IMPLEMENTATIONS OF PRIMARY DRUG PREVENTION IN GREECE ANDNETHERLANDS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.

ANDREASTSOUNIS1, PSYCHOLOGIST. MSC “SOCIAL-CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIONSAND PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS”.DEPUTY SCIENTIFIC HEAD OF THE CENTRES FOR THE PREVENTION OF ADDICTION ANDPROMOTING PSYCHOSOCIAL HEALTH MUNICIPALITY OF THESSALONIKI-OKANA.

A b s t r a c tThe subject of this article is the comparative study of prevention implementations in Greece

and the Netherlands. A definition of certain basic concepts is followed by a briefpresentation of the typology and the field of the interventions. Subsequently presentedis the latest epidemiological data related to the use of drugs in the general and schoolpopulation of the two countries. After the presentation of the main elements of theEuropean prevention action plan, the key elements of the national strategic plans arereported, with the presentation of implementation efforts in each one of the twocountries. Based on the latest data for each country, the types, the philosophy and thespan of the interventions in separate fields (universal, selective, indicated) are brieflypresented. Finally, an attempt of comparative assessment of interventions in bothcountries is made.

From when the first Generation Drug Education Programs were implemented until today, alarge number of changes taken place: from challenging old myths, we are nowconfronting the need to overcome new challenges. The requirement of setting qualitystandards in the field of priorities related to demand reduction and accordingly to thepreventive policies, makes it imperative to seek practices which will increase theefficiency of actions. The study and comparison of different examples, the use offindings and the identification of forcible elements and the weaknesses of applicationsin different countries, can contribute positively in that direction.

Key Words: Primary prevention, Greece, Netherlands, Universal interventions, Selective-indicated interventions.

Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς , τεύχος 20, 2012

1 Contact details: 3, B. Anninou str., 54646 Thessaloniki-Greece, tel. +306972071046, e-mail: tsounis_a@yahoo.gr

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¶ Â Ú › Ï Ë „ Ë™ÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Û ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È √Ï-

Ï·Ó‰›·. •ÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·’ ÙËÓ ÔÚÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂÈ· Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ Ù˘ Ù˘ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ.™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È Ù· ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÂȉËÌÈÔÏÔÁÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡ÓÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Î·È Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ô ¯ˆÚÒÓ. ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜,·ÊÔ‡ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÚÈ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ۯ‰›Ô˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›-˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌÒÓ. ∫·ÙfiÈÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Û οıÂÌÈ· ·’ ÙȘ ‰˘Ô ¯ÒÚ˜. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›·, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÓÔÙÈο ÔÈÙ‡ÔÈ, Ë ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Î·È ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ‰›· (ηıÔÏÈÎfi,ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ, ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓÔ). Δ¤ÏÔ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ë Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ·-ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ô ¯ÒÚ˜.

∞’ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ› Ï‹ıÔ˜ ·ÏÏ·-ÁÒÓ, Ô˘ ÍÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·’ ÙË ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ Ì‡ıˆÓ, Ì·˜ ¤ÊÂÚ ·ÓÙÈÌ¤ÙˆÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ˘¤Ú‚·Û˘ Ó¤ˆÓ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛˆÓ. ∏ ··›ÙËÛË Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÔÈÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡-ˆÓ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È Û˘-ÓÂÒ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘, ηıÈÛÙ¿ ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙˆÓÚ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ, Ô˘ ı· ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛˆÓ. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË Î·È Û‡-ÁÎÚÈÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ô ÂÓÙÔÈ-ÛÌfi˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·‰˘Ó·ÌÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÛÙȘ ‰È·-ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ıÂÙÈο Û’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË.

§¤ÍÂȘ ∫ÏÂȉȿ: ¶ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ‹˜ ÚfiÏË„Ë, ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·, ∫·ıÔÏÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ, ∂ÈÎÂ-ÓÙڈ̤Ó˜-ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤Ó˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ.

∂π™∞°ø°∏

∏ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÛÔÛÙÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ‹ οÓÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙËÛÈÔ-ÁfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ¤Ó·ÚÍ˘Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÒÓ· ÛÙÔ Â-‰›Ô ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Ô˘ÛÈÔÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ (∫˘Ú›ÙÛË & ΔÛÈÒÙÚ·, 2004).

Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς , τεύχος 20, 2012

2 ¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜: ª. ∞ÓÓ›ÓÔ˘ 3, Δ∫ 54646, £∂™/¡π∫∏ ΔËÏ. 6972071046,e-mail: tsounis_a@yahoo.gr

øÛÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ-ÛÌ· Â¿Ó ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ϷÓı·Ṳ̂ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂ-ٛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È Ï¤ÔÓ ÁÓˆÛÙfi fiÙÈ ËÌË ÛÙ·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓË ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ‚Ú·¯˘ÚfiıÂÛÌ· ‹ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο ̤ÙÚ·,‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÂÈʤÚÔ˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· (Morgan, 2001).

∂›Ó·È ϤÔÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙfi ˆ˜ ÔÈ ÚÔÏËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÌÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘÂÍ‹˜ ·Ú¯¤˜:

ñ ¡· ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛËÙˆÓ ÂÈ‚·Ú˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË.

ñ ¡· ÌËÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú¿ÓÔ̘ Ô˘Û›Â˜, ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙËӷηٿÏÏËÏË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÓfiÌÈÌ· ‰È·ÙÈı¤ÌÂÓˆÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ.

ñ ¡· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ.

ñ ¡· ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfiÛ˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹.

ñ ¡· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜, ¯ÚÔÓÈο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜.

ñ ¡· Ï·ÈÛÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi Û·ÊÒ˜ ‰È·Ù˘ˆÌ¤Ó˜ Î·È ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤Ó˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ.

ñ √ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ÁÈ· οı ÂȉÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô, ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ô˘ Û˘Ó-‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (EMCDDA, 2010).

ŸÌˆ˜ ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ·’ Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ÎÚ¿ÙË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÛ̇ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·’ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÔÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó·‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÛÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Û˘-ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Û ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·.

√ƒπ√£∂Δ∏™∏ μ∞™π∫ø¡ ∂¡¡√πø¡

∏ ÚfiÏË„Ë ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÙËÓ ÂÏ¿ÙÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ‹ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋˜ Âȉ›ӈ-Û˘ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘. √È È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘-ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂ-Ù·È (πˆ·ÓÓ›‰Ë Î·È Û˘Ó., 1999).

™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Ô˘ÛÈÔÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·˘Í¿-ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘·ÏˆÙfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË fiÛˆÓ ÙÔ ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÔ˘Ó, Û˘Ì‚¿Ï-ÏÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ ‹ ·Ó·‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ¤Ó·Ú͢ Ù˘¯Ú‹Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ (Botvin & Griffin, 2007).

À’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ‰ÂÓ ÂÍ·ÓÙÏÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› Ï‹ıÔ˜Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ, ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛËÌÈ·˜ ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ¿Û˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔ-ÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ (Botvin & Griffin, 2007).

™ÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ Ù˘ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Û ÙÚ›· ›‰·. ™ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ‹Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ-̤ÓÔ˘, ÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹ Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙԘ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¤ÁηÈÚ˘ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ‰Ú¿Û˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÙÚÈÙÔÁÂÓ‹ Ô˘ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙË Ì›ˆ-ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÂÈÒÓ (Cowen, 1983).

94 Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς

™‹ÌÂÚ· ϤÔÓ ÙÔ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù¤ÛÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÚÔˆı‹ıËη’ ÙÔ Institute of Medicine (1994) ÙË ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Û ηıÔÏÈ΋ (universal), ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË(selective) Î·È ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓË (indicated). ∂‰Ò ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ù˘ Ù˘ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ›ӷÈϤÔÓ Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÛÙfi¯Ô˜.

