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รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร อรพิน เกิดชูชื่น รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร ณัฎฐา เลาหกุลจิตต์ School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi , Bangkok. Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร อรพิ�น เกิ�ดชู�ชู��นรองศาสตราจารย์ ดร ณั�ฎฐา เลาหกิ�ลจ�ตต
School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut’s University of Technology
Thonburi , Bangkok
Essential oils are interested in aromatherapy for healing, cleansing, preservative, and mood-elevating attributes.
Aromatic and medicinal plants are important for pharmaceutical, food and fragrance industries although they contain a small fraction of volatile oil.
Essential oils refer to the subtle, aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from the flowers, seeds, leaves, stems, bark and roots of herbs, bushes, shrubs and trees .
Chemically, in the essential oils that can derived to primarily composed of mono- and sesquiterpenes and aromatic etc.
Gramineae Labiatae Lauraceae Myrtaceae Oleaceae
Pinaceae Rosaceae Rutaceae Santalaceae UmbelliferaeUmbelliferae
Essential oils found in 108 families and > 2000
species.
http://www.nazflora.org/Dicots.htm
Eryngium foetidum(ผั�กิชู�ฝร��ง)
Centella asiatica (บั�วบักิ)
Angelica acutiloba(ต�งกิ�ย์)
Carum carvi(หอมป้$อม)
Apium graveolen(คื่��นชู&าย์)
Cuminum cyminum (ย์��หร&า)
Foeniculum vulgare (ผั�กิชู�ล'อม )
Coriandrum sativum (ผั�กิชู�)
UmbelliferaeUmbelliferae
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbelliferae
CorianderKingdom: PlantaeFamily: UmbelliferaeGenus: CoriandrumSpecies: C. sativumBinomial name: Coriandrum sativum
All parts of the plant are edible used in cooking. All parts of the plant are edible used in cooking.
seeds are used a carminative and a digestive aid the relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iranseeds are used a carminative and a digestive aid the relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iran
It helps to detoxify the body and to stimulate the spleen.
Coriander oil has a sweet, spicy, warm smell, is nearly colorless to pale yellow and has a watery viscosity.
The therapeutic properties of coriander oil are analgesic, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, carminative, depurative, deodorant, digestive, carminative, fungicidal, lipolytic, stimulant and stomachic.
Commercial UsedCommercial Used
Herrero et al., 2010
Essential oils Compound
Composition(%)
γ-Terpinene 14,42 β-Pinene 1,82 β-Myrcene 0.55 m-Cymene 1.27 Limonene .0.4 Linalool 37,65 Citronellal 1.96 Borneol 0.32
Terpinyl acetate 0.31
Citronellol 1.31 Citral 1.36 Geraniol 1.87
Essential oils compound Composition (%)
Eugenol 0.9 Undecanal 0.58 Myrtenyl acetate 0.43 Citronellyl acetate 1,36 Geranyl acetate 17,57 Caryophyllene 0.33 Curcumene 0.98 α-Cedrene 3,87 α-Farnesene 1.22 β-Bisabolene 0.8 β-Sesquiphellandrene 1.56 Others 7.16
Chemical composition of essential oil from Coriander .
LinaloolLinalool (37.65%) (37.65%)
γ-Terpinene γ-Terpinene (14.42%) (14.42%)
Geranyl acetate Geranyl acetate (17.57%) (17.57%) αα-Cedrene -Cedrene (3.87%) (3.87%)
53 compounds are detected
Bhuiyan, et.al., 2009Bhuiyan, et.al., 2009
The complicated volatile compounds in essential oil could be divided into 4 groups:
The complicated volatile compounds in essential oil could be divided into 4 groups:
Aliphatic compound
Benzene derivatives
Terpene derivatives
Others compound
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/
In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
• Aliphatic aldehydes
n-octanal trans-2-hexanal
• Aliphatic aldehydes
n-octanal trans-2-hexanal
http://isostar.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/html/classes/Ligand_Acyclic_links_O_C_H_only.html
• Aliphatic Alcohol
cis-3-hexen-1-ol cis-2 -hexen-1-ol -1 octen-3-ol
• Aliphatic Alcohol
cis-3-hexen-1-ol cis-2 -hexen-1-ol -1 octen-3-ol
http://isostar.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/html/classes/Ligand_Acyclic_links_O_C_H_only.html
• Aliphatic ketones3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin)
diacetyl (2,3-butanedione)
• Aliphatic ketones3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin)
diacetyl (2,3-butanedione)
• Aliphatic estersC6 alcohol-acetate : fruity notes
C8-12 acetate : blossom fragrance
C12 : conifer notes
acetate-ester : fatty-soapy odour
Ethyl acetate Benzyl acetate Linalyl acetate
• Aliphatic estersC6 alcohol-acetate : fruity notes
C8-12 acetate : blossom fragrance
C12 : conifer notes
acetate-ester : fatty-soapy odour
Ethyl acetate Benzyl acetate Linalyl acetate
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula (C6H6 ) n
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon with a continuous pi bond
1. Hydrocarbon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene
2. Benzenoid alcohol
Cinnamic-alcohol Cinnamaldehyde Phenylacetaldehyde
3. Benzenoid ketone
4 . Ester of aromatic alcohols and aliphatic acids
Benzylacetate Benzyl benzoate
Phenylethyl acetate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene
Terpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene, which has the molecular formula (C5H8 ) n. That may be classified by the number of terpene units in the molecule.
Terpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene, which has the molecular formula (C5H8 ) n. That may be classified by the number of terpene units in the molecule.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene
Acyclic Mycrene
Monocyclic Menthol
Bicyclic Camphor
the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings.the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene
Acyclic Farnesene
Monocyclic Humulene
Bicyclic Vetivazulene
TricyclicLongifolene
The molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenesmay be acyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations.
The molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenesmay be acyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene
Diterpenes are composed for four isoprene units and have the molecular formula C20H32
Diterpenes are composed for four isoprene units and have the molecular formula C20H32
Triterpenes consist of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48
Triterpenes consist of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48
Retinol :
Lanosterol :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/
The volatile oil composition may change from the natural odor depending on the extraction method (Anitescu et al, 1997).
Compositions Hydrodistillation Ethanol supercritical carbon dioxide
Linalool
Terpinene
Camphor
Limonene
α-pinene
γ-terpinene
C-terpinene
Coumarins
Geraniol
Geranyl acetate
Phenylpropanoids
P-cymene
Myrcene
Terpenolene
Camphene
Terpinolene
α- terpineol
Trans-sabinene hydrate
Citronello
n - Octanol
Anitescu et al, 1997Anitescu et al, 1997
The volatile oil composition may change
from the natural odor
depending on the extraction
method
Plant extracts ProductionMethods Final products notes
Enfleurage Enfleurage absolutes Suitable for extracts flavor of flowers
Expression Essential oilsNeed a high energy, suitable for extracts citrus peel, low yield
Solvent extraction
Concrete (crude extracts)a waxy, semisolid, dark-colored material free
from the original solvent Easy, simple, low energyAbsolutes
Free from wax and resinoids
Steam/hydro distillation
Essential oilsconcentrate hydrophobic liquid containing
volatile aroma compounds and rich of bioactive compounds
(aliphatic, terpene, benzene, others)
High yield compared with expression
Extraction
Flavor + fragrance ที่��สกิ�ดจากิพิ�ชู เร�ย์กิ “pomades, concretes, absolutes, resinoids or tincture
1. Pomades ป้ระกิอบัด'วย์ไขม�นที่��ม�สารให'กิล��นหอมอย์�& เตร�ย์มโดย์ว�ธี� hot or cold enfleurage จากิดอกิไม'- Hot enfleurage ว�ธี�เกิ&าแกิ&ในกิารเกิ0บัร�กิษากิล��นหอม โดย์น2าดอกิไม'หร�อส&วนต&างๆ ของพิ�ชู จ� &มใน wax เหลว + ร'อน- Cold enfleurage ใชู'ไขม�นเป้4นต�ว adsorp volatile component ที่��ป้ล&อย์จากิดอกิไม' โดย์เอาดอกิไม'สดใส&ไว'ในชู�5นไขม�น ซึ่7�งไขม�นป้ระกิอบัด'วย์ lard + beef tallow ซึ่7�ง spread บันกิระจกิแกิ'วในภาชูนะป้9ด เป้4นว�ธี�ใชู'แที่นกิารสกิ�ดด'วย์ solvent
2. Concretes สกิ�ดส&วนต&างๆ ของพิ�ชู ด'วย์ solvent ชูน�ด non polar solvent (toluene, hexane, petroleum ether) เม��อระเหย์ส&วนที่��เหล�อจะม� volatile fragrance + non volatile รวมที่�5ง wax cpds.
