Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Cattle Slaughtered in Sokoto

Research ArticlePrevalence of Fascioliasis in Cattle Slaughtered inSokoto Metropolitan Abattoir Sokoto Nigeria

A A Magaji1 Kabir Ibrahim2 M D Salihu1 M A Saulawa3

A A Mohammed4 and A I Musawa1

1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346 Sokoto Nigeria2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346 Sokoto Nigeria3 Veterinary Council of Nigeria Maitama Abuja Nigeria4Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346 Sokoto Nigeria

Correspondence should be addressed to A A Magaji magaji1965yahoocom

Received 19 June 2014 Revised 2 October 2014 Accepted 17 October 2014 Published 9 November 2014

Academic Editor Toru Mori

Copyright copy 2014 A A Magaji et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in the Sokoto metropolitan abattoir was investigated Faeces and bile sampleswere collected and processed using formal ether concentration technique Gross lesions from 224 out of 1313 slaughtered cattle wererandomly selected and examined Out of the 224 cattle examined 95 (4241) were males and 129 (5759) were females Out of 95male cattle examined 27 (2842) were infected and out of 129 females 35 (2713) were infected Based on breed infection rateswere 31 (310) and 31 (252) for breeds of SokotoGudali and Red Bororo respectively No infection was recorded inWhite Fulanibreed Lesions observed were more in males than in females and more in Red Bororo than in Sokoto Gudali Overall prevalenceof infection with Fasciola was 2768 There was no statistically significant association between infection and breed and betweeninfection and sex of the animals sampled (119875 gt 005) Regular treatment of all animals with an effective flukicide as well as snailhabitat control tracing source of animals public enlightenment about the disease proper abattoir inspection adequate and cleanwater supply to animals and payment of compensation of condemned tissues and organs infested with the parasite by governmentwere suggested

1 Introduction

Fascioliasis a serious infectious parasitic disease infectingdomestic ruminants and humans tops all the zoonotic hel-minthes worldwide [1] A large variety of animals such assheep goats cattle buffalo horses donkeys camels andrabbits show infection rates that may reach 90 in someareas [2] According to aWorld Health Organization (WHO)report in 2007 [3] the infection was limited in the past tospecific and typical geographical areas (endemiotopes) butis now widespread throughout the world with human casesbeing increasingly reported from Europe the Americas andOceania (where only F hepatica is transmitted) and fromAfrica and Asia (where the two species overlap) Fascioliasisis endemic in 61 countries and has become a food-borneinfection of public health importance in parts of the world

such as the Andean Highlands of Bolivia Ecuador and Peruthe Nile Delta of Egypt and Northern Iran It is estimatedthat more than 180 million people are at risk of infection andinfection rates are high enough to make fascioliasis a seriouspublic health concern [4]

Bovine fasciolosis is a parasitic disease of cattle causedby trematodes usually Fasciola gigantica and rarely Fasciolahepatica in the tropics The life cycle of these trematodesinvolves snail as an intermediate host [5] The disease is usu-ally characterized by a chronic sometimes acute or subacuteinflammation of the liver and bile ducts accompanied by sub-mandibular oedema anaemia anorexia general intoxicationand death [6] Meats infected by these organisms are reg-ularly condemned at inspection in abattoirsslaughter slabsIt could be zoonotic while constituting a major economicproblem by lowering the productivity of cattle in addition

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in EpidemiologyVolume 2014 Article ID 247258 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014247258