√È Î·ıÔÏÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ó·ÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Î·È ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â›Ù ¿ÌÂÛ· Û·ȉȿ Î·È Ó¤Ô˘˜, ›Ù ¤ÌÌÂÛ· Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ (.¯. ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÁÔÓ›˜Î.·.). √È ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰Â˜ÙÔ˘ Ó·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ì ¢¿ÏˆÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ Û˘-ÓÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂȉÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ (.¯. ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Û ·È‰È¿ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ‹ ·ÏÎÔÔ-ÏÈÎÒÓ). Δ¤ÏÔ˜ Ë ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓË ÚfiÏË„Ë ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û fiÛÔ˘˜¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂΉËÏÒÛÂÈ ÚÒÈÌ· ÛËÌ¿‰È· ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ‹ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ô˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì’ ·˘Ù‹ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ¤ÁηÈÚË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Û ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ›‰Ô(NIDA, 2003).

™Â fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÔÈ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÙÚ›·Â‰›·. ΔȘ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfiÏ·›ÛÈÔ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘, ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÙȘ ·-ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·ÎÒÓ‰ÂÛÌÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÔÓÂ˚ÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·.™ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂Ó˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂ-ÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È Ì ۷ʋ Î·È Û˘Ó¯‹ ÌÂ-ٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌËӇ̷ٷ (NIDA, 2003).

∂¶π∫ƒ∞Δ∏™∏ Δ∏™ Ã∏™∏™ √À™πø¡ ™Δ√¡ °∂¡π∫√ ∫∞π ª∞£∏Δπ∫√ ¶§∏£À™ª√ Δø¡ ¢À√ Ãøƒø¡.

∏ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ·ÓÂÏÏ‹ÓÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÂÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘-ÛÌÔ‡ (ËÏÈΛ·˜ 12-64 ÂÙÒÓ) ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ ∂¶πæÀ ÙÔ 2004. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ·ӿÏË„ËÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·’ ÙÔ 1984 Û ÌË Ù·ÎÙ¿ ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·.

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ÙÔ 8,6% ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 12-64 ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȤÛÙˆ Î·È ÌÈ· ÊÔÚ¿ οÔÈ· ·Ú¿ÓÔÌ‹ Ô˘Û›· (΢ڛˆ˜ οÓÓ·‚Ë), ÙÔ 3,8% 1-2 ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ4,8% ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ 3 ÊÔÚ¤˜. Δ· ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜(13,3% ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 3,9% ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜), ÛÙȘ ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ 25-35 ÂÙÒÓ (12,4%) Î·È 18-24ÂÙÒÓ (12%), Û ¿ÙÔÌ· ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ (14,6% ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 10,2% Î·È 5,4%̤ÛÔ˘ Î·È ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡), ÂÓÒ ·fi ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È Ë ∞ı‹Ó· (12,5% ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ7,9% ÛÙË £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË Î·È 7,3% ÛÙȘ ÏÔȤ˜ ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜) (∫ÔÎΤ‚Ë Î·È Û˘Ó. 2007).

√ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ¯Ú‹ÛË ·Ú¿ÓÔÌˆÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ÌÈ· ÊÔÚ¿ ‰ÈÏ·ÛÈ¿-ÛÙËΠÌÂٷ͇ 1984 Î·È 2004. ™Â Â›Â‰Ô Â›ÙˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÎÔڇʈ-ÛË ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 90, ÔfiÙ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ·Ó·ÛÙÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ·ÓÔ-‰È΋˜ Ù¿Û˘. ¶ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÂͿψÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ÂÚÓ¿ Â‰Ò ·’ ÙËÊ¿ÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Û’ ·˘Ù‹ Ù˘ ˆÚ›Ì·ÓÛ˘ (∫ÔÎΤ‚Ë Î·È Û˘Ó. 2007).

™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÙÔ2005, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÙÔ 1997 Î·È 2001, ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ˆÛÙfiÛԉȷÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ (Trimbos-instituut, 2009).

Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς 95

96 Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ÛÙÔȯ›· Ë ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ οÓÓ·‚˘ ÌÈ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ÛÙȘ ËÏÈ˘ 15-64 ·˘Í‹ıËΠÙÔ 2005 Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ 2001 Î·È ÙÔ 1997 (22,6%,19,5%Î·È 19,1% ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·). ™Ù·ıÂÚ‹ ·‡ÍËÛË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛÂ Î·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ¤ÎÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ·ÓÙ›-ÛÙÔȯ˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ (3,4%, 3,2% Î·È 2,3%) ÂÓÒ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ¯Ú‹-ÛË ·ÌÊÂÙ·ÌÈÓÒÓ (2,1%,2% Î·È 2,2% ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·) Î·È LSD (1,4%, 1,2% Î·È 1,5% ·ÓÙ›-ÛÙÔȯ·). Δ¤ÏÔ˜ ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·‡ÍËÛË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛÂ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ËÚˆ›Ó˘ (0,6% ÙÔ 2005 ·fi0,2% ÙÔ 2001 Î·È 0,3% ÙÔ 1997) Î·È ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÎÔη˝Ó˘ (2,6%, 2,1% ηÈ3,4%) (Trimbos-instituut, 2009).

∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÛÔÛÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ô ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Û·ÊÒ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ Ô˘Û›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √Ï-Ï·Ó‰›·˜ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1).

¶π¡∞∫∞™ 1. ∂¶π∫ƒ∞Δ∏™∏ Δ∏™ Ã∏™∏™ ¶∞ƒ∞¡√ªø¡ √À™πø¡ (ªπ∞ Δ√À§∞Ãπ™Δ√¡ º√ƒ∞ ™Δ∏ ¢π∞ƒ∫∂π∞ Δ∏™∑ø∏™) ™Δπ™ ∏§π∫π∂™ 15-64 ™Δ√ °∂¡π∫√ ¶§∏£À™ª√.

ÃÒÚ· ÃÚÔÓÈ¿ °ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ∏ÏÈ˘ ∫¿ÓÓ·‚Ë ∫Ôη˝ÓË ∞ÌÊÂٷ̛Ә ŒÎÛÙ·ÛË LSD‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·

¤Ú¢ӷ˜

∂ÏÏ¿‰· 2004 ∂ıÓÈ΋ (¶ÏËÓ 15-64 8,9% 0,7% 0,1% 0,4% 0,3%ÓËÛÈÒÓ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘

Î·È πÔÓ›Ô˘)

√ÏÏ·Ó‰›· 2005 ∂ıÓÈ΋ 15-64 22,6% 3,4% 2,1% 4,3% 1,4%

¶ËÁ‹: ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·fi ∂MCDDA Statistical bulletin 2011 GPSpartii (2012f).

∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ ÛÙȘ ËÏÈ˘ 15-34 (Ó¤ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ) (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2).

¶π¡∞∫∞™ 2. ∂¶π∫ƒ∞Δ∏™∏ Δ∏™ Ã∏™∏™ ¶∞ƒ∞¡√ªø¡ √À™πø¡ (ªπ∞ Δ√À§∞Ãπ™Δ√¡ º√ƒ∞ ™Δ∏ ¢π∞ƒ∫∂π∞ Δ∏™∑ø∏™) ™Δπ™ ∏§π∫π∂™ 15-34 (¡∂√π ∂¡∏§π∫∂™) ™Δ√ °∂¡π∫√ ¶§∏£À™ª√.