Concrete ม�ล�กิษณัะเหม�อน pomades ไม&ละลาย์ใน alc ... ม�ข'อจ2ากิ�ดในกิารน2ามาใชู' perfume แต&ใชู'ให'กิล��นสบั�& Concrete สกิ�ดมาจากิดอกิไม' (กิ�หลาบั มะล� เป้4นต'น) ส&วนตางๆ ของพิ�ชู (lavender, violet leaf เป้4นต'น)
3. Absolutes เตร�ย์มจากิ concrete ละลาย์ใน ethanol ตกิตะกิอนที่�� temp ต2�า กิรอง ระเหย์ EtOH ออกิ wax – free เร�ย์กิ absolute ... ละลาย์ได'ใน EtOH ใชู' perfume ingredients
4. Resinoids เตร�ย์มจากิย์างไม' (plant exudates) สกิ�ดด'วย์ solvent เชู&น methanol, EtOH, Toluene yield 50 – 95% product เหน�ย์ว ที่2าเจ�อจางเต�ม phthalates หร�อ benzyl benzoate เพิ��อป้ร�บัป้ร�งคื่�ณัสมบั�ต�กิารไหล และกิารน2าไป้ใชู' resinoid ป้ระกิอบัด'วย์ nonvolatile + resinoid cpds. ต&างจากิ oleoresin ซึ่7�งได'จากิ pepper, ginger, vanilla oleoresins ใชู' solvent สกิ�ดจากิ spices solvent ที่��ใชู'ข75นกิ�บัชูน�ด spices หร�อ supercritical CO2 เป้4นต�วสกิ�ด pepper + ginger oleoresins ม� volatile aroma + pungency
5. Tinctures เป้4นสารที่��ละลาย์ใน alc. เตร�ย์มโดย์ Treat natural raw material ด'วย์ ethanol ผัสมกิ�บัน25า ซึ่7�ง solvent เหล&าน�5สามารถละลาย์สารที่��สกิ�ดได'จากิพิ�ชูชูน�ดต&างๆ Tinctures บัางคื่ร�5งเร�ย์กิว&า Infusion
Expression Distillation
-Hydrodistillation-Steam distillation- Simultaneous distillation extraction - Vacuum distillation
Solvent extraction - Enflurage- Liquid-liquid extraction - Soild-liquid extraction - Supercritical fluid extraction
Expression Distillation
-Hydrodistillation-Steam distillation- Simultaneous distillation extraction - Vacuum distillation
Solvent extraction - Enflurage- Liquid-liquid extraction - Soild-liquid extraction - Supercritical fluid extraction
Extraction methods
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil#Production
http://www.weloveshopping.com/template/e1/showproduct.php?shopid=221389&productid=CHH8
Advantage- Low cost- simple
Disadvantage- High energy- Long time
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid
mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation
Hydrodistillation
• Traditional method of extraction
Advantage -Easy separation
Disadvantage - Combustion of the sample - Degradation of volatile compound
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Hydrodistillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Hydrodistillation
Steam distillation
• distilling compounds which are heat-sensitive
Advantage- Easy separation- Easy operation
Disadvantage- Degradation of some analytes- Sample impurities-Expensive equipment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Steam_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Steam_distillation
Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE)
Advantage- Semi-volatile and heat- stable component - High recovery- rapid
Disadvantage - concrete- Degradation of volatile compound- Thermal degradation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation
Vacuum distillation
•low temperature distillation
•Principle: pressure above mixture is reduced to less than its vapor pressure
Advantage- Prevention degradation
Disadvantage- Use strong instrument- Expensive- Weak volatiles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillation
Enfleurage
• Enfleurage uses odorless fats that are solid at room temperature
Advantage• simple •Suitable for flower extraction
Disadvantage* long time of extraction* Not use a wide range of material
3. Solvent extraction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfleuragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfleurage
Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)
Partition Partition
Extraction of a substance with
different densities
Extraction of a substance with
different densities
Advantage- Easy to separate- Extractions normally performed at room temperature
Disadvantage- Large volumes of organic solvents
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction
Soild-liquid extraction
•Base on like dissolve like
•Use solvent to separate desired compound from solid sample•Use solvent to separate desired compound from solid sample
Soxhlet extractor
Advantage- Analyze in one extraction step
Disadvantage- Loss of certain compounds- The time for an average Soxhlet extraction ranges from 1 to 72 h.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Supercritical fluids provide a higher solubility of the components of the volatile oil, as well as improved mass-transfer rates. Moreover, the manipulation of parameters as temperature and pressure leads to the extraction of different components.
