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.258-245

Abel F.J. (1925): Tombeau recemment decouverts a Marissa, RB 34, pp. 267-275.

Barag D., and Hershkovitz M. (1994): Lamps from Masada, Masada IV,Jerusalem, pp. 7-147.

Bliss F.J-Macaiister R.A.S. (1902): Excavations in Palestine 1898-1900, London.

Cahill J.M. (1992): The Chalk Assemblages of the Persian/Hellenistic and EarlyRoman Periods, in: De Groot A., and Ariel D. T., (eds.) Excavations at the Cityof David 1978-1985, Vol III, Qedem 33, pp. 190-274.

Gibson S. (1994): The Tell Ej-Judeideh (Tel Coded) Excavations: A Re-Appraisalbased on Archival Records in the Palestine Exploration Fund, Tel Aviv 21, pp.194-234.

Hershkovitz M. (1986): Miniature Ointment Vases from the Second TemplePeriod, IEJ 36, pp. 45-51.

Oren E., and Rapaport U. (1984): The Necropolis of Maresha - Beth Guvrin, IEJ34, pp. 114-153.

Peters J.P., and Tiersch H. (1905): Painted Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa,London.

Rahmani L. Y. (1994): A Catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries in the Collections of theState of Israel, Jerusalem.

1999 ,20 'on omx nnpj

desert areas in times of distress and oppression. The region is rich with caves,many of which are particularly inaccessible. In this report, we present a summaryabout the caves and the findings on the refugees that have been discovered. Anattempt is made to learn about the relationship between the caves and theirinhabitants and the nearby permanent settlements. From the summary, theuniqueness of the Eastern Desert as a local proscribed place is evident.

Rock-cut Caves and hiding complexes at Horvat TabaqNahum Sagiv and Boaz Zissu

Horvat Tabaq is an ancient site, located on the southern slopes of Tel Goded, inthe Judaean foothills (Shephelah), about two km. N-E of Beth Guvrin -Eleutheropolis. A survey and excavations were carried by the authors at the siteand in the nearby necropolis during the years 90-92, on behalf of the Bar IlanUniversity and the Israel Antiquities Authority. The different subterraneancomponents of the site are presented in the article, focusing on the description ofthe complicated hiding systems, their finds, and their historical and archaeologicalmeaning. The overall area of the ancient site is about 5,000 m2. The site is locatedat the bottom of a slope, close to a rich water source, near an important ancientroad and fertile lands. Typical to this region is the systematically usage of theKirton (soft limestone) bedrock . An entangled underground maze had beencarved ground deep, under the buildings of the ancient site. Due to the goodpreservation of the man-made caves, their various uses could be identified, such asquarries, storage halls, water-reservoirs, industrial installations, columbaria,mikvaoth (ritual baths), hiding complexes and burial caves. In comparison toour good understanding of the subterranean parts of the ancient site, little isknown of the plan and nature of the houses built above the ground. Maybe furtherexcavations will clarify this issue.The necropolis is located on the east and southeast slopes of Tel Goded (north ofH. Tabaq). The entrances to about twenty five rock-cut burial caves wererecorded, some hewn at the edge of abandoned ancient limestone quarries, as wellas two entrances to unfinished burial caves. About fifteen caves are dated to theIron II period. Seven caves are dated to the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods,and three to the Byzantine period.Four rock-cut caves of the Hellenistic and Early Roman period were excavated,after they were plundered by grave robbers. The few grave goods recoveredincluded pottery sherds, oil lamps and some glass vessels and beads. Fragments ofossuaries, discovered in the caves point to the conclusion that the cemetery wasused by Jews. These caves belonged to a larger cemetery, used by Jewish familiesliving in the first century B.C. - first half of the second century C.E. We can notdetermine if the cemetery belonged to the settlement of H. Tabaq or to the one atthe top of Tel Goded.In spite of the heavy plunder of the underground caves, sufficient data was

1999 ,20 'DO ont* 140

recovered, thus enabling understanding the different periods of human occupa-tion. We presume that the spot was first settled in the Persian period, and climaxedin the first century C.E.. The archaeological findings give evidence to a Jewishpopulation at that time, with customs similar to those of Jerusalems Jews. Theyused stone vessels (unsusceptible to ritual impurity), bathe in the mikveh (for beingritually pure) and used stone ossuaries for secondary individual burial.The site at H. Tabaq ceased to exist at the first half of the second century C.E.,apparently during the violent events of the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-135 C.E.).Typical items, such as glass vessels, Judaean (Southern) oil lamps and the roundlamps with the decorated discus, discovered in the caves and in the mikveh leaveno doubt as to the date of destruction of the site. It seems that the three hidingsystems were hewn during the preparations of this revolt.Remains such as mikvaoth, ossuaries, stone vessels and Judaean lamps make H.Tabaq a typical Second Temple period Jewish site. Spotting such finds at othersites would help identifying additional Jewish sites from this period all aroundJudaea.

A hiding complex at Tel OdollamBoaz Zissu

A subterranean hiding complex was discovered during the supervision carried bythe Israel Antiquities Authority inspectors, at the summit of Tel Odollam in theJudaean Foothills (Shephelah), after it was broken in by antiquities robbers in1995.A stepped passage, built of ashlars and roofed with stone slabs, enables theentrance to the complex. At the bottom of this passage a roughly hewn room usedas a connection to the main rock-cut tunnel. This tunnel, hewn E-W reaches at itseastern end another tunnel, blocked by alluvial soil, and a subterranean secretchamber, used probably as a shelter. The wall of this chamber breached thesouthern wall of an older water cistern. This cistern was incorporated in the hidingcomplex, and used as a secret water reservoir. The original entrance shaft of thecistern was used for ventilation, illumination and .escape. Renewed illegalexcavations in the complex (1998) have revealed another short tunnel and anadditional chamber, hewn south of the subterranean secret chamber. The complexwas completely looted and no ancient artifacts were discovered, except for somefragments of a cooking pot, typical to the first and second centuries C.E.This small hiding complex probably belonged to a Jewish family that lived on thespot at the end of the Second Temple period. The complex should be dated to theperiod preceding the Bar Kokhba revolt. Hundreds of other subterranean hidingcomplexes were surveyed in ancient sites in the Judean Foothills ,

139 1999 ,20 -CD om*

The Hebrew University of JerusalemDepartment of Geography

OfraD.N. Mizrach Binyamin

NIQROT ZURIMJournal of the Israel Cave Research Center (ICRC)

No. 20, August 1999