2 Advances in Epidemiology

to losses from condemnation of affected organs Humans canaccidentally ingest the eggslarvae and become infected [7]Fasciolosis is enzootic in Nigeria and is of great economicimportance especially in Northern Nigeria where stagnantwater and fadamas are used as watering and grazing sitesin the dry season Fasciola gigantica is estimated to havediverged from F hepatica approximately 17 million years ago[8] and penetrated more tropical regions in Asia and the FarEast where it is the predominant parasitic disease of cattleand water buffalo [9] Fasciola hepatica infects more than300 million cattle and 250 million sheep worldwide andtogether with F gigantica causes significant economic lossesto global agriculture estimated to be more than US$3 billionannually through lost productivity [10] In West AfricaNigeria precisely important economic losses associated withfasciolosis are great expenses on anthelmintics for treatmentliver condemnation production loss due to mortality lowerproduction of meat milk and wool reduced weight gainmetabolic diseases and impaired fertility [11 12] The valueof the losses resulting from this disease runs into millions ofnaira [6] However the estimation of economic losses due tofasciolosis at national and regional level is limited by lack ofaccurate estimation of prevalence of the disease [13] Apartfromdirect economic losses associatedwith the disease othernonquantifiable losses are also experienced

The prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle in many parts ofthe world has been reviewed [14] In Africa [14] quotedprevalence rates of 37 in Sudan 45 in Cameroon 30ndash90 in Ethiopia 16 in Uganda 62 in the Central AfricaRepublic and 50 in Rwanda [15] In Kenya a retrospectivestudy covering a period of 10 years (1990ndash1999) was carriedout using postmortem meat inspection records [15] A totalof 5421188 cattle were slaughtered in the seven provincesof Kenya during the 10-year period and 427 931 (8) ofthese cattle were infected with Fasciola The region with thehighest prevalence of fasciolosis was Western Province (16)followed in descending order by Eastern Province (11)Nyanza Province (9) Rift Valley Province (8) CentralProvince (6) Nairobi Province (4) and Coast Province(35) The total economic loss incurred by the countryduring the 10-year period as a result of condemnation of theinfected livers was approximately US$26 million [15]

In Nigeria prevalence of fascioliasis has been reportedfrom different parts of the country There are also severalreports on the prevalence regional incidence and seasonalvariation for bovine fasciolosis [16 17] From slaughteredcattle in Maiduguri Biu et al [7] reported a prevalence of80 from Zaria Northwest and a prevalence of 654 wasalso reported by [18] A study was conducted to evaluate thenumber of cattle slaughtered prevalence seasonal variationand socioeconomic consequence of bovine fasciolosis atthe Ibadan municipal abattoir Ibadan Oyo State Nigeriabetween 1994 and 2004 based on retrospective abattoir meatinspection records and a perspective meat inspection survey[19] Of the 1640095 cattle slaughtered in 11 years 37828livers were condemned due to fasciolosis translating into aprevalence of 231The incidence observed amongmales 172(424) was slightly higher than that noted for females 452(373) though significant at 005 level of error Moreover

the prevalence recorded in the dry season (OctoberndashMarch)was 19816 (258) and 18012 (207) for the rainy season(AprilndashSeptember) with a fairly strong positive correlation(+076) occurring between the incidences of the disease inthe seasons [18] Another study was carried out between Julyand October 2012 aimed at determining the prevalence offascioliasis and the economic loss of condemned liver due toFasciola infection in cattle slaughtered at three abattoirs inEket Urban Akwa Ibom State Nigeria [20] A total of 279cattle consisting of 185 males and 94 females were examinedThe livers were examined for the adult flukes while the faecalsamples were examined for the eggs of Fasciola The resultof the investigation showed that 38 (1362) of the cattlewere infected with fascioliasis The prevalence rate recordedfor female cattle was 1702 compared to the male withprevalence rate of 1189 [20]

This study would serve to recognize and appreciate themagnitude of problems and losses posed by fascioliasis andalso fill the knowledge gaps (additional reference informa-tion) and update existing information on bovine fascioliasisin Sokoto State and Nigeria at large This will eventuallystimulate the interest to intensify efforts on its monitoringand surveillance towards the control and possible eradicationof the disease in Nigeria

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Sokoto State is geographically located at theNorth Western part of Nigeria between longitude 11∘ 301015840 to13∘ 501015840 East and latitude 4∘ to 6∘ 401015840 North The state sharescommon borders with Niger Republic to the North KebbiState to the South and Zamfara State to the East [21] Thestate falls in the dry Sahel surrounded by sandy Sudan typeSavannah [22]

