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Index

JabaPadhir sand shrub land 197 'Abd al Kuri 123,271 Abha36, 55,94, 159,291 Abu Dhabi 11, 18,217,224,273,299

coastal sabkha 57, 60 protected areas 299

Abu Dhabi Nature Reserve 276, 299 Abutilon pannosum 172, 179 Acacia 2, 64, 83, 84, 158, 162

A. abyssinica var. macroloba 164 A. asak 69,77,90,95, 132, 141, 142,

166,291 A. ehrenbergiana 77, 78, 89, 90, 97, 121,

132, 155, 165, 167, 168, 179, 180, 184,187-189,220,264,272,284, 292,295-297

A. elatior 164 A. etbaica 69,89,90,93,95, 132, 141,

142,166,291,297 A.flava 166 A.gerardii 142, 263, 249 A. hamulosa 69,77,89,90,132,179,

291 A. hockii 150 A.johnwoodii 164, 168, 170 A. mellifera 69, 90, 95, 132, 142,291 A. nilotica 166, 246, 263, 249 A. oeifota 69, 95, 132, 178, 179,291 A. origena 71, 84,90,94, 113, 118, 128,

132,142,150,166,291 A. pachyceras 292, 297 A. pachyceras var. najdensis 297 A. raddiana 67, 73, 77, 97, 165,272,

295 A. senegal 95, 262 A. tortilis 67, 73, 77, 78, 80, 87, 90, 97,

121, 132, 142, 143, 155, 165, 166, 168,179,180,184,187-189,220, 222,260,262-264,272,284,291, 293-297

A. yemenensis 132 Acanthaceae 268, 269

endemism 269 Acanthophyllum aff. bracteatum 71 Acanthusarboreus 131,157-159

Acarospora A. lavicola 121 A. strigata 123

Achillea 98 A.fragrantissima 71, 78,189,272,293 A. santolinoides 71, 94

achoric 75 Achyranthes aspera 206, 249 Acokanthera schimperi 93 Acridocarpusorientalis 142, 253, 255, 251 acrocarpous 101, 112, 113, 118 Actiniopteris

A. radiata 153 A. semijlabellata 153

Aden 165, 220 Adenia venenata 69, 148 Adenium 270, 271

A. obesum 90, 142, 148, 179, 180,263, 249

A. socotranum 96 Adiantum

A. balfourii 153 A. capillus-veneris 155, 157,238 A. incisum 153

Adina microcephala 142 Aeluropus

A. lagopoides 77, 179, 180, 185,210,219, 220,222,224-227,238,287

A. littoralis 220 A. massauensis 179,215,218

aeolian 47, 217, 218; see also sand deposits 53 sand 56, 57, 60, 77, 97, 187 sand dunes and seas 62, 58 sediments 57

aeolianite 50 Aeonium

A.gorgoneum 133 A. leucoblepharum 71, 133, 152, 154,

157, 158 Aerva

A.javanica 169, 172, 179, 189,249 A. persica 67

Mghanistan 47,75,92,136

329

330 INDEX

Mrica 3, 43, 45, 62, 64, 74, 75, 98, 126, 237,238,245,253,259

East, eastern 74,75, 118, 135, 145, 159 Horn 12 Mid Tertiary floral stock 132 North 8-10, 75,133,192 South 75, 156 southern 49,74,75, 159 southwest 75

Mrican-Arabian Shield 72 Mromontane vegetation 70, 98, 129; see

also phytochoria Agathophora alepecuroides 66, 183 agriculture 127, 178, 183

terraced 90, 94 traditional 159

Agriophyllum minus 69 agro-ecosystems 127 agroforestry 169 Agrostis viridis 159, 161 Ahkaf, al52 air, see air-flow, air-mass air-chambers in bryophytes 105 air-flow 9, 10; see also air-mass

instability 12 northeasterly 10 northwesterly low-level 12 southeasterly 12 southwesterly 10, 12 upper 10 weather associated with westerly 27 westerly 7, 10,27,37

air-mass 7, 13; see also air-flow Continental 7 direction of influence 8 instability 13 maritime 7, 13, 14 orographic lifting 13 Polar 7 Polar Continental 7-11, 37 Polar Maritime 7-9, II, 37 stability 13 Tropical 7 Tropical Continental 7,9, II, 12, 37 Tropical Maritime 7, 9, 12, 13,35,37 vertical mixing 13

Aizoon 75 A. canariense 178,185,296

aj 180 Ajuga arabica 295, 296 AI Ain 18,230 AI Areen Reserve 276, 278 AI Hassa National Park 276, 290

albedo 6 Albuca pendula 156,297 Alchemilla 130

A. cryptantha 71, 134 algae 118,215,216,234,235 algal laminae 46 Alkanna orientalis 251 Allium

A. cepa 247, 249 A. sativum 247, 249

allochthonous 48, 53, 54, 165, 168 Allephylus

A. rhoidiphyllus 271 A. rubifolius 249

alluvial fan 40, 48,52,53,57 deflation 48 vegetation 76

AIoaceae 269 endemism 269

Alee 69, 90, 132, 134, 145, 146, 148, 154, 157,158,173,270,271,285,296, 297

A. dhufarensis 249 A. inermis 180, 253 A. niebuhriana 179 A. perryi 152 A. sabaea 148,296 A. somalensis 151 A. tomentosa 158, 249 A. trichosantha 151 A. vacillans ISO A. vera 179,249,251

aloes wood 257 Aleina rigida 100, 107, 113 alpine orogeny 72, 126 Amandinea punctata 121 Amaranthaceae 269

endemic genera 269 Amaranthus

A.graecizans 249 A. viridis 249

ambergris 246, 258, 259 Amblystegiella subtilis 104, III Ambrosia maritima 251 America, northern 101 Amygdalus

A. arabica 71, 95 A. korshinskyi 71

Anabasis A. articulata 66, 200 A. ehrenbergii 221 A. lacantha 183 A. setifera 183,205,214,224,225

INDEX 331

Anagallis arvensis 249 Anagyris foetida 71 Anaptychia

A. ciliaris 113 A. kaspica 121

Anastatica 184 A. hierochuntica 66,79,206,250

Anatolia 47 Andes 153, 172 Andhur pools 285 Andropogon

A. crossotos 158 A. distachyos 159-161

angiosperms, number of species 267 anhydrite 56, 60 Anisosciadium lanatum 182 Anisotes trisulcus 90, 142, 178 Annabati, Abbas 1 annual plants 72, 78, 79, 89, 159, 177,

179-187,190,197-202,204-208,210, 213,263,264

Anoectangium aestivum 104 Anogeissus

A. dhofarica 74,75,91,93,95, 121, 130, 142,255,262,263,285

A. leiocarpa 74 anthelmintic 252, 248 Anthemis

A. deserti 199 A. scrobicularis 79 A.yemenensis 135,158

Anthocerotopsida 100 Anthropogon distachyos 162 anti-diarrhoeal 247 anti-locust survey 182 anticline 53, 54 anticyclone, Siberian 9 antimony sulfide 260 Anvilleagarcinii 79, 165, 166 Apium nodiflorum 172 Apluda mutica 75 apothecia 118 aquifer 177 Ara salt 46 Arab explorers 1 Arabia

continental crust 43 craton 43 plate boundaries 42 separation from Mrica 62

Arabia Deserta 1 Arabia Felix 1,266

Arabian Gulf deflation of sand from 50 dry floor, drying out 50,59,60 estuaries 77 postglacial flooding 60

Arabian Journey, the 1 Arabian Oryx 264

Sanctuary 276, 283, 301 Arabian Peninsula

regional floras and checklists 267 history 42 separation from Mrica 45 subduction 43

Arabian Platform 72, 88 Arabian regional subwne 270; see also flora,

phytochoria, phytogeography Arabian Sea 9-13,16,17,37,40,42,50,

52,61 Arabian Shield 52, 78, 88

basement rock 51, 55, 56 peneplaned substrate 55 Precambrian 40 scarp mountains 51

Arabian-Nubian Shield 51 Arabis alpina 132, 134, 156 Arabo-Alpine vegetation 155; see also flora Aramah, al 56 archaeo-botanical evidence of plant use 242 Arecaceae 72, 73 arfaj shrubland 88, 183 Argentina, northern 156 At;gyrolobium 264 arid 6,21,23, 183, 192,232

corridor 75 tract 75

aridity 72 definitions 6

Amtida 78, 157, 158, 160, 161, 185, A. migiurtina 74 A. pungens 194 A. stenophylla 74

Aristolochia 249 A. bracteolata 249

Arnebia 184 A. decumbens 199 A. hispidissima 188,251

arta 253; see also Calligonum comosum Artemisia

A. abyssinica 158 A.judaica 292 A. monosperma 79, 88,194,197,198,

200,207,293

332 INDEX

A. sieberi 71, 78, 94, 96, 189,248,272, 293

artesian wells 177 Arthonia 123 Arthoniales 118 Arthraxon 160-161

A. lancifolius 74 A. pusillus 159

Arthrocnemum 98 A.glaucum 217, 224 A. macrostachyum 77, 81, 210, 213, 214,

221,223,224,226,227,300 Arthrophyta 267 as Saleel Natural Park 276, 284 Asclepiadaceae 134, 145, 146, 151, 152,

173,268,269 endemic genera, endemism 269

ascocarps, ascospores 118, 119 asexual reproduction in bryophytes llO,

III Asia 3, II, 75, 126,237, 259

biogeographic influence 301 central 6-9 monsoon system 12 Southeast 13 Southwest 214

Asian winter, influence 27 Asir 51,70,71,90,94,95,273

mountains 2, 132, 133, 144, 145, 159, 166,291

National Park System 275, 276, 291 protection from grazing 273

Asphodelus ftstulosus 273 Aspicilia 123 Asplenium

A. adiantum-nigrum 134 A. aethiopicum 153, 157 A. ceterach 153 A. trichomanes 134, 153

Asteraceae 134, 156,268,269 endemic genera, endemism 269

Asterella 105 A. pappii 103

Asteriscus 184 A.graveolens 66

Astracantha echina subsp. arabica 71, 94, 96 Astragalus

A.gyzensis 201 A. hauarensis 199,201,202 A. schimperi 199,201,281 A. spinosus 66, 79,97, 165, 183, 189,293 A. tribuloides 296

asu 243

atar of roses 127 Athalamia spathysii 101 ath1260; see also Tamarix arabica Atlantic Ocean

northern 8 southern 44

atmosphere 7, 10, 12, 13; see also air-flow, air-mass

influence on weather 6 lower 7 periodically unstable II

Atractylis carduus 181,281 Atriplex

A. coriacea 221 A.farinosum 221, 286 A.griffithii subsp. stocksii 69 A. leucoclada 184, 221, 223, 263, 291

Aucher-Eloy, Pierre Remi Martin 1, 2, 125 265,266

Audhali Plateau 144, 150 Australia 153,237,238 autochthonous 53, 54, 165, 167 autocorrelation coefficient 20 autumn 15, 16, 37, 38, 189 Avicennia marina 76, 81, 98, 185, 2Il, 212,

216-220,222,224,226,227,238, 240,263,286,287,292,295,300

Ayurvedic 245 azonal vegetation 96

Bab al Mandab 6,52, 178,214, 165 baboons 146 Bacopamonnieri 168, 171, 172, 180,220,

234,237,239 Bahrain 3, 7, 10, 11, 18, 100, 119, 177,

181,183,215,216,226,230,242 Environmental Affairs of the Ministry of

Housing 278 floras and checklists 267 government agencies 278 Ministry of Works and Agriculture 278 National Committee for the Protection of

Wildlife 278 protected areas 278 relevant legislation 278 species richness 268

Baithar, Ibn 1 bajada, see alluvial fan bakhor 257; see also Boswellia sacra Balanites 220

B. aegyptiaca 69, 77 Bale mountains 130 Balfour, Sir Isaac Bailey 2

INDEX 333

Ballochia 269 Baluchistan 9, 12, 130, 136, 155 ban 259; see also Moringa oleifera Barbeyaoleoides 69,85,91-93,142,271 Barbula

B. acuta 104 B. schweinfurthiana 103 B. trifaria 102, 1l0, ll3 B. trifaria var. desertorum 102, 110 B. vinealis 104

barchan, see sand( s ) Barleria 142, 155

B. bispinosa 90 B. trispinosa 90

Barr al Hikman 123, 214, 217, 222 Bartramia stricta Ill, 116 basalt lava 51, 55, 62, 293; see also harrah basement rock

complex 51 crystalline 40, 51 deformation 52 erosion 60 metamorphism 52 Precambrian 52, 56

Basidiomycetes 118 Basilicium polystachion 292 basket(s), basketry 241,242,253,262 Basrah 55 Batinah ll, 17,53,55,97,177,181,184,

209 Battuta, Ibn 1 bauxitic clay 53 Bay of Bengal 16 Becium dhofarense 249 bee-keeping 242,274 Begonia socotrana 153 Bent, Theodore Joseph 2 Berberis 137,272