ÃÒÚ· ÃÚÔÓÈ¿ °ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ∏ÏÈ˘ ∫¿ÓÓ·‚Ë ∫Ôη˝ÓË ∞ÌÊÂٷ̛Ә ŒÎÛÙ·ÛË LSD‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·

¤Ú¢ӷ˜

∂ÏÏ¿‰· 2004 ∂ıÓÈ΋ (¶ÏËÓ 15-34 10,8% 1% 0,2% 0,6% 0,4%ÓËÛÈÒÓ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘

Î·È πÔÓ›Ô˘)

√ÏÏ·Ó‰›· 2005 EıÓÈ΋ 15-34 32,3% 4,9% 3% 8,1% 1,5%

¶ËÁ‹: ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·fi ∂MCDDA Statistical bulletin 2011 GPSpartii (2012f).

øÛÙfiÛÔ ·ÚfiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ·Ú¿ÓÔÌˆÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û fiϘ ÙȘ Ô˘Û›Â˜ Î·È ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfiÙ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ fiˆ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓ¤ÛÈÌ˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ·’ ·˘ÙfiÙ˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜. ŒÙÛÈ ÂÓÒ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ë ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙȘ ËÏÈ˘ 15-64 ·ÁÁ›-

˙ÂÈ ÙÔ 3,2%, ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Â›Ó·È 1,6%. ∏ ÂÓ¤ÛÈÌË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙȘ ›‰È˜ ËÏÈ-˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· 1,4% Î·È 0,2% (™¯‹Ì·Ù· 1 Î·È 2).

™Ã∏ª∞ 1. ¶ƒ√μ§∏ª∞Δπ∫∏ Ã∏™∏ ™Δπ™ ∏§π∫π∂™ 15-64 (¶√™√™Δ√ ∞¡∞ 1000 ∫∞Δ√π∫√À™).

¶ËÁ‹: ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹·fi ∂MCDDA DataSheet: Netherlands-Greece (2012a,b).

™Ã∏ª∞ 2. ∂¡∂™πª∏ Ã∏™∏ ™Δπ™ ∏§π∫π∂™ 15-64 (¶√™√™Δ√ ∞¡∞ 1000 ∫∞Δ√π∫√À™).

¶ËÁ‹: ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·fi ∂MCDDA DataSheet: Netherlands-Greece (2011a,b).

™’fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙÔÓ Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔ-ÔÈ‹ıËΠÙÔ 2011 ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ·ÓÂ˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ESPAD. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ Ù˘ ÙÔ 15,2% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 15-19 ¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ ¯Ú‹ÛË Î¿ÔÈ·˜ ·-Ú¿ÓÔÌ˘ Ô˘Û›·˜ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ÌÈ· ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘, ÂÓÒ Ë ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· (9,8%) ¤¯ÂÈ Â·-Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÚÂȘ ÊÔÚ¤˜. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÛÙ· ·Áfi-ÚÈ· Ì ÌÈ· ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· 2,5 ÚÔ˜ 1 ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙ· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·. ∂ÈÎÚ·Ù¤ÛÙÂÚË ·Ú¿ÓÔÌË Ô˘-Û›· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë Î¿ÓÓ·‚Ë. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ÌÈ· ÊÔÚ¿ ·Ó·-ʤÚÂÙ·È ·’ ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ 15-19 ÂÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ ·-Ú¿ÓÔ̘ Ô˘Û›Â˜ (13,3%),ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ËÏÈ˘ 13-14 ÂÙÒÓ (1,7%). ¶ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË(¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ÌÈ· ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙÔ 10,4% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ 15-19 ÂÙÒÓÎ·È ÙˆÚÈÓ‹ ¯Ú‹ÛË (ηٿ ÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô Ì‹Ó· ÙÔ 6,3% (∂¶πæÀ, 2012).

™Â Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙË ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÛÈÂÓÙ·-ÂÙ›· ۯ‰fiÓ ÙÚÈÏ·ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È (·fi 6% ÙÔ 1984 Û 15,3% ÙÔ 2011). ª¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi-ÙÂÚË ¯Ú‹ÛË (3+ÊÔÚ¤˜) ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·’ ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ (∂¶πæÀ, 2012).

™Ù· Û¯‹Ì·Ù· 3 Î·È 4 Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ÔÈ ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹ÔÙ Ԣ-Û›·˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Î¿ÓÓ·‚˘.

Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς 97

4

3

2

1

0

Eλλάδα

Ολλανδία

1,5

1

0,5

0

Eλλάδα

Ολλανδία

™Ã∏ª∞ 3. ¢π∞Ã√¡π∫∂™ ª∂Δ∞μ√§∂™ ™Δ∏ Ã∏™∏ √¶√π∞™¢∏¶√Δ∂ ¶∞ƒ∞¡√ª∏™ √À™π∞™ ™Δ√À™ ª∞£∏Δ∂™15-19 ∂Δø¡ (∂§§∞¢∞).

¶ËÁ‹: ∂¶πæÀ ŒÎıÂÛË ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ ESPAD 2011 (2012).

™Ã∏ª∞ 4. ¢π∞Ã√¡π∫∂™ ª∂Δ∞μ√§∂™ ™Δ∏ Ã∏™∏ ∫∞¡¡∞μ∏™ ™Δ√À™ ª∞£∏Δ∂™ 15-19 ∂Δø¡ (∂§§∞¢∞).

¶ËÁ‹: ∂¶πæÀ ŒÎıÂÛË ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ ESPAD 2011 (2012).

∏ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹-ıËΠ›Û˘ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ·ÓÂ˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ESPAD ÙÔ 2007, ÔfiÙ ٷ ÈÔÚfiÛÊ·Ù· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ÛÙ·Ì·Ù¿Ó ے ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ¿(Trimbos-instituut, 2008).

98 Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς

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1984 1993 1998 2003 2007 2011

Παράνομη ουσία ≥1φορά σε όλη τη ζωή

Παράνομη ουσία 1-2φορές σε όλη τη ζωή τοντελευταίο χρόνο

Παράνομη ουσία ≥3φορές σε όλη τη ζωή

16

14

12

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1984 1993 1998 2003 2007 2011

Κάνναβη ≥1 φορά σε όλη τη ζωή

Κάνναβη ≥1 φορά των τελευταίο μήνα

Κάνναβη ≥1 φορά τον τελευταίο χρόνο

Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς 99

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Ë Î¿ÓÓ·‚Ë ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË Û˘-¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓË Ô˘Û›·. ΔÔ 2,3% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 12 ÂÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ 30%ËÏÈΛ·˜ 16 ÂÙÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó οÓÂÈ ¯Ú‹ÛË Î¿ÓÓ·‚˘ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ÌÈ· ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ™’ fiÙÈ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ¿ÏϘ Ô˘Û›Â˜ Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹˜ Â›Ó·È 2,4% ÁÈ· ¯Ú‹ÛË ¤ÎÛÙ·ÛË, 1,7%ÁÈ· ÎÔη˝ÓË, 1,9% ÁÈ· ·ÌÊÂٷ̛Ә, 2,3% ÁÈ· Ì·ÁÈο Ì·ÓÈÙ¿ÚÈ· Î·È 0,8% ÁÈ· ËÚˆ›ÓË.Δ· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÓÔ‡ÌÂÚ· ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô Ì‹Ó· ‹Ù·Ó 0,8% ÁÈ· ¤ÎÛÙ·ÛË, ÎÔ-η˝ÓË Î·È ·ÌÊÂٷ̛Ә, 0,6% ÁÈ· Ù· Ì·ÁÈο Ì·ÓÈÙ¿ÚÈ· Î·È 0,4% ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ËÚˆ›ÓË.

™’ fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘Û fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ 1988 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 1996 Î·È Ì›ˆÛË ·fi ÙÔ 1996 ¤ˆ˜ÙÔ 2007, ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î¿ÓÓ·‚Ë, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¿ÏϘ Ô˘Û›Â˜ (™¯‹Ì· 5).

