aomf‚if;wd k @ESif hBIA t=um; qufqHa&;rSm trsm;tm;jzif hraumif;vSacs? t*Fvdyfwdk@udkopPm&dS=uonf[k txifcH&onfh tdENd,tEG,fzGm;trsm;pkrSm BIA .wdkufcdkufjcif;cH&+yD;

t a o t a y s m u ftrsm;qHk;jzpfonf?xdk@twl &cd ki f jynfe,ftwGif;& d S r Gp fpvifv lr s K d ;tc s K d @vn f ;wdkufcd kufcHcJ h&onf?,if;uJ hod k @aom jy\ema=umifh tcsKd@aomvlrsKd;pki,frsm;u BIA ESif hArmvlrsKd; rsm;tay:a,bl,stm;jzifh r,Hk=unf=uaoma=umif h jzp fonf?

TtajctaeatmufwGif t*Fvdyfwdk@xH opPmcHcJh=uaom tcsKd@wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;ESifh BIA

t=um; jy\emrsm;pGm jzpfay:cJhonf? txl;ojzifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfom;rsm;ESif h u&ifrsm;=um;wGifjy\emrsm;&SdcJhonf?

'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf'kwd,urBmppftwGif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) ESif h ESif h ESif h ESif h ESif hvlenf;pk wd kif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; jy\emrsm;?vlenf;pk wd kif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; jy\emrsm;?vlenf;pk wd kif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; jy\emrsm;?vlenf;pk wd kif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; jy\emrsm;?vlenf;pk wd kif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpkrsm;t=um; jy\emrsm;?

*syefESif h*syefESif h*syefESif h*syefESif h*syefESif hBIA wyfrsm; &efukef+rd K @wGif;od k @wyfrsm; &efukef+rd K @wGif;od k @wyfrsm; &efukef+rd K @wGif;od k @wyfrsm; &efukef+rd K @wGif;od k @wyfrsm; &efukef+rd K @wGif;od k @cs Dwufodrf;y k duf 0ifa&mufpOfcs Dwufodrf;y k duf 0ifa&mufpOfcs Dwufodrf;y k duf 0ifa&mufpOfcs Dwufodrf;y k duf 0ifa&mufpOfcs Dwufodrf;y k duf 0ifa&mufpOf

BIA rS yHkEdSyfxkwfa0aom wHqdyfacgif;

26

Clement Attlee ESifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vef'efYawG@qHkpOf

zqyvtzGJ@}uD;ESif h atmifqef; tufvDpmcsKyfzqyvtzGJ@}uD;ESif h atmifqef; tufvDpmcsKyfzqyvtzGJ@}uD;ESif h atmifqef; tufvDpmcsKyfzqyvtzGJ@}uD;ESif h atmifqef; tufvDpmcsKyfzqyvtzGJ@}uD;ESif h atmifqef; tufvDpmcsKyf'kwd,urBmppf +yD;qHk;oGm;+yD;aemuf +Adwdo#wdk@

onf jrefrmEkdkifiHtm; wzefjyefvnfodrf;ydkufcJhonf? ArmtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh‚if;wdk@&nfrSef;xm;aom vGwfvyfa&;r&&dSao;yJ wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHa&;tajctaerSmvnf; ppfrjzpfrDouJhodk@yif&dSaeojzifh xdktaetxm;u ‚if;wdk@udkrcsifhr&JjzpfapcJhonf? xkd@a=umifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyvtzGJ@}uD;onf t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrSvGwfvyfa&; jyefvnf&&dS&efwzef}udK;yrf;cJh&jyefonf?

'kwd,urBmppf+yD;qHk;cgeD;aemufqHk;vtenf;i,ftwGif;Y +Adwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@onf puULjzLpmwrf;ac: jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufonfhrl0g'a=ujimcsufwapmifudkxkwfjyefa=ujimcJhonf? ,if;a=ujimcsuft& jrefrmEdkifiHonf+Adwdo#wdk@tm%mouf0ifr_&dSaeao;aom 'dkrDeD,rftqifhvGwfvyfa&;rwdkifrD ESpfESpfoHk;ESpfcef@ ‚if;wdk@vufatmuf wGifqufvuf&d Saeoif ha=umif;az: jyxm;onf? xd k @tjyifay:a'orsm;wGifaexdkif=uolrsm;taejzifhjynfrESifhaygif;vdkonfh qENr&dSbJ odk@r[kwf aygif;vdkonfhqEN&dSvmonfh tcsdefra&mufrjcif; jynfrESifhrjzpfrae ryl;aygif;oifha=umif;qufvufaz: jyxm;onf? ArmtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u TpuULjzLpmwrf;yg rl0g'rsm;udk oabmrwl=u acs?jrefrmEdkifiH. vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udk t*Fvdyfwdk@xHrS csufcsif;&,lvdk=u+yD; awmifwef;a&m jynfryg wygwnf; vGwfvyfa&; &,lvdk=uonf? Todk@jzifh 1946 wGif vGwfvyfa&;awmif; qdka&;twGuf taxGaxGoydwf}uD;w&yfjyK vkyfcJh=uonf?