B. holstii 69, 142 Berchemia discolor 97, 163, 167, 168, 170 Bernstoff, Johann Hartwig Ernst 1 Bersama abyssinica 71 Bienertia cycloptera 210, 214, 226 bile 245 bioclimatic niche 132 Biodiversity Convention 301 biomass 162, 199,204,238,239 bird cages, bird traps 262 Bisha 20 bites, stings 246, 252, 249, 250 bitter gourd 246 black salt 246 Blatter, Ethelbert 2

Blepharis ciliaris 79, 179 Blepharispermum hirtum 262 blood 245 blue-green algae, see cyanobacteria Blyttia spiralis 219 Boissier, Edmund 2 Boraginaceae 164,268,269

endemism 269 Bornmiiller, Joseph Friederich Nicolaus 2 Boscia arabica 90, 121, 180 Boswellia

B. armeero 90, 93 B. carteri 90, 95 B. sacra 69, 95, 142, 180,244,258,282

Botswana 75 bovids, fossil 73 brackish water

common plant species 236 pools 231

Brassicaceae 268, 269 endemic genera, endemism 269

Breonadiasalicina 69, 90, 97,163,166, 168, 170

Brockmannia somalensis 293 Bromus 157, 160, 161,263 broom 242, 262 browse line 187 Bruguiera gymnorhiza 216 bruise 252 brushes 262 Bryaceae 103 bryophytes 3, 71, 94, 99, 100, 103, 104,

110, Ill, ll8, 123, 153 Afromontane 102, 103 Bryopsida 100, 102-104 endemic 102, 103, 114 epilithic III epiphytic 108, ll3, 124 Palaeotropical taxa 102, 103 Pangaean taxa 101, 103, 104 rock crevices 1l0, lll, 113 terrestrial II 0

Bryum 100 B. ar;genteum 104 B. bicolor 110, III B. capillare 104 B. nanoapiculatum 103

Buddleja polystachya 71, 93, 94, 142, 166, 296

Buellia subalbula 122, 123 burns 252, 249 Burseraceae 258 Burton, Sir Richard Francis 2

334 INDEX

Buxus hildebrandtii 93, 271

C3 pathway 215 C4 pathway 215 cacti 146 Cadaba

C. baccarinii 180 C.farinosa 90,180,247 C.glandulosa 69, 168,220 C. longifolia 69, 90 C. rotundifolia 69,220,260,298

Cadia purpurea 71, 90, 130, 142 Caesalpinia erianthera 90, 180 Calicotome villosa 130 Calligonum 66

C. comosum 78, 79, 88, 182, 183, 193, 194,197,200,201,205,206,226, 253,272,290,293,294

C. crinitum 79, 203-206, 280, 298 C. crinitum subsp. arabicum 79, 203, 298

Caloplaca C. brouardii 121 C. holocarpa 121, 122

Calotropis procera 67, 166, 180,201,220, 263,248,249

CAM 133 Cambrian 46

sandstones 88 camel rugs, trappings 253 Campanula edulis 71, 135, 157 Campylanthus 74,132

C. chascanijlorus 74 C. incanus 74 C. junceus 74 C. pungens 74 C. ramosissimus 74 C. salsoloides 74 C. sedoides 74 C. yemensis 74

Campylopus piliftr 103 Canary Islands 132, 133 Candelaria con color 121 Cannon of Medicine 245 Cape Verde Islands 133 capers 242 capillary conduction 193 Capillipedium parvijlorum 75 Capparaceae 269

endemic genera 269 Capparis 67, 73, 77

C. cartilaginea 249 C. decidua 248 C. spinosa 242, 248, 293, 294

Caralluma C. aucheriana 249, 251 C. cicatricosa 148 C. dicaputae 151 C. edulis IS 0 C. europaea 134 C.flava 180,284 C. hexagona ISO, 154 C. meintjesiana ISO C. penicillata 146, ISO C. petraea ISO C. plicatiloba 151 C. priogonum 151 C. quadrangula ISO, 151 C. speciosa 151

carbonate 53, 56 grains 50 sand 57, 59,60 shallow-marine 54 shallow-water 48 stromatolitic 46 young 54

Carboniferous 47 Cardamine hirsuta 134 cardamom oil 250 Carex

C. brunnaea 158 C. negrii IS 8

Carica papaya 248 Carissa edulis 69,90,93,94, 130, 142,247,

270,271 carminative 246-248 Carphalea obovata 271 carrying capacity 263 Carthamus tinctorius, see safflower Caryophyllaceae 269

endemic genera, endemism 269 Ca~m67, 168, 169, 172, 179,248,286

C. holosericea 189 Catapyrenium lachneum 123 Catha edulis 71, 127, 129, 142 Caucasus 136 cauterization 246 Caylusea hexagyna 67 Ceiba pentandra 163 Celosia 69 Celtis

C. africana 69, 93, 142,296 C. integrifolia 170 C. toka 69, 163

Cenchrus 160, 263, 294, 295 Centaurea

C. scoparia 292

INDEX 335

C. wendelboi 69 Centaurothamnus maximus 133, 152, 157,

297 Centropodia

C.forsskalii 78, 79,194,201 C.fragilis 197, 201, 204, 291, 292, 298

Cephalocroton socotranus 271 Ceratonia 272

C. oreothauma subsp. oreothauma 142, 263,287

Ceratophyllum demersum 235-237, 240, 286 Ceratopteris 73, 233, 235

C. thalictroides 233, 235 Cerithium 60 Ceropegia 132-134, 146, 148

C. aristolochiodes subsp. deflersiana 297 C. rupicola 133, 148

Chara 233, 235, 237-240, 286 chasmophytic vegetation 155 Cheilanthes

C. catanensis 153 C. coriacea 153 C. farinosa 153 C. fragrans 153

Chelonia mydas 284 chemical repellents of succulents 146 Chenopodiaceae 73, 188, 194,210,213,

214,269 endemism 269

chert, radiolarian 47,61 childbirth 246, 252, 250 Chonecolea ruwenzorensis 103 chorotype, see phytochoria Christ's thorn, see Ziziphus spina-christi Chrozophora 67 Chrysopogon 165, 179,264

C. macleishii 158 C. plumulosus 97

Cibirhiza 269 C. dhofarensis 130

Cichorium C. bottae 130, 131, 158 C. intybus 251

Cineraria C. abyssinica 156 C. schimperi 156, 157

circulation of air; see also air-flow, air-mass, atmosphere

cyclonic 12, 16 general 9 global 10

C~sus97, 146,270,271,285,286 C. quadrangularis 166, 172, 179, 180

C. rotundifolia 179, 248 C. subaphylla 96,151

Cistanche tubulosa 203, 224, 225, 300 CITES 301 Citrullus 75, 296

C. colocynthis 242, 254, 247, 249 Citrus 166

C. aurantifolia 249, 251 C. limetoides 251

Clematis orientalis 130 Cleome 67, 75, 292

C. angustifolia 75 C. noena 292

climagram 6,19-21,23,24,188 conventional 20 misleading 27 'arid-zone' 20

climate 3, 6, 37, 63, 66,75,76, 108, 120, 126,135,140,188,205,242

annual series 20 annual variation 6 arid 76, 97 analysis 19 change 39, 133, 140 data 18, 203 extra-tropical 72, 97 humid 73 hyperarid 63 inter-annual variability 18, 20 long-term averages 19 Mediterranean 66 past 39 seasonal variation 6 semiarid 76, 97 subtropical 63, 69, 73, 76, 97 tropical 69, 72, 73

climatic corridor 126 Climatic Optimum 50 climatic refuge 266 cloud 10, 12, 14, 15, 120 clove oil 250 Clutia richardiana 71 coast(s), coastal 210, 214, 223, 227

moderation of temperature by sea 23 rainfall along 25 bays 215, 216 beach deflation 48 creeks 216 dunes 220, 223 foot-plains 223 geomorphology 209,222 lagoons 216, 222 littoral plain 224

336 INDEX

lowlands 79, 88, 97,181-183 marsh 220, 226 plain(s) 209,214,221,226 sabkha 217, 221 species 210, 2Il, 214, 220, 226 vegetation 76, 209, 210, 213, 220, 221,

223 Cocculus 97

C. balfourii 93 C. hirsutus 251 C. pendulus 67,172

coconut 242 coefficient of variation 20 Coelachyrum piercei 221 coffee 245 colds 246, 252, 264, 247, 251 colic 247 Collema tenax 123 colocynth 242, 246 colonist life-history in bryophytes 104 Coloured Melange of Iran 44 Coloured Series ofIran 61 Combretaceae 72 Combretum molle 90, 97, 103, 153, 163,

166-168 Cometes surrattensis 185 Commelina 180 Commicarpus

C. grandiflorus 73 C. squarrosus 73, 75 C. stenocarpus 73

Commiphora 64, 67, 73, 76, 84, 87, 95, 98, 103,155,162,168,169,173,177, 184,250,270,271,285,286

C. abyssinica 142 C.foliacea 69, 90,180 C. fragilis 194 C.gileadensis 69,90,142,179,180,221,

256,292 C. habessinica 69, 90, 95, 180 C. kataf69, 89, 90, 142 C. myrrha 69,89,90,93,142,179,222,

251 condensation 13

latent heat 16 conglomerate 53 Conocarpus lancifolius 164 conservation areas

map 276 planning 274

constipation 247, 248 continental clastics, deposition 48 continental crust 62

convalescence 246, 253 convection 7, 9, 13, 16

cells 31 clouds 7 cycle 48 deep 10 orographic 13

Convolvulus 155, 184, C. acanthocladus 69, 96 C. arvensis 249 C. glomeratus 263 C. lanatus 194 C. oppositifolia 272, 284 C. oxyphyllus 226, 280 C. spinosus 69

Conyza C. cylindrica 220 C. incana 248

copper oxide 260 coquina 57 coral atoll 298 coral reefs 215, 217 coralline plain 51 Corbichonia decumbens 75 Corchorus depressus 171, 179, 189 Cordia

C. abyssinica 90, 94, 130, 142 C. africana 163, 170 C. ovalis 97

coriander 246 Coriolis force 14, 16 Comulaca

C. amblyacanthus 69 C. arabica 79,203,204,298 C. aucheri 69,214 C. ehrenbergii 213, 214 C. monacantha 177, 184, 188, 194,203,

214,222-224,227,286 cosmetics 257 Cotoneaster nummularia 95 Cotyledon barbeyi 152 cough 246, 252, 264, 247, 251 Cox, Sir Percy Zachariah 2 Crassula 71

C. alba 152, 157 C. pentandra Il2 C. schimperi 152

Crassulaceae 133, 134, 145, 152, 154 Crataegus

C. aronia 130 C. sinaica 71

Crepis C. nabi-shuaybii 135

INDEX 337

C. rueppelii 135 Crma cretica 77, 179, 180, 189,220,223,

238,286 Cretaceous 47,54,61,72,75

Late 45, 53, 54 limestone 188 Mid 47, 53

Crinum yemenense 159 crocodiles, fossil 73 Crocus sativus; see saffron Crossidium

C. aberrans 102 C. asirense II 0 C. crassinerve 102, ll3 C. davidai 100, llO C. deserti 103, llO, ll3 C. laxefilamentosum 102, 103, llO C. squamiferum 102, 107, 109-ll1, ll3 C. squamiferum var. pottioideum 107, llO,

111,113 Crotalaria

C. microphylla 220 C. persica 223, 224 C. saltiana 221 C. sp. aff. leptocarpa 298

Croton C. confertus 95,142,247,251 C. socotranus 90, 96, 271

Crucianella membranacea 181 crude protein 162 crustal plate 61 Cucumis

C. prophetarum 296 C. sp. aff. prophetarum 292

Cucurbitaceae 269 endemic genera 269

cuesta 55, 78, 79, 88 cultivation 178, 180, 184 cumin 246, 247 Cussonia holstii 130 Cutandia memphitica 78, 79, 181, 199,202 cyanobacteria 118, 123, 189, 194,216,230 cyanolichens 123 Cyathodium africanum 103 cyclone, cyclonic

tropical 13, 16, 17,37 circulation 9, 16 rains 230

Cymbopogon 67, 75 C. commutatus 97, 165, 263 C. jwarancusa subsp. olivieri 75 C. schoenanthus 130, 137, 159, 179, 188,

189,262,264,295

Cymodocea C. rotunda 215 C. serrulata 215

Cynodon 160, 161, 172,263 Cynomorium coccineum 203, 256, 247 Cyperus

C. aucheri 206 C. conglomeratus 79, 179, 180, 182, 184,

189,197,200,201,204,206,214, 217,220,221,223,225,226,281, 285,286,298

C. eremicus 197, 203, 206, 207 C. laevigatus 220 C. rotundus 172, 248

Cyphostemma ternatum 166, 249

Dahna al Jamal III Dahna, ad 55, 57, 60, 62, 79, 83, 88, 197,

200 Dakhira, al 224 Daphne

D. lineariifolia 130 D. mucronata 95, 137, 272

daraj 243 Darsa 271 Darwin, Charles 1 date(s) 242,257,252

date-honey 242 date-palm 182-184,241,242, 257,

260-262,264 date-paste 250, 251 date-stones 242 date-syrup 242

Dawmat al Awdh 73 da)an 261 Debregeasia

D. bicolor 170 D. saeneb 142

decoction 245, 247, 248, 250, 252 deflation hollows 61 Deflers, Albert 2 dehydration 99, 104 Delonix elata 89, 90, 250 Delosperma

