Use clay, chase the pollution away!

3 | P a g e

BOSEPO 2014/2015Una Sana College

USE CLAY, CHASE THE POLLUTION AWAYStudentsHana Hodžić and Neira Ćordić

USE CLAY, CHASE THE POLLUTION AWAY BOSEPO 2014/2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................2

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................3

CLAY.......................................................................................................................................4

CLAY MINERALS......................................................................................................................6

HISTORICAL AND MODERN USES...........................................................................................7

BENTONITE CLAY....................................................................................................................8

MATHERIALS AND METHODS................................................................................................10

RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................14

DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................................15

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IMPROVEMENT......................................................................................................................................16

CONCLUSSION.......................................................................................................................................17

ACKNOWELEGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................18

REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................19

WEBSITES...............................................................................................................................................20

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ABSTRACTEver since the ancient time humans have been consuming waterand using it as source to produce different kinds of energy.Unfortunately, today we can without doubt say that water onEarth is being extensively polluted. During last several yearsthere has been growing inerest in using natural materials ascheap resources in process of water purification. In thisproject, the aim is to use bentonite and pillar clay as waterpurifiers. Clay is very widespread in our country and allaround the world, what makes it inexpensive and easilyaccessible. Bentonite clays have different applications inenvironmental protection and they are rich-layered withminerals from the group of swelling smectite. They are used inthe protection of land, detoxification of drinking water, wastewater treatment, etc. With organic modification, this claybecomes very effective solvent of organic contaminants such asdyes. Furthermore, pillar clay plays important role inenvironmental protection as catalyst, especially in process ofwater purification. These two clays have proven to beprospective solution for the removing of organic and toxiccontaminants from water by catalytic oxidation in the presenceof hydrogen peroxide (CWPO). CWPO is an effective method forpartial degradation of these pollutants or their completeconversion to carbondioxide. If we take into account that theother water purification methods lack effective degredation ofpollutants and consider the fact that there is an astonishinglyrapid development of new catalytic techniques, clay mineralsindeed can play important role in water pollution reduction.

AIMS OF THE PROJECT

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INTRODUCTIONWater is around us, in us, with us... Water is important inour lives. We can not live without it. An average human body is

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To give us hope for better and healthier life

To emphasize the importance of water waste problem and the emergency of its solving

To present the use of clay minerals in the purification of waste water

To introduce bentonite and pillar clays as inexpensive and efficient way of water purification

Removal of organic and toxic contaminants from water by using bentonite and pillar clay


composed of about 65% of water. The human brain is about 85%water and our bones are between 10 to 15% water. We are notonly drinking it, but we are using water in different kind ofways. Just because of its domestic, industrial and agriculturalusefulness, water on our plannet is being dangerusly polluted.Chemical water pollutants are generally atoms or molecules,which have been discharged into natural water bodies, usuallyby activities of humans. Physical water pollutants are eithermuch larger particles or physical factors such as temperaturechange, both of which while not typically toxic, cause avariety of harmful effects. The most obvious of physicalpollutants are excessive sediment load, mostly arising fromover-intense land use practices and rubbish discarded fromhuman manufacturing activity (e.g. plastic bags, bottles). Indeveloping countries, 70 percent of industrial wastes aredumped untreated into waters, polluting the usable watersupply. On average, 99 million pounds (45 million kilograms) offertilizers and chemicals are used each year. 780 millionpeople do not have access to clean water and almost 2.5 billiondo not have adequate sanitation. More than 3.4 million peopledie each year from water, sanitation, and hygiene-relatedcauses. Nearly all deaths, 99 percent, occur in the developingworld. These terrifying facts shuld make us aware of situation.We all know that water on our planet is in great need ofpurification.

Water purification is the process of removing undesirablechemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gasesfrom contaminated water. The goal of this process is to producewater fit for a specific purpose. Most water is disinfected forhuman consumption (drinking water) but water purification mayalso be designed for a variety of other purposes, includingmeeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemicaland industrial applications.There are lots of ways forpurification of water. The first experiments into waterfiltration were made in the 17th century. There are lots ofways of purification of water: boiling, distillation, reverseosmosis membrane, desalination, oxidation gas hydrate crystalscentrifuge method, etc... But these methods are either slow,complicated, expensive, or they are not effective. Some of themeven distort the composition of water. Distillation removes allminerals from water, and the membrane methods of reverseosmosis and nanofiltration remove most to all minerals. This

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results in demineralized water which is not considered idealfor drinking.