The state a major livestock producer lying in the aridregion of the country covers a total land area of about32000 square km with an estimated human population of3696999 million [21] There are 23 local government areasin the state and the populace is predominantly farmersBecause of their sparse arable land a good percentage of thepopulace is engaged in animal husbandry The annual meanlivestock population of the former Sokoto State (includingKebbi and Zamfara States which were carved out from theformer Sokoto State in 1991 and 1996 resp) for cattle wasestimated to be 1772830 (17290 densitykm2) 2466484 (24055 densitykm2) for goats 2566246 (25028 densitykm2)for sheep 43960 (0429 densitykm2) for camels and 109484(1068 densitykm2) for dogs [22]

Rainfall starts late in April and ends early in Septemberwith a mean rainfall ranging between 500mm and 1300mmThere are 2 main seasons in the state namely wet and dryseasons The dry season starts from October and lasts up toApril and the wet season begins in most parts of the state inMay and lasts up to September or October [22]

22 Sample Collection The postmortem investigation wasconducted within the month of July 2010 by randomlyexamining 224 out of 1313 cattle slaughtered at the municipalabattoir Sokoto

Advances in Epidemiology 3

Faecal materials were collected into polythene bagsdirectly from the rectum of each of the cattle being sampledafter they have been slaughtered Gloved hands were used infaecal sample collections Bile of each of the cattle used for thestudy was also collected from the gall bladder The samples(bile and faeces) per cattle were each placed in polythene bagsand labeled for proper identificationThe lesions and samplesfor corresponding cattle as well as the breed sex were alsorecorded Samples were preserved in a refrigerator and wereprocessed within 24 hours

3 Sample Processing

31 Faecal Sample Two grams (2 g) of faeces was collectedinto labeled test tubes containing 3mLs of distilled waterThe faecal samples and the distilled water were strained togive a suspension The suspension was strained through atea strainer into a corresponding cleaned labeled Petri dishThe filtrate was poured into corresponding test tubes Onemilliliter (1mL) of 10 formalin was added into the test tubeswhich were allowed to stand for 5 minutes Diethyl-ether(1mL) was added in the test tubes after 5 minutes usingdifferent 18-gauge hypodermic needle and syringe The testtubes containing the suspension were then corked shaken tomix and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 8minutesThe eggs andcysts of the parasites sediment at the bottom and the faecaldebris became separated in a layer between the diethyl-etherand water The supernatant was then decanted leaving few ofit with the sediment Drops (1-2) of the sediment were puton a glass slide covered with cover slip and viewed undermicroscope using times100 magnification

32 Bile Sample From the gall bladder 2mL of the bile wascollected using 18-gauge hypodermic needle The bile samplewas then poured into a labeled test tube in a test tube rack1mL of 10 formalin was added using 18-gauge hypodermicneedle and syringe into the bile sample and then allowed tostand for 5 minutes Diethyl-ether (1mL) was then addedin the test tube after 5 minutes using a different 18-gaugehypodermic needle and syringe The test tube containing thesolution was then corked and shaken tomix the solutionThesolution was then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutesThe eggscysts of the parasites sediment at the bottom ofthe mixture while diethyl-ether with some fat comes up assupernatant The supernatant was decanted leaving few of itwith the sediment Drops (1-2) of the sediment were put ona glass slide and covered with a cover slip and viewed undermicroscope using times100 magnification [23]

4 Results

Out of a total of 1313 cattle slaughtered during the period ofstudy 224 were randomly selected Out of the 224 sampledcattle 62 (2768) were infected Ninety-five (95) of thesewere males with infection rate of 27 (2842) while 129 werefemales with infection rate of 35 (2713) (Table 1)

Out of 100 Sokoto Gudali breeds examined 31 (31) wereinfected and out of 123 of Red Bororo breeds examined 31

Table 1 Prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle in relation to sex