D. abyssinicum 71 D. harazianum 133, 152

Dendrosenecio 130 Dendrosicyos 269

D. socotranus 90, 91, 95, 96, 271 depression, meteorological 11, 18

continental 23 monsoon 17, 18 tropical 16

338 INDEX

desert(s) 35,39,50,74,76,78,88,98, 175, 177, 183, 187-189

air 14 fog 35 gravel 78 pavement 175 rock 78, 90, 94 Saharo-Arabian 72 Saharo-Sindian 79 streams 56 wind 9

Desmostachya bipinnata 97,164,168,172, 220,261

Deuteromycetes 118 Deverra triradiata 292 dew 36, 108, 120, 121, 177, 187 dew-point 7, 14, 35 Dhahran 36 Dhamar 162

montane plains 300 D harfour 130 Dhofur2, 11, 13, 15,27,52,53,90,95,

103,132,146,148,151,153,155, 156,159,165,177,178,180,209, 214,230,232,235,237,238,253, 256-258,262, 302

brackish pools 234 coast 14 coastal plain 52,231 endemism in mountains 269 flowering period in 23 fog 35,38 freshwater pools 234 geology 52 grazing pressure 274 mountains 14, 15, 17,52,130,135,142,

144, 166231,270 plains 178 saline pools 234

Dhofar Fog Oasis 270 Dhofaria 269 diabetes 246 Dianthus

D. longiglumis 134 D. unijlorus 130, 134, 158

diapiric flow 46 diarrhoea 247, 248 dibs 242 Dicanthium micranthum 178, 180 Dichramaceae 271 Digera arvensis 179 digestion, digestive 246, 248, 250, 252, 251 Digitaria 160, 161, 180,263

Diimaniyat islands 213, 120,276,284 dill 246 Dimelaena oreina 121 Dionysiamira 72,134,153,287 Diospyros mespiliformis 69 Dipcadi erythraeum 201 Diploicia canescens 121-123 Diplotaxis harra 66 Diplotomma alboatrum 121 Dipterygium

D.glaucum 78, 79,179,189,202,203, 206,207,220

Dirina massiliensis 123 Dirinaria picta 121 disco lichens 1I8 discomycetes 118 dispersal 75

spore 1I0, III distillation 259 diversity

centres 270 threats 266, 273

Djibouti 75,151,164 Doberaglabra 69,77,90,97,103,162,179,

263 Dodonaea

D. angustifolia 130, 142 D. viscosa 94, 136, 142, 159,270,271

Doha 61 Doha Reserve 276, 280 Dolichorhynchus 269 dolomite 46

Khuff 47 Dombeya

D. schimperiana 93, 170 D. torrida 70, 71, 142,297

donkeys, feral 273, 284, 285, 296, 302 Dorstenia

D. barnimina 74 D.foetida 74,151,153,154,247 D.gigas 74

Dracaena D. cinnabari 90,151,271 D. draco 74 D. ombet 74,86,95,151 D. serrulata 74, 95,142,151,262,248

drainage system 96, 165, 181 drought-avoidance 104 drought-tolerance 104 Dubai 57, 88, 224 dum palm 260 dune(s), see sand(s)

INDEX 339

dust 7, 9 storm 12

Duvalia 134, 146,269 Duvaliandra 151, 269 dwarf-palm, see Nannorrhops ritchieana Dyerophytum indicum 75, 97, 166, 173 dyes 3, 241, 245, 253, 256 dysentery 246 dyspepsia 248

earache 246 Ebenus stellata 130, 137 Echidnopsis 75, 134, 269

E. squamata 151 Echinochloa colona 235,237,240 Echiochilon jugatum 223 Ecliptaalba 171, 172,234,237 economic expansion, effect 275 eczema 252, 249, 250 Edom highlands 94, 96 Egypt 1,2,9,237,246 Ehretia

E. abyssinica 93, 94, 142 E. cymosa 142, 170

Eilat 217 Ekman layer 14 Eldom mountains 129 electrical conductivity 226, 230, 232, 234 Eleocharis

E. geminata 238 E. palustris 172

Elionurus muticus 130, 156, 157, 159, 173 Emexspinosa 182,199 Empty Quarter, see Rub' al Khali Encalypta

E. intermedia 102 E. vulgaris 104

endemic, endemism 76, 79, 95, 103, 114, 130,132-135,142,146,152,153, 158,159,164,173,203,214,221, 266,269,272,302

endomycorrhizae 194 Endostemon tereticaulis 151 engychory 110 Enneapogon

E. desvauxii 75 E. persicus 69

Enteromorpha 238, 286 Eocene 72 Ephedra

E. foliata 184, 263, 267 E. pachyclada 95,96, 130, 173

ephemeral 189, 168, 198,224 pools 177

epidermis ofbryophytes 105 Epipactis veratrifolia 73, 75, 287 epiphyte 71, 103, 113, 118 Equisetum 267 Eragrostis 160, 161, 172,296

E. mahrana 74 Eremobium

E. aegyptiacum 79, 199,200,202,204 E. lineare 201

Eremopogon foveolatus 67 Eretmochelys imbricata 284 erg, see Jirq Erica arborea 71, 94, 130-132,271 Eritrea 130,213,257 Eritrean-Somalian highlands 118 Eritreo-Arabian

region 132 elements 221

Eritreo-Ethiopian vegetation 130 Erkwit (Sudan), vicarious species in 150 Erodium 75, 182 erosion 39, 47, 48, 52, 62

coastal 57 highlands 48

erosional escarpment 56 Erythrococca abyssinica 170 Ethiopia 74, 75, 89, 133

highlands 155 Ethiopian region, migration from 266 Eucladium verticillatum 104, III Euclea

E. racemosa subsp. schimperi 69, 70, 93, 142

E. schimperi 130, 155,256,262,247,271 Eulophia

E. guineensis var. purpurata 74 E. petersii 249

Euphorbia E. agowensis 297 E. ammak 86, 91, 93, 95 E. applanata 151 E. arbuscula 96,271 E. balsamiftra subsp. adenensis 86, 91, 93,

95, 146, 150, 151 E. cactus 147, 148, 179, 180,249 E. cuneata 90 E. fractiflexa 220, 298 E. fruticosa 150 E. granulata 181 E. hadramautica 151,247 E. inarticulata 148, 179

340 INDEX

E. larica 69, 77,96, 143, ISS, 185,222, F jacquemontii 74 F latifolia 74 249

E. masirahensis 155 E. riebeckii 206 E. rubriseminalis 221 E. schimperiana 95, 249 E. septemsulca 96 E. smithii 95, 142 E. spiralis 96, 152 E. triaculeata 90, 220 E. turbiniformis 151

Euphorbiaceae 95, 134, 152,268,269 endemism 269

Euphrates-Tigris flood plain 12 Eurhynchium specwsum 104 Europe 1,10 European travellers 1 European winter, influence 27 Eury~s

E. arabicus 94, 95, 130, 131,272 E. socotrana 93

evaporation 13, 177 evaporites 53 Exacum affine 153 exclosures 273 exorcism 257 Exormotheca pustulosa 100, 106, 115 expectorant 248, 251 extracts of plants 245, 252, 248-250

Fabaceae 268 Fabronia

F abyssinica 103, 113 F ciliaris 102 F socotrana 103, 114

Fabroniaceae 103 faga 293 Fagonia 66,75, 143, 188, 189,272,

F bruguieri 79,110,217 F glutinosa 281 F indica 78,185,205,263,251,296,

298 Fahud 12 falaj 230, 238; see also qanat fan palm, see Livistonia carinensis Fanja 230 Farasan Islands 216, 276, 292 Farasan Kabir 292 Farsetia

F aegyptiaca 74,79, 189 F burtonae 74 F dhofarica 74 F hel~hila 69, 74

F linearis 74 F longisiliqua 74 F macranthera 74 F socotrana 74 F stylosa 74

fatih 243 Feigeana socotrana 119 Felek 220 Felicia dentata 71, 135, 156, 157 fennel 246 fenugreek 252 fern(s) 153, ISS, 167,234,267

water 73 ferric hydrate 192 Festuca cryptantha 130, 158 fever 252, 251 Ficus

F carica 247, 249, 251 F cordata subsp. salicifolia 69,97, 163,

166,167,170,249 Fglumosa 69,163,170 F ingens 69 F lutea 97,170 F palmata 69,166,170 F populifolia 163, 170 F pseudosycomorus 163 F sur 69, 163 F sycomorus 69, 97, 163, 166, 170 F vasta 69, 90,163,166,170

fig 245 Fimbristylis

F complanata 171 F cymosa 171 F sieberiana 171

Fingerhuthia africana 74, 75 firewood 162,178,198

cutting as threat to plant life 274 fish, fossil 73 fisheries 216 Fissidens

F arnoldii 102 F bambergeri III F bryoides 104 F schmidii 103 F sylvaticus 103 F viridulus 104

Fissidentaceae 103 flatulence 247 Flav~unctelia flaventior 121 flood(s)

plains 73

INDEX 341

episodic 163, 166, 167 flora

circwn-Tethyan 101, 103 Irano-Turanian 3, 71, 74, 101, 136 Mesogean 66, 72, 73 Nubo-Sindian 72, 73, 177 Palaeo-African 72,73,74,75 Palaeo-African savanna 76 Palaeotropical67, 69, 72, 98, 102 proto-Sudanian 72 reintroduction 73 Tertiary 73 xerothermic-Pangean 101, 103, 104

fluvial sedimentation 62 fodder 159, 162,256,262-264 fog 14, 15, 35, 36, 38, 108, U8, 120, 121,

123, 177, 180, 187, 189 and lichens 35 autumn 36 contribution to occult precipitation 35 desert 35, 38, 284 development 35 influence on plant growth 35 mean number of days 22 paucity of data 35 prevalence 35 winter 36

foliation (of rocks) 52 forests 99, 113 ForssU~ Pehr 1, 266 Fursskaolea 67,69

F. viridis 69 Fossombronia

F. caespitiformis 101 F. crispa 103

fragrance, see perfume Frankenia pulverulent a 184, 223, 224 frankincense 1, 257, 258, 260; see also

Boswellia sacra, bakhor, Iaqat trade with Europe 266

freckles 252, 249 freshwater

common plant species 236 pools 231

frost 23 fruit set 185 Frullania

F. caffraria 103 F. ericoides 103 F. obscurifolia 103 F. socotrana 103 F. trinervis 103, U3

F rullaniaceae 103

Fujeirah 11, 224 Fulgensia fo!!Jens 123 Fumaria 248

F. paYPiflura 248 Funaria hygrometrica 104 fimgal infections 249 fimgi 118

Galium yemenense 134 gall bladder 246 gangrene 246 garlic 245, 246, 252 Gastrocotyle hispida 182 Gazellagazella 293 121,264,273,283-285,

291,292,293,294,295,298 Gazella subgutturosa 293 Gebis mountain range 75 genera

endemic 269 number 267

geology, geological evolution 42 history 51

geomorphology 3,6,39,40,76,187 influence 6 regional 51

geophyte 104, 185 Geranium mascatense 74 ghatia shrubland 79,198 ghalia 259 Ghats, western 13, 50 Gigaspermum mouretii 104 ginger 252, 248, 250 giraffes, fossil 73 Gizan 216 glacial till 47 glaciation 47,50,58,59,60,62

last 61 glass hairs in bryophytes 108 Gloeoheppia turgida 123 Glossonema buveanum 220 glycophytic 224 Glycyrrhiza glabra 251 Gnidia socotrana 93 Gondwana 43, 44, 47

break-up 44, 61 Gonohymenia 123 Gothnia and Hith formations 47 Grantia aucheri 69 grape 246 Graphidales 121 grass cutting, inhima 274

342 INDEX

grassland 35, 76, 95,130,156,159,178 orophytic 158, 159, 173 primary 158 semi-desert 270, 271 xeromorphic 77, 78, 95

grazing, grazing pressure, over-grazing 5, 78,89,40,162,178,183,229,235, 263,273,274,302

effect on species composition 274 effect of increase 274 extreme 275 overall effect 274 reduction 274 traditional 199

Great Nafud 2,57,60,6279, 191, 192, 195,197-200,206,207,214,227

Greco-Arab system of medicine, see unani tib

Greek medicine 245 Grewia

G. erythraea 263 G. mollis 90, 94 G. tenax 77, 90, 93, 96 G. tenax subsp. makranica 77, 96 G. villosa 90, 93, 142

Grimmia G. anodon 104 G. orbicularis 113, 116 G. trichophylla Ill, 116

Gubbat al Hashish 216 Gujarat 17 Gulf of Aden 17,40,42,52,61,146,178,

220 creation 45, 62 newly forming 48 opening 52, 62

Gulf of Aqaba 40, 42, 43, 51, 77, 216, 217 Gulf of Aqaba-Jordan Fault 61 Gulf of Eilat 216 Gulf of Masirah 14,55 Gulf of Oman 7, 8, 10, 16, 17,40,43,53,