jrefrmjynf rnfuJhodk@jzpfoifhonfESifhywfoufI+Adwdo#t&m&dSwdk@wGifvnf; uGJjym;jcm;em;onfht,ltqrsm; &dSaecJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtm; jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGifOD;aqmifcJhol avmh'farmifhbufwef taejzifhjrefrmEdkifiHonf aemufqHk;wGif vGwfvyfa&;&&dS&ef ‚if;taejzifh qEN&dScJhonf? olonf jrefrmEdkifiHudk tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyvtzGJ@}uD;wdk@tm; awG@qHk!d‡@E_dif;aqG;aEG;vdkoljzpfonf? odk@aomf Armjynfbk&ifcHa':refprpfuJhodk@aomt&m&dSrsm;u ppfumvtwGif;*syefwdk@bufY&dScJh=uonfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odk@r[kwftjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawG@qHk!d‡@Ed_if;&efqENr&dScJhay? xkd@aemuf

1946 wGif +Adwdo#wdk@onf bk&ifcH qma':refprpfae&mY[l;*dk;&ef@pf udk tpm;xdk;cef@xm;cJhonf? olonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ zqyvwdk@ESifhtwl !d‡@Ed_if;aqmif&GufvdkolwOD;jzpfonf?

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;umvtwGif; tcsif;csif;tiftm;+ydKifqdkifr_rsm; qufvufwnf&dScJ h+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wdkif;jynfudkOD;aqmif&ef ppfwyfrS E_wfxGuf+yD;EdkifiHa&;avmuodk@0ifa&mufcJhonf?odk@aomf+ydKifbufEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;uEdkifiHa&;bufwGif ‚if;wdk@uom wm0ef,lvdk=uonfjzpf&m ocifxGef;tkyfESifh tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ppfwGif;umvtwGif; ‚if;jyKvkyfcJhaom vlowfr_wckESifhywfoufI w&m;pGJqdkoifha=umif;toa&zsuf&ef}udK;pm;cJhonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifodef;az ponfhuGefjrLepfwdk@uvnf;tvm;wlpGm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; toa&zsuf&ef }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? ,if;ta=umif;tcsufjzifh 1946 Edk0ifbmwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD(CPB) udk zqyv rS xkwfz,fcJhonf?

aemufqHk;Y +Adwdo#wdk@ ESifh ArmtrsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 1947 Zefe0g&DvwGif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0ifudk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifrsm;tzGJ@onf vef'efodk@oGm;a&mufI +Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf uvDrifhtufwvDESifh awG@qHk!d‡@aqG;aEG;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? Todk@jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHonfwESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&&dSrnfjzpf+yD; jynfrtaeESif hawmifwef;a'orsm;wpnf;wvHk;xJyg0ifa&;ukdaqmif&Gufrnf[k az: jyyg&d Saom atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfud k1947ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv27 &ufae@wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uonf? ,if;pmcsKyfonf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;

tcef;(4)tcef;(4)tcef;(4)tcef;(4)tcef;(4)vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm; (1945 - 1948 )vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm; (1945 - 1948 )vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm; (1945 - 1948 )vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm; (1945 - 1948 )vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm; (1945 - 1948 )

27

yifvHknDvmcHwufa&mufvmaom wdkif;&if;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;

}uD;aomfvnf; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ wufa&mufcJholtm;vHk; u vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhjcif; r[kwfay? ocifApdefESifh OD;apm wdk@uvufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef jiif;qdkcJh=u+yD; awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;u ‚if;wdk@taejzifh TpmcsKyfESifhywfoufI avmavmq,f rnfonfhtcsufudkr# raxmufcHao;a=umif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@tcsif;csif; pum;ajymqdk=u&OD;rnfjzpfa=umif; +Adwdo#tpdk;&xH tjrefa=u;eef;±dkufta=umif;=um;cJhonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csuf+A dwdo#wd k @u awmifwef ;a'oacgi f ;aqmifr sm;ay;vmaom ,if;a =u;ee f ;pmtm; jye fvnfI+A dwdo#wd k @u awmifwef ;a'oacgi f ;aqmifr sm;ay;vmaom ,if;a =u;ee f ;pmtm; jye fvnfI+A dwdo#wd k @u awmifwef ;a'oacgi f ;aqmifr sm;ay;vmaom ,if;a =u;ee f ;pmtm; jye fvnfI+A dwdo#wd k @u awmifwef ;a'oacgi f ;aqmifr sm;ay;vmaom ,if;a =u;ee f ;pmtm; jye fvnfI+A dwdo#wd k @u awmifwef ;a'oacgi f ;aqmifr sm;ay;vmaom ,if;a =u;ee f ;pmtm; jye fvnfI