Infected Not infected TotalMale 27 68 95Female 35 94 129Total 62 162 224120594

2 df = 1 119875 = 08312

Table 2 Prevalence of fascioliasis in relation to breeds

Breed Infected Not infected TotalSG 31 69 100RB 31 92 123WF 0 1 1Total 62 162 224SG Sokoto Gudali RB Red Bororo and WF White Fulani120594

2 df = 2 119875 = 05194

(252) were found infected while 1 of White Fulani breedwas free of the disease (Table 2)

Statistical analysis of the data revealed no statisticallysignificant association (119875 gt 005) between infection with theparasite and breed and sex of the sampled animals (Tables 1and 2)

5 Discussion

The study has revealed the prevalence of fascioliasis in cattleslaughtered in the Sokoto metropolitan abattoir SokotoNigeria Disease prevalence was found to be more in malesthan in females This is in accordance with the findings of[24 25] The infection was again more in Sokoto Gudali thanin Red Bororo breed and the White Fulani breed of cattle

The disparity in susceptibility to helminth infectionbetween the 2 sexes could be attributed to the differences inthe host intrinsic factors (genetics physiology and immunol-ogy) and extrinsic factors (environment and managementpractices) The lesions observed are more in males than infemales and more common in Red Bororo than in SokotoGudali probably due to differences in the number of animalsexamined

The prevalence of fascioliasis among cattle recorded inthis researchwork can be attributed to the climatic conditionsof this location which does not favour the survival of theintermediate hosts the snail This intermediate host prefersswampy areas with slowly moving water and small streamswhich also allow sufficient moisture for the survival of theinfective metacercariae In contrast the study area Sokotooccupies low flat and naturally dry land (semiarid area)This probably explains the low percentage of infection withfascioliasis among cattle slaughtered in the abattoir

The general picture of fascioliasis in the study area showsthat there was no significant difference in infection betweenmale and female cattle (119875 gt 005) This is in sharp contrastwith the studies earlier reported by [26 27] who reported ahigher infection rate among the male cattle than the femalecattle from Gwagwalada abattoir Federal Capital TerritoryAbuja Nigeria and Jalingo abattoir Taraba state Nigeria


respectively The possible explanation could be that bothsexesmove together in search of food andwater and thereforepossibility for both sexes to be equally exposed to the risk ofinfection is high [26]

6 Conclusion

The prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle revealed by this workhighlights the infection as being more common in male thanin female and more common in Sokoto Gudali breed thanin Red Bororo breed of cattle with no statistically significantdifference between rate of infection in males and in femalesand also between breeds

Recommendations

Given the reported prevalence of fascioliasis in Sokotometropolitan abattoir a control program in this regionappeared justifiedThe following recommendations are advo-cated for effective control program public enlightenmentabout the disease and the role of snails in the life cycle ofthe parasite as well as associated health risks in animalsand humans artificial pasture land (rangeland system) thatseems to be a good panacea in control of the disease incattle development of well-defined interval for dewormingof cattle especially newly purchased ones with effective drugssuch as albendazole and praziquantel propermeat inspection(with appropriate compensation for condemned animals ortheir parts) that should be revisited and properly enforcedabattoir record keeping that should be reviewed to provideinformation on livestock diseases

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] F M Haridy T A Morsy N I Gawish T N Antonios and AG Abdel Gawad ldquoThe potential reservoir role of donkeys andhorses in zoonotic fascioliasis in Gharbia Governorate EgyptrdquoJournal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology vol 32 no 2 pp561ndash570 2002

[2] H F Farag ldquoHuman fascioliasis in some countries of theEastern Mediterranean Regionrdquo Eastern Mediterranean HealthJournal vol 4 no 1 pp 156ndash160 1998

[3] WHO ldquoReport of the WHO Informal Meeting on use oftriclabendazole in fascioliasis controlrdquo Tech Rep WHOCDSNTDPCT20071 2007

[4] WHO ldquoTriclabendazole and fascioliasismdashanewdrug to combatan age-old diseaserdquo Fact Sheet no 191 1998

