Subject Index - Springer

Subject Index

Abstraction danger of 133

Abrahamsson K 35 "Abrichtung" 57 ACE system 177,180 Active assimilation 49, 50 Adult literacy

use of knowledge-based systems 87 Advisory service 145 Aesthetic

perspective 5 sensibility 59,61

Artificial intelligence (AI) 4,5,68,71,74,91, 97,105,116,129,139,169,171,181

convergence with video tape/disc 91 use in military 90 use in industry 90 and skills 74

AI Applications to learning and Training Access Points 68

AI elite 177 AI systems

for social domains 74,91 for transfer of human knowledge 80 design issues 79,81,176 and human judgement 81,83 in health care 8, 82-3

Altools 74,91 d' Alembert (Encyclopedia) 17 Algorithm 114,118,119,171 Algorithmic standardised models 143 Alienation 73 Alvey programme 68,86, 176 American society of mechanical

engineers 181 American technology 129 Analytical thinking 132 Animals and machines 10 AnnettJ 152 Apprenticeship

British perspective 4 duration of 153 education and training 3,5,38,75,90 engineering craft 33, 151, 152, 153 Japanese culture 3

model of 37,38 model of, in care sector (Ozbolt,

Eriksson) 29 versus scientific method of nursing 22,

23,24 open entry system 154 Scandinavian perspective 4, 5 standards-based 154

Appropriate technologies 74 Arbetslivscentrum 53 Archer LB 134 Arthur Anderson & Co. 173 Assimilation of information 50 Assimilatory models of learning

dangers of 101 Associated Union of Engineering Associated

Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW) 134

AT&T expert system for cable maintenance 177,

180 Audio-visual and communications

technologies 87 Automatic computer-aided light metering 14 Automation, 31,34,36,135,140,146

automated factory 31,37, 172 automated expert 181 and increased division of labour 139 of the office 144, 170 of social knowledge 85

BabbageC 31 Bacon F 123 Bayesian models of probability 105 Bayesian reasoning 114 Behaviourists 61 BergJ 21 Berry DC and Broadbent DE 176 Bete Machine 10 Bibel W 171 BingJ and Schartum OW 146 Bio-chips 169 Black box 179 Bobrow DC and Stefik M 181

186

Bodington S 132 Boeing Co. 175 Braverman H 128 British energy system on coal 96 Buchanan B 83,175 Buck B 143

CAD (Computer Aided Design) 135 CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) 135 CAP (Computer Aided Production and

Scheduling) 135 Capital-intensive processes 129 Card SK 179 Cartesian view 10 Chernobyl 96 Chess

and problem solving 104 Clinical decision-making 114 Clinical inference 114 Clinical wisdom 119 Cognitive dissonance 71 Cognitive science

and AI 4 Herbert S 19,20

Cognitivists 61 Collingwood RG 55 Common sense 97,105,130 Commission of the European

Community 169 Community work 87 Computer 81

"computer mind" 3 education 3 "home doctor" programs 114 literacy 114 literature 118 programs 146,147 science 105 a tool? 11

Computers and decision-making processes 163,167 and epistemological error 18 and forecasting 40 and map plotting 43 and medicine 113 and nursing science 21 in practice 11 in teaching 21 technology, health and education 90 and weather forecasting 39, 42 working environment, effect on 40,44 Simon H 19,20

Computerisation of social insurance system, Sweden 25,48

Computerised decision-aid 122 Computerised decision-support systems 123 Computerised map plotting system 48 Computer system 119,137

advanced 117 control 146,161

Knowledge, Skill and Artificial Intelligence

for controlling production flow of steel plates 51

fifth generation 169 and loss of rights 167 Norwegian National Insurance system 159 on-line 161,162,164,167 sixth generation 169

Connectionism, new 170 Construction materials science 34 Cooley M 45,78,79,81,128,134 Coppola A 181 Craftsmanship 3,130,151

engineering craftsman 32,34,35,151-8 expertise 131

Creativity 132 CrossM 155 Culture

and technology 14 Wittgenstein 1,14 cultural hermeneutics 80

Cybernetics 34 loop 131, 136 transformation 132

Data 105,115,116,118,136,171 base 25,89,135 data/problem statement processing 77,139 management systems 114 subjective 118 systems 24, 130, 159, 162

development for nursing 24 Decentralisation 159,161,165 Decision-making process 77,97,159 Decision support 120 Decision trees 114 Deep situational involvement 132 Delegation 159,161

of administrative authority 160,162 DENDRAL 83,175 Deontic systems 146 Descartes, R 20