wdkuf&d kufta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;r&d Syg? xd kpOfu &Srf; ESih f tjcm;vlenf;pkwd kif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; onfwdkuf&d kufta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;r&d Syg? xd kpOfu &Srf; ESih f tjcm;vlenf;pkwd kif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; onfwdkuf&d kufta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;r&d Syg? xd kpOfu &Srf; ESih f tjcm;vlenf;pkwd kif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; onfwdkuf&d kufta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;r&d Syg? xd kpOfu &Srf; ESih f tjcm;vlenf;pkwd kif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; onfwdkuf&d kufta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;r&d Syg? xd kpOfu &Srf; ESih f tjcm;vlenf;pkwd kif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; onfatmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfcJ hpOfu rnfodk @ rnfyH k aqG;aEG;cJ honfudk rod&d ScJ h&ay? tu,fI‚if; wdk @onfatmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfcJ hpOfu rnfodk @ rnfyH k aqG;aEG;cJ honfudk rod&d ScJ h&ay? tu,fI‚if; wdk @onfatmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfcJ hpOfu rnfodk @ rnfyH k aqG;aEG;cJ honfudk rod&d ScJ h&ay? tu,fI‚if; wdk @onfatmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfcJ hpOfu rnfodk @ rnfyH k aqG;aEG;cJ honfudk rod&d ScJ h&ay? tu,fI‚if; wdk @onfatmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfcJ hpOfu rnfodk @ rnfyH k aqG;aEG;cJ honfudk rod&d ScJ h&ay? tu,fI‚if; wdk @onfT!d ‡ @E d _i f ;aqG;aE G ;y G Jo d k @y g0i fwufa&mufE d ki fc J h =uv#i f ToabmwlnDcsufajymi f ;vJoGm;E d ki fy govm;?T!d ‡ @E d _i f ;aqG;aE G ;y G Jo d k @y g0i fwufa&mufE d ki fc J h =uv#i f ToabmwlnDcsufajymi f ;vJoGm;E d ki fy govm;?T!d ‡ @E d _i f ;aqG;aE G ;y G Jo d k @y g0i fwufa&mufE d ki fc J h =uv#i f ToabmwlnDcsufajymi f ;vJoGm;E d ki fy govm;?T!d ‡ @E d _i f ;aqG;aE G ;y G Jo d k @y g0i fwufa&mufE d ki fc J h =uv#i f ToabmwlnDcsufajymi f ;vJoGm;E d ki fy govm;?T!d ‡ @E d _i f ;aqG;aE G ;y G Jo d k @y g0i fwufa&mufE d ki fc J h =uv#i f ToabmwlnDcsufajymi f ;vJoGm;E d ki fy govm;?oifrnfod k @xifoenf;? xd ktcg xyfaqmif; yg0ifvmEd ki fonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ud k pm&if;jyKvkyf=unfhyg?oifrnfod k @xifoenf;? xd ktcg xyfaqmif; yg0ifvmEd ki fonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ud k pm&if;jyKvkyf=unfhyg?oifrnfod k @xifoenf;? xd ktcg xyfaqmif; yg0ifvmEd ki fonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ud k pm&if;jyKvkyf=unfhyg?oifrnfod k @xifoenf;? xd ktcg xyfaqmif; yg0ifvmEd ki fonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ud k pm&if;jyKvkyf=unfhyg?oifrnfod k @xifoenf;? xd ktcg xyfaqmif; yg0ifvmEd ki fonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ud k pm&if;jyKvkyf=unfhyg?od k @r[kwf xd kpO fu +A dwdo#wd k @xHr S ta=umif; jye fvmEd ki frnf h a=u;eef;pmud ka&;=unf hyg? a=u;eef;pmxJYod k @r[kwf xd kpO fu +A dwdo#wd k @xHr S ta=umif; jye fvmEd ki frnf h a=u;eef;pmud ka&;=unf hyg? a=u;eef;pmxJYod k @r[kwf xd kpO fu +A dwdo#wd k @xHr S ta=umif; jye fvmEd ki frnf h a=u;eef;pmud ka&;=unf hyg? a=u;eef;pmxJYod k @r[kwf xd kpO fu +A dwdo#wd k @xHr S ta=umif; jye fvmEd ki frnf h a=u;eef;pmud ka&;=unf hyg? a=u;eef;pmxJYod k @r[kwf xd kpO fu +A dwdo#wd k @xHr S ta=umif; jye fvmEd ki frnf h a=u;eef;pmud ka&;=unf hyg? a=u;eef;pmxJY+Adwdo#wd k @onf awmifwef;a'o acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; rnfod k @ta=umif;jyefvdrf hrnf [k oif,lqygoenf;?+Adwdo#wd k @onf awmifwef;a'o acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; rnfod k @ta=umif;jyefvdrf hrnf [k oif,lqygoenf;?+Adwdo#wd k @onf awmifwef;a'o acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; rnfod k @ta=umif;jyefvdrf hrnf [k oif,lqygoenf;?+Adwdo#wd k @onf awmifwef;a'o acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; rnfod k @ta=umif;jyefvdrf hrnf [k oif,lqygoenf;?+Adwdo#wd k @onf awmifwef;a'o acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; rnfod k @ta=umif;jyefvdrf hrnf [k oif,lqygoenf;?