Reverchon and De Marco, 2006
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
- Dense gases
- Critical temperature & pressure
- Resemble both liquids & gases
Critical properties of various solvents
Reid et al., 1987
Super Critical CO2 Extraction Super Critical CO2 ExtractionDISADVANTAGE
Boiling point, Artifact formation partial loss of extracted volatiles
ADVANTAGES
Easy to remove, Not harmful, odorless, tasteless, non flammable, Inexpensive in high purity, moderate condition = 310C 74 bar , no degradation ---->labile flavor compounds selectivity, aroma & flavor-->resemblance to original material
SOLUBILITY UNDER LIQUID CO2
1. MW < 500 daltons2.Low - medium MW of halocarbon, aldehyde, keton, ester, alcohol, ether2.Low MW , non polar, aliphatic hydrocarbons -- 20 carbons4. Polar organic -- low solubility5. Polar groups -- OH, COOH, N decrease solubility 2.Chorophyll, carotenoids, amino acid, fruit acid --->insoluble2.Alkaloids, phenols, aniline compounds ----> poor solubility
The application of liquid CO2
HOP, OLEORESIN, Basils, VANILLA, ONION OIL, CITRUS OIL, APPLE JUICE, PEAR, COFFEE, ORANGE, Coliander
FLAVOR, FRAGRANCE, AND COLORANTS
CONCERN HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENT
Consumer demand, new, improved, natural, high quality
FRAC
TIO
NAT
ION
DEODERIZATION
TOTAL EXTRACTION
TRIPLE POINT CRITICAL POINT
LIQUID
SOLID
SUPERCRITICAL REGION SUPERCRITICAL REGION
GAS
Temperature (˚c)
Pres
sure
(bar
)
Pc = 73.8 bar Tc = 31.1 ˚c
Laohakunjit .,2010
Factor affecting on quality of extract by SFE
Particle size
Temperature
Pressure
Time
Pourmortazavi et al., 2007 and Bensebia et al., 2009
2. Continuous Solvent Extraction2. Continuous Solvent Extraction
Beverage sample
Solvent (Ether) Holes at the bottom of the tube
Condenser
Water Bath
Persicaria odorataPersicaria odorata Common name : Vietnamese coriander Thai name : Pak-Paeow Family : Polygonaceae Usually use for culinary herbs
Author Method of extraction
Type of extracts Result
Zheng, and Wang (2001)
extracted with 15 mL of phosphate buffer (75 mM, pH 7.0)
Crude extracthas a total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of 3.09± 0.12 and 22.30±0.68 respectively
Starkenmann, et al (2006) Hydrodistillation Essential oil
The Persicaria odoratahas a strong coriander leaf odor due to it’s high content aliphatic aldehydes.
Nanasombat And Teckchuen (2009)
Methanol extract Crude extract
Polygonum odoratum or Persicaria odorata has an antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica And also has an antioxidant activity, and Total phenolics compounds of 315.4 ± 18.8 and 52.0 ± 0.0 (µg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/mg dry extract)
Suaeda maritimaSuaeda maritima Common name : Annual sea blite Thai name : Cha-kram Family : Amaranthaceae Include in halophyte plant group Salt content in the tissues is very high -> can act as antimicrobial agent
Author Method of extraction Type of extracts Result
Agoramoorthy, et al.(2008) Whole Dry plant Whole dry plant
Total phenolic of 23.5 ± 4.2 µg/mL
Radical scavenging activity >250 (3343.0 ± 902.8) µg/mL
Kumar, et al. (2009) Methanol extract Crude extractShow inhibition activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium and Streptococcus lactis
Bobbarala, et al. (2009)
Solvent (methanol) extraction with soxhlet apparatus
Crude extract Show an antifungal activity and MIC value of 10-20 and ± 80 µmg/ml
Wannu, et al. (2010).
Solvent extraction(petroleum ether and ethanol)
Crude extract
Could inhibit the growth of bacterial strains; B. cereus, L. mesenteroid, L. plantarum and S. aureus which their inhibition zone were 13.25, 16.00, 19.55 and 15.65 mm, respectively.
Piper sarmentosumPiper sarmentosum Common name : Wild betel Thai name : Cha-plu Family : Piperaceae Culinary and medicine herbs
Author Method of extraction
Type of extracts Result
Chanwitheesuk, et al. (2005) Methanol extraction Crude extract
The highest antioxidant activity was detected in G. inodorum, followed by P. sarmentosum and M. arvensis, respectively.