™Ã∏ª∞ 5. ∂¶π∫ƒ∞Δ∏™∏ Δ∏™ Ã∏™∏™ ¶∞ƒ∞¡√ªø¡ √À™πø¡ ™Δ√À™ ª∞£∏Δ∂™ 12-18 ∂Δø¡ ™Δ∏ ¢π∞ƒ∫∂π∞√§∏™ Δ∏™ ∑ø∏™ (√§§∞¡¢π∞).

¶ËÁ‹: ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·fi Trimbos-instituut, (2008).

∂ıÓÈΤ˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÚfiÏË„Ë - ™‡ÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋.√È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÙ· ÂıÓÈο Û¯¤‰È· ‰Ú¿Û˘.

™Â fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ¢Ú¿Û˘(2008-2012) ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ‰˘Ô ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜: ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ηÈÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÚ›· ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù·, ÙÔÛ˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi, ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË(Council of Europe, 2008).

∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÍÔÓ· ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·ÈÌ ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘, ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÚԂϤÂÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ηÈÓÔÙÔ-ÌÈÒÓ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ηıÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËı›,ÂÓÒ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·Ó·Áη›· Ë ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÁÈ· ÔÌ¿‰Â˜

1988 1992 1996 1999 2003 2007

Kάνναβη

Έκσταση

Κοκαΐνη

Αμφεταμίνες

Μαγικά Μανιτάρια

Ηρωίνη

25

20

15

10

5

0

˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘. ∂›Û˘ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂ-Ù·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË, ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ηÙ¢ı˘ÓÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙ˜ڷÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÔÈÔÙÈο ÚfiÙ˘· ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô Ù›ıÂ-Ù·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓԉȿÁÚ·ÌÌ· ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 2012, ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈ-Ù¢¯ı› Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›Â‰Ô Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ÔÈÔÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·Î·È ÚfiÙ˘· (Council of Europe, 2008).

°È· ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓԘۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ Ô‡Ù ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÌËÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÍÈÔ-ÏÔÁËı› ·ÚÎÒ˜ Ë ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∂›Û˘ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ ÛΤÏÔ˜ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ‰È·›ÛÙ¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ, ÔÔ‡ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ¯ÚÔÓÈο fiÚÈ·, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ·ÚÎÂÙ‹ ·fi-ÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Î·Ï˘Êı›. ™ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ηÈÙ˘ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ¿Óˆ Û ÎÚ›ÛÈ̘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈο Ë Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›Ô˘ PERK ÙÔ 2010.

ΔÔ PERK (Prevention and Evaluation Resources Kit) ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Á‡ÚÔ ·’ ÙÔ ıÂ-ˆÚËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ·-ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·ÓÔȯÙfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ô˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ··ÓÙ¿ Û fiÏ· Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙfiÛÔ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¯·Ú¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ÚfiÏË-„˘, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·-ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛËÁËÙÈ΋ ¤ÎıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘,Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Á‡Úˆ ·’ ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (EMCDDA,2010).

ΔÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∂ıÓÈÎfi ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÁÈ· Ù· Ó·ÚΈÙÈο (2008-2012) ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ÚԂϤÂÈ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¿ÍÔÓ· Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ‰¤Î· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷÚԂϤÂÈ: ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›· ÚfiÏ˄˘, ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ̤ۈÙ˘ ÌÂÙÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙˆÓ ∫¤ÓÙÚˆÓ ¶ÚfiÏ˄˘, ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÀÁ›·˜ ÛÙ· Û¯Ô-Ï›·, ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÁÚ·Ê›ˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ Û fiÏ· Ù· ȉڇ̷ٷ ÙÚÈÙÔ‚¿ı-ÌÈ·˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÙËÓ Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ÁÔÓ›˜, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú-Á›· ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÔ‡ ÙfiÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÙËÓ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Úfi-Ï˄˘ ÛÙÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙËÏÂ-Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÒ-ıËÛË ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ¢·ı›˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ (ÀÀ∫∞, 2008).

øÛÙfiÛÔ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÎfiÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ ∂ıÓÈÎfi ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ¢Ú¿Û˘ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ ¤Ó· “Û¯¤-‰ÈÔ Â› ¯¿ÚÙÔ˘”. ∂ÎÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Ô˘ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó ‹‰Ë Û ÂͤÏÈÍË ‰ÂÓ ˘ÏÔÔÈ‹ıË-Πη̛· ·’ ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·Ó ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÈÔ ÚÔ¯ˆÚË̤ÓÔ˘ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ‡ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡, ηıÒ˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÊÔÚ¤·˜ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÙÔ ∂ıÓÈÎfi∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ∂Í·ÚÙ‹ÛˆÓ, ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËΠÔÙ¤.

™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Û ÂͤÏÈÍË.√È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ Ó·ÚΈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔÓ Â·Ó·-ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘Ì¤Û· ·fi ‰ÈÔÚıˆÙÈΤ˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ (Trimbos-instituut, 2011).

ΔÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹˘Á›·˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛËÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ, ›Ù ̤۷ ·fi Ì·˙ÈΤ˜ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›˜, ›Ù ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜

100 Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς

Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς 101

ÚfiÏ˄˘ Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (The Healthy School andDrugs), ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿Óˆ ·’ Ù· ÌÈÛ¿ Û¯ÔÏ›· Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜. ŸÌˆ˜ ·Ó Î·È ÔȉڷÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi, Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ·fi ¯·ÌËÏ¿ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· Î·È Û ÛÙÔ¯Â˘Ì¤Ó˜‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, fiˆ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Û ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ „˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·˜ (Government of theNetherlands, 2012; EMCDDA, 2012c).

∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ Ë √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· Ì·˙› Ì ÙËÓ ∞˘ÛÙÚ›· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÙÚÈ¿ÓÙ· ¯Ò-Ú˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ¶·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÎÔÓ‹ÛÂÈ Î¿-ÔÈÔ ∂ıÓÈÎfi ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ¢Ú¿Û˘ ÛÙ· ÚfiÙ˘· ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ.

∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ¶ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·√ ·ÚÈÔ˜ ÊÔÚ¤·˜ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÙˆÓ 71

∫¤ÓÙÚˆÓ ¶ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÙˆÓ ∂Í·ÚÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ¶ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ æ˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÀÁ›·˜ Ô˘ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ √.∫∞.¡∞. Ì ÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛËÎ·È ÙÔÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜. ¶·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â›Û˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ¶·È‰Â›·˜Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÀÁ›·˜ Î·È ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ∫∂£∂∞, ÙË ÌÔÓ¿‰· “18∞¡ø” ÙÔ˘ æ.¡.∞., ÙÔ ¶Úfi-ÁÚ·ÌÌ· “∞ƒ°ø” ÙÔ˘ æ.¡.£., ÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ¢È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ æ˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ¶Â-Ú›ı·Ï„˘, ÙÔÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∂Ú˘ıÚfi ™Ù·˘Úfi, ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ‰˘Ô ÊÔÚ›˜ Ù˘ÂÎÎÏËÛ›·˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ı· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙ› ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙˆÓ 71 ∫¤ÓÙÚˆÓ ¶ÚfiÏ˄˘,ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ.

•ÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·’ ÙȘ ηıÔÏÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› fiÙÈ Ë ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ‰Ú¿ÛˆÓÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¿ÁÈ· ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ùfi-ÛÔ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ¯¿Ú·Í˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi¤ÙÔ˜ 2009-2010 Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó Û ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ 2,7% ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ, ÙÔ 0,3% ÙˆÓ ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ 1% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙÔ 10,2%, ÙÔ0,2% Î·È ÙÔ 2,3% ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·. ™Â Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ¤ÙÔ˜·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠÌÈÎÚ‹ ·‡ÍËÛË, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ-ÎÚfiÙÂÚË ·’ Ù· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· (∂∫Δ∂¶¡, 2011).