55,61,62,181,214 subduction of oceanic crust 62

Gulf of Salwa 224 Gulf of Suez 216,230 Gulf War 281, 295

environmental impact 275 Gymnarrhenia micrantha 66 Gymnocarpos

G. aeruginosum Ill, 157 G. decandrus 66,67,79, 110

gymnosperms, number of species 267; see also Ephedra,Juniperus

Gynandriris sisyrinchium 280 Gypsophila umbricola 134 gypsum 56, 60

Habenaria H. aphylla 159 H. cultrata 74

Habitat/Species Management Area, definition 276

Hackelochloa granularis 74 hadh shrub land 79 Hadhramaut 27, 77, 90, 93, 95, 101, 103,

113,151,178,257,271 mountains 53 plateau 52 valley 52 coast 220

Hagenia 130 H. abyssinica 130

Haggier Mountains 144 hair-points in bryophytes 108 Hajar mountains 6, 11, 13,37, 132, 134,

136, 137, 144, 155 eastern 11, 17,53,54, 142, 153,272 endemism 269 western 13, 18,272

Hajar Supergroup 53, 54 Hajayrah 74, 271 Hajjah 132, 148, 156 haifa 261; see also Desmostachya bipinnata halite 60

polygonal 61 Hallaniyah Islands 46, 53, 120, 123,214 Halleria lucida 297 Halocharis sulphurea 71 Halocnemum strobilaceum 77, 210, 213,

221, 224-226, 295 Halodule uninervis 215, 220, 295 halogypsophilous 177 Halopeplis peifoliata 68,77,81, 163, 185,

210,212-215,218,220,222-226,287, 300

Halophila H. ovalis 215,220,295 H. stipulacea 215, 295

halophyte, halophytic 77, 210, 211, 213-215,217,220,222-224,227

Halopyrum mucronatum 214, 219-224, 227, 285,286

Halosarcia indica 214 haloseries

dry 223 wet 224

INDEX

Halothamnus bottae 79, 189 Haloxylon

H. persicum 79, 198-204,207, 272, 292, 293

H. salicornicum 66,79,88,98, 165, 166, 181-184,189,198,201,226,227, 253,263,272,290,292-295,297

Haloxylon-pseudosteppe 88 halwa 259 hamada 78,113,175; see also plains, reg hammada, see hamada Hanak 77 handhal 254; see also Citrullus colocynthis Haplophyllum

H. amoenum 151 H. tuberculatum 250

HarazMountains 129, 144, 146, 148, 156, 159, 170

harrah 40, 52, 78, 88, 113, 189, 293 Harrat al Harrah 272, 293 Harrat Rahat 55, 78, 189, 272 Harrat Khaybar 78 Harrat Nawasif 78, 189 Harrat 'Uwayrid 78, 189 hasah 261; see also Indigofera oblongifolia Hassa Oasis, al290 Hawasina 44, 47, 53,61

allochthonous rock unit 53 deposition 53 turbidites 54

Hawasina nappe 61, 62 obduction 48

Haya 269 haylah 188, 283, 284 Hazm 230 hazog 180 Ha'il198 headache 252 heat low of central Arabia 27 heat stress 104, 108 Helianthemum

H. kahiricum 278 H. lippii 66, 130, 224, 293

'hard' rocks 40 Helichrysum

H. abyssinicum 71 H. arwae 130, 156,271 H. forskahlii 135 H. makranicum 69 H. nudiflorum 135

heliophytic 114 Heliotropium

H. cardiosepalum 178

H. crispum 278 H. fartakense 180,247, 248, 250 H. kotschyi 188, 189,206,250 H. longiflorum 172, 179 H. pterocarpum 178, 179

hematite 192 hemicryptophyte 142,210 henna 254, 257, 260; see also Lawsonia

inermis Hepaticopsida 100, 102-104 Heppia lutosa 123 Hermannia modesta 75 hermel 246; see also Rhazya stricta Heteroderis pusilla 294 Heteromorpha arborescens 142 Heteropogon contortus 159-161 Hibiscus micranthus 90,263 highlands, see Jebel, mountains Hujariyah mountains 271 Hijaz

mountains 2,51,71,89,92,94, 104,129,132,135,272

plateau 51, 55, 57 hima 162, 199,263,274,300,302

abandonment 275 Hima Sabihah, vegetation cover 273 Hima Saysad 276, 289, 293 Himachal Pradesh 136 Hippocrepis bicontorta 181, 199 Hisma plateau 55 Hisma range 78, 88 Hodeida 216 Holarctic 72, 101, 134, 172 Homalia besseri 104 honey 252 Hormuz salt 46, 57, 62 hornwort 100 horsetails 267 Horwoodia dicksoniae 79, 182 houbara bustard 283,293,296,299 household objects 262 Huernia 134,146,269

H. saudi-arabica 297 humidity 7, 9,113,242 humours 245 Huqf54, 55, 123, 188, 189,283 hyaena 285 Hybanthus enneaspermus 297 hydatophytes 233 hydrogeology 126 Hydrogonium ehrenbergii 102 hydrology 63 hydrophyte 237

343

344 INDEX

hydrothermic 67 hygrohalophytic 215 hygrophilous 146, 156, 158, 159, 166 Hymenostylium recurvirostre 104, III Hyophila punctulata 103 Hyoscyamus gallagheri 284 Hyparrheniahirta 97,157,159-161,165,

263 Hypecoum pendulum 182 Hypericum

H. balfourii 72 H. dogonbadanicum 72 H. hircinum 71 H. mysorense 93 H. quartinianum 71 H. revolutum 71,94, 130, 131, 142, 157,

158, 166 H. scopulorum 93 H. socotranum 72 H. splendidum 135

Hyphaene thebaica 87, 97, 164, 167, 168, 217,220,272

Hypnum vaucheri 104, 113, 157 Hypodematium crenatum 153 hyrax, fossil 73

Ibb 74,132,159,170 ibex 283, 285, 292, 294 Ibex Reserve 276, 294 Ibri 54 Idrisi, ash Sharif al 1 Iflogaspicata 181, 182, 199,202,281 igneous rock 40

Precambrian 53 Immamate of Muscat 2 Impatiens balsamina 250 incense 257 India 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 136,214,245,

253,259 Indian monsoon system 9 Indian Ocean 6, 9,12, 120,210 indigestion 247 indigo 253, 256; see also Indigoftra Indigofera

1. argentea 219 1. arracta 253 1. coerulea 253 1. intricata 223, 224 1. oblongifolia 172, 179, 185,287 1. spinosa 165, 179,296,297 1. tinctoria 253, 256

infusion 245,246,252,253,247-251 insecticide 248

inselberg(s) 78, 189 insolation 151,216 instability of air 10, 13; see also air-flow,

air-mass, atmosphere Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone 13 interdune lake 48 interglacial periods 50, 62 intertidal 73, 76, 215, 216, 225, 226 invasive aliens, threat to plant life 275 'inverse texture' effect 193 Iphiona 155 Ipomoea

1. aquatica 234, 235, 237 1. hochstetteri 293 1.pes-caprae 179, 180,220,247,286

Iran 2, 6, 8, 11,68, 134, 155,214,245, 259

central 47 coast 10 mountains 10 Sanandaj-Sirjan zone 43 southern 43 western 6

Iraq 182, 183,214 southern 11, 12

iron oxides 192 'irq 192; see also sand( s) 'Irq Subay 199, 201 irrigation 183 Isachne

1.globosa 235,237,240 Isoleucas 269 ITCZ, see Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone IUCN

Coastal Zone Management Project for Oman 282

protected area management categories 276,301

Jafurah, a157, 58, 60, 62,78,201,202 Jahra Reserve 276, 280 Jal az Zor

escarpment 280 National Park 275

jasmine 259; see also Jasminum Jasminum

J. abyssinicum 71 J. floribundum 93 J. grandiflorum 247

Jatropha J. curcas 163, 168, 172 J. dhofarica 142 J. glandulosa 219

INDEX 345

J. pelargoniifolia 165, 179,219 J. unicostata 90, 96, 271 J. 11illosa 178

Jaubertia aucheri 69,96, 155, 185 jaundice 246 Jawb al Asul 73 Jazirat al 'Arabiyah, all Ja'aluni 36, 188

fog 35 Jebel Aja 103, 113 Jebel al Akhdhar 13, 53, 72, 75, 77, 92-94,

96,97, 104, 130, 144, 159,272; see also Hajar mountains

Jebel al Lawz 72, 77, 94, 96 Jebel Ali 57 Jebel an Nasirah 148 Jebel Ashap 94 Jebel Aswad 153, 272, 287 Jebel Badaan 159 Jebel Bani Jabir 272 Jebel Barakah 57, 73 Jebel Bura 90, 130 Jenel Catharina 134 Jebel Dhanna 57 Jebel Dhofar 15, 274 Jebel Dibbagh 272 Jebel Habrer 285 Jebel Haraz 153 Jebel Harim 272 Jebel Ja'alan 46 Jebel Lauz 272 Jebel Marra 130, 153 Jebel Masar III Jebel Melham 130, 159 Jebel Nabi-Shuayb 132 Jebel Qamr 146, 178, 270 Jebel Qara 146, 151, 153, 156,270

rangelands 273 Jebel Radwa 77, 89, 90, 94, 272 Jebel Raymah 153 Jebel Samhan 270, 285 Jebel Samhan Sanctuary 276, 285 Jebel Sawdah 90, 93-95, 271 Jebel Shada 272 Jebel Shams 18, 53 Jebel Shibam Ill, 156 Jebel Subh 77, 89,92,94 Jebel Tuwayq 56, 78, 88, 100, 145,276,

291 Jebel 'Ureys 74, 271 Jeddah 165, 178,211,213,218 Jiblah 130, 156,159

Jiddat al Harasees 36, 121, 123, 272, 283 dew, fog 36

Jizan 51, 220 Jizan Tihamah 167 Jol plateau 77,90,93,95, 101, 113, 132,

144, 164 Jordan 94, 129, 135,214

rift valley 40, 42 localized rainfall 31

Jubail57, 216, 225 Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary 276, 294 Jubbah, al198 Juncus rigidus 77, 189, 210, 223, 224, 226 Juniperus 85, 98, 142, 143, 156, 158, 166,

248,267 J. excelsa 74, 129, 135-137, 139 J. excelsa subsp. polycarpos 72, 91, 93-95,

129,130,135-139,262,272 J. phoenicea 71, 91, 94, 129, 135, 137,

173,272 J. procera 71, 74, 85, 91, 94,113,117,

121, 129, 135-137, 139, 140, 158, 173,271,291,296

Jurassic 47

Kalahari 49 Kalanchoe 134, 152

K glaucescens 69 K citrina 69

Karoo 74 Karoo-Namib region 74 karst topography 56 kat 242 Kenya 75 khamsin 9 khareef, see monsoon Khari, al 227 Khasab 11 khawr180,183,229,230,232,238,239,

286,287 salinity variations 233

Khawr al Baleed 276, 286 Khawr al Dahriz 276,286 Khawr al Hajar 286 Khawr al Jaramah 286 Khawr al Mughsayl276, 286 Khawr al Qurom al Kabir 276, 286 Khawr al Qurom al Saghir 276, 286 Khawr Auqad 276, 286 Khawr Dubai 276,300 Khawr Rawri (Rori) 231, 276, 286 Khawr Sawli (Soly) 276,286 Khawr Taqa 276, 286

346 INDEX

khidab 260 Khunfa, al 276, 290 Kickxia acerbiana 294 Kidan, al 203 kilit 256; see also Euclea schimperi Kirgizstan 136 Kissenia spathulata 75 Kleinia 132, 134, 145, 146, 151,271

K deflersii 271 K odora 95, 150, 180,248 K scotii 151

Kniphofia sumarae 131, 159,271 Koelpinia linearis 281 kohl 260, 262 Kopet mountains 136 Kuh-e Ghenou 72 Kuria Muria Islands, see Hallaniyah Islands kurma 243 Kuwait 3, 7, 9-12,57,78,88,89, 119,

181-183,217,226,279 Environment Protection Authority 279 Environment Protection Society 279 floras and checklists 267 government agencies 279 Institute for Scientific Research 279 Ministry of Defence 279 National Committee for Wildlife

Conservation 279 National Park 276,280 protected areas 280 Public Authority for Agriculture and Fish

Resources 279 range exclosures 281 relevant legislation 279 species richness 268

Laccadive Islands 16 Lachnocapsa 269 lactation 252, 250 lagoons 180 Lamiaceae 268, 269

endemic genera, endemism 269 land bridges 75 laqat 258; see also Boswellia sacra,

frankincense Lasiopogon 66 Lasiurus scindicus 68,97, 166, 168, 220,

264,295,297 latent heat, release 16 Launaea

L. bornmuellerianum 69 L. capitata 181, 199 L. mucronata 181, 182, 296

L. nudicaulis 250, 251 lava 78; see also harrah Lavandula

L. atriplicifolia 132 L. hasikensis 132 L. subnuda 287

Lawsonia inermis 254,257,260 laxative 246, 252, 256, 247, 248, 251 lead 246 Lecanora

