© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Intervention Chapter 4

© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.All rights reserved.

InterventionIntervention

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

• InterventionsInterventions

• Stress modelStress model

• Setting up roadblocksSetting up roadblocks

• Understanding what comprehensive Understanding what comprehensive stress management isstress management is

• Taking control and making a Taking control and making a commitmentcommitment


What Are Interventions?What Are Interventions?

Activities to prevent a Activities to prevent a stressor from resulting in stressor from resulting in

negative consequencesnegative consequences


Coping with a StressorCoping with a Stressor

• Lazarus: stress is the result of a Lazarus: stress is the result of a determination that a demand determination that a demand exceeds available resourcesexceeds available resources

• Three categories of appraisalThree categories of appraisal– Primary appraisal (of the threat)Primary appraisal (of the threat)– Secondary appraisal (of available Secondary appraisal (of available

resources)resources)– Reappraisal (after attempts at coping)Reappraisal (after attempts at coping)


A Model of StressA Model of Stress (Figure 4.3)(Figure 4.3)

• A A life situationlife situation (e.g., threat, a change in one’s life) knocks you off balance (e.g., threat, a change in one’s life) knocks you off balance• Roadblocks can change cognitive appraisal of the stress stimulusRoadblocks can change cognitive appraisal of the stress stimulus


A Model of Stress (cont.)A Model of Stress (cont.)

•Situation is Situation is perceivedperceived (interpreted) (interpreted) as stressfulas stressful

•Emotional reactionEmotional reaction leads to feelings leads to feelings such as fear, anger, insecuritysuch as fear, anger, insecurity

•These feelings lead to These feelings lead to physiological physiological arousalarousal (stress reactivity) (stress reactivity)

•Consequences: poor performance, Consequences: poor performance, illness, possible diseaseillness, possible disease


A Model of Stress (cont.)A Model of Stress (cont.)

• This stress model is an example of a This stress model is an example of a feedback loopfeedback loop

• Stress model can have many Stress model can have many feedback loopsfeedback loops

• A consequence of stress (e.g., illness) A consequence of stress (e.g., illness) can become a new stressor and start can become a new stressor and start a new feedback loopa new feedback loop


The Stress ModelThe Stress Model (Figure (Figure 4.4) 4.4)

© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Education. All rights reserved.

Setting up RoadblocksSetting up Roadblocks

• Intervention is used to block a stressful Intervention is used to block a stressful consequenceconsequence

• These blocks are set up at various points These blocks are set up at various points on the stress theory modelon the stress theory model

• Cognitive restructuring or medications Cognitive restructuring or medications (prescribed or illegal) can be used as (prescribed or illegal) can be used as roadblocksroadblocks


Setting up Roadblocks Setting up Roadblocks (cont.)(cont.)• A roadblock (e.g., relaxation A roadblock (e.g., relaxation

technique) between the perception technique) between the perception phase and the emotion phase can be phase and the emotion phase can be effectiveeffective

• Exercise can effectively block the Exercise can effectively block the continuation of stress after continuation of stress after physiological arousal has occurredphysiological arousal has occurred


Comprehensive Stress Comprehensive Stress ManagementManagement

• Includes intervention at all phases of Includes intervention at all phases of the stress theory modelthe stress theory model

• Several methods are used at each Several methods are used at each phasephase

• Elimination of all stress is not Elimination of all stress is not recommendedrecommended

• Goal is to perform within optimal Goal is to perform within optimal levels of stresslevels of stress


Did You Know?Did You Know?

• Stress can be good!Stress can be good!

• Have you ever taken a really Have you ever taken a really important test, aced it, and really felt important test, aced it, and really felt good and almost euphoric after it good and almost euphoric after it was over?was over?

• This type of stress is called This type of stress is called eustresseustress


EustressEustress

• Stress that results in positive Stress that results in positive consequencesconsequences

• Involves change that requires Involves change that requires adaptationadaptation

• Allows personal growth and is Allows personal growth and is beneficial to the personbeneficial to the person


The Yerkes-Dodson CurveThe Yerkes-Dodson Curve (Figure 4.5)(Figure 4.5)


Taking ControlTaking Control

• Managing stress means exercising Managing stress means exercising control rather than giving up control control rather than giving up control

• One can decide to control or not One can decide to control or not control the stress response control the stress response (assuming responsibility)(assuming responsibility)

• Practicing specific techniques is a Practicing specific techniques is a means of taking control and means of taking control and assuming responsibilityassuming responsibility


Making a CommitmentMaking a Commitment

• Start right nowStart right now

• Complete a contractComplete a contract

• Plan rewards for reaching Plan rewards for reaching accomplishmentsaccomplishments

• Plan punishments for not fulfilling Plan punishments for not fulfilling contractcontract

• Keep goals realisticKeep goals realistic


InterventionIntervention


Chapter 4Chapter 4

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© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Intervention Chapter 4