ArmhtrsK d;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&ef}udK;yrf;aqmif&GufaepOf awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudkrdrdwdk@qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhtm;umuG,f&ef }udK;yrf;aecJh=uonf? 1946 ckESpfwGif&Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;u &Srf;jynfe,f yifvHk+rdK@wGif nDvmcHw&yf jyKvkyfcJhonf? tqdkygnDvmcHwGif &Srf;apmfbGm;tygt0if ucsif/ u&if ESifh csif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.tem*wftpDtrHrsm;ESif hywfoufI aqG;aEG;cJ h =uonf?ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfrESifhyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpkxlaxmif&ef pOf;pm;Edkifajcw&yftm; nDvmcHY &Sif;jy&mY “awmifay:aewdkif;&if;om;rsm;taeESifh rdrdwdk@&J@ vlrsKd;/"avhxHk;wrf;eJ@udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udkxdrf;odrf;apmifha&SmufydkifcGifh[mta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufjzpfygw,f? Armacgif;aqmifrsm;u'gudkodjrif+yD;awmawmifwef;om;awGudkausmom;&ifom;rcGJjcm;yJnD&if;tpfudkuJhodk@oabmxm;Edkifa=umif;rSefrSefuefuefoufaojyzdk@tqifoifhjzpfwJhtcg u|efawmfwdk@uvnf; vGwfvyfwJh ArmjynfeJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyf qufqHEdkifa&;udk pOf;pm;zdk@ tqifoifhjzpfygvdrfhr,f” [k ajymqdkoGm;ygonf?

wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;tkyfpk tawmfrsm;rsm;onf‚if;wdk@.a'orsm;tm; vGwfvyfonfhjrefrmEkdifiHtpdwftykdif;w&yfjzpfvmrnfudkrvdkvm;=ua=umif; OD;atmifqef; uodjrifxm;cJ honf? xd k @a=umif h 1946 'DZifbmwGif OD;atmifqef;onf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;.axmufcH

r_udk&&dS&ef awmifwef;a'orsm;odk@ c&D;xGufcJhonf? wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;u ol@udk,Hk=unf=u +yD;ucsif'l;0g; qif0g;aemif/ csif;acgif;aqmif 0rfokr0rf/ ytdk@0fapmfbGm;p0fcGef=unfwdk@u ‚if;wdk@.vlxkESifhOD;atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom ArmtrsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;t=um; jzefajzay;oluJhodk@ aqmif&Gufay;cJh&onf? tjcm;aom wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmiftcsKd@u jynfaxmifpkxJ wGifyg0if&ef raocsmcJhay?

acgif;aqmifrsm;onf yifvHkY 1947 azaz:0g&D(7)rS(12)&uftxd jynfaxmifpkqdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? Arm/ &Srf;/ ucsifESifh csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; yg

yifvH kpmcsKyfyifvH kpmcsKyfyifvH kpmcsKyfyifvH kpmcsKyfyifvH kpmcsKyf

28

0ifaqG;aEG;=u+yD; u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;u avhvmolt jzpfwufa&mufcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; rGef/ &cdkif/ u&if eDESifhtjcm;vlenf ;p kw d ki f ;&i f ;om;ac gi f ;aqmi fr sm ;tm;zdwf=um;cJhjcif;r&dScJhay? nDvmcHwGifOD;atmifqef;u wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkwGif yg0if=uyguwdkif;&if;om;rsm; tusKd;&d Svdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqdkIwd ki f ;&i f ;om;wd k @.oHo,tm; uif;& Si f ;apc J honf?“Armwusyf&v#ifoifwdk@vnf;wusyf&rnf” “awmifwef;a'orsm; ryg0ifonf h jre frmEd ki fi Honf qm;rygonf h[if;uJhodk@jzpfaernf” ponfh yifvHknDvmcHY OD;aqmifqef;ajymqd kc J honf hpum; E Sp f&y fr Smausm f =um;c J honf?&Srf;apmfbGm;p0fa&$odkuf tp&dSonfhwdkif;&if;om;acgif; aqmif