applied mathematics 9 the Discourse

Bete Machine 10 "machine" 9 reason-a universal instrument 10

Abstract knowledge 37 Design

activity 133 concept of 128

De-skilling 73 Dialectical interaction 137 Dialectic of human and machine 133 Dialogue 80

expert system 179 human-computer 179 in a practice 15 problem 179

DiderotD French Encyclopedia project 10

Subject Index

Diehl RO and van Treek W 143 DIET 88 Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) 177, 180, 181 Disadvantaged groups

use of technology to care for 85 Distributive effects

of technology 143 Division of interpretable information 179 Division of knowledge 177 Division of labour 140,143,147,160,177,179

and automation 139 Tayloristview 32-3,74

DreyfusliL 104,105,128,132,171 Dreyfus liL and Dreyfus SE 132, 171 Durer 128,129,134

ECG machine 97 Education and computer technology 3 EEC

ESPRIT programme 135 project on literacy, numeracy and

technology 87 Efficiency 32, 166 Einstein 133 Electro-mechanical complexity 135 Electronic data-processing 139,140,147 ElsterJ 155 Empathy 109 Energy Industry Training Board 152, 158 Engineering craftsman 33,34, 151, 154

apprenticeship 151 cross traded 156 dual traded 156 engineering model 25 job structure 155 machine specialist 156 new jobs 155 system (or area) specialist 156 traditional 156

EnnalsR 78 Epistemological error 18 Epistemological issues 4 Eriksson K 22-3

apprenticeship model 29 nursing science 22 scientific model 22, 28

Ernst ML and Ojha Ii 172, 177, 178 Errorlocation 15-16,35

aeroplanes and 16 computer programme for forest

valuation 16 practical knowledge 16 Svenssen P 15

Essentially contested character of concepts 62

Essentially contested concepts 11, 12 European technology 129 Experience 129 Experimental science 61

Wittgenstein L 13

Expert 106,108,131 centred transfer of skill/knowledge 99 concept of 88, 104, 105, 131 intuition 20 knowledge 115,141

Expert systems 3,40,69,72,77,83,84,90, 101,172,173

adult literacy 87 automated experts 181 British research 3 cable maintenance 177 CATS 175,177 commercial 82 cooking in 87 COOKING 88 definition 103,105, 106 DENDRAL 83, 175 design 176 DIET 88 "high-road" type 171 individualisation 24 inference engine 178 integrity 107 and knowledge 116, 117 LA 175 "low-road" type 171 maintenance 177, 181 making judgements 106 medical 135,136 meteorology 40 MYCIN 83, 175 nursing 24 POMME 175 problems for application of 83 puff 175 responsibility 106 RI 83,176 role 106,111,174,176 shell 178 and skills 3,68,79 and technological knowledge 83 XCON 108, 177, 180 XSEL 181

Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) 54

Feigenbaum EA and McCorduck P 181 Fifth generation computer systems

(FGCS) 169,178,170,171 Flexibility 140, 142 "Following a rule" principle 11, 12, 13,57 Forecasting 40

numerical 39,41,42,47,50,51 FoxJ 121,177 Fox J and Frost D 120 French Age of Enlightenment 10 Frese M and Zapf D 180 Friends Centre, Brighton 87 Front-end, intelligent 178 Frosher IN and Jacob RJK 176 Functional autism 3

187

188

Functional division of work 144 Fuzzy reasoning 131,135,136

Gale J and Marsden P 114 Gaines BR and Shaw MLG 116, 179 GAP program applications 120 Gatekeepers 143 General Electric 32

locomotive maintenance expert system 177 General Medical Practitioner (GP) 113,114,

115,122,135 Genetic epistemology 71 Germany (FOR) 170 Gierz E 32,33,34,35 GillKS 80 GiJletP 176 GoodmanSE

and Perby M 43 on sensibility 44

Goranzon B 43,78,79,80,146 GorzA

on professional skills 16 Greater London Enterprise Board 135,136 Gullers P 13,54,58,60,79

skills, new technology and photography 13

Gustavsen B 62

Habermas 57,62 Hacker 178 Hagerstrand, T 34, 36 Hart A 109,111 Hayes-Roth F 175,177,181 Hayes C and Wright P 172 Health care 86,87,88

training, socio-cultural context 82,84-5, 90

Heath,C 117 Heisenberg principle 133 Heuristics 109,131,134 Heuristic reasoning 119 Heuristic search 171 Hewlett-Packard 170 High Pressure Centre 49 Hodgkin A 117 Hofstadter D 104 Holistic work situation 132 Horizontal specialisation 144 Horowitz V 57 Human centred approach 79,91,129,136