∂‰Ò ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÂȈ̤ÓË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Ù˘ Û¯Ô-ÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ˘Á›·˜, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ÚfiÏË„Ë˜ÙˆÓ ÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. μ·ÛÈ΋ ·ÈÙ›· ÁÈ· οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ë ÌËÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂȘ, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡-Û ıÂÙÈο ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ· (∂∫Δ∂¶¡, 2011).

ΔÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜˘Á›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ·È‰Â›·˜, fiÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·ÈÂÓÙfi˜ Ù˘ ¢¤ÏÈÎÙ˘ ˙ÒÓ˘, ÂÓÒ ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· ÂÎÙfi˜ ˆÚÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜.∫·È ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈ΋‚¿ÛË. ΔÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ï¿ ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ªÂÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ï‹ıÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ, ÔÏÏ¿ ·’ Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú-ÁËı› ·’ Ù· ›‰È· Ù· ΤÓÙÚ· ÚfiÏ˄˘, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈο ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ·, ÌÂÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈÛÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi (∂∫Δ∂¶¡, 2011).

102 Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς

∫·ıÔÏÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â›Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ̤۷ ·fi ‰˘Ô Ù‡Ô˘˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿-ÛˆÓ: ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ Î·È Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, Ô˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‚Ú·¯Â›Â˜ ·ÓÔÈ-¯Ù¤˜ ÌÂÌÔӈ̤Ó˜ ‹ ·ӷϷ̂·ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ÁÔÓ›˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ÚfiÏË„Ë˜Î·È „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ (ÔÌ¿‰Â˜/Û¯ÔϤ˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ),Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ì ·ÚÈÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘˜.

∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ 2010 Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û˘ÓÔÏÈο 149 ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘-¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘Ì 4037 Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Î·È 317 ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ (Û¯ÔϤ˜ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ) Ì 4539Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÂÓÙ·ÂÙ›· ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ·ÓÔ‰È΋ ÔÚ›· Û fiÙÈ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Û ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ (∂∫Δ∂¶¡, 2011).

Δ¤ÏÔ˜ ηıÔÏÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. √Ì¿‰Â˜ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Â›Ó·È΢ڛˆ˜ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜, ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙ· ÛÒÌ·Ù· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ¤ÓÔϘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ,·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ ˘Á›·˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ Ô˘ ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ·ʋ Ì Ӥ-Ô˘˜ (.¯. ÔÌ·‰¿Ú¯Â˜ Û ηٷÛÎËÓÒÛÂȘ, ÈÂÚ›˜ Î.¿.).

∏ ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ÚfiÏË„Ë ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıÔÏÈ΋. ΔÔ2010 Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó 9 ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÌÂ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹395 Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·fi 10 Û¯ÔÏ›· ηÈ34 ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi 3 Û¯ÔÏ›· Ì ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Û ӤԢ˜ Û ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈ΋¯Ú‹ÛË, „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‹ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘. Δ·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Û ӤԢ˜ ·fi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË-̤Ó˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ 2 ÛÙË £Ú¿ÎË Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ ·ıÈÁÁ·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÁˆÁ‹˜ ·fiΤÓÙÚ· ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ÌÈ· ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Û ·È‰È¿ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ÚfiÏ˄˘ÙÔ˘ ∫∂£∂∞ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó·. ªÈÎÚ‹ ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, fiÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÌÔÓÔÁÔÓÂ˚ÎÒÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈÒÓ, ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ-ÒÓ ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ (∂∫Δ∂¶¡, 2011).

¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ›Û˘ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ Û ȉڇ̷ٷ, ΤÓÙÚ· ÊÈ-ÏÔÍÂÓ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÓÈÎÔ‡/ÛˆÊÚÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·-ÙÔ˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ∫∂£∂∞. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ë ÌÔÓ¿‰· π∫∞ƒ√™ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ ·ÚÂÌ-‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Á˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ º˘Ï·ÎÒÓ ∞ÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ∞˘ÏÒÓ·, ÂÓÒ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Î·È Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Û‰ÈηÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ¤˜ ·ÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· (∫∂£∂∞, 2011).

™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË «∂Ó›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰ÈÔ‡ ηٿ ÙÔ ªÂÙ·‚·ÙÈÎfi™Ù¿‰ÈÔ ·fi ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔ °˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ» Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·’ ÙÔ 2008 ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· ·’ÙÔ ∫∂£∂∞. ΔÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ·È‰È¿ 11-15 ÂÙÒÓ ·fi ÌË ÚÔÓÔÌÈÔ‡¯Â˜ ÔÈÎÔ-Á¤ÓÂȘ Û ÂÈ‚·Ú˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÂ‡Ô˘Û·˜. ∂ȉÈÎÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ›-Ó·È Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë Ù˘ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÎÔ‹˜(∫∂£∂∞, 2012).

™’ fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓË ÚfiÏË„Ë, Ù· ΤÓÙÚ· ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ٷ Û¯ÔÏ›·Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi Û¯ÂÙÈ-Îfi ·›ÙËÌ·. ΔÔ 2010 ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›¯ıËÎ·Ó 152 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·ÓÂÏÏ·‰Èο. ∂›Û˘ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤Ó˷ڤ̂·ÛË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË Û ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (.¯. ÁÔÓ›˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓÔ˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜), fiÔ˘ ηٿ ÙÔ 2010 Ù· ΤÓÙÚ· ÚfiÏË-„˘ ‰¤¯ÙËÎ·Ó ¿Óˆ ·fi 3400 ¿ÙÔÌ·. ΔËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ë ÌÔÓ¿‰· π∫∞ƒ√™ ÙÔ˘ ∫∂£∂∞·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Û ӤԢ˜ ·fi ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ·-Ú·¤ÌÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ‰ÈηÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ¤˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔ-Ú›˜ (∂∫Δ∂¶¡, 2011; ∫∂£∂∞, 2012).

Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς 103

∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ¶ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·™ÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·’ ÙÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ÀÁ›-

·˜, ¶ÚfiÓÔÈ·˜ Î·È ∞ıÏËÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Trimbos-instituut(Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÊÔ-Ú›˜, fiˆ˜ ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·. ΔÔ Trimbos-instituut ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘÚfiÏ˄˘, Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙÔÈο ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‹ÌÔ˘˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ٷ Û¯ÔÏ›·Î·È ÙÔÈο ·Ú·ÚÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ „˘-¯È΋ ˘Á›· (Trimbos-instituut, 2011).

∏ ηıÔÏÈ΋ ÚfiÏË„Ë Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ “HealthySchool and Drugs” Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ “GoingOut, Alcohol and Drugs” Î·È “Alcohol and Prevention” (EMCDDA, 2012c).

ΔÔ “Healthy School and Drugs” ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Â‰Ò Î·È ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ˘ÏÒÓ·˜ ÚfiÏ˄˘ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ 64%-73% ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Âη›‰Â˘-ÛË ¶ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ·ÏÎÔfiÏ ÙÔÓ Î·Ófi Î·È ÙËÓοÓÓ·‚Ë, Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÛÙÔ¯Â˘Ì¤Ó˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Û ÁÔÓ›˜ ηȷȉȿ (.¯. Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛËÛÙËÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î.¿.). ™Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È Ô ¤ÁηÈÚÔ˜ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ.∂Ê·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÙÔÈÎfi ÊÔÚ¤·˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËı› ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ (OJJDP, 2012).

∂ÈϤÔÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎÂ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ “PreventingHeavy Alcohol Use in Adolescents” (PAS). ∂›Ó·È ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËı› ÛÙÔ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·È ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠ۠·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÛÙË ™Ô˘Ë‰›· (Koning et al., 2009).