rsm;u OD;atmifqef;udk,Hk =unf=u+yD; nD!Gwfr_&&d S&efnDvmcHwGiftjyif;txef}udK; yrf;vmcJh=uonf? Todk@jzifh,cktcg jynfaxifpkae@tjzpfusOf;yjyKvkyfaom azaz:0g&Dv(12)&ufae@wGif acgif;aqmifrsm;onf yifvHkpmcsKyfwGifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uonf? tqdkygpmcsKyfwGif awmifwef;a'owdkif;&if;om; rsm;udkk ta&;ygonfhuwdu0wfrsm;pGmay;cJonf? awmifwef;a'orsm;. e,fwGif;tkyfcs Ky fa&;twGuf jynfh0onfhudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ukd rltm;jzifhvufcH+yD; awmifwef;a'owGif aexdkif=uonfh EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh 'Drkdua&pDusifhoHk;aomwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif &&dScHpm;&aom tcGifhta&; rsm;enf;wl tcGifhta&;&dScHpm;&rnfjzpfa=umif; yifvHkpmcsKyfY az: jyyg&dSygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&dScgeD;csdef wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;ESifh !d‡@Ed_if;aqG;aEG;r_rsm; jyKvkyf&mY +Adwdo#wdk@onfta&;ygonfhtcef;u¾wGifyg0ifcJh=uonf?+Adwdo#EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh t&m&dSrsm;onf 1940 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudkqufvufrxdef;csKyfEdkifawmha=umif; od&dSvmcJh=uonf? vGwfvyfa&;/v_yf&Sm;r_ tvGeftm;aumif;vmcJh+yD; &v'ftaejzifh +Adwdo#wdk@onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;.jy\emudkcsOf;uyfyHk ajymif;vJcJhonf?

ppfrwdkifrDESifh ppftwGif;umvrsm;Y +Adwdo#wdk@onfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpki,frsm;ESifheD;eD;uyfuyfqufqHr_rsKd;&dScJhonf? wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; ‚if;wdk@onf +Adwdo#wdk@. tapmifha&SmufcH 'dkar

vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv wdkif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpki,frsm;ESif h !d‡ @Ed _if;&mwGifvGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv wdkif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpki,frsm;ESif h !d‡ @Ed _if;&mwGifvGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv wdkif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpki,frsm;ESif h !d‡ @Ed _if;&mwGifvGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv wdkif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpki,frsm;ESif h !d‡ @Ed _if;&mwGifvGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv wdkif;&if;om;vlrsK d;tkyfpki,frsm;ESif h !d‡ @Ed _if;&mwGif+Adwdo#wdk@. tcef;u¾+Adwdo#wdk@. tcef;u¾+Adwdo#wdk@. tcef;u¾+Adwdo#wdk@. tcef;u¾+Adwdo#wdk@. tcef;u¾

eD,Htqifh vGwfvyfa&;jzifhaexdkifaumif;aexdkif+yD;jrefrmEdkifiHrS vHk;0vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHi,frsm;jzpfvma&;tm;+Adwdo#wdk@ ulnDvdrfh rnf[k ,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? odk@aomf'kwd,urBmppfrS jyefvnfemvefxlcgpwGifum; +Adwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@ ukd,fYwGif pD;yGg;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;jy\em rsm;pGm&dSae+yD;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh +Adwdo#wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@.udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;rSxGufcGg&ef }udK;pm;aecJh=uonf? xdk@jyif+Adwdo#udkvdkeDjzpfaom tdENd,ESifh ygupPwefwdk@. cGJa&;/ wGJa&;jy\emrsm;udkvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@ ajz&Sif;aecJh&onfjzpf&m,if;tajctaersm;u Armhta&;udk v$rf;rdk;cJhavonf?

1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&D (2) &ufae@wGif bk&ifcH[l;*d k;&ef@pfu tjcm;t*Fvdyft&m&dSwOD;jzpfol avmh'fzufx&pfavm&ifhpf qDodk@ ta=umif;=um;pmwapmif ay;ykd@cJhonf? ,if;pmY “jynfr[k u|Efkyfwdk@od&dSxm;cJh=uaomtpdwftydkif;ESifh awmifwef;a'orsm;[k u|Efkyfwdk@ od&dSxm;onfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf jrefrmwEdkifiHvHk;tpdwftykdif;rsm;yifjzpfonf? u|Efkyfwdk@onf wckwnf;aom jrefrmEdkifiH[laom tajccHt,ltq pwifoifhonf ,cifuwckxJ&dScJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHonf tem*wfwGifvnf; wckxJ&dS&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@. tE Wdr &nfrSef;csufonf tcsdefwkdumvtwGif;Y t+rJwrf;wckxJ&dSaom jrefrmEdkifiHjzpfa&;jzpfonf” [k az: jyxm;&dSygonf?jrefrmEdkifiHawmftvHjrefrmEdkifiHawmftvHjrefrmEdkifiHawmftvHjrefrmEdkifiHawmftvHjrefrmEdkifiHawmftvH (1945—1948)

