Antenna Basics and Design of High Efficiency Planar Antennas -Fundamentals of Recent Millimeter-Wave and Mircowave Antenna Technologies-

Makoto ANDO and Jiro HIROKAWA

152-8552 2-12-1 Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology

2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan

E-mail: {mando, jiro}@antenna.ee.titech.ac.jp

Abstract This seminar presents the basics for antenna technologies in millimeter-wave bands such as Friis transmission formula for line-of-sight free-space propagation and the loss of feed lines in array antennas. The design of series-fed reflection-canceling non-resonant slot arrays is discussed, where the amplitude and the phase are controlled easily by the slot length and the spacing. Technologies such as the post-wall waveguide and the diffusion bonding of laminated thin metal plates are demonstrated for realizing low-loss millimeter waveguides.

1.

IP

2. 2.1.

1 r

tP

tG

ph rS

rP

24t

r t p rPP G Sr

hp

= (1)

: Gt

: Gr

: Pt : Pr: r

tp rp

: Sr

1 G

r p

24t

pGP rp

= (2)

r

24t

tP Grp

ph tp

rp

p t rh = p p (3)

v =p x

h =p y+z

( ) 2r j= -p x y

( ) 2l j= +p x y

(a)

G eS

24

eG Sp

l= (4)

l(4)(1)

2 14r t t r p t t r p p

P PG G PG Gr L

lh hp

= =

(5)

pL r 2

60GHz l =5mm

r=1m=1000mm pL 68dB 10

pL 20dB

2.2.

tP iP

mh rh

r i m rP Ph h= (6)

mh G

21mh G= - (7)

rh

G D

m rG Dh h= (8)

D

S ah

24

aD Sph

l= (9)

ah

1ah =

(9)(8)

24

m r aG Sph h h

l= (10)

SG

mh rh ah

1

2.3. S G

d

zq

x

y

f

2 ()

2 z dN

( ) ( ) ( ), , expn

nF g a jnuq f q f= (11)

( ),g q f na n

u 0 cosu k d q=

0k 2p l

(k) ( ),g q f

(k)

N

3dB

11.3912 cos

2 Ndp l

p- -

( dp l ) 2 dN

l

N dp l [1]

a

bx

y

3 (4 )

3 4 x n y m

nma

( ),E q f

( ) ( ){ }, expnmn m

E u v a j nu mv= + (12)

0 sin cosu k a q f= 0 sin sinv k b q f=

nma nm n ma a a=

x() na y

() ma

(l) ( ) ( ) ( ), exp expn m

n mE u v a jnu a jmv= (13)

2

2.4. 4

3 4

4

Loss

[dB

]

Thickness [mm]

Dielectric Loss

Radiation Loss

Waveguide

CondutorLoss

MicrostripTriplate

4

tand

( )' " ' 1 tanr r r rj je e e e d= - = - (14)

g tand 1

0 0 01' ' tan2r r r

j j k j k kg a b e e e d= + = @ + (15)

da

01 ' tan2d r

ka e d@ (16)

tand

s

sZ

s we

12s s s

j jZ R jXj

wm wms we s

+= + = @

+ (17)

sR

12s

R wms ds

@ = (18)

d

2dwms

= (19)

d 1/e(=-8.68dB)

3d 5d

75.76 10

60GHz d=0.27mm

P lP P

( )2 20 02 2z zl PP P e P e Pz z a aa a- -

= - = - = =

(20)

a 2

*

21 12 2 2

sl R dlPP d

a = =

H

E H s (21)

()

0.127mm 2.20 (50W) 90 T () Emsemble(ver.5) 0.09dB -30dB 0.127mm 2.20tand=0.006

18mm 0.38mm 75.76 10s =

60GHz 0.037dB/cm 0.209dB/cm [2] 85% 3.76mm

1.88mm 75.76 10s =

60GHz 0.015dB/cm [2] 6%

2.5. 5

2 1

l 1 (=) 4 (=6dB)

6dB

(a)

(b)

5

3.