L. campestris 123 L. chlarotera 121

lecanoralean 118 Lecanorales 118 Leguminosae, endemism 269 Lejeunea

L. aethiopica 103 L. capensis 103 L. cavifolia 104

Lemna gibba 235, 236 Leontodon laciniatus 182 leopard 285, 299 Leptadenia pyrotechnica 68,77,78,97, 179,

180,182,183,205,206,219,220, 278,294

Leptobryum pyriforme 104 Leptodon smithii 113 Leptorhabdos parviflora 69, 75 Leucodon dracaenae var. schweinfurthii 103,

117 Levant 104 liban 258; see also Boswellia sacra,

frankincense lichen(s) 3,94,113,114,118-121,123,

124,189,264 acids, substances 119 as indicators offog 35 cohabiting with bryophytes 121 corticolous 121 crustose 118, 119, 121, 123 endolithic 119 foliose 119, 121, 123, 140 fruticose 118-121 saxicolous 121, 123 terricolous 123

Liliaceae, endemism 269 lime 242, 246 limestone 53

Late Permian 54 Late Triassic 54 outcrops 205 pavement 183 Saiq Formation 47

INDEX 347

shallow marine 46 Upper Cretaceous 56 Upper Jurassic 56

Limeum arabicum 79, 201, 203 limonite 192 Limonium

L. axillare 180,214,215,217-219,221, 222,224-226,257,286

L. carnosum 214 L. cylindrifolium 219, 221 L. pruinosum 214, 217 L. nvckdi 69, 184,189,214,221,223,

286 Lindenbergia fruticosa 238 Lippia nodiflora 234, 237 Lithops 105 lithosphere 42 liverworts 3, 99-101,105, 1l0, 112, 118 livestock 127, 140, 159, 178, 184,215,

262,273 Livistonia carinensis 164 Liwa, al 58-60 Lobelia 130 Loeflinggia hispanica 182 long-term climate means, estimation 18 Lonicera

L. aucheri 69,95, 137,272 L. etrusca 71

Lotononis platycarpa 199 Lotus

L. garcinii 223, 224 L. halophilus 181, 182,202,281 L. schimperi 134

Loudetia flavida 74 Luhayyah, al 77, 90,93,94, 146,210,216 luminescence dating 50 Lunt, William 2 Lunularia cruciata 104 Lycium

L. barbatum 166 L. shawii 78, 88,97, 181, 183-185, 188,

224,263,286,294,295,297

mabrad 243 Macaronesia 74, 132 Macowania ericifolia 130, 156-158 Macrocoma abyssinicum 103 macrophytes 234, 238 madder 253 Madu mountain range, al 75 Maerua

M. crassifolia 69, 77,90,95,96, 142, 247,295

M. oblongifolia 292 Maesa lanceolata 71, 93, 143, 163, 166,

170,291,296 Magawah217 Mahabishah 159 mahafa243 Mahazat as Sayd 276, 295 mahjur 162, 274, 300; see also hima Mahout Island 216 Mahra 270, 271, 302 Majami al Hadb 276, 295 Makkah 89 Makran 43, 54, 62, 68 Malcolmia chia 71 Malva parviflora 296 Malvastrum coromandelianum 75 Manacha 148, 156 Managed Resource Protected Area,

definition 276 mangal, see mangroves Mangifera indica 166 mango 246 mangroves 73, 76, 215-218, 226, 238; see

also Avicennia marina fossil 73

Mannia androgyna 101, 110 Marchantia paleacea 104 Marchantiales 100, 105 marl 53 marsh

at Mughshin 230 Miocene 73

Masirah Island 12, 17, 21, 35, 54, 120, 123, 155,221,223

mastitis 250 Matricaria aurea 247 mats 241, 242, 253, 262 Matthiola 75 May tenus

M. arbutifolia 74 M. dhofarensis 74, 95,142,262,285 M. flrsskaolina 74 M. parviflora 69 M. senegalensis 69, 74, 90 M. undulatus 166

Ma'rib 17, 77, 90, 93, 94,146,206 Mecca 40, 51, 55 Medicago

M. laciniata 181, 182, 199 M. sativa 128

medicine, herbal and traditional 241, 245, 246

Medinah 51, 92

348

Mediterranean 3, 7-11,101,129 biogeographic influence 301 flora 6, 71

mekaba al shut 243 mekasha 243 Melhania denhami 90 Melia azedarach 163 Meliaceae 72 Melilotus indicus 250 Memecylon tinctorium 253, 260 Menacha III menstruation 248, 250 Mentha longifolia 251 mercurials 246 Mesembryanthemum nodiflornm 75, 295 Mesogean 98, 101 mesohalophytic 215 mesophilous 158 Mesopotamia 40, 42 Mesozoic sediments 110 metamorphic rock 40,51,55

Precambrian 53 meteorological seasons 32 meteorological stations 18,22,24 meteorology 6, 7, 37

orographic influences 6 winter-time mobility 7

Michaelis, Johann David I microclimate 140 Micrococca mercurialis 292 microcontinents 44 Micromma biflora 134, 157 Microphyllophyta 267 Micrapoma niloticum 103 Middle East 10, 140,238 Midian 71, 78,94,96,104 migration 63, 69, 71, 73-76,96,98, 100,

102, 104 military activities, threat to plant life 275 Mimulusgracilis 171 Mimusaps

M. laurifolia 163, 170 M. schimperi 90

mining, threat to plant life 275 Minoan civilization 258 Minuartia ftlifolia 134, 156, IS 7 Miocene 48, 72-74 Miocene-Pliocene 74, 136 Mirbat 46, 53, 285 mishteh 255; see also Anogeissus dhofarica mist 14, 35, 158

contribution to occult precipitation 35 Mnium 100

INDEX

mohadedi 253; see also Pulicaria glutinosa molluscs 246, 258 Moltkiopsis ciliata 66, 78, 197, 198,200,

201 Monotheca buxifolia 75, 91-93,130,136,

137, 142, 143, 159 Monsonia

M. heliotropoides 197, 198 M. nivea 78, 79, 197, 198,200

monsoon IS, 17,49, 120,232 during glacial periods 50 Indian 13 northeast 9, 16,50 southwest 6, 15,21,23,27,31,35,37,

50,159,180,205,230 Morettia canescens 66 Moricandia sinaica 66 Moringa

M. peregrina 69, 77, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 142,260,261,247,250,272

M. oleifera 259 Morns nigra 250, 251 mosaic, vegetation 78,142,156-158,209,

210,223,224,227 on cliffs 156

mosses 3, 99, 100, 102, 104, 108, 112, ll3, 118,155,234,235

pleurocarpous 103 Mromontane 112, 113, 118

Mount Goudah 75 Mount Surud 75 mountains 3,40,74,77,89,92,95,96,98,

120, 126, 127, 135; see also Jebel, southwestern mountains

Mghanistan 75 Asir 70, 104, Ill, 113, ll8 Baluchistan 130 block-faulted 51 Dhofar 89, 90, 93, 95 Dubai-Musandam 78, 93, 96 East Mrican 98, 113 Iran 130 UAE 166 Haggier 93 Haraz 104, III Kurdo-Zagros 96 Midian 71 Musandam 71 Zagros 72, 104

Mughshin 230 Mukalla 77,90,93,95, 220 Mukayras 271

INDEX 349

Musandam 7, 11, 53, 57, 77, 89, 93, 95, 96, 142,144,155,213,272

Muscat 17, 53, 210, 213, 221 musk oil 258 muthedi 253; see also Pulicariaglutinosa mycobiont 118 Myrica

M. africana 71, 94,143,157,158,173 M. humilis 71 M. salicifolia 143, 163, 166, 170

myrrh 257; see also Commiphora trade with Europe 266

M yrtaceae 72, 73 myrtle 259; see also Myrtus communis Myrtus communis 71, 93, 259, 250

Nabg 217 nabkhah 187 Nafud, see Great Nafud N afud ad Dahi 199 Nafud al Mazhur 199, 200 Nafud as Sirr 199, 200 Nafud ash Shuqayyiqah 199 Nafud ath Thuwayrat 199 Nafud Qunayfidhah 199, 200 Najas 233

N. graminea 238 N. marina 236, 239, 286

Nakhl230 Namib desert 35 Namibia 74 Nannorrhops ritchieana 164, 166, 188, 189,

243,260,262 National Park, definition 276 National Wildlife Research Centre, see Saudi

Arabia Natural Monument, definition 276 Na'shi 11 Near East 242,257 Negev 96 Nejd 21,37, 189,270

Pediplain 51, 55 Western 78

Neo-Tethys 44, 47,54,61 deposition on floor 54

neoendemics 103, 134 Neogene, Late 48 Nepeta

N. deJlersiana 132,247 N. italica 132 N. sheilae 132 N. woodiana 132

Nerium oleander 69,97, 165, 166, 173,263, 272

N estorians 245 Neuradaprocumbens 66,182,199,201,202,

206 Neuradaceae 75, 267 Niebuhr, Carsten I, 266 Nigella sativa 250, 251 nil 256; see also Indigofera tinctoria Nirarathamnos 269 Nitraria retusa 213, 217, 226 nitrogen-fixing bacteria 194 Noaea mucronata 72 Nogalia drepanophylla 164 North America, western 195 northerlies 11 Nothosaerva brachiata 292 Notoceras bicorne 66 Nubio-Arabian Shield 46 nutmeg 246 Nuxia

N. congesta 93, 94, 143, 163, 166 N. oppositifolia 97, 163, 166, 170,296

oak gall 260 obduction 44, 45 occult precipitation 35 ocean~floor sediments, spreading 44 oceamc

crust 44,45, 54, 61, 62 trench 61

Ochna inermis 69, 142 Ochradenus

0. arabicus 74, 184,286,294 0. aucheri 69,74, 166 0. baccatus 74, 166,280,296 0. harsusiticus 74, 189,272,284 0. randonioides 74 0. spartioides 74

Ochtochloa compressa 189 Ocimum

O. basilicum 247 O. sanctum 260

Odyssea mucro nata 178, 179,210,212,214, 219-221

off-road driving as threat to plant life 275 oil 245, 246, 252, 260

lakes, destruction of vegetation 275 pollution, threat to plant life 275

Olea 0. europaea 69, 91-93,130,136,137,

141,142,159,262,263,270,271, 291

350 INDEX

0. europaea subsp. africana 69, 91-93 Oligocene 72, 75 Oligomeris 66, 75

0. linifolia 66, 75 Oman 2,3,6,9, 11, 12, 18,31,43,69,75,

100,104,119-121,123,132,134, 146,162,177,184,186,214,215, 220,230,232,242,246,253,255, 258-264,248,275,281; see also Oman mountains, Oman Convergence Zone

central 17, 35, 121, 123 coasts 16, 17,21,27 conservation policies 275 continental margin 62 Directorate General of Environmental

Mfairs 282 Directorate General of Nature Reserves

282 eastern 10, 205 endemism 269 floras and checklists 267 government agencies 282 islands 123 Ministry of Commerce and Industry 282 Natural History Museum 282 northern 10, 11, 13, 18,23,37,89,94,

135, 137 Office of the Adviser for Conservation of

the Environment 282 protected areas 283 rangelands 273 relevant legislation 281 southern mountains 266 species richness 268 spring rainfall in central desert 27 western 12

Oman Convergence Zone 11 influence 37

Oman mountains 6, 21, 25,37,46, 142, 153,266

separate geomorphological unit 40 uplift 45, 48, 62

Omano-Makranian distribution 129, 155, 221,223

Ononis serrata 181 Onychium melanolepis 166 Opegeopha 121 Opegraphales 118 ophiolite 54 Oplismenus burmannii 75 Opuntia

O. dillenii 146 0. ficus-indica 297

oqam irrigation 163 Ordovician 53

Late 47 Oreoschimperella arabiaejelicis 159 Oriental region, migration from 266 Ormocarpum dhofarensis 263 Oropetium 75, 294, 297

0. africanum 79, 158 O. capense var. arabicum 79

Orthotrichaceae 103 Orthotrichum diaphanum 104, 114 Oryx leucoryx 264 283, 284, 295, 296, 298 Osteospermum vailantii 156 ostrich 292, 295, 296, 298 Osyris

0. abyssinica 142 0. alba 129 O. compressa 69

Otostegia aucheri 69 over-grazing; see grazing Oxymitria paleacea 100

pain 246,252,247-251 Pakistan 9,11,12,17,68,75,136,214,

245 Palaearctic region, migration from 266 palaeoendemics 103, 133 Palaeotropical, see flora palaeowind 50 Palaeozoic 44

sedimentary sequences 47 succession 47

Paleogene 48, 75 Palestine 257 Pandanus odoratissima 163 Panicum turgidum 68, 77, 78, 80,97, 165,