29

jrefrmEdkifiHonf ,if;taetxm;wGif &dSaeaomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@onf awmifwef;a'owGifaexdkifolrsm;. qENtrSefudk&SmazGaz:xkwf&ef oabmwlnDcJhonf? Todk@jzifh +Adwdo#t*Fvdyfwdk@onf awmifwef;a'o txl;pkHprf;a&;aumfrwDw&yfudk zG J @pnf;apv$wfcJ honf? 1947rwfvESifh{+yDvrsm;wGif tqdkygaumfrwDonfawmifwef;a'orsm;odk@oGm;a&mufI wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tpktzGJ@ 50cef@wdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@qHkcJh+yD; tem*wftwGuf‚if;wdk@.qENrnfodk@&dSonfudk ar;jref;cJh=uonf? tqdkyg pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDonf uGJjym;jcm;em;onfhtajzrsm;pGmudk&&dScJh+yD; tcsKd@wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh‚if;wdk@. tem*wfa&;ESifhywfoufI ar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdk&ef tqifoifhjyifqifxm;Edkifjcif; r&dScJhay? tem*wfa&;ESifhywfoufI awmifay:a'orsm;wGif aexdkif=uolrsm;Y uGJjym;jcm;em;onfhtjrifrsm;pGm&dScJh=uonf?wcgw&Hacgif;aqmiftcsKd@onf ‚if;wdk@. a'ocHe,fom;rsm;. tjrifESifhuGJvGJpGmudk,fpm;jyKxGufqdkcJh=uojzifh tcsKd@udkoufaojzifhxGufqdkapcJhonf?,if;odk@aomta=umif;rsm;a=umifhawmifwef;a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDrS&&dSaom oufaomxHxGufqdkcsufrsm;udk toHk;jyKI rl0g'w&yfay:ayguf&ef +Adwdo#wdk@tcufawG@cJh=uonf?

aemufqHk;Y +Adwdo#wdk@onf awmifwef;a'ovlenf;pkrsm;.qENudkta&;w,laqmif&Gufjcif; rjyKvkyf&efqHk;jzwf+yD; ,if;tpm;awmifwef;a'ovlenf;pkwdk@tm;zqyv tzGJ@}uD;ESifh !‡d@Ed_if;aqmif&GufapcJhonf? &v'ftjzpf+Adwdo#wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@tm;ypfy,fcJhonf[k wdkif;&if;om;tcsKd@u rSwf,lcHpm;cJh=uavonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufoifonf 1947 umvwGif +A dwdo#wd k @.aeoifonf 1947 umvwGif +A dwdo#wd k @.aeoifonf 1947 umvwGif +A dwdo#wd k @.aeoifonf 1947 umvwGif +A dwdo#wd k @.aeoifonf 1947 umvwGif +A dwdo#wd k @.ae

&mtaejzif h a&muf& d Saev#if jrefrm hta&;tm; rnf&mtaejzif h a&muf& d Saev#if jrefrm hta&;tm; rnf&mtaejzif h a&muf& d Saev#if jrefrm hta&;tm; rnf&mtaejzif h a&muf& d Saev#if jrefrm hta&;tm; rnf&mtaejzif h a&muf& d Saev#if jrefrm hta&;tm; rnfuJ hod k @ jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf rnfenf;? +A dwdo#wd k @uJ hod k @uJ hod k @ jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf rnfenf;? +A dwdo#wd k @uJ hod k @uJ hod k @ jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf rnfenf;? +A dwdo#wd k @uJ hod k @uJ hod k @ jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf rnfenf;? +A dwdo#wd k @uJ hod k @uJ hod k @ jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf rnfenf;? +A dwdo#wd k @uJ hod k @jy Kvky frnfavm (od k @r[kwf) ‚i f ;wd k @E Si f h qef @usi fjy Kvky frnfavm (od k @r[kwf) ‚i f ;wd k @E Si f h qef @usi fjy Kvky frnfavm (od k @r[kwf) ‚i f ;wd k @E Si f h qef @usi fjy Kvky frnfavm (od k @r[kwf) ‚i f ;wd k @E Si f h qef @usi fjy Kvky frnfavm (od k @r[kwf) ‚i f ;wd k @E Si f h qef @usi fzufjyKvky frnfavm?zufjyKvky frnfavm?zufjyKvky frnfavm?zufjyKvky frnfavm?zufjyKvky frnfavm?

1947 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'1947 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'1947 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'1947 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'1947 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'

1947 pufwifbmvtwGif; jrefrmhzG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;qGJa&;tzGJ@u tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; nDvmcHw&yf jyKvkyfcJh&m Arm/ &Srf;/ ucsif/ &cdkif/ rGefESif h u&if vlrsK d;wd k @. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&muftqdkwifoGif;I jrefrmEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? 1947 tajccHOya'wGif jynfrESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;. jynfe,frsm;udk z,f'&,fpepft& tm%mcGJa0 owfrSwfxm;onf?&Srf;jynfe,frsm;udkvnf;jynfe,fwckwnf;tjzpfowfrSwfxm;ouJhodk@ jynfrESifh (10) ESpf=um yl;aygif;+yD;aemuf cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEkdifcGifhukd ay;tyfxm;onf? u&ifeDjynfe,frsm;udkvnf; tvm;wlowfrSwfxm;+yD;tqdkygzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'tm; 1947 pufwifbm 24 wGiftwnfjyKjyXmef;cJhonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ESifhywfoufI +Adwdo#wdk@ pdwfajymif;oGm;+yD; qufvuftkyfcsKyfaernfhta&;udktajccH Oya'a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@updk;&drfaoma=umifh 1947 tajccHOya'udktaqmwvsifa&;qGJcJh=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif trsm;tjym;udk1947 tajccHOya'ua=ueyfr_tjynfht0ray;cJhaomfvnf; ,if;tajccHOya'udk aemifumvwGif ajymif;vJEdkifa=umif; wdkif;&if;om;wdk@udk ajymqdkcJh=uonf?