for knowledge transfer 81 participatory model 82

Human centred (CIM) Computer Integrated Manufacturing 135

Human centred learning systems design 84, 86,91

Human centred systems 135 Human intelligence 116 Human judgement 132, 135


Human-machine interaction problems of 132-133

Human-machine symbiosis 127, 133 Humanities' position in technological

debate 5 Hwang SL and Salvendy G 172

IBM 179 PC machines 175

Imagination 81, 131, 132, 134 Imperial Cancer Research Fund 121 Index Cards 114 Individualisation

expert systems in nursing 24 in the engineering model 25

Industrial engineering (IE) high-road 171 low-road 171

Industrial Revolution 127, 151 Industrial robot 171 Industrial Training Board 152 Inference engine 178 Information

overload 113,114 processing 20,90,120 processing overload 113,114 Society 3,30

computer mind 3 information and knowledge 105

systems 130 conventional 106

nursing profession 23,24 "tailor-made" 165 technology 67,117,139,141,159,163

and non-cash transfer 165 Information technology programme,

important questions 5 IT86 Committee, UK 69 Inner weather picture 46-50,51 Insurance systems 44 Integrated understanding 43,44,45 IntelJigence 104,109,116

Hofstadter D 104 Intelligent behaviour 103, 105 Intelligent design

issues 81 tool for only experts? 98

Intelligent knowledge-based machine (IKBS) 77

Intelligent interfaces 169 Intelligent program 105 Interactive video 84,89,90 Interactive video/disc

training tool in health care (SEAKE centre) 84-5,90

knowledge-based 90 GLEB project 136

Interpretation 49,83 problem of 47 uniformity of 163

Subject Index

International Labour Organisation (ILO) culture and tradition 14 professional qualifications 14

Interviewing techniques 110 Intuition 81,113,131,135 Intuitive knowledge 119

Janik A essentially contested concepts 11, 12 knowledge

propositional and of familiarity 16

tacit knowledge 4 Japanese Computer Usage Development

Institute 3 Japanese culture 3 Japanese futurological study 3 Japanese National Institute for Research and

Development 3 Jazbinsek D 142 JMA 179 Johannessen KS 57

and Josefson I 44 Joint cognitive system 179 JonesS 88 Josefson I 54,58-9,86 Judgement

by a program? 106

KantI 57 Karlsen TH 143 Karatsu H 170 KempM

on experience 129 Kidd A 109,110 Kingston College of Further Education

Information technology Development Unit 67

KLARK-K 173 Knill-Jones RP 114 Knowledge

acquisition 80,83,98,101, 103, 108 method, 109-10, 142

base 88,120,177,178 based system 81,87,89,91,98,104,105,

106,116,119 common-sense 97,105 of craftsman 3 democratisation of 96 dynamic nature of human 80 engineer 109,116,172,178 ethical dimension, Wittgenstein, L 20 exchange 94, 97 expert 79,108,115

SimonH 20 factual 4 of familiarity 16,17,26,27,28,30,34,35,

36,37,77,79,80,83,91 human traits 78

intuitive 81, 119 know-how models of 23 as a mathematical language, Plato 5 medical 113,119,121,122,116 models of (Gaines BR and Shaw

MLG) 116-17 natureof 26

TempteT 12 nursing 23,24 objective 130

189

practical 16,17,34,35,36,47,79,83,86, 142 processing 77 professional 25,26,37,86,90,115,148,170 propositional 16,17,26,28,37,71,77,91 representation 74,80,85,88,176 scientific 24,27,30,37 a socio-cultural resource 80,85 of social traditions 77,85 subjective 118,130 tacit 4,34,36,43,45,53,54,58,59,81,109,

130,135,137,142 Janik A 4,53--63 KuhnT 17,37 Polanyi M 131 Wittgenstein L 4

technical 83,85,86 theory of 61 theoretical 4, 141, 144, 145 transfer 78,87,90,96,97,170

and transfer of power 96 models 98-101

valid 24 weather 51 working (Kusterer) 43

KuhnT Scientific knowledge 36,37 Structure of Scientific Revolutions 17

Kusterer KC 43,44,45

Language of machines 12 Wittgenstein L 5, 10

Lateral thinking 119 Learning

as a social process 88 Legal theory

Norwegian 160 Lindborg R 10 Literacy 117

computer 114 "Logic" of change 62 Lund university 40

Machine-centred approach 78,79 limitations 81 for training 85

Machineintelligence 101,116 Maintenance work

diagnostic nature of 153

190

Man, a clockwork machine 12 Managerial uncertainty 179 Man-machine interaction (MMI) 86 Manpower Services Commission (MSC) 68 Manufacturing industry 154 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

servolab 31,135 MarcusM 180 MarxK 61,63 Master builder 12 Mc[)ermottJ 176,178,180