Zaidan, et al (2005) Methanol extrcation in sohxlet apparatus Crude extract Piper sarmentosum showed anti bacterial activity
against S.aureus
Vagashiya, et al. (2007)
Methanol extract, for 24 h Crude extract
The study demonstrated the efficacy of Piper sarmentosum, P. argyrophillum, P. longum, P. betle as a antiinflammatory agents
Chieng, et al. (2008) Hydrodistillation Essential oil Essential oil has an antitermite activity against larvae of Artemia salina
Taweechaisupapong, et al. (2010).
Hydrodistillation and ethanol extract
Essential oil and concretes
Piper sarmentosum ethanol extract has only antifungal activity for C.albicansMBC of Piper sarmentosum against A. actinomycetemcomitans and C.albicans are 2.5 and 1.25 mg/ml respectively.
Kondo, et al. (2010).Ethanol and water extraction (maseration)
Crude extractionPiper sarmentosum ethanol extract has antibacterial activity against Vibrios and Shigella with the MIC value 0.625->5 and >5 mg/ml respectively.
Application of essential oil in chicken meat
ResearchResearch Type of plant extractType of plant extract Purpose of usePurpose of use
Lemay, et al (2002) Mustard oilAntibacterial agents in raw chicken meat against Eschericia coli, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Lactobacillus alimentarius
Oral, et al (2009)Oregano essential oil Antibacterial agents against Psychrotrops
bacteria, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Yeast, Pseudomonas enterobactericeae
Irkin and Esme (2009)
bay leaf (Laurus mobilis L.) essential oil (0.5% v/w) with modified atmosphere (MAP) (20%CO2/80%N2) and vacuum packaging stored at 4°C
To control Listeria monocytogenes and Eschericia coli ground chicken breast meat
Giatrakou, et al (2010) Chitosan and Thyme oil Preservatives on ready to cook chicken product
Fratianni, et al. (2010) Thyme and Balm oil Preservatives on chicken breast meat
Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010)
Coriandrum sativum oil in various concentrations (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5%)
To controlling Campylobacter jejuni in raw meat in various storage temperatures
Several type of plant has been use for preservatives in chicken meat
No report about the application of essential oil or plant extract from Vietnamese coriander, annual sea blite and wild betel
No report about the application of essential oil or plant extract from Vietnamese coriander, annual sea blite and wild betel
Sample preparationSample preparationExtraction process
HydrodistillationHydrodistillation
Dry sample : 500 grFresh sample : 1000 grTime : 24 h.
Essential oilEssential oil(dry and fresh sample)(dry and fresh sample)
ResidueResidue
72 hour extraction 72 hour extraction (2(2ndnd extraction) extraction) 22ndnd extracts extracts
ResidueResidue
absolutesabsolutes
Wax washing Wax washing processprocess
Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction
Dry sample : 20 grComposition : (1:2 w/v ratios)
24 hour extraction 24 hour extraction (1(1stst extraction) extraction) 11stst extracts extracts
EthanolEthanol AcetoneAcetone Petroleum Petroleum etherether
Physical, chemical, and Physical, chemical, and biological activity analysisbiological activity analysis
Physical, chemical, and biological activity analysis
AnalysisPhysical properties :- Percent of yield extraction- Optical rotation- Color - Refractive index.Chemical properties : - Volatile compounds analysis- Total phenolics compoundsBiological activities :- Antibacterial activity- Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) values- Antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS methods)
The best plant The best plant extractsextracts
Application into the raw chicken Application into the raw chicken meatmeat
Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :1.1.30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, 2.2.DB-5ms capillary column. DB-5ms capillary column. 3.3.The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 ppm concentration) was injected directlyppm concentration) was injected directly4.4.The injector and detector temperatures were 230The injector and detector temperatures were 230ooC and 250C and 250ooC respectively. C respectively. 5.5.The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 70The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 70 o oC C then 10then 10ooC/min. to 140C/min. to 140ooC, and then 5C, and then 5ooC/min. to 240C/min. to 240ooCC
1.1. Sample concentration : 100 ppmSample concentration : 100 ppm2.2. Volume injection : 1 µLVolume injection : 1 µL
Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality match greater than 85%
RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)
Volatile compound analysis
No.
Volatile compound RIa
% of Compositi
on No.
Volatile compound RIa
% of Compos
itionFres
h Dry Fresh Dry
1. eucalyptol1051
0.31 - 14.
alpha,-curcumene 1490
3.16
4.49
2. undecane1108
- 0.14 15. eremophillene
1508
6.89
4.20
3. 1-nonanol1174
- 0.09 16.