TzGJ@pnf;tkyfyHktajccHOya'. t"dujy\emw&yfrSmwdkif;&if;om;wdk@.jynfe,ftcGifhta&;rsm;rnD!Gwfjcif; jzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpktcsKd@jzpfonfh &Srf;ESifhu&ifeDjynfe,frsm;wGif cGJxGufcGifhyg&dS+yD; csif;uJhodk@aomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf olwdk@.jynfe,f odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm; &&dSjcif;r&dSacs?

wcsKd@wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;onftjcm;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;xuf tiftm;/ =oZm }uD;rm;cJhaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ a'owckESifhwck cGJjcm;jyKrlqufqHonfh a&S;u&dScJhzl;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd;udk +Adwdo#wdk@u qufvufusifhoHk;cJhjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk;onf wajy;nDwlnDonfh tcGihfta&;rsm;udk 1947 tajccHOya'wGif r&&dScJhay?

30

xdk@tjyif tjcm;ta&;ygonfhudpP&yfrsm;udkvnf;TtajccHOya'u ay;EkdifcJhjcif; r&dSay? u&if/ rGefESifh &cdkiffvlrsKd;wdk@. udk,fydkife,fajra'orsm;udk 1947 tajccHOya'Y uwday;xm;aomfvnf; rnfonfhae&m/rnfr#us,f0ef;onf ponfwdk@tm; qHk;jzwfxm;jcif; r&dSay? u&ifvlrsKd;wdk@onf ukefoG,fa&;ESifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom pD;yGg;a&;taetxm;wdk@&&dS&ef armfv+rdKifuJhodk@aom yifv,fxGufayguf+rdK@yg&dSonfh jynfe,fwckudktvdk&dScJh=uonf? tqdkygjy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Edkifaoma=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpk tawmfrsm;rsm;onf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk pwifjyifqifvmcJh=uonf?

1947tajccHOya'wnfqJumvtwGif;udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ESifhywfoufIjy\emrsm;jzpfay:cJhonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ektygt0ifAk'<bmomudk;uG,foltcsKd@uAk'<bmomukd EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpfjyÏmef;vdk=uonf? odk@aomf tjcm;bmomrsm;udk udk;uG,f,Hk=unfonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;u oabmrwl=uouJhodk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&dSpOfumvuwnf;u AdkvfcsKyfu bmomwckcktm; EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf owfrSwfjyÏmef;jcif;udk oabmrwlcJhay? aemufqHk;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek. Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpfjyKvkyfvdkr_ESifhywfoufI tjyeftvSef!d‡@E_dif;oabmwlnDcsuf&,l+yD; atmufygtykd'frsm;tm; 1947 tajccHOya'Y xnfhoGif;jyÏmef;cJhonf?

1? EdkifiHawmfonf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHom; trsm;pku twnfhtvif;udk;uG,f,Hk=unfonfh bmomtjzpfAk'<bmom. txl;taetxm;udk todtrSwfjyKonf?

2? Ed kifiHawmfonf tpPvrfbmom/ c&pf,mefbmom/ [dENLbmomESifh ewfudk;uG,fr_yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;ukdvnf;jynfaxmifpktwGif; wnf&dSqJtcsKd@bmomrsm;uJhodk@ todtrSwfjyKonf?

aqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csufaqG;aEG;csuf1947 zG J @pnf;tky fcs Ky fy H k tajccHOya'rS ud k ;1947 zG J @pnf;tky fcs Ky fy H k tajccHOya'rS ud k ;1947 zG J @pnf;tky fcs Ky fy H k tajccHOya'rS ud k ;1947 zG J @pnf;tky fcs Ky fy H k tajccHOya'rS ud k ;1947 zG J @pnf;tky fcs Ky fy H k tajccHOya'rS ud k ;