XCON 107 Medical care 22 Medical decision-making 114 Medical diagnosis 106 Medical knowledge 113, 119 Medical knowledge-based decision-aid 116,

118 Medicalrecords 113,117 Memory

capacity 12 short-term 19

Meta knowledge 116,121, 122 Metaphysical speculation 61 Meteorology

and computing 39,40 traditional work method 41, 46

Method Time Measurement techniques (MTM)

traditional 172 industrial engineers 172

Metonymic skills 95,96 la Mettrie

culture 10 French Age of Enlightenment 10 Man a Machine 10

Michie [) and Johnston R 78 Micro-computer 121 Micro-prolog 88 MikesG 72 Military system 181 MillJS 57 Miller F[) 177 Minerva's owl 10 Moral and social issues 107 Mortgage loan analyser (MLA) 173 "Moving-belt" office 173 Mowshowitz A 180 M5-[)OS environment 175 Mumford E 181 MYCIN 82,83

Naturallanguage 129 NeedhamJ

Euro-American disease 133 New technology

British research 3,4 and medicine 123

Newton I 132


Neural computational program 170 networks 170

Nilsson N 170 Noble[) 32 Noise-to-signal ratio 130 Norwegian National Insurance service 159,

160,163 Numerically controlled (NC) machines 31, 32

General Electric 32 Numerical model 47,142 Nursing

apprenticeship 22 a craft 25 computer technology 21 and diagnosis 25 engineering model 25 Eriksson K 22 knowledge 23-30 profession 21 science 21 training 22

Nyquist array 135

Objectivity 78, 105, 130 Observation data 51 Ong 118 On-line computer systems 161, 162, 164, 167 "Open Sesame" 60 Optical storage 114 Optimized plants 155 Orality 117 Organisational culture 139 Ostberg G 34, 36 Ostberg 0 170 OTA (1987) 172 Oxford System of Medicine (OSM) 115,121,

122 model of first prototype 121

Ozbolt J 25,28-9 expert systems for nursing 23,24 individualisation 24

Pacific Medical Centre, San Francisco 175 Paper-based information systems 114 Parallel machines 170 Parnas [)L 177 Partridge [) 178 Pattern recognition 134

SimonH 19 skills of 81

Paul RP and Nof SY 172 PerbyM 58-9

and Carlssen 51 Photography, new technology and

skills 13-14 Physical symbol systems

SimonH 20 PiagetJ 70,71,101 Plato 128,133

Subject Index

Plato - continued Dialogues, mathematical language 5

Polanyi M 43,56,132,142 Polarisation 140,180 Political philosophy 75 Politics of working life 75 Practice

competence 16 development 15 routine 15 practical knowledge 16 scientific, Kuhn T 17

Wittgenstein, L 11,14,28 Praxis

Marxian concept of 63 Predictability 132 Pritchard P 114 Problem solving 13,24,83,104,106,115

space 171 Production concepts 147 Professional knowledge,

destruction of 147 Programs

Intelligent 105 making judgements 106

PROLOG2 121 Prolog Education Group 68 Prophet motive 72 PROPS2 121 Protocols for treating diseases 118 Prototyping an expert system 107 Psychiatric nurse 27 Psychology 61 Psychotherapy 27 Public administration 140,142,160

Qualitative judgement 133 Quality of service

versus conformity 162 Quantifiability 132

Raimondi D 172 Ramamoorthy CV 170 Rational methods 166 Rationalisation 104,139,140,141,159,164,

165 of knowledge 119 strategies 149, 180

Rationalistic orientation in AI 78 Rawls} 57 Reading (weather forecasting computer

systems) 43 Real-time 61 Reason, a universal instrument 10 Reasoning techniques 105 Rector A and Dobson D 115 Robot 172 Re-skilling 73 Responsibility 81,144,145

use of expert system 106 Rifkin, G 172 RI 83 Rosenbrock, H 133, 135 Rosicrucianism 54 Rousseau, JJ

apprenticeship 38 Rules 88

meta-level 71 open 15 and problem solving 104

Rule-based learning methodologies 85 Rule-based systems 119,134 Russell Bertrand 20