Many people are trying to think of a new and cheap way ofpurification of water. We will introduce you to a new, easy,fast, cheap and very effective method- using clay minerals. Onemore great thing about our method is that this method isavailable to anyone!

CLAY Clay comes from the ground, usually in areas where streamsor rivers once flowed. It is made from minerals, plant life,and animals—all the ingredients of soil. Over time, waterpressure breaks up the remains of flora, fauna, and minerals,pulverizing them into fine particles. Larger particles arefiltered out through rocks and sand, leaving silt to settleinto beds of clay. How far silt travels from its source and how

pure the silt is determines the type of clay it becomes.Clayis a fine-grained natural rock or soil material that combinesone or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides andorganic matter. Clays are plastic due to their water contentand become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing.Geologic clay deposits are mostly composed of phyllosilicateminerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in themineral structure. Depending on the content of the soil, claycan appear in various colors, from white to dull gray or brownto a deep orange-red.Clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by differences in size and mineralogy. Silts,which are fine-grained soils that do not include clay minerals,tend to have larger particle sizes than clays. There is,however, some overlap in particle size and other physicalproperties, and many naturally occurring deposits include bothsilts and clay. The distinction between silt and clay varies bydiscipline. Geologists and soil scientists usually consider the

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http://www.factmonster.com/id/A0812479

http://www.factmonster.com/id/A0812479


separation to occur ata particle size of 2 µm(clays being finer thansilts),sedimentologists oftenuse 4-5 μm, and colloidchemists use 1 μm.Geotechnical engineersdistinguish betweensilts and clays basedon the plasticityproperties of the soil,as measured by thesoils' Atterberg limits. ISO 14688 grades clay particles asbeing smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger.

There are two types of clay deposits: primary andsecondary. Primary clays form as residual deposits in soil andremain at the site of formation. Secondary clays are clays thathave been transported from their original location by water

erosion and deposited in a new sedimentary deposit. Claydeposits are typically associated with very low energy

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depositional environments such as large lakes and marinebasins.

Depending on the academic source, there are three or fourmain groups of clays: kaolinite, montmorillonite-smectite,illite, and chlorite. Chlorites are not always considered aclay, sometimes being classified as a separate group within thephyllosilicates. There are approximately 30 different types of"pure" clays in these categories, but most "natural" clays aremixtures of these different types, along with other weatheredminerals. Varve (or varved clay) is clay with visible annuallayers, which form from seasonal differences in erosion andorganic content. This type of deposit is common in formerglacial lakes. When fine sediments are delivered into the calmwaters of these glacial lake basins away from the shoreline,they settle to the lake bed. The resulting seasonal layering ispreserved in an even distribution of clay sediment banding.Quick clay is a unique type of marine clay indigenous to theglaciated terrains of Norway, Canada, Northern Ireland, andSweden. It is a highly sensitive clay, prone to liquefaction,which has been involved in several deadly landslides.

CLAY MINERALS

Clay minerals are the characteristic minerals of theearths near surface environments. They form in soils and

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KAOLINITE

MONTMORILLONITE-SMECTITE ILLITE


sediments, and by diagenetic and hydrothermal alteration ofrocks. Water is essential for clay mineral formation and mostclay minerals are described as hydrous alumino silicates.Structurally, the clay minerals are composed of planes ofcations, arranged in sheets, which may be tetrahedrally oroctahedrally coordinated (with oxygen), which in turn arearranged into layers often described as 2:1 if they involveunits composed of two tetrahedral and one octahedral sheet or1:1 if they involve units of alternating tetrahedral andoctahedral sheets. Additionally some 2:1 clay minerals haveinterlayers sites between successive 2:1 units which may beoccupied by interlayer cations, which are often hydrated. Theplanar structure of clay minerals give rise to characteristicplaty habit of many and to perfect cleavage, as seen forexample in larger hand specimens of micas.