∂ÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì ÈÔ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·“Alcohol and Education”. ∫‡ÚÈÔ˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ô ‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ηٷ-ӿψÛ˘ ·ÏÎÔfiÏ Û ËÏÈ˘ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ÙˆÓ 16 ÂÙÒÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓËÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›·; ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ̤ۈ ¤ÓÙ˘Ô˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÔÙÈÎÔ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÙËÓ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ Û ÁÔÓ›˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ-‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· (Trimbos-instituut, 2009).

™Â Â›Â‰Ô ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ΔÔ “DutchStrengthening Families Program” ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘ÓÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ¯Ú‹Û˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ Ë ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ (Trimbos-instituut, 2009).

Δ·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î·È ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ô˘ Ë ·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∞˘-ÛÙÚ·Ï›·, ÙÔ Triple-P (Positive Pedagogical Program). ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÚÔÒıËÛËÙ˘ „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ¢ÂÍ›·˜ Û ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô-ÓÙ·˜ ÙË ıÂÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙË Ì›ˆ-ÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÈÛÙ·Ûȷ΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ̤ÓÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı›, ·Ó Î·È Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜¯ÒÚ˜ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÙÒÚ· ‰Â›ÍÂÈ ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·(Trimbos-instituut, 2010).

∏ ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ÚfiÏË„Ë ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Â›Û˘ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Û ӤԢ˜ ÛÙÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ Î·È Û ¯Ò-ÚÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÛΤ‰·Û˘. Δ· ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ª.∫.√. ÛÂ Û˘-ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ (EMCDDA, 2012c).

104 Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς

ªÂ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË Î·ÏÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıÔÏÈ΋, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ÚfiÏË„Ë, ÙÔÓ √ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2010 ȉڇıËΠÙÔ Centre Safe andHealthy Nightlife ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Trimbos Î·È ÙÔ˘√ÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎÔ‡ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ¶ÚfiÏ˄˘ Ù˘ ∂ÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∫‡ÚÈÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Î·È ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔˆıËıÂ›Ô Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Û ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ Ó˘¯ÙÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ‰È·ÛΤ‰·Û˘(Trimbos-instituut, 2011).

™ÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤Ó˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Â›Û˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÛÙÈ¿-˙Ô˘Ó Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘. ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÂ˜Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔ-ÛÔ¯‹˜, Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ·˘ÍË̤ÓË ÚÔ‹ ÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ¤¯Ô˘Óۯ‰ȷÛÙ› ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi (Trimbos-instituut, 2010).

ΔÔ “Parent Management Training Oregon” (PTMO) ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û ÁÔÓ›˜ Ì ·È‰È¿ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 4-12ÂÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜. ∂Ê·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛ˘ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ(Trimbos-instituut, 2010).

ŒÓ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ “Coping Power Program”. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi-Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÚ·ÂÈÒÓ Û ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ·È‰È¿ Ì ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔ-ÛÔ¯‹˜ (Zonnevylle-Benderetal, 2007).

π‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ·ÍÈÔÔ›-ËÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. ™ÙËÓ Î·ıÔÏÈ΋ ÚfiÏË„Ë ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·-Ù˘¯ı› ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ “Healthy Schooland Drugs”. ∞ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ,ÂÓÒ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ̤ۈ ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÓ‰Â-‰ÂÈÁ̤Ó˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘. Δ·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ̤ۈ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ¯Â˘Ì¤-ÓË ÂÓË̤ڈÛË Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡, fiˆ˜ ¤ÊË‚ÔÈ, ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·Ù›-˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ Ô˘Û›Â˜ (Trimbos-instituut, 2010).

Δ¤ÏÔ˜ ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· Ì·˙ÈÎÒÓ ÂÎÛÙÚ·ÙÂÈÒÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘-Ó¯Ҙ ·’ Ù· ̤۷ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 90. ∏ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›·˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·’ ÙÔÓ π·ÓÔ˘¿ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2010 Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ Ù›ÙÏÔ: “Smoking, Alcohol andCannabis Education: Advice and Support to Parents”. Œ¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÁÔÓ›˜ Ì ·È‰È¿10-16 ÂÙÒÓ Î·È ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ·ÏÎÔfiÏ Û ËÏÈ-˘ οو ÙˆÓ 16. °È· ÙÔ 2011 ۯ‰ȿÛÙËΠÌÈ· ·ÎfiÌË Ì·˙È΋ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›· Ì ›ÎÂÓÙÚÔÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ›ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ (Trimbos-instituut, 2011).

™˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ¶·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ô ¯ÒÚ˜ªÂÏÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ηÓ›˜ ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ô ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù· ÚÔË-

ÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ηıÔÏÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿-ÛÂȘ Ì ·ÚÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. øÛÙfiÛÔ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È Ô˘ÛÈÒ‰ÂȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜.

™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Ë ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ·ÎÏÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎfi¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ΔÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ˘Ë-ÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÔÈ ÙÔÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‹ÌˆÓ ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ. √ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Û ÂıÓÈÎfi ›-Â‰Ô ‰È·Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ (OJJDP, 2012).

™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ Ô Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›ˆÓ ÀÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶·È‰Â›·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ¤ÓÙÔ-Ó˜ ·Û˘Ó¤¯ÂȘ √È ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ Ôχ ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ∫¤ÓÙÚ· ¶ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ÙȘ ηٿ ÙfiÔ˘˜ ‰È¢ı‡Ó-ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ·Ô‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÓÈ·›Ô ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi Î·È Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi.

øÛÙfiÛÔ Ë ˘Ô˘ÚÁÈ΋ ·fiÊ·ÛË ˘. ·ÚÈıÌ. 24146/°7/28.2.2011 (º∂∫ μ/434/17.3.2011) ÊÈÏÔ‰fi-ÍÂÈ Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷΤ˜ Î·È ÙÔÈΤ˜ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, Ù· ÁÚ·Ê›·∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÀÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜.

ŒÓ·˜ ·ÎfiÌË ·Ó·Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÀÁ›·˜ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ·-ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ, Â›Ó·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ˆÚÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·ÈÛÙËÓ Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙË ˙ÒÓË ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·. ∞˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ Á˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ Î·È ÙÔ Ï‡ÎÂÈÔ.

ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û’ ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi Ì ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ô ¯Ò-Ú˜. ŒÙÛÈ ÂÓÒ ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·ÁηÏÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ 60-70% ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi Â›Ó·È ·ÈÛıËÙ¿ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ. øÛÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi Ú¤ÂÈÓ· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› fiÙÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎfi¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ¤ÎıÂÛË Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ì ÂÚÁ·-ÛÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÂÌÏÔ΋˜ ·’ ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·ÈÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ.

™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ(e-modules), fiˆ˜ Î·È Â˘Ú›· ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘. ŒÙÛÈ ÂÓÒ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ ˯ڋÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË, ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎÒÓÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, fiˆ˜ ÙËÏÂ-Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ-΋ (Trimbos-instituut, 2010).

™’ fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ˘ÏÈο Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ô ¯ÒÚ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·ÈÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÈÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÏÔÔÈËı› ·ÏÏÔ‡, ηÙfiÈÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜, ÂÓÒ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈ-ÎÒÓ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÊÔÚ¤· ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ ÔÈ fiÔȘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ̤۷ ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘,˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÔÌ‚ÈÎfi ÛËÌ›Ô.

√È ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË. ª¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÈÂÍ·¯ı› Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ‚·Û›˙Â-Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Û ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ,Ô˘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙËÓ Â›-Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ (∂∫Δ∂¶¡, 2011).

∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ ÙfiÛÔ Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· fiˆ˜ ÙÔ “HealthySchool and Drugs”,fiÛÔ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˜ ‹ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤Ó˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, fiˆ˜ÙÔ TripleP, ›Ù ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËı›, ›Ù ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘.

∏ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛËÙ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÛÙÔ¯Â˘Ì¤Ó˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÂÎÌË-ÚÈˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·,

Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς 105

fiˆ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Û ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏψÓ, Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ Ù··ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ÂÓÒ ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ˘Âڂ› ÙÔ˘˜ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë, ̤ۈ Ù˘ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒ¢Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Â·Ó·Ï·Ì-‚·ÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ follow-up Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·-̤ÙÚˆÓ. ™ÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ë fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤ÓË Û˘Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·-ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÏË-ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ηıÔÏÈÎfi ‹ ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ Â‰›Ô fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ›ӷÈÂÓÙÔÓfiÙÂÚÔÈ (Malmbergetal, 2010; Lammersetal, 2011)

∏ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ¿ÏψÛÙ ˘ÂÚ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë. ∞Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜Î·Ó›˜ ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ 2010 Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ 2 ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÌÂ-ϤÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ıÔÏÈ΋, 6 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË Î·È Î·Ì›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓË. ™ÙËÓ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Ù· ÓÔ‡ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È ÌˉÂÓÈο. ™˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ô¯ˆÚÒÓ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÔ˘Ì ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ηıÔÏÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˘ÚfiÏ˄˘ Ë √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ¿ÓˆÓ ·’ ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô Ì¤ÛÔ fiÚÔ Ù˘ ∂.∂. fiÔ˘ Ù·ÓÔ‡ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· 0,8, 0,6 Î·È 0,2. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ˆ˜ ÙÔÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ¯·ÌËÏfi ÁÈ· Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÚfiÏ˄˘, ¤ÛÙˆÎ·È ·Ó ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂˆÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ˘ÏÒÓ·˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÓ·ÚΈ-ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (EMCDDA, 2012d; EMCDDA, 2012e).

ΔËÓ ›‰È· ÒÚ· Ë √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ˘ÂÚ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·-ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ. ™›ÁÔ˘Ú· Î·È ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÂÛ¯¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ. øÛÙfiÛÔ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÓÒ ËÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, fiˆ˜ ÛÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛËÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ “Parent Management Training Oregon” Î·È “Coping PowerProgram”, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ Á‡Úˆ ·’ Ù· ‰˘-ÓËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· (Zonnevylle-Benderetal, 2007; Trimbos-instituut, 2010).

ΔÔ ÎÂÓfi ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ Â›Ó·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈṲ̂Ó˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. √È ·Ó¿ÚÎÂȘ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ۯ‰ȷ-ÛÌÔ‡ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈṲ̂ÓË ¤Ú¢ӷ ¢Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ÂÎfiÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ, ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӈÓÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈÔًوÓ.

ªÈ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÛΤ‰·Û˘ ηȄ˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ‰›ÓÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Û’·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· (∂∫Δ∂¶¡, 2011; EMCDDA, 2012c).

Δ¤ÏÔ˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ Ì·˙ÈΤ˜ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›˜ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ η̿ÓȘ ÛÙ· ª.ª.∂. ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 90. ™ÙËÓ ∂Ï-Ï¿‰· ·’ ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÔÈ ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·-ÎÙ‹Ú·, Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∫¤ÓÙÚˆÓ ¶ÚfiÏ˄˘ Ì ÙÔÈ-ο ‹ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ª.ª.∂.

∏ Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ô ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÛÙË‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÌfiÓˆÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ›Ó·Î˜ 3,4 Î·È 5.

106 Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς

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∞ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¢ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ 0 2

∂›Â‰Ô ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÷ÌËÏfi ÷ÌËÏfi

™ËÌ›ˆÛË: √ fiÚÔ˜ «·ÚÔ¯‹» ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰È·‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜:·) Ï‹Ú˘, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Û fiϘ ۯ‰fiÓ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ (ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ì ·ÚÎÂÙfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi-ÛÙfi¯Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·-ڤ̂·Û˘), ‚) ÂÎÙÂÓ‹˜, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Û fiϘ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, Á) ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Û·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜, ‰) Û¿ÓÈ·, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Û ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘Ó·ÊÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, Â) ·Ó‡-·ÚÎÙË, ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË.

¶ËÁ‹: ∂ıÓÈο ÂÛÙȷο ÛËÌ›· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Reitox, EMCDDA (2012d,e).

¶π¡∞∫∞™ 4. ¶∞ƒ√Ã∏ ¶∞ƒ∂ªμ∞™∂ø¡ ∂¶π∫∂¡Δƒøª∂¡∏™ ¶ƒ√§∏æ∏™, ™Àªºø¡∞ ª∂ Δπ™ ∂∫Δπª∏™∂π™ Δø¡ ∂£¡π∫ø¡ ∂ª¶∂πƒ√°¡øª√¡ø¡

∂ÏÏ¿‰· √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·

ª·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ∂ÁηٷÏÂ›Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ™¿ÓÈ· ∂ÎÙÂÓ‹˜

ª·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‹ ∞η‰ËÌ·˚ο ¶ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ∂ÎÙÂÓ‹˜

ªÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜ ™¿ÓÈ· ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË

ªÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ˜ ™¿ÓÈ· ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË

ÕÛÙÂÁÔÈ ¡¤ÔÈ ∞Ó‡·ÚÎÙË ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË

¡Â·ÚÔ› ¶·Ú·‚¿Ù˜ ™¿ÓÈ· ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË

¡¤ÔÈ Ô˘ ∑Ô˘Ó Û π‰Ú‡Ì·Ù· ™¿ÓÈ· ∂ÎÙÂÓ‹˜

¡¤ÔÈ Ô˘ ∑Ô˘Ó Û ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙÔ‡Û˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ™¿ÓÈ· ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË

¶ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÃÚ‹Û˘ √˘ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ √ÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ™¿ÓÈ· ¶Ï‹Ú˘

∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈο ∂˘¿ÏˆÙÔÈ °ÔÓ›˜ ™¿ÓÈ· ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË

√ÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ¶·Ú·Ì¤ÏËÛË ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË

√ÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ Ì ¶ÔÈÓÈο ¶ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ™¿ÓÈ· ∂ÎÙÂÓ‹˜

Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς 107

√ÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ Ì °ÔÓ›˜ Ô˘ ∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó æ˘¯ÈΤ˜ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ∞Ó‡·ÚÎÙË ∂ÎÙÂÓ‹˜

¶ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ªÂÈÔÓÔÙÈΤ˜ √ÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ ™¿ÓÈ· ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË

∞ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¢ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ 0 6

∂›Â‰Ô ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÷ÌËÏfi À„ËÏfi

™ËÌ›ˆÛË: √ fiÚÔ˜ «·ÚÔ¯‹» ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰È·‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜:·) Ï‹Ú˘, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Û fiϘ ۯ‰fiÓ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ (ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ì ·ÚÎÂÙfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi-ÛÙfi¯Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·-ڤ̂·Û˘), ‚) ÂÎÙÂÓ‹˜, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Û fiϘ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, Á) ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Û·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜, ‰) Û¿ÓÈ·, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Û ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘Ó·ÊÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, Â) ·Ó‡-·ÚÎÙË, ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË.

¶ËÁ‹: ∂ıÓÈο ÂÛÙȷο ÛËÌ›· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Reitox, EMCDDA (2012d,e).