uG,f,H k =unfr _qd ki f&m ta=umif;t&mrsm;ud k aqG;uG,f,H k =unfr _qd ki f&m ta=umif;t&mrsm;ud k aqG;uG,f,H k =unfr _qd ki f&m ta=umif;t&mrsm;ud k aqG;uG,f,H k =unfr _qd ki f&m ta=umif;t&mrsm;ud k aqG;uG,f,H k =unfr _qd ki f&m ta=umif;t&mrsm;ud k aqG;aEG;yg? O D;E ktpd k ;&vufxufwGifxyfr Hxnf hoGi f;aomaEG;yg? O D;E ktpd k ;&vufxufwGifxyfr Hxnf hoGi f;aomaEG;yg? O D;E ktpd k ;&vufxufwGifxyfr Hxnf hoGi f;aomaEG;yg? O D;E ktpd k ;&vufxufwGifxyfr Hxnf hoGi f;aomaEG;yg? O D;E ktpd k ;&vufxufwGifxyfr Hxnf hoGi f;aomudk;uG,f,H k =unfr_qd ki f&mpmyd k' fonf aumif;rGefonfhud k;uG,f,H k =unfr_qd ki f&mpmyd k' fonf aumif;rGefonfhud k;uG,f,H k =unfr_qd ki f&mpmyd k' fonf aumif;rGefonfhud k;uG,f,H k =unfr_qd ki f&mpmyd k' fonf aumif;rGefonfhud k;uG,f,H k =unfr_qd ki f&mpmyd k' fonf aumif;rGefonfhtajzw&yf jzpfc J hy govm;? tb,f ha=umif henf;? od k @tajzw&yf jzpfc J hy govm;? tb,f ha=umif henf;? od k @tajzw&yf jzpfc J hy govm;? tb,f ha=umif henf;? od k @tajzw&yf jzpfc J hy govm;? tb,f ha=umif henf;? od k @tajzw&yf jzpfc J hy govm;? tb,f ha=umif henf;? od k @r[kwftb,hfa=umif hxk dod k @rjzpfoif hoenf;?r[kwftb,hfa=umif hxk dod k @rjzpfoif hoenf;?r[kwftb,hfa=umif hxk dod k @rjzpfoif hoenf;?r[kwftb,hfa=umif hxk dod k @rjzpfoif hoenf;?r[kwftb,hfa=umif hxk dod k @rjzpfoif hoenf;?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h 0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h 0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h 0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h 0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h 0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@vkyf}uHcH&jcif;vkyf}uHcH&jcif;vkyf}uHcH&jcif;vkyf}uHcH&jcif;vkyf}uHcH&jcif;

1947ckESpf Zlvd_if19wGif aoewfrsm;udkifaqmifvmaom vlwpkonf tr_aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;crf;rwGif;odk@0ifa&mufypfcwf&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhocifjr/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd/ ref;bcdkif/ p0fpHxGef;/ tAŠ'l&mZwf/ OD;b0if;/ OD;tkef;armifESifhudkaxG;wdk@ usqHk;cJh&onf? tqdkygusqHk;cJh&oltrsm;pkrSm EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfaoma=umifh ,if;vkyf}uHr_onf wdkif;jynfudk'kuQ}uHKapcJhonf?txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. acgif;aqmifr_r&dSbJ jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&&dS&ef tvGefcufcJvdrfhrnf[k vltrsm;xifjrifcJh=uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf xdktcsdefYtouf 31 ESpfom&dSao;aomfvnf; tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;xufyif ol@udk vltrsm;u,Hk=unfudk;pm;cJh=uonf?urBmhacgif;aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;u ,if;odk@ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;usqHk;jcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;a=umif;o0%fv$mrsm; ay;ydk@cJhonf? TuJhodk@vkyf}uHcH&ojzifhusqHk;cJh&aom jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; trSwf&aomtm;jzifh Zlvd_ifv (19) &ufae@udk tmZmenfae@tjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHY oyfrSwfusif;ycJh=uonf?

,if;vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_ESifhywfoufI+ydKifbufEdkifiHa&;orm; OD;apmtm; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cH&onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;r&dScJhv#if ,if;ae&mtm; +Adwdo#wdk@u OD;apmudkay;vdrfhrnf[k OD;apmxifrSwfcJhav[ef&dSonf? odk@aomfOD;apm wGufqr_rSm;cJhavonf? tjcm;vlrsm; odk@r[kwftjcm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk@wGufqIvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_wGif yg0ifEdkifa=umif; vltcsKd@u xifjrifcJh=uonf?

tqdkygvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_}uD;jzpfyGg;+yD;aemuf tr_aqmifaumifpD. OuUXtjzpf OD;Ektm; ay;tyfcJhonf? olonf T&mxl;udktrSefwu,frvdkcsifcJhaomfvnf; OuUXtjzpfaqmif&Guf&ef oabmwlcJhonf? Todk@jzifh 1947atmufwdkbmodk@ a&mufaomtcg OD;Ekonf +AdwdefEdkifiHodk@oGm;a&mufI jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aemufqHk;jyKvkyf&rnfh tao;pdyftcsuftvufrsm;ukd +Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf uvDreftufwvDESifh !d‡@Ed_if;aqG;aEG;cJhonf? vef'efYacgif;aqmifrsm;csKyfqdkcJhaom Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyft& 1948Zefe0g&DvxJwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfaomorwEdkifiHjzpfvmrnf[k az: jyyg&dSygonf?