166,179,181-183,189,201,205, 206,208,219-221,223-226,278, 294-297

parasite 256 Parietaria lusitanica 166 Parmelia flaventior 113 Parmotrema

p. reticulatum 121 P. tinctorum 121

Paronychia arabica 66, 181, 182, 199 Paspalum vaginatum 180,222,239,240,

286 pastoralists 274 pauciennialllO Pavetta abyssinica 71 pearl ash 246 peatlands 99

INDEX 351

pediment 51 Peganum harmala 248 Pela~onium 156 Pellia endiviifolia 104 Peltula radicata 123 peneplain, peneplanation 52 Pennisetum

E divisum 68, 182, 205, 224, 278 E setaceum 159, 161

Pentatropis nivalis 180 Peperomia 156 perennial plant(s) 78, 158, 177, 179,

184-186,194,197,198,200,201, 205,206,210,217,219,220,237, 238,256,263

perfume(s) 3,241,257,256,259 Pergularia tomentosa 68 Periploca aphylla 68, 95, 262, 263 perithecia 118 Permian 47

Early 47 glacial conditions 47 Late 44, 47

Permo-Triassic 10 1 Persia 245 Petrorrhagia cretica 71 Peucedanum inaccessum 159 Phaeophyscia orbicularis 114 Phagnalon

E harazianum 152 E stenolepis 152 E viridiflorum 153

phenology 185 phlegm 245 Phoenix

E dactylifera 166, 242, 243, 250, 251; see also date(s)

E reclinata 90,97,163, 170 phosphorus 194 photobiont 118, 119, 123 photosynthetic pathway 133 Phragmites 180, 222, 223, 230, 238, 272,

280,286 phycobiont 118 Phyla nodiflora 171 Phyllogeiton discolor 163 Physcia

E adscendens 113 E biziana 114 E stellaris 121

Physconia pulverulenta 113 Physorrhynchus chamaerapistrum 68, 69, 166

phytochoria 3, 66, 71, 73; see also flora, phytogeography

Afromontane archipelago-like centre of endemism 66, 73, 98,130,145

Arabian regional subzone 66,67,72,73, 98

Eritreo-Arabian province 64 Irano-Turanian 66,78, 145,213 lrano-Turanian regional centre of

endemism 71 Mediterranean region 145 Mediterranean regional centre of

endemism 71 Nubo-Sindian 130, 177 Nubo-Sindian local centre of endemism

66-68,98 Nubo-Sindian province 64, 66, 213 Omano-Makranian 68, 130 Saharo-Arabian region 64 Saharo-Sindian 66,73, 177,213 Saharo-Sindian regional zone 66, 71, 98 Somalia-Masai regional centre of

endemism 66, 67, 69, 73, 98, 145, 130, 177

Sudanian region 64, 66 Sudano-Deccanian 66

phytogeography, 3, 6, 64-66, 72, 96, 98, 126, 173; see also flora, phytochoria

Picris babylonica 181, 182 pigs, fossil 73 Pilea tetraphylla 69 Pimpinella woodii 159 pioneer plants 111, 161, 168 Pistacia

E atlantica 72, 96, 129, 173 Efalcata 93,142 E khinjuk 72, 96, 272

Pittosporum viridiflorum 71, 130, 142,297 Pituranthos triradiatus 97 Placoda 269 Plagiochasma

E beccarianum 103 E eximium 103 E microcephalum 103 E rupestre 100, 105, 110, 111, 113, 115

Plagiochila Efusifera 103 E squamulosa 103

plains 1-3, 144, 166, 168, 175, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 188-190,230

central 132 coastal 146, 151, 177-180, 183, 190 northern 88

352 INDEX

Plantago Potentilla p. boissieri 181-183,199,202,204,205, p. dentata 134

208,281 P. ciliata 182,206,281 P. coronopus 247 P. cylindrica 201 P. major 247

Plectranthus p. barbatus 157, 158 P. rugosus 75

Pleistocene 69, 73, 76,96, 181 climate 266 Late 48

pleurocarpous 118, 102, 112 Pleurochaete

p. malacophylla 103 P. squarrosa 102, Ill, 112, 116

Pliocene 48, 73, 181, 192 basalt 56 Late 73

Pluchea p. arabica 189,250 P. dioscoridis 164

pluriregional213 pluriennial III plutonic rock 51

granite 55 granodiorite 55

pluvial 126, 192 Poaceae 158,210,268,270

endemism 270 poikilohydric 119 Polar Continental air, perturbations 27 pollen, pollination 73, 242

fossil 72 Polycarpaea repens 66, 78, 182,201,250,

281,296 Polycarpon tetraphyllum 75 Polygala erioptera 68 Polygonum

p. amphibium 237 P. senegalense 233, 235-237 P. setulosum 237

polyploid 134 pomegranate 246 Porina 121 Potamogeton

p. lucens 236, 239 P. nodosus 235-237 P. pectinatus 236,238,239,286 P. pusillus 237

potash 246, 260

P. reptans 134 Pottiaceae 100, 103, 105 pottioid 103 Pouzolzia

P. mixta 69, 143 P. parasitica 69

Precambrian 46 Late 46, 47 rock 52, 62

precipitation, see rainfall Premna resinosa 69 primary productivity 5, 23

optimisation by herbivores 274 Primula verticillata 133, 155 propagules 118 Prosopis 35, 185,

growth of lichens on 35 P. cineraria 69, 77, 78, 88,97, 121, 184,

187,189,205,206,222,263,284 P. koeltziana 69

protected areas 275, 276 summary 301

Protected Landscape/Seascape, definition 276

Prunus p. arabica 71, 96,142,272 P. communis 129 P. korshinskyi 71, 96

pseudo-vicarious 133 Pseudocrossidium 105, 107, 108

P. replicatum 100 Pseudogaillonia hymenostephana 69, 96, 155 Pseudoleskea

P.leikipiae 102, 103, Ill, 112 P. plagiostoma 103

Pseudo lotus makranicus 69 pseudosteppe(s) 88 Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans 104 Psiadia

P. arabica 142 P. punctulata 69, 93, 94, 143,248

Psilatricolporites 73 Psilotophyta 267 Psilotum 267

P. nudum 133 Psora decipiens 123 Psoralea corylifolia 250 Pteranthus dichotomus 66 Pteris vittata 155, 238 Pterolobium stellatum 69 Pterophyta 267

INDEX 353

Pteropyrum scoparium 97, 185 Pterygoneurum 105, 108

E ovatum 100 Pulicaria

Eglutinosa 184,223,253,286 E hadramautica 221 E jaubertii 172, 250 E pulvinata 284 E undulata 189,291

Punicagranatum 166,248,251 purgative 247 Pycnocycla prostrata 287 Pyrenmlales 121 Pyrostria 90, 142

qadab 260; see also Cadaba rotundifolia qafas 253; see also Acridocarpus orientalis qafir 243 qahwa cup, for measuring 245 Qairoon Hariti 21, 23 qanat 230; see also falaj Qanoon al Tibb, al; see Cannon of Medicine Qar'ah, al 89 Qarra National Park 291 Qassim, al227 qataf257; see also Limonium axillare Qatar 3, 10, 11, 18,50,61,88, 100, 119,

181,184,210,214,224,288 Environment Protection Committee 288 floras and checklists 267 Ministry of Industry and Agriculture 288 species richness of 268 status of plant conservation 288

Qaysumah 36 Quaternary 48,62, 192

beach gravel 57 climate 48 deposits 53, 62 higher rainfall during earlier 48 terraces 56

Quercus calliprinos 129 Qurm Nature Reserve, see Sultan Qaboos

Park and Nature Reserve

Racopilum capense 103 radiation 13, 134 radiational cooling 7, 23, 35 Radula lindenbergiana 104 rainfall 5-7, 10-13, 15, 17, 18,20,23,31,

66,67,69,71,72,73,75,78,79,88, 94, 108, 110, 113, 120, 129, 136, 162, 165,177,185,187-189,193,203, 205,229,230,239

augmentation by fog 35 autocorrelation coefficient 19,22,27,34 autumn 32, 33 coefficient of variation 22,31,34 convective 11 influence of Oman Convergence Zone 27 infrequent 205 inter-annual variability 31,34,35,37,

203 localized 31 long-term mean 31 map 26 map of seasonal means 32 maps of variability 34 mean total annual 20, 22, 26, 37 patterns 21, 23, 25 seasonality, seasonal variability 23, 27,

34,37 'spottiness' 31 spring 27, 198,202 summer 27, 32, 33, 37 total annual 15, 20 variability 27, 96 winter 37, 89,183,198,202,205

raingauge, experimental 15 rak 254; see also Salvadora per sica Ramalina

R. duriaei 121, 122 R. lacera 121

ramlah 192; see also nafud Ramlat al Wahibah; see Wahibah Sands Ramlat as Sab'atayn 191,206,208 rangeland 59, 262-264, 273, 274,302

effect of protection from grazing 273 quality 273

Ranunculus multifidus 172 RAPD analysis 74 Ra's al Hadd 285 Ra's al Hadd Turtle Reserve 276, 285 Ra's al Jinz 285 Ra's al Khabbah 285 Ra's Asharij Gazelles Conservation Farm

288 Ra's Madrakah 14, 17, 123 Ra's Rasik 14 Ra's Sawqirah 14 Ra's Sheikh Humeid 217 Rashid tribe 5 ravine forests 153 Raydah 139, 275, 276, 296 Reaumeria hirtella 292 Reboulia hemisphaerica 113

354 INDEX

recreational activities, threat to plant life 275

Red Sea 6, 27, 40, 42, 48,51,61,69,72, 73, 75, 77, 113, 146,210,211, 214-216,218,219

creation 45, 48, 62 opening 48,51,62

refuge 73, 75, 130 reg 175, 177; see also hamada, plains Reichardia tingitana 247 relict species, taxa, communities 3, 63, 66,

72, 73, 75, 76, 89,92-94, 127, 128, 130, 133, 166, 169, 170, 178, 184, 203

remnant species, taxa, communities; see relict species

Remusatia vivipara 153 Reseda arabica 182 resin 256, 251 Retamaraetam 66, 77, 96,173,272 Rhamnus

R. dispermus 129 R. staddo 71,94, 119, 143, 157

Rhanterium 66, 88, 89,194,263 pseudosteppe 89 R. epapposum 98, 165, 166, 183, 184,

198,201,226,279,281,294,297 R. suaevolens 194

Rhazyastricta 66, 97,164-166,185,189, 246,263,248,250,251,284,296; see also hermel

Rhigozum somaliense 179 rhinoceros, fossil 73 rhizines 119 Rhizocarpon geographicum 123 rhizoids 105, 108, 119

dimorphic III macro- 108 micro- 108

Rhizophora mucronata 76, 216, 292 Rhoicissus tridentata 297 Rhus

R. abyssinica 93 R. aucheri 287 R. retinorrhoea 93, 94, 144 R. somalensis 93,130,142,251,270 R. thyrsiflora 271 R. tripartita 71, 90, 96

Rhynchosia memnonia 264 Rhytidocaulon 134, 269 Riccia

R. atromarginata 10 I, 106 R. congoana 103

R. crenatodentata 103, 106 R. lamellosa 100, 101, 105, 106, 110 R. okahandjana 103 R. sorocarpa 104 R. trabutiana 101, 110, 113

Ricciaceae 103 Ricinus communis 247 rift valley 74 rimth 88, 253; see also Haloxylon

salicornicum saltbush shrubland 182

ringworm 249 riparian forests, woodlands 97, 103, 163,

167, 168 riverine forests, woodlands, see

riparian forests, woodlands rivers 162 Riyadh 55-57, 200, 227 Robbairea delileana 224 Roccella balfourii 123 Roccellographa cretacea 123 rodat 184 rodents, fossil 73 Roman-Nabataean 127 root parasite 203 root(s) 192-194

adventitious 194 hairs 195 rhizosheaths 194 sheaths 195 with corky bark 194 with internal active phloem and xylem

194 ropes 242 Rosa 71, 94, 144

R. damascena 258, 259 R. gallica 259

rose damask 258, 259 oil, water 258, 259; see also atar of roses

Rostraria pumila 181, 182 Rottboellia cochinchinensis 74 Rubia tinctoria 253 Rubiaceae 155,269 Rub' al Khali 2, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 18,21,23,

25,27,31,37,48,52,55,57-59,62, 73,79,88,181,182,188,192, 201-203,205-207,214,227,283

deposition of dune sand 50 high pressure over 50 inter-annual variability of rainfall 31 mean temperature 21 northeastern 204

INDEX 355

Rumex 157, 199,200,250 R. pictus 199, 200 R. vesicarius 250

Ruppia maritima 239, 286 Rus Formation 61 Russia, western 10 Rustaq 230 Ru'us al Jibal 53