[3] 1 2

(i)

(ii) (iii) (iv)

3.1. 6

22

[3]

2 1

2#1

#2 1l 2l d 2l

1l d

2

31S 31S 21S

l1

l2d

1

2

3

6

3.2. 2 N n

na ( )E u

( ) ( )expn

nE u a jnu= (22)

u 0 cosu k d q= ( )E u up p-

1na =

( )1n -

1 u

Woodward-Lawson [4](v)

u nu n Np=

nu u=

3.3. n

( )231S n

( )2

231

2

nN

ii n

aS n

a=

=

(23)

( )231S n 3.1 ( )1l n

( )2l n ( )d n ( )31S n ()

( )21S n ()

7 n n+1

( )s n

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )31 21 31360 360 1g

s nS n S n S n

l - = - + + (24)

gl

s(n)

S21(n)

S31(n) S31(n+1)

7

3.4.

4. 4.1. 8

2 1997 [5][6] laminated waveguide[7] substrate integrated waveguide[8]

ParallelPlates

PostDielectric

2.625mm

0.762mm

0.30mm

0.60mm

er=2.17

s=5.76x107

s=5.76x107 tand=0.00085

8

9 76.5GHz

a 0.762mm

re 00.286 rl e

0l

00.5 rl e

0.17dB/cm 9 2/3

-0.16-0.14-0.12-0.1

-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.02

0

6 7 8 9 10 11Length(mm)

Dielectric

Plates

Post

9

10

[9]

10

Slot a rray4-way Butlermatrix

HybridCross

couplerPhaseshifter

Hole

#1#2#3#4

10

4.2.

[5]61.25GHz 2080mm 2133dBi 6055%[10] PTFE

11 [11] 3 (i) 12 0.6mm 2.6tand=0.0008 h

h=0.3mm 75% 14% 38%(ii)

12 h=0.3mm 1.5 30%(iii)

11

12

PTFE 0.9mm 0.4mm 45mm LTCC

LTCC RF LTCC 5

4.3.

[12] 13 [13][14] 94GHz

3 WR10

25GHz

T 1.0mm

T

g0 .5lT-junction

Input Port RadiatingWaveguide

FeedWaveguid e

Waveguide (1.0mm)Slotted Pla te (0.3mm)

Base(5.0mm) 3.5mm ( WR10)1.5mm (feed aperture)

(a) overall view

(b) cross-section view 13

18x18 6055mm 14 HFSS 2.12dB 0.34dB 93.7GHz 31.4dB 60%93.7GHz 14dB 69%

0.8dB

90 92 94 96 98

26

28

30

32

34

Fre quency (GHz)

Gai

n (d

Bi)

90%

70%80%

Gain (S US304) Gain (Copper)

50%40%30%

H FSS (PEC) H FSS (SU S304) H FSS (c opper)

14

4.4. CMOS CMOS

CMOS () 10mm

4 60GHz 15 HFSS lumped port()

10mm 400mm 16 (10 mm)-13dB

200 mm

Si(e r=11.9 , tan d=0.005)

coppe r(s=20106 or S/m )

resin(er=3 , tan d= 0.01 or 0)

dipole antennalumped port(50 W)

5mm5mm

1mm10 400 mm

15

100 200 300 400-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Rad

iatio

n ef

ficie

ncy[

dB]

Thickness of the re sin layer [mm]

dipoleloop

cavity-backed slot

slot

16

14

5.

RF

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, 3 Mc-Graw Hill, 1992 [3] J.Hirokawa, M.Ando and N.Goto, Waveguide-Fed Parallel

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[7] H.Uchimura, T.Takenoshita and M.Fujii, Development of a Laminated Waveguide, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. vol.46, no.12, pp. 2438-2443, Dec. 1998.

[8] D.Deslandes and K.Wu, Integrated Microstrip and Rectangular Waveguide in Planar Form, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett., vol.11, no.2, pp.6870, Feb. 2001.

[9] S.Yamamoto, J.Hirokawa and M.Ando, A Half-Sized Post-Wall Short-Slot Directional Coupler with Hollow Rectangular Holes in a Dielectric Substrate, IEICE Trans. Electron., vol.88, no.7, pp.1387-1394, Jul. 2005.

[10] T.Kai, Doctoral Dissertation, Chap.4 Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2006.

[11] M.Samardzija, J.Hirokawa and M.Ando, Dominant Quasi-TEM Mode Generator for Thin Oversized Dielectric-Coated Rectangular Waveguide, 2007 IEEE AP-S Intl. Symp., 327-8, Jun.2007.

[12] 94GHz , AP2008-35, 2008-6.

[13] AP88-39, 1988-7.

[14] , AP89-3, 1989-4.