[5] S MWalker A E Makundi F V Namuba et al ldquoThe distribu-tion of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola giganticawithin SouthernTanzaniamdashconstraints associated with the intermediate hostrdquoParasitology vol 135 no 4 pp 495ndash503 2008

[6] A Ogunrinade and B I Ogunrinade ldquoEconomic importanceof bovine fascioliasis in Nigeriardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 12 no 3 pp 155ndash160 1980

[7] A A Biu M I Ahmed and S S Mshelia ldquoEconomic assess-ment of losses due to parasitic diseases common at the Maidu-guri abattoir NigeriardquoAfrican Scientist vol 7 no 3 pp 143ndash1452006

[8] J A Irving T W Spithill R N Pike J C Whisstock and P MSmooker ldquoThe evolution of enzyme specificity in Fasciola spprdquoJournal of Molecular Evolution vol 57 no 1 pp 1ndash15 2003

[9] D P McManus and J P Dalton ldquoVaccines against the zoonotictrematodes Schistosoma japonicum Fasciola hepatica and Fasci-ola giganticardquo Parasitology vol 133 no 2 pp S43ndashS61 2006

[10] S Mas-Coma M D Bargues and M A Valero ldquoFascioliasisand other plant-borne trematode zoonosesrdquo International Jour-nal for Parasitology vol 35 no 11-12 pp 1255ndash1278 2005

[11] S M T Marques and M L Scroferneker ldquoFasciola hepaticainfection in cattle and buffaloes in the State of Rio Grande doSul Brazilrdquo Parasitologia Latinoamericana vol 58 no 3-4 pp169ndash172 2003

[12] C Mason ldquoFasciolosis associated with metabolic disease in adairy herd and its effects on health and productivityrdquo CattlePractice vol 12 no 1 pp 7ndash13 2004

[13] O A Adedokun A B Ayinmode and BO Fagbemi ldquo Seasonalprevalence of Fasciola gigantica infection among the sexes inNigerian cattlerdquo Veterinary Research vol 2 no 1 pp 12ndash142008

[14] J P Megard Fasciolosis in Black Africa Merck Sharp amp DohmeResearch Development Paris France 1978

[15] J M Kithuka N Maingi F M Njeruh and J N Ombui ldquoTheprevalence and economic importance of bovine fasciolosis inKenyamdashan analysis of abattoir datardquo Onderstepoort Journal ofVeterinary Research vol 69 no 4 pp 255ndash262 2002

[16] D A Babalola and T W Schillhorn Van Veen ldquoIncidence offascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Bauchi (Nigeria)rdquo TropicalAnimal Health and Production vol 8 no 4 pp 243ndash247 1976

[17] J Maurice ldquoIs something lurking in your liverrdquo New Scientistvol 141 no 1917 pp 26ndash31 1994

[18] T W Schillhorn Van Veen D O B Foloranmi S Usman andT Ishaya ldquoIncidence of liver fluke infections (Fasciola giganticaand Dicrocoelium Hospes) in ruminants in northern NigeriardquoTropical Animal Health and Production vol 12 no 2 pp 97ndash104 1980

[19] M Oladele-Bukola and I A Odetokun ldquoPrevalence of BovineFasciolosis at the Ibadan Municipal Abattoir Nigeriardquo AfricanJournal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development vol 14no 4 pp 9055ndash9070 2014

[20] L P E Usip E S Ibanga H J Edoho E C Amadi and E UtahldquoPrevalence of Fascioliasis and the economic loss of condemnedliver due to Fasciola infection in Cattle slaughtered at threeabattoirs in Eket Urban Akwa Ibom State of Nigeriardquo GlobalAdvanced Research Journal of Food Science and Technology vol3 no 2 pp 54ndash75 2014

[21] National Population Commission (NPC) Census Data of 2006[22] A Bala S Nasiru J A Usman et al ldquoDetection of lead (Pb)

cadmium (Cd) chromium (Cr) nickel (Ni) and magnesiumresidue in kidney and liver of slaughtered cattle in SokotoCentral Abattoir Sokoto State Nigeriardquo International Journal ofLivestock Research vol 4 no 1 pp 74ndash80 2014