Sabaean 127, 163 sabkha 60, 76, 181, 182201,202,204,

209,210,216,217,219,221,223, 224,226,227,295

algae 60 coastal 60, 62 inland 60-62 interdune 61

Sabkhat Matti 58, 60, 217 Saccharum

S. griffithii 173 S. spontaneum 168, 169, 172,220

Sadah 168 saf243 safflower 256 saffron 253 Sageretia

S. spiciflora 93, 95, 130, 136, 143 S. thea 94

Sahal Rukbah 276, 289, 297 Sahara 50 Sahara-Arabian pseudo-savanna 165 sal ammoniac 246, 260 Salalah 15, 17, 19,21,23,90,93,95

coastal nature sanctuaries 276 coastal plain 14, 178, 286

Salicornia S. europaea 77, 210, 224, 226, 295 S. herbacea 226

salinity 177, 209, 214-216, 226, 227, 230, 232,238,239

seasonal fluctuation in 232 Sauo~77, 179,210,219,220,263,272,

293,296,297 S. baryosma 182,227 S. cf. drummondii 227 S. chaudharyi 214 S. cyclophylla 79, 165,205,224 S. drummondii 69, 213, 214 S. ~chnantha 294 S. omanensis 214 S. rubescens 188, 189 S. schweinfurthii 213, 214, 225 S. spinescens 179, 219, 220, 296, 297

S. tetrandra 66 salt 248

domes 47 Saltia 269

S. papposa 179 Salvadora persica 68, 97,167-169,172,180,

217,220,254,260,250,298 Salvadoraceae 75 Salvia

S. aegyptiaca 68, 296 S. ~nigera 66 S. macilenta 69 S. merfamie 71 S. schimperi 130, 131, 134

Samolus valerandi 155 Sanam, as 203 San'a 17, 146 sand (s), sand dune(s), sand sea(s) 191-193,

195,197-200,202,203,205,206,208 accumulation 194 active 62, 195,201,206 arcs 192, 195 barrhan58,195,201,203,206 barchanoid 58 'blow-outs' 58 coastal 201, 205, 209, 219-223 colour 192, 195, 199,201,205, crescentic 203 dome-shaped 195, 199 hummock(s) 201 instability 194 irq 58 linear 195, 203, 206 longitudinal 58 megadunes 205 mobile 191, 198,205,220 mountains 203 nutrients 194 plant communitites,

latitudinal distribution 207 slipface 193 ridge 192, 200 rolling 203 seedling establishment 193 sheets 202, 203 stabilized 201, 205, 206, 223 star 195, 201 transverse 58, 195,203 valleys 206 vegetation 200,201,203,204,206 water holding capacity 193 water uptake from 193

sandal-wood 257,260

356 INDEX

sandstone 53, 56, 60 siliciclastic 46

sanfah 261; see also Tephrosia purpurea Sanicula europaea 134 Sansevieria ehrenbergii 180, 250 Saponaria umbricola 156 Sapotaceae 73 Sarcostemma 69, 134, 146,297

S. viminale 69, 150,252 Saudi Arabia 3,6, 10, 18,60, 100, 104,

Ill, 119, 121, 129, 135, 137, 139, 162,178,181,182,214,216,225, 227,235,237,242,256,259,263, 264,275,288

Arabian Gulf coast 50 central 182 conservation policies 275 eastern 10-12, 18, 182 endemism 269 government agencies 288 Meteorological and Environmental

Protection Administration 289 Ministry of Agriculture and Water 288 National Commission for Wildlife

Conservation and Development 289 National Wildlife Research Centre 276,

296 northern 8, 10, 11 northwestern 9, 272 protected areas 289 rangelands 273 relevant legislation 289 southwest 9, 13, 113, 121 species richness 268

savanna grasslands 73 Savignya parviflora 66, 67 Sawdah, al121 Sawqirah Bay 14 Sayh Hatat 53 Sayhut 52 Scabiosa 132, 134

S. columbaria 134 Scadoxus multiflorus 159 scales, hyaline 105 Schimpera arabica 182, 199, 281 Schismusbarbatus 75,181,199 schist 52 Schistidium apocarpum 104 Schlotheimia balfourii 103 Schoenoplectus litoralis 233, 235, 238 Schouwia purpurea 68, 172 Schweinfurth, Georg August 2

Schweinfurthia S. imbricata 74 S. latifolia 74 S. papillionacea 69, 74 S. pedicellata 74 S. pterosperma 74, 168,219 S. spinosa 74

Scirpus maritimus 189 Sclerocephalus arabicus 66 Scorpiurium circinatum 102 Scrophularia

S. deserti 67 S. hypericifolia 79, 88, 197,207

Scrophulariaceae 268 endemism 269

sea-breeze, southerly 35 sea-level (during last glacial maximum) 50 sea-surface temperature 14, 17 sea-floor spreading 43 seagrasses 215, 220 295 sedative 246 sedges 180,221 sedimentary rock, sequences 40,51,53,56

Cretaceous 52 deposition 46 Jurassic 52 Late Cretaceous and Tertiary 54 Late Precambrian 53 Tertiary 52

sediments carbonate-rich 47 texture 96 transport 96 unconsolidated 47

Seeb 11,21,23 Seidlitzia rosmarinus 205,210,212-214,

225-227 sekel253; see also Aloe inermis Selaginella 267

S. imbricata 153 Semail allochthonous rock unit 53 Semail nappe 54, 62

obduction 48 Semail Ophiolite 45,53 Sematophyllaceae Sematophyllum socotrense 103 Semien Mountains 130 Senecio

S. asirensis 251,297 S. hadiensis 71 S. harazianum 71, 135 S. schimperi 135 S. sumarae 130, 135

INDEX 357

Senna 168,246-248 S. alexandrina 247 S. holosericea 247 S. italica 247

Senra incana 169, 172 Sesbania

S. leptocarpa 179 S. sesban 234

Setaria pumila 159 Sevada schimperi 214 sexual reproduction 118, 233

in bryophytes 110, III Shagaf221 Shahara 132 shale 46,53 shamal9, 11, 12,48-50,57,58,60,62, 192

carrying sand 60 influence 58

Shaqiq, as 198 sharav 9 Sharqiya coast 11 shawrina 256; see also Carthamus tinctorius shikuf256; see also Commiphoragileadensis shiqqat 298 Shiraz rose 259; see also Rosa, rose shrimp 216 shu) 260; see also Moringa peregrina shuttle life-history 104, 110 Shuwaymiyah Bay 14 Sideroxylon fimbriatum 93 sidr 253, 260; see also Ziziphus spina-christi Silene

S. arabica 182 S. burchelii 156, 157 S. macrosolen 134 S. villosa 199,202 S. yemenensis 134

Silurian 47 Simonyella variegata 122, 123 Sinai 2, 6, 77, 134,216

Peninsula 94 sinkhole 56 Sisymbrium irio 251 skin problems 252 slope talus 53 snowfall 6 Socotra 2, 3, 16,64,74,75,89-93,95,96,

100, 102, 103, 119, 123, 124, 132, 144,151-153,158,164,172,268, 267,269,271,301,302

endemism, species richness 269 Socotranthus 269 'soft' rocks 40

soil alluvial 72 formation 39 salinity 77 water holding capacity 77

Solanum S. incanum 263 S. nigrum 251 S. schimperanum 71

solar radiation 7 Somalia 75, 132~ 151, 164,253,257 Sonchus oleraceus 251 southwest monsoon 39, 52, 58, 60, 285

affect on rainfall 27 effect on khawrs 230, 232, 233 direction 48 influence 31

southwestern mountains endemism 302 fog 35 rainfall 27 uplift 45

speciation 134 species 65, 66, 69, 71, 74, 77-79,90,92,

93,209-211,213-216,220,221,224, 226,227,233,235,237-239,246,263

Mrican origin 73 endemic 65, 93, 103, 178, 189,269 frequency per genus 268 indicator 3, 66, 88 richness 3, 142, 177, 186, 189,209,226,

232 salt-secreting 210 salt-tolerant 177,210,224 salt-sensitive 177 unpalatable 179, 183, 188,263

Spergula 184 Spergularia 184 Sphaerocoma aucheri 69,177,184,222-224,

286 spike mosses 267 Splachnaceae 103 Splachnobryum arabicum 100, 103 spores 104, 110, III Sporobolus

S. airiformis 74 S. arabicus 77, 179,278 S. consimilis 210, 220, 224 S. iocladus 222, 239, 286 S. spicatus 159,210,212,220,225,286 S. vit;ginicus 220, 222, 239, 285, 286

358 INDEX

springs, water 9, 11,23,37, 177, 189,203, 230,238

sulphurous 230 thermal 230

Stephania abyssinica 69 steppe forests 96 Sterculia

S. africana 75, 90, 93, 95, 142 S. africana var. socotrana 90

Stipa S. capensis 75,89, 181, 182,292 S. mandavillei 159 S. mirzayanii 69 S. tigrensis 130,158,159,161,173

Stipagrostis S. ciliata 75 S. drani 79, 88, 194, 197, 198,201,204,

206,207,292,298 S. hirtigluma 75 S. masirahensis 223 S. obtusa 75 S. paradisea 221 S. plumosa 188, 194,201,206,224,226,

264,291,296 S. scopana 194 S. sokotrana 189,206,264,284 S. uniplumis 75

storm, tropical 13, 15-17,37 Strait of Hormuz 40, 43, 47 Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness

Area, definition 276 Striga yemenica 159 Suaeda

S. aegyptiaca 184, 185,221,223,227, 285,287

S.fruticosa 75,179,219,298 S. mantima 224 S. monoica 73,179,213,217,219-221,

284,298 S. moschata 214, 222 S. pruinosa 217, 218, 220, 227 S. vermiculata 217, 220-224, 298

subduction 44, 54, 61 subtropical desert belt 6 succession 195

allogenic 195 autogenic 195 in bryophytes 112

Sudan 9,89, 150, 153,213 Suhul al Kidan 203 Sulaibiya Research Station 276,281 Sultan Qaboos Park and Nature Reserve

276,286

Sumarah Pass 153, 156 summak246 Summan Plateau 56, 78, 88, 181, 18 summer 7, 9,12,13,17,37

circulation 12 thermal low 37

suppositories 252 supra-littoral 217, 224, 226 supra-tidal 216 Sur 21,23, 53, 54 Surdud 266 surface (meteorology)

convergence 12 heating 7, 9, 12 pressure 11 wind flow 6

survival strategies 104 swamps 73 Swertia polynectana 134 symbiotic relationship 118 synusia Ill, 113, 166 Syria 2, 259 Synngodium isoetifolium 215

Tabuk 19 Taif 55,94, 135,200,259,271 Taiz 17, 271 Talinum portulacifolium 153 Tamanndusindica 97,163,166,170,247 Tamanx

T. aphylla 163, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 220,260,250

T. arabica 163, 166, 260 T. arborea 293 T. auchenana 163, 166 T. mascatensis 163, 166,223, 247 T. nilotica 163, 164, 167-170, 172, 180,

220 T. passennoides 224

Tanzania 75 tapeworms 248 Tarchonanthus camphoratus 69,93, 143,296 Targwnia

T. hypophylla 100, 101, 103, 106, III T. hypophylla subsp. linealis 103, III

Targioniaceae 103 tarthuth 256; see also Cynomonum coccineum Taurus mountains 40, 42, 61 Taverniera

T. cuneifolia 69 T. lappacea 189 T. spartea 223, 224

Teclea nobilis 71, 93, 143, 170,291,296

INDEX 359

Tecomella undulata 75 tectonic activity 51 telechory llO Teloschistes

T. chrysophtalmus 121 T. Jlavicans 121 T.Pillosus 121

temperature 5-7, ll, 12,67, 72 absolute maximum 20, 22, 23 absolute minimum 20, 22, 23 autocorrelation coefficient 21 autumn 23 coefficient of variation 21 continental depression 23 depression 21 effect of altitude 21, 37 gradient 38 inter-annual variability 21 inversion 7, 12-14 map 26 map of monthly range 31 map of seasonal means 28 maps of absolute maximum, minimum 30 mean annual 20-22, 26 moderating affect of ocean 23 patterns 21, 23 range 20, 22, 23 seasonal march, means 23, 37 seasonality 21 spring 23, 37, 140 summer 21, 23, 37 winter 21, 23, 37

tenagophytes 233 Tephrosia

T. apollinea 188, 189,220,248 T. per sica 69 T. purpurea 172, 178, 179, 188,261 T. quartiniana 220

Ter[ezia cltweryi 293 Terminalia brownii 90, 142, 163, 170 terraced agriculture, fields 127, 146 Tertiary 51,62,72,75, 126, 133

Mid 45, 47 Tethys 44, 66, 72, 75, 10 Tetrapogon 68, 75, 159-162

T. villosus 68, 159-162 Teucrium

T. balfourii 132 T. hijazicum 132 T. mascatense 132 T. nummulariifolium 132 T. orientale 69 T. orientale subsp. taylori 69

T. polium 247, 250 T. rhodocalyx 132 T. socotranum 132 T. stocksianum 69 T. yemenense 132, 134

Thalassadedron ciliatum 215 Thalassia hemprichii 215, 220 Thalictrum minus 158 Thamnosma 75 thatch 242 Themeda