Clay minerals are common weathering products (includingweathering of feldspar) and low temperature hydrothermal

alteration products. Clay minerals are very common in finegrained sedimentary rocks such as shale, mudstone, and

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siltstone and in fine grained metamorphic slate and phyllite.Clay minerals are usually (but not necessarily) ultrafine-grained (normally considered to be less than 2 micrometres insize on standard particle size classifications) and so mayrequire special analytical techniques for theiridentification/study.

HISTORICAL AND MODERN USESClays exhibit plasticity when mixed with water in certain

proportions. When dry,clay becomes firm andwhen fired in a kiln,permanent physical andchemical changes occur.These changes convert theclay into a ceramicmaterial. Because ofthese properties, clay isused for making pottery,both utilitarian anddecorative, andconstruction products, such as bricks, wall and floor tiles.Different types of clay, when used with different minerals andfiring conditions, are used to produce earthenware, stoneware,and porcelain. Clay is also used in many industrialprocesses, such as paper making, cement production, andchemical filtering. Clay is also often used in the manufactureof pipes for smoking tobacco. Until the late 20th centurybentonite clay was widely used as a mold binder in themanufacture of sand castings. Clay is one of theoldest building materials on Earth, among other ancient,naturally-occurring geologic materials such as stone andorganic materials like wood. Between one-half and two-thirds ofthe world's population, in traditional societies as well asdeveloped countries, still live or work in a building made withclay as an essential part of its load-bearing structure.

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A traditional use of clay as medicine goes back toprehistoric times. Indigenous peoples around the world stilluse clay widely, which is related to geophagy. The firstrecorded use of medicinal clay goes back to ancientMesopotamia. A wide variety of clays is being used formedicinal purposes—primarily for external applications, such asthe clay baths in health spas (mud therapy). Among the claysmost commonly used are kaolin and the smectite clays such asbentonite, montmorillonite, and Fuller's earth.

When bentonite clay comes in contact with a toxin, chemical, orheavy metal, the clay will absorb the toxin and release it’sminerals for the body to use. Bentonite also helps get oxygento cells as it pulls excess hydrogen and allows the cells toreplace it with oxygen instead.

BENTONITE CLAYBentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, impure

clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. The absorbent claywas given the name bentonite by Wilbur C. Knight in 1898, afterthe Cretaceous Benton Shale near Rock River, Wyoming inAmerica. There are different types of bentonite, each namedafter the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K),sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al). Experts debate anumber of nomenclatorial problems with the classification ofbentonite clays. Bentonite usually forms from weathering ofvolcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, theterm bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has

been used to describe clay beds ofuncertain origin. For industrialpurposes, two main classes ofbentonite exist: sodium and calciumbentonite. In stratigraphy andtephrochronology, completelydevitrified (weathered volcanicglass) ash-fall beds are commonlyreferred to as K-bentonites when

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the dominant clay species is illite. Other common clay species,and sometimes dominant, are montmorillonite and kaolinite.Kaolinite-dominated clays are commonly referred to as tonsteinsand are typically associated with coal.

The main uses of bentonite are for drilling mud,binder (e.g. foundry-sand bond, iron ore pelletizer), purifier,absorbent (e.g. pet litter), and as a groundwater barrier. Asof around 1990, almost half of the US production of bentonitewas used for drilling mud. Bentonite is also used as abinding agent in the manufacture of iron ore (taconite) pelletsas used in the steelmaking industry. Bentonite, in smallpercentages, is used as an ingredient in commercially designedclay bodies and ceramic glazes. Bentonite clay is also used inpyrotechnics to make end plugs and rocket engine nozzles.

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Bentonite, also referred to as Montmorillonite, is one ofthe most effective and powerful healing clays. Bentonite can beused externally as a clay poultice, mud pack or in the bathand, in skin care recipes. A good quality Bentonite should be agrey/cream color and anything bordering “pure white” issuspect. It has a very fine, velveteen feel and is odorless andnon-staining.Bentonite Clay is composed of aged volcanic ash.