[23] M CheesbroughDistrict Laboratory Practice in Tropical Coun-tries part 1 Cambridge University press Cambridge UK 1980

[24] S K Mankau and R Hamilton ldquoThe effect of sex and sexhormones on the infection of rats by Trichinella spiralisrdquoCanadian Journal of Zoology vol 50 no 5 pp 597ndash602 1972


[25] J J Reddington G L Stewart GW Kramar andMA KramarldquoThe effects of host sex and hormones on Trichinella spiralis inthe mouserdquo The Journal of Parasitology vol 67 no 4 pp 548ndash555 1981

[26] H S Idris and A A Madara ldquoVector competence and preva-lence of Fasciola gigantica in cattle slaughtered in Gwagwaladaabattoir Abuja Nigeriardquo Biological and Environmental ScienceJournal for the Tropics vol 1 no 2 pp 48ndash52 2005

[27] S E Obadiah ldquoPreliminary studies on fascioliasis in cattleslaughtered at Jalingo abattoir Taraba state Nigeriardquo NigerianJournal of Science Technology and Environmental Educationvol 3 no 1 pp 143ndash146 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Stem CellsInternational

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

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Behavioural Neurology

EndocrinologyInternational Journal of



Disease Markers


BioMed Research International

OncologyJournal of



Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity


PPAR Research

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

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OphthalmologyJournal of


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Gastroenterology Research and Practice


Parkinsonrsquos Disease

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom


to losses from condemnation of affected organs Humans canaccidentally ingest the eggslarvae and become infected [7]Fasciolosis is enzootic in Nigeria and is of great economicimportance especially in Northern Nigeria where stagnantwater and fadamas are used as watering and grazing sitesin the dry season Fasciola gigantica is estimated to havediverged from F hepatica approximately 17 million years ago[8] and penetrated more tropical regions in Asia and the FarEast where it is the predominant parasitic disease of cattleand water buffalo [9] Fasciola hepatica infects more than300 million cattle and 250 million sheep worldwide andtogether with F gigantica causes significant economic lossesto global agriculture estimated to be more than US$3 billionannually through lost productivity [10] In West AfricaNigeria precisely important economic losses associated withfasciolosis are great expenses on anthelmintics for treatmentliver condemnation production loss due to mortality lowerproduction of meat milk and wool reduced weight gainmetabolic diseases and impaired fertility [11 12] The valueof the losses resulting from this disease runs into millions ofnaira [6] However the estimation of economic losses due tofasciolosis at national and regional level is limited by lack ofaccurate estimation of prevalence of the disease [13] Apartfromdirect economic losses associatedwith the disease othernonquantifiable losses are also experienced

The prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle in many parts ofthe world has been reviewed [14] In Africa [14] quotedprevalence rates of 37 in Sudan 45 in Cameroon 30ndash90 in Ethiopia 16 in Uganda 62 in the Central AfricaRepublic and 50 in Rwanda [15] In Kenya a retrospectivestudy covering a period of 10 years (1990ndash1999) was carriedout using postmortem meat inspection records [15] A totalof 5421188 cattle were slaughtered in the seven provincesof Kenya during the 10-year period and 427 931 (8) ofthese cattle were infected with Fasciola The region with thehighest prevalence of fasciolosis was Western Province (16)followed in descending order by Eastern Province (11)Nyanza Province (9) Rift Valley Province (8) CentralProvince (6) Nairobi Province (4) and Coast Province(35) The total economic loss incurred by the countryduring the 10-year period as a result of condemnation of theinfected livers was approximately US$26 million [15]