Scandinavian research traditions 4 Schafer W 143 Schreyogg G, Steinmann Hand ZaunerB 143 Schumacher EF 74 Scientific management 133,180 Scientific method 132, 133 Scientific model in nursing 22,28-30 ScownSE 180 Scripts 88 SEAKE Centre (Social and Educational

Applications of Knowledge Engineering) 84

Sensibility 44,59 Separation between hand and brain 128 Shamoon 172 ShankRC 172 Sheldon M 114 Shell of expert system 178 Shift from analogical to digital world 129 Shpilberg D 110 Silver RS 134 Simon Herbert

cognitive science 19,20 expert knowledge 20-21 information 20

191

natural sciences model of knowledge 20, 29

"patterns" 21 physical symbol systems 20

Sixth generation computer systems 169 Skills 58

acquisition 69,70,71,131,132 and AI 74 competence 16,80 de-skilling 73,96,133,140,147 engineering craft 32-3,155 formalisation of 80 functions of 96 and the industrial robot 171 manual 35,37,45,128 mechanical engineering 34, 35 meteorology 40,47 metonomy of 94, 95 of mining 96

192

Skills - continued models of transfer of 98-101 multi-semi 157 multi-skilling 73 technological and organisational

restructuring, effect on 148 OstbergG 34 pattern recognition 81 photography 13-14 politics of 75 practical 93 problem of 68 professional 3,36-7,80,128,139,140,141,

148 re-skilling 73 social 93-5 social values 95 strategic significance of 69 and tacit knowledge 60 transfer of 67,68,69-70,175

to machines 3 models 70--71 preconditions 72-3

and technology 73-4 "Smart machine-dumb man" philosophy 181 Social insurance offices and

computerisation 25,48 Social philosophy 62, 67 Social revolution 97 Social science 61 Socrates 62, 128 Software

engineering 170 tools, automatic aids 110

"Spaghetti code" 177 Specialisation 148

of medical knowledge 113 Special education

use of technology in 84 Standardisation 40,141,146,148 Star Wars 169 Stonemasons trade 62 Strawson P 56 Structuralists 61 Stubblefield 177 Sturup Airport 39,40,49 Subjectivity 43 Substitutive effects of use of new

technology 143,146 Subsystems 135 Super software crisis 178 Surgical instrument makers 40,54, 58 SvenssenP

error location 15 Sviokla JJ 177, 180 Sweden 11 Swedish Forestry offices 146 Swedish National Industrial Board 36 Swedish Social Security Service 98 Symbiotic systems 135 Symbiotic totality 134


Synoptical map 41,42,47,49,50 Systems theory

applied to nursing 23 Eriksson's model 28

Tacit knowledge 130 Janik A 53--63 Polanyi M 131

Taylor FW 32,33 Taylorism 32,74,129,133,140

Technical and Vocational Educational Initiative (TVEI) 158

Technology American 129 appropriate use of 67,74,83 and culture 14 European 129 high-road 170 low-road 171 new, use in health/welfare project 79 policy 73 and skills 73, 148 social meaning of 74 and weather forecasting 48-9

Technological change 13-14,129 and organisational restructuring 148

TempteT nature of knowledge 12

The human frontier science program 169 Thomas Je 179 Tolstoi L 62 Tool

concept of 12 Wittgenstein L 11

Training 74, 79 diagnosis 53 Japanese apprenticeship 3 skills 75 vocational 142-4

Uhre 31 University of Manchester Institute of Science

and Technology 135 US Air Force Office of Scientific Research 170 User-friendly systems 169 US Strategic defence system 177 Utbildning-Arbete Teknik 58

Visual Display Unit (VDU) 43,48,134 Video

-disc-emulator system 90 -disc/video-tape technology 91 film 89,90

Vinci Leonardo da 129 Vertical division oflabour 144 Von Wright 69

Subject Index

Weather picture 49 knowledge 51

WeizenbaumJ 134 Western philosophy 62,133,135 WhitbyB 177 Wiener N 34,35,128 Winograd T and Flores F 83 Wisdom 115,130 Wittgenstein L 29,56,57,59,60,62

concept "tool" 11 On Certainty 13 ethical dimension of knowledge 20 example 11 "to follow a rule" 9,11,13 language-game 14,21 Philosophical Investigations 11,21,27,28,

68 philosophy oflanguage 5,10,20 practice 11, 14, 28 tacit knowledge 4

Tractatus 20 and Russell B 20

Work culture 142 manual 170 mental 170 organisation: horizontal, vertical

integration 32 working life 53,54

XCON 108, 177, 180 XSEL expert system 181

YoungRM 179 Youth Training Scheme 153-4,158

ZuboffS 179

193

Documents

Subject Index - Springer