Clay is one of the most effective naturalintestinal detoxifying agents and has been used for hundreds ofyears by people and animals around the world. Bentonite andother healing clays being used internally to help reduceradiation exposure, in alternative cancer treatments, and inMRSA infections. Calciumbentonite is widely used as a natural feed supplement to helpdigestion and uptake of essential minerals and trace minerals,many of which it also contains.Sodium bentonite can be used toseal ponds or plug abandoned wells. It can take up to 12 timesthe amount of other clays, including calcium bentonite, to doan equivalent job. Bentonite Clay is a unique claydue to its ability to produce an “electrical charge” whenhydrated. Upon contact with fluid, its electrical componentschange, giving it the ability to absorb toxins. Bentonite isknown for its ability to absorb and remove toxins, heavy

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Bentonite StructureFigure


metals, impurities, and chemicals. This fact also applies tothe water purification also. The Canadian Journal ofMicrobiology reports that bentonite can absorb pathogenicviruses, herbicides and pesticides.

Bentonite is made up of a high number oftiny platelets that have negative electrical charges on theflat surfaces and positive charges on the edges. Bentoniteclay carries a strong negative charge which bonds to thepositive charge in many toxins. When it comes in contact with atoxin, chemical, or heavy metal, the clay will absorb the toxinand release it’s minerals for the body to use. Bentonite alsohelps get oxygen to cells as it pulls excess hydrogen andallows the cells to replace it with oxygen instead.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe matherials and methods section of this project consist

of two main parts, wich have two maing goals to achieve:

If we succes in performing this two parts, we wil be ableto point out a cheap, easy and very efficient way of purifyingwater. The adsorbent used in this research is natural bentonite

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This part includes converting bentonite clay into powder. By doingd this, we'll make mixing water and bentonite clay easier and more efficient.

Part 1:Converting clay into powder

Mixing fluent bentonite with wastewater and percolation of these two mixtures.

Part 2: Using

bentonite clay to purifie

wastewater


clay from Zagreb (Croatia). If we want to prove trueadvantages and capabilities of bentonite clay, we certainlyneed to conduct a research on its characteristic and doappropriate experiments in the field of bentonite clay.

PART 1:Experimental work was initiated with crumbling firm bentonite clay. After that, we put it on a baking sheet and rolled it, untill it was about 3-4mm thick.Next, we preheated oven at 80 degrees Celsius. Bentonite clay that we previously rolled, was in oven for about 5 minutes.

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Clay was almost white and easy to crumble. We crumbled it againto get powder.

We took 2tbsp of bentonite(powder) and mixed it withwater.

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Water for this experiment was polluted with a color. In colored water, we added that mixture of bentonite and water.

Then, we took glass and put a filterin it (handkerchief can also be used).

After that, colored water was poured in a glass with filter. Our water started dripping, and the drops were clean and crystal clear.

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Our water is now clean and drinkable.

PART 2:

In this experiment, we usedwastewater. We added 2,5 tsps of

bentonite clay powder towastewater.

We started mixing water withbentonite at low speed for about 3minutes. After more than 2 minuteswe could already see sludgeseparation, and sludge startedfloating in the water.

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Now we left sludge to sepperate from the water. You can see thesludge clearly . (Sludge can either settle or float in water).

RESULTS (WE DECIDED THAT THE BEST WAY OF SHOWING OUR RESULTS IS WITH CHARTS).

Part 1:

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-Sludge that we sepperated from water.


Colored water Purified water0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Pollution

Part 2:

Industrial wastewater

Purified water0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

Pollution

(It was found that, the adsorption capacity of clay increase with temperature.)

DISCUSSIONThe purpose of our project is primarly to announce people

about importance pf water purification and theirs ability to

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The result in Part 1,shows that using thebentonite materialsinstead of otherchemicals can givehigh water clarity andno color could be

Ther result of Part2 shows us thatbentonite clay canalso be used inpurification of


prevent its pollution. In this section we will discuss the questions and advantahes and disadvantages of bentonite clay. After that, we will show you wat could be done to improve our project.

Does bentonite clay have future in water purification?With its avabilities, bentonite clay deffinitely has future inwater purification pervention. Bentonite clay is a unique claydue to its ability to produce an “electrical charge” whenhydrated. Upon contact with fluid, its electrical componentschange, giving it the ability to absorb toxins. Bentonite isknown for its ability to absorb and remove toxins, heavymetals, impurities, and chemicals. This fact also applies tothe water purification also.

What are advantages and disadvantages of bentniteclay?There are many advantages of bentonite clay. It is veryavailable and easy to use. This clay can be used in cleaning,it is very good for hair and the most important, it is used inmedicine. It is good for skin and detoxification of humanorganism. We could not find disadvantages of bentonite clay.