In Nigeria prevalence of fascioliasis has been reportedfrom different parts of the country There are also severalreports on the prevalence regional incidence and seasonalvariation for bovine fasciolosis [16 17] From slaughteredcattle in Maiduguri Biu et al [7] reported a prevalence of80 from Zaria Northwest and a prevalence of 654 wasalso reported by [18] A study was conducted to evaluate thenumber of cattle slaughtered prevalence seasonal variationand socioeconomic consequence of bovine fasciolosis atthe Ibadan municipal abattoir Ibadan Oyo State Nigeriabetween 1994 and 2004 based on retrospective abattoir meatinspection records and a perspective meat inspection survey[19] Of the 1640095 cattle slaughtered in 11 years 37828livers were condemned due to fasciolosis translating into aprevalence of 231The incidence observed amongmales 172(424) was slightly higher than that noted for females 452(373) though significant at 005 level of error Moreover

the prevalence recorded in the dry season (OctoberndashMarch)was 19816 (258) and 18012 (207) for the rainy season(AprilndashSeptember) with a fairly strong positive correlation(+076) occurring between the incidences of the disease inthe seasons [18] Another study was carried out between Julyand October 2012 aimed at determining the prevalence offascioliasis and the economic loss of condemned liver due toFasciola infection in cattle slaughtered at three abattoirs inEket Urban Akwa Ibom State Nigeria [20] A total of 279cattle consisting of 185 males and 94 females were examinedThe livers were examined for the adult flukes while the faecalsamples were examined for the eggs of Fasciola The resultof the investigation showed that 38 (1362) of the cattlewere infected with fascioliasis The prevalence rate recordedfor female cattle was 1702 compared to the male withprevalence rate of 1189 [20]

This study would serve to recognize and appreciate themagnitude of problems and losses posed by fascioliasis andalso fill the knowledge gaps (additional reference informa-tion) and update existing information on bovine fascioliasisin Sokoto State and Nigeria at large This will eventuallystimulate the interest to intensify efforts on its monitoringand surveillance towards the control and possible eradicationof the disease in Nigeria

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Sokoto State is geographically located at theNorth Western part of Nigeria between longitude 11∘ 301015840 to13∘ 501015840 East and latitude 4∘ to 6∘ 401015840 North The state sharescommon borders with Niger Republic to the North KebbiState to the South and Zamfara State to the East [21] Thestate falls in the dry Sahel surrounded by sandy Sudan typeSavannah [22]

The state a major livestock producer lying in the aridregion of the country covers a total land area of about32000 square km with an estimated human population of3696999 million [21] There are 23 local government areasin the state and the populace is predominantly farmersBecause of their sparse arable land a good percentage of thepopulace is engaged in animal husbandry The annual meanlivestock population of the former Sokoto State (includingKebbi and Zamfara States which were carved out from theformer Sokoto State in 1991 and 1996 resp) for cattle wasestimated to be 1772830 (17290 densitykm2) 2466484 (24055 densitykm2) for goats 2566246 (25028 densitykm2)for sheep 43960 (0429 densitykm2) for camels and 109484(1068 densitykm2) for dogs [22]

Rainfall starts late in April and ends early in Septemberwith a mean rainfall ranging between 500mm and 1300mmThere are 2 main seasons in the state namely wet and dryseasons The dry season starts from October and lasts up toApril and the wet season begins in most parts of the state inMay and lasts up to September or October [22]

22 Sample Collection The postmortem investigation wasconducted within the month of July 2010 by randomlyexamining 224 out of 1313 cattle slaughtered at the municipalabattoir Sokoto



3 Sample Processing



4 Results





2 df = 1 119875 = 08312



2 df = 2 119875 = 05194



5 Discussion







6 Conclusion


Recommendations




References


































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of


















3 Sample Processing



4 Results





2 df = 1 119875 = 08312



2 df = 2 119875 = 05194



5 Discussion







6 Conclusion


Recommendations




References


































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of


















6 Conclusion


Recommendations




References


































of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of

























of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of





















of






Disease Markers



OncologyJournal of





PPAR Research



Journal of

ObesityJournal of
















Documents

Prevalence of Fascioliasis in Cattle Slaughtered in Sokoto