T. quadrivalPis 159 T. triandra ll2, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162,

173 Theophrastus 265 thermal equator 9, ll, 37 thermal low 9, 12. 23, 37 therophyte, 198,202,205,227; see also

annual plants Thesiger, Wilfred 5 Thesium

T. radicans 71 T. stuhlmannii 71

thorns 252 thumam 261; see also Lasiurus scindicus thumam grass-shrubland 182, 183 Thumamah Nature Park 276,297 Thumrait 21, 90, 93, 95 thunderstorms 8, 10, 11 thyme 251 Thymus

T. laevigatus 158 T. vulgaris 247

Tibetan plateau 9 Tien Shan 136 Tigris-Euphrates plain, river, valley 43,61,

62 Tihamah 40, 77, 97, 103, 132, 165, 168,

177,178,209,218,220,253,256, 260,291

Tihamat al Janub 178 Tihamat al Sham 178 Tihamat al Yemen 178 Tihamat al Asir 178 tillite 47 time series and climate 19 Timmiella barbuloides 102, 107, 108, llO,

ll3 Tinospora bakis 69 tonics, health 246, 253, 247, 248, 250, 251 Toninia diJfracta 123 toothache 246

360

topography 78, 108,202 influence on meteorology 6, 7

Tortella smithii 103 Tortula

T atrovirens 100, 101, 105, 107, 109-111,113,115

T brevissima 102 Tfragilis 102, 103, 113 T inermis 102 T laevipila 113, 114 T mucronifera 102, 103, llO T muralis 104 T porphyreoneura 102, 103, 108

trade-wind( s) northeast 49 southeast 49 deserts 50

Traganum nudatum 67, 291-293 trans-Tuwayq wadi systems 73

INDEX

tundra 99 Tur basin 162 Turaif36 turbidite (carbonate) 47, 53,61 Turkey 10, 104, 136,259 turmeric 248 turtle(s) 285

fossil 73 green 284, 285 hawks bill 284 loggerhead 285 nesting beaches 285, 292

Tuwayq cuesta, escarpment 56,199,294, 298

7Jpha 180, 222, 286 T domingensis 220

transition zone(s) 65, 72, 79, 88,90, 140,

'Ulaym, al 198 Umbelliferae 159, 246, 269

endemic genera 269 Umbilicus 145,211,214,220,224

travertine 53 Trentepohlia 118 Triassic, Late 44 Tribulus

T arabicus 79, 203, 204, 298 T longipetalus 227

Trichilia emetica 69, 163, 168, 170, 250 Trichocalyx 96 Tricholaena 75, 161

T capensis 75 T teneriffae 75, 161

trichophytes 234 Trichostomopsis

T aaronis 102, 110, 113 T australasiae 100, llO

Trichostomum T brachydontium 104 T crispulum 104

Trifolium semipilosum 134 Trigonella T stellata 182

T flenum-graecum 250, 251 Tripogon

T multiflorus 79 T oliganthos 158 T purpurascens 74, 159 T subtilissimus 74

Tropic of Cancer 211,214 troposphere 9-11,13,16,17 trough (meteorological) 10, 16

upper 10-12,27,37 trough-ridge synopsis 11

U. botryoides 153 U. horizontalis 71

Umm al Qamari 276, 289, 298 Umm ar Radhuma Formation 61 Umm as Samim 12,55,61,227 Umm as Said 61 unani tib 245 UNESCO World Heritage Convention 301 United Arab Emirates 3, 7, 10, 11, 18,58,

119,146,177,181,230,239,275, 299

Arabian Leopard Trust 299 Environmental Research and Wildlife

Development Agency 299 floras and checklists 267 government agencies 299 Late Quaternary history 58 map of dune sands 59 National Avian Research Centre 299 northern and eastern coasts 21 relevant legislation 299 species richness of 268

upwelling 13, 14,216 mechanism 14

'Urayq, al 199,200 Urochondra setulosa 179, 221, 222, 239, 286 <uruq, see )irq 'Uruq al Mutaridah 59, 61 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid 298 Usnea

U. articulata 113, 117, 121 U. bommuelleri 113, 117, 121

INDEX 361

Utricularia 235

Vahlia digyna 292 vascular cryptogams, number of species 267 vegetation cover, threats to 266, 273 vegetative propagation 242 M:lezia rigida 71 vermifuge 248 M:rnonia

V. arabica 74, 234 V. areysiana 74 V. cinerea 248, 250, 252 V.leopoldii 157, 158 V. spathulata 74

vicariant species, vicariant evolution 75, 11~ 132, 158, 159,214

Viola cinerea 72, 153 volcanic rock 51-53

wadi(s) 72, 78, 88, 90, 96, 97,175, 178-180,184,185,189,230

extra-tropical vegetation 165-166 tropical vegetation 166-170

Wadi ad Dawasir 55, 56, 73, 97 Wadi Adai 287 Wadi Ayyan 168 Wadi Bana 144, 163 Wadi Bani Awf 163 Wadi al Batin 97, 181 Wadi al Batin National Park 275 Wadi Bayhan 206 Wadi Birk56 Wadi Bishah 55 Wadi Darbat 231 Wadi Hadhramaut 144, 163 Wadi Hadjer 164 Wadi Halfayn 55 Wadi al Hamd 97 Wadi Hanifa 97 Wadi al Hinuw 56 Wadi Jawf 163 Wadi La'ah 168 Wadi Mawr 162, 168 Wadi Nisah 56 Wadi ar Rimah 55, 97 Wadi Ranyah 55 Wadi Rumah 162, 181 Wadi as Sabha 73, 97, 166 Wadi Sahtan 163 Wadi Sareen Nature Reserve 276, 287, 301 Wadi Sarfait 155 Wadi Siham 162,218 Wadi as Sirhan 56

Wadi Surdud 162 Wadi Tathlith 55 Wadi Umayri 61 Wadi Umm-Arimam 280 wadi vegetation, vegetation sequence(s)

162, 165,166 Wadi al Widyan 56 Wadi Zabid 163 Wahibah Sands 50, 57-59, 121,205,208

creation 62 quartz sand 60

warts 249 Washm, al 191 water 1l0, 113, 120, 189,229,230,

232-235, 238 absorption 108 availability 5, 187 brackish 229, 230, 232, 237, 239, 242 calcareous 238 coastal 229, 230 conduction 108 deep 235, 237, 238 fast-flowing 234, 235 fresh 229, 230, 232, 235, 237, 239 ground 88 ground- (brackish) 201 groundwater reserves 127 inland 229 natural source 229 permanent flowing III pools 229, 230, 232, 234, 235, 237-239 saline, salinity 177, 229, 232, 238 seepage 230, 232, 239 shallow 235 slow-flowing 234, 235, 238 still 235 store, storing 108, 166 stress 104 sulphurous 230 supply (limiting effect) 39 surface 235 table 96, 167 temperature 230 turbid 235 uptake 108

wax globules 105 weather, weather systems 6-8, 11 weathering 39, 119 lVeissia

Wartocosana 103 W tortilis 104

Wejh 36

362 INDEX

wellstedia 75 W dinteri 75 W socotrana 75, 103

Wellstediaceae 75 wers 253, 260; see also Memecylon tinctorium western Arabia, Mid Cenozoic uplift 62 western mountains, uplift 45 wetlands 99 whisk ferns 267 White Oryx Project 283 Widyan al Hamad 78 wind 9, 12, 192

multi-directional 199 northerly II northwesterly 12 patterns 58 southerly 10, 13, 14 southwesterly 13,17 stress 14 westerly 195

windblown, see aeolian winter 7, 9, 10, 23, 37

circulation 9 rainfall 32

Wusmania carinensis 164 Withania 180

W somnifera 250 wolf 285 woodland 71, 76, 77, 88-90, 92-97, Il3,

118, 121, 137, 178, 179, 184 decline 137 dieback 140 protection 274

World Heritage Convention 30 I World Meteorological Organization

(WMO) number 22 worms 248 wounds 252

Xanthoria parietina Il4, 121, 122 xerohalophytic 215 xeropottioid 104, 105, III xerothalloid 104, 105, IlO Xerotia 269

Yemen I, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 18,40, 100, Il9, 121, 130, 133-135, 156, 165, 178, 253,256,260,300

central 17

conservation 300 eastern 12, 13 endemism 269 escarpment mountains 77, 134, ISO floras and checklists 268 highlands, see mountains mountains 40, 52, 55, 70, 90, 95, 127,

142,144,146,266 southern 17,271 southern coast 21, 271 species richness 268

Yemeni Tihamah 167 Yenbo 36

Zagros mountains 6, 8-Il, 40, 42, 46, 47, 134

Arabian Plate extending beneath 61 crush zone 61 folding 62 uplift 45, 48

Zahran al Janub 75 Zalawt plains 178, 180,285 Zambia 75 Zilla spinosa 67, 165, 272, 293 Zimbabwe 74, 135 Ziziphus

Z. hajarensis 272,287 Z. leucodermis 188 Z. mucronata 163 Z. nummularia 88, 183, 184 Z. spina-christi 77, 88, 97, 142, 162, 163,

167,184,242,253,254,260,263, 271,292,296,298

zonation 89, 98, 118, 180,210,218,220, 223-227

Zuhra, az 168 Zumul, az 73 Zygophyllum

Z. album 217, 298 Z. coccineum 214, 217, 218 Z. decumbens 227 Z. hamiense 189,204,214,219,221 Z. migahidii 214 Z. qatarense 182, 184, 185, 188, 189,

206,212,214,221,223-227,278,294 Z. simplex 168, 172, 178, 179, 184, 185,

210,223,224,227,296

Geobotany

1. J.B. Hall and M.D. Swaine (eds.): Distribution and Ecology of Vascular Plants in a Tropical Rain Forest. Forest Vegetation in Ghana. 1981 ISBN 90-6193-681-0

2. W. Holzner and M. Numata (eds.): Biology and Ecology of Weeds. 1982 ISBN 90-6193-682-9 3. N.J.M. Gremmen: The Vegetation of the Subantarctic Islands Marion and Prince Edward. 1982

ISBN 90-6193-683-7 4. R.c. Buckley (ed.): Ant-Plant Interactions in Australia. 1982 ISBN 90-6193-684-5

5. W. Holzner, MJ.A. Werger and I. Ikusima (eds.): Man's Impact on Vegetation. 1983 ISBN 90-6193-685-3 6. P. Denny (ed.): The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. 1985 ISBN 90-6193-509-1 7. C. G6mez-Campo (ed.): Plant Conservation in the Mediterranean Area. 1985 ISBN 90-6193-523-7 8. J.B. Faliriski: Ecological Studies in Bialowieza Forest. 1986 ISBN 90-6193-534-2 9. G.A. Ellenbroek: Ecology and Productivity of an African Wetland System. The Kafue Flats, Zambia. 1987

ISBN 90-6193-638-1

10. J. van Andel, J.P. Bakker and R.W. Snaydon (eds.): Disturbance in Grasslands. Causes, Effects and Processes. 1987 ISBN 90-6193-640-3

11. A.H.L. Huiskes, C.W.P.M. Blom and J. Rozema (eds.): Vegetation Between Land and Sea. Structure and Processes. 1987 ISBN 90-6193-649-7

12. G. Orshan (ed.): Plant Pheno-morphological Studies in Mediterranean Type Ecosystems. 1988 ISBN 90-6193-656-X

13. B. Dell, J.J. Havel and N. Malajczuk (eds.): The Jarrah Forest. A Complex Mediterranean Ecosystem. 1988 ISBN 90-6193-658-6

14. J.P. Bakker: Nature Management by Grazing and Cutting. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0068-8 15. J. Osbornova, M. Kovatova, J. Leps and K. Prach (eds.): Succession in Abandoned Fields. Studies in

Central Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0401-2 16. B. Gopal (ed.): Ecology and Management of Aquatic Vegetation in the Indian Subcontinent. 1990

ISBN 0-7923-0666-X

17. B.A. Roberts and J. Proctor (eds.): The Ecology of Areas with Serpentinized Rocks. A World View. 1991. ISBN 0-7923-0922-7

18. J.T.A. Verhoeven (ed.): Fens and Bogs in the Netherlands. Vegetation, History, Nutrient Dynamics and Conservation. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1387-9

19. Woo-seok Kong and D. Watts: The Plant Geography of Korea. With an Emphasis on the Alpine Zones. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2068-9

20. R. Aerts and G.W. Heil (eds.): Heathlands. Patterns and Processes in a Changing Environment. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2094-8

21. W. van Vierssen, M. Hootsmans and J. Vermaat (eds.): Lake Veluwe, a Macrophyte-dominated System under Eutrophication Stress. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2320-3

22. Y. Laumonier: The Vegetation and Physiography of Sumatra. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-3761-1

23. C.M. Finlayson and I. von Oertzen (eds.): Landscape and Vegetation Ecology of the Kakadu Region, Northern Australia. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3770-0

24. R. Peters: Beech Forests. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4485-5

25. S.A. Ghazanfar and M. Fisher (eds.): Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5015-4

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