Are there possible errors in the project?Like in every project, there are possible errors in our projecttoo. First, if bentonite clay isn't prepared properly, it maynot show results that we expected. Also, if bentonite powderstays on the room temperature for too long, it can lose itsbenefits. These and other similar mistakes can cause possibleerrors in our project.

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What could bedone to impovethe project?The imrovements othis project arepossible.Bentonite clay canbe modified and bydoing that itcould purifie water even better. But we decided to show youbenefits of pure bentonite clay. Howewer, we found an amazigway of improving this project that we are going to present toyou on the next page.

IMPROVEMENTWe are going to talk

about one recentinnovation that couldpotentially revolutionizewater purification inpoor, rural communities. We will show you an amazing disc thatcan purifie water. It is so easy to make, you need only threeingredients: bentonite clay and nano-particles of silver andcopper. Then they mix, weigh, press and bake them. Thosematerials are mixed and pressed into a mold. You can make thisdisc in your own kitchen. Its a small ceramic disk impregnatedwith silver or copper nanoparticles. It can repeatedlydisinfect water for up to six months simply by resting in avessel where water is poured.

This disc is easy to use, and is easier to transport thanother filters, but because it is placed into the water, rather

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than having the water filter through it, the disc is noteffective for removing sediment in water that causesdiscoloration or flavor impairment. When dropped in water,silver ions, which are atoms that have an electrical charge,are released to purify the water.

CONCLUSIONEach day we can hear news from all aroun the world,

bringing us stories of natural disasters, pollution, globalwarming, poverty... Each day, we need more and more water, butmore and more is polluted. This is what motiivated us to startworking on this project. Humanity simply has to treasure eachdiscovery and improvement in the branc of water purification,because clean water won't be clean forever. The most widelyused ways of water purification are either too expensive or notavailable to everyone. Is there a simpler way of doing this?Yes, there is. Bentonite clay.

It could be concluded from the obtained results that, using thebentonite clay in proces of water purification:

• The flocculation process becomes more efficient and the cost is reduced.

• Improve turbid, color and heavy metals removal from wastewater.

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• Environmental permit compliance, however, bentonite as it is untoxic material

and gives unharmfully settling materials.

• Improve the filtration system.

• Improve water clarity and produces water can be recycled or safely discharge to the water streams.

As we mentioned at he beginning, our increasing need for clean and purified wateris inventable and the environment conservation must be our highest priority. The way of water purification that we presented in our project is amazing for every community... This way can help us to save the most precious thing on the planet Earth- WATER!

ACKNOWELEGEMENTS

We would firslty like to thank to our englshlanguage teacher, prof. Haris Horić for hisoutstanding support in realization of this project. Heanswered patiently on all of our questions.

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Special thanks to Mr. Edham Hodžić who had travelledall the way to Zagreb to find and buy bentoniteclay that we used for this project. He is alsomasgister of agriculture, so he gave us some veryimportant informations about bentonite clay and itsbenefits.

We are also thankful to previous students of UnaSana College who gave us support and encouragement,Jasin Hodžić, Sara Hodžić and Dženita Fazlić, forvaluable comments and suggestions.

Most of all, we would like to mention our parents,Senija Bašić Hodžić, Edham Hodžić, Evresa Ćordić andSafet Ćordić who played most important part in ourproject, for gaving us moral and financial support.

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REFERENCES

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N. Yilmaz, S. Yapar (2004), Adsorption properties oftetradecyl- and hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium-bentonites,Appl. Clay Sci. 27 (2–3), pp.223–228.

Abdelaal, A.M., (2004), Using a natural coagulant fortreating wastewater. Eighth International Water TechnologyConference, IWTC8, Alexandria, Egypt.

Al-Bastaki, N., and Banat, F., (2003), Combining ultrafiltration and adsorption on bentonite in a one-stepprocess for the treatment of coloured waters. Resources,conversation and recycling, 41, pp 103-113.

B. Lothenbach, G. Furrer, R. Schulin, Immobilization ofheavy metals by polynuclear aluminium and montmorillonite

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Mashhady, A.S.,” Heavy metals extractable from acalcareous soil treated with sewage sludge”, Environmentalpollution (series B), 8, 51, 1984.

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Use clay, chase the pollution away!