¶π¡∞∫∞™ 5. ¶∞ƒ√Ã∏ ¶∞ƒ∂ªμ∞™∂ø¡ ∂¡¢∂¢∂π°ª∂¡∏™ ¶ƒ√§∏æ∏™, ™Àªºø¡∞ ª∂ Δπ™ ∂∫Δπª∏™∂π™ Δø¡ ∂£¡π∫ø¡ ∂ª¶∂πƒ√°¡øª√¡ø¡

∂ÏÏ¿‰· √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·

ªË¯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ŒÁηÈÚ˘ ¶·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÛÙÔ ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË

∞ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¢ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ 0 0

∂›Â‰Ô ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÷ÌËÏfi ÷ÌËÏfi

™ËÌ›ˆÛË: √ fiÚÔ˜ «·ÚÔ¯‹» ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰È·‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜:·) Ï‹Ú˘, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Û fiϘ ۯ‰fiÓ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ (ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ì ·ÚÎÂÙfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi-ÛÙfi¯Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·-ڤ̂·Û˘), ‚) ÂÎÙÂÓ‹˜, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Û fiϘ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, Á) ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Û·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜, ‰) Û¿ÓÈ·, ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Û ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘Ó·ÊÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, Â) ·Ó‡-·ÚÎÙË, ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË.

¶ËÁ‹: ∂ıÓÈο ÂÛÙȷο ÛËÌ›· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Reitox, EMCDDA (2012d,e).

™Àª¶∂ƒ∞™ª∞Δ∞ – ¶ƒ√Δ∞™∂π™

∏ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ô ¯ÒÚ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ·Ï-Ï¿ Î·È ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ. ΔfiÛÔ ÔÈ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜, fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘ÓÔÈ ÂÌÚ¿ÁÌ·Ù˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜, ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ-΋˜, ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓȉȷÈÙÂÚÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·‰‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Ï·›ÛÈ·.

√ÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·’ ÙȘ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ Î·È ‰È·-¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜.

√ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË. ∂È‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Î·Ù’·Ú¯‹Ó Ô Û·Ê‹˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ÚԉȷÁÚ·ÊÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔ-ÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔ-Ù˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÛÔ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘, Ô‰ËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÂÛÙÔ¯Â˘Ì¤Ó˜ ·Ó·ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·ÈÌ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (EMCDDA, 2010).

¶Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™ÙÔÛ˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Â‰›Ô ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‚¤‚·È· ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜. ŒÙÛÈ ÂÓÒ ÛÙȘ ‰ÔÌË-̤Ó˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ-Á‹˜ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈ-

108 Ε ξ α ρ τ ή σ ε ι ς

Ù˘¯›· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ, ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÂ-ÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËψÓÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ (EMCDDA, 2010).

∏ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÛÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘. ª¤ÛˆÙ˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡˜ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, Û˘Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÔχÙÈÌ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı·Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛË, ·Ó·ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ‹ ÂÁηٿÏÂÈ„Ë ÌÈ·˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ (EMCDDA,2010).

™Â ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ Û·Ó ÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹, ÛÙÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ fiÚˆÓ ·’ ÙË ÌÈ· Î·È fi͢ÓÛ˘ ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·’ ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ηٷχÙ˘ ÛÙËÓηχÙÂÚË ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ fiÚˆÓ.

™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È Ë ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ Û¯Â-ÙÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜. Ÿˆ˜ Ê¿ÓËÎÂ Î·È ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÙÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÚfiÏË„Ë ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ˘ÔÏ›ÂÙ·È ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓÎ·È ÙˆÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿-ıÂÈ· ÚÔÒıËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÙÂÎ-ÌËÚ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÏÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ.

∏ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÒıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ı› Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔ›-ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘ÓÚÔ·„ÂÈ Ù· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ˆ˜ ·fiÙÔÎÔ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ·fi ÙÔÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·, fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. ªÂ ÙËÓ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÂÔÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ı· ÌÔ-ÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ‹ ‰È·›ÛÙ¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ô ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi˜ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ.

™˘Ó¿Ì· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÛÙÈ·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂ-ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÛÙ·Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ‰›· ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ fï˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ÔÛÔÙÈ΋. ¶¤Ú·Ó Ù˘ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜‰È‡ڢÓÛ˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÈÔÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ (EMCDDA,2010).

ÕÏψÛÙ ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ¤ÁηÈÚ˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·Ù¿ ‚¿ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓË Úfi-ÏË„Ë ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Â‰›Ô‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ıÂڷ›·˜. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÚ-Á·Û›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ›‰· ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·˜, Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÎÔÌ‚ÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÈÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙÔ˘¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ (¢Èη›Ô˜ Î·È Û˘Ó., 1999).

∏ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ηϿ ۯ‰ȷṲ̂Ó˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÔÏ˘ÙÔÌ·-ÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ıÂÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·-ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. ∞ÊÂÓfi˜ Âȉڿ ıÂÙÈο ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÂÏ·ÛÈÌfi-ÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Úfi¯ÂÈÚˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔÂÈηχ„ÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ. ∞ÚΛ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÓÙ·Á̤ÓË Û ¤Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ Î·È Ì·ÎÚfiÓÔÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfiÏ·›ÛÈÔ Á‡Úˆ ·’ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÛˆÓ.

º˘ÛÈο Ë fiÔÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Á‡Úˆ ·’ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ¤Íˆ ·’ ÙÔÊfiÓÙÔ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ Ë ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË Î·È ÔÈ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ

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Ù˘ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ªÈÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, Ô˘ ϤÔÓ ˘ÏÔ-ÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ì ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ¢¡Δ, ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·‚Ï¤Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔ-Ófi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏÔ‡, ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤ӷ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈÛ ·Ô‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÚÔÓÔÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ‰Ú·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÎÔ¤˜ ÛÙȘ‰·¿Ó˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·˜ Î·È ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ˘Á›· (Stuckler et al., 2009; Stuckler et al., 2010).

øÛÙfiÛÔ Û ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ ‡ÊÂÛ˘ Î·È ÎÚ›Û˘, Ë ÂÚÈÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰··ÓÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ù·È Ì ÙËÓ Ú·-Á‰·›· fi͢ÓÛË ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ÂÎÚËÎÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈ΋ Û˘Óı‹ÎË. ∏ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘÔԛ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ı¤ÛË Î·Ù¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·È Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë Î·È ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈÛ η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ó· ı˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ‚ˆÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ.

Δ›ÔÙ· fï˜ ·fi Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Î·È ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο. ∏·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ·’ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ‰Â›ÍÂȈ˜ Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚfiÏË„Ë ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÙˆÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÛˆÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÛÂ Î·È ı· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ (∑·ÊÂÈÚ›‰Ë˜,2001).

∏ ÚÒÙË ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙË Ï·ıÂ̤ÓË ÂÓÙ‡ˆÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔ-ÚÈÒÓ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ô˘ÛÈÔÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ı· Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘. Δ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙË‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ˘fiıÂÛ˘ fiÙÈ Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-ÎÒÓ ÂÈÚÚÔÒÓ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ (Wheller,1990).

∏ ÙÚ›ÙË Ï¤ÔÓ ÁÂÓÈ¿ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ “¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘” Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘-ÙÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜, ÚÔˆı› ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-ÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ. ªÂ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆ-Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ë ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂӉȷ-ÊÂÚÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ (Wheller,1990).

∏ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ Î·È Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘. ∏ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·’ ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹Ù˘ Û ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ›‰· Î·È ÚÔ˜ ÔÏϤ˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ, ÂÓÙfi˜ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·-ÙËÁÈ΋˜. ∏ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎfi˜ ‚ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂıÂ̤ÏÈÔ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË, Ë ÌÂıÔ‰È΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ·Ú·Ì¤-ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Î·È Ù· ÁÂÓÂÛÈÔ˘ÚÁ¿ ·›ÙÈ·Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÂÌÓ¢Ṳ̂ÓË ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·ÓÓ· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛˆÓ, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘.

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