7-epi-alpha-selinene 1537
- 2.59
4. decanal1212
7.32 4.47 17. ledol
1550
5.99 -
5. decanol1274
- 3.34 18. nerolidol
1564- 3.6
76. undecanal
13110.58 0.57 1
9. globulol1587
0.95 -
7. n-decanoic acid 1358
0.21 - 20.
caryophyllene oxide 1601
2.04
5.64
8 1-Nonene1374
- 2.02 21. cubenol
1640
0.08 -
9. beta-elemene1401
0.64 - 22.
eupatoriochromene 1664
21.71
20.94
10. dodecanal
1417
19.96
18.72
23. drimenol
1790
4.74
4.34
11.
beta-caryophyllene 1441
11.07
11.40
24.
Hexahydro farnesyl acetone 1842
- 0.60
12.
allo-aromadendren 1456
0.49 - 25. isophytol
1945
0.39
0.17
13.
alpha.-caryophyllene 1476
12.57
11.62
26.
n-hexadecanoic acid 1959
0.91
0.99
Essential oil
a Retention indices calculated based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)
Volatile compound analysis
Starkenmann et al, (2008) mentioned the major compounds of this plant are decanal and caryophyllene.
No. Volatile compound RIa% of Composition
Petroleum ether Acetone Ethanol
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
1. beta-pinene 981 - - 8.06 16.55 13.10 -
2. beta-cis-ocimene 1025 - - - - 1.61 -
3. 3-carene 1037 - - - 2.08 - -
4. ocimene 1050 - - 17.90 36.46 26.44 -
5. decanal 1208 18.43 12.09 7.73 4.64 4.42 -
6. methyl hydrocinnamate 1278 - - - - 2.57 -
7. ethyl dihydrocinnamate 1351 - - 1.77 4.24 2.71 -
8 copaene 1388 - - - 8.52 6.00 -
9. dodecanal 1409 53.12 38.36 27.14 8.06 7.21 11.35
10. caryophyllene 1435 5.42 8.07 6.26 6.49 7.07 11.01
11. cyclododecane 1471 6.13 6.47 - - - -
12. 1,1-diethoxydecane 1472 - - 8.10 - - 19.03
13. germacrene d. 1495 - - 2.40 3.06 - -
14. 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol 1505 - - 5.78 4.81 9.16 10.70
15.dehydro-cyclolongifolene
oxide 1657 8.21 16.48 - - - -
16. eupatoriochromene 1657 - - 5.52 - 8.00 19.49
17. neophytadiene 1834 2.88 5.30 4.71 5.09 6.08 -
18. ethyl hexadecanoate 1989 5.80 13.24 4.62 - 5.61 28.43
Plant extractVolatile compound analysis
Annual sea blite
Physical properties
Extraction methods Refractive index Optical rotation Color appearance
Ethanol 1st 1.363 -21.10 o Clear dark green and yellow
Ethanol 2nd 1.363 -22.85 o Clear dark green and yellow
Petroleum ether 1st 1.364 -19.80 o Clear light yellow
Petroleum ether 2nd 1.363 -15.95 o Clear light yellow
Acetone 1st 1.363 -21.50 o Clear light green
Acetone 2nd 1.363 -20.05 o Clear light green
Hydrodistillation-Dry - - -
Hydrodistillation-Fresh - - -
The physical properties in refractive index, optical rotation, color appearance were not different with vietnamese coriander results.
Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :1.1.30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, 2.2.DB-5ms capillary column. DB-5ms capillary column. 3.3.The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 ppm concentration) was injected directly.ppm concentration) was injected directly.4.4.The injector and detector temperatures were 230The injector and detector temperatures were 230ooC and 250C and 250ooC respectively. C respectively. 5.5.The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 40The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 40 o oC C then rate 8then rate 8ooC/min. to 100C/min. to 100ooC, then rate 15C, then rate 15ooC/min. to 180C/min. to 180ooC, and the last rate 12C, and the last rate 12ooC/min. to C/min. to 280280ooCC
1.1. Sample concentration : 1000 ppmSample concentration : 1000 ppm2.2. Volume injection : 0.5 µLVolume injection : 0.5 µL
Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality match greater than 85%
RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)
Volatile compound analysis
The End
Assoc. Prof.Dr. Natta Laohakunjit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Orapin Kerdchoechuen