Russian Literature XL V (1999) 361-3 71 North-Holland

www.elsevier.nlilocate/ruslit

MkiP II0 KPXEiXAHOBCKOMY

JOOST VAN BAAK

BTO~EFIHOCT~ npo3bI &ira3MyH,qa AOMTSHHK OBma KpmHxaHOBcKorO (1887-1950) ycMaTpHBaeTcs rIpemHe Bcero B TOM, YTO OHa He BbI- JJepXGVIaHCIIbITaHH5I BpeMeHeM. B OJJ,HOMEI3 l'IpeJ@ICJIOBEi%i KHeAaBHEiM si3xaHzuw cowsHem Kpmsi~aHoBcKoro Barn IIepenbMyTep nsnneT cneAJnouqee:"nopa3wrenb~o‘Bbnra~e~e'~3~~~0p~nwrepaTypb~ Bcero TBOp=IeCKOrO HaCJIeAHSl cHlY%JMyHAa KpL'KH~aHOBCKOrO. fipyrOr0 IIOaO6- Hero I-IpHMepa, AyMaeTca, He HatiTH" @epeJIbMyTep 1990: 4). MoxeT 6bITb, 3~0 HeMHOrO IIpeyBeJIH9eH0, og~a~o rfp~ ~KEZJHH eMy B~IJIO HaHo OrIy6JniKOBaTbTOJIbKOBOCeMbpaCCKa30B H OgHy I-IOBeCTb - B IIOCJIeJWd pa3 B 1932 r. %O BHaWiT, 9TO er0 TBOpYeCTBO IIOYTIi He BOCIIplnWMa- nocb coBpeMeHHEficabni. ICpoMe noBecTeti H paccKa30B 0~ H8rnica.n u&n- 3~o~o~ecK~eo~ep~"sip~BecbMaop5ir5iHanb~brx~~epecHarx JIM- TepaTypoBenYecKEnrcTaTeB (“CT~~WIJ, KOTO~~I~H~T",K~XHX~HOBCKI 1994); Koponcoe spew OH c ycnexoM 3aHEIMa.rfcIL HpaMaTypnieB non I-IOKpOB~eJIbCTBOMTalipoBa. c KOma BOCb~eC~bIX rOfiOB Ei3naHHbIfi H Hen3naHzu&i K~~HXGWOBCK~~ BosBpawaeTcH ~py~~~~ti~~~TepaType. OH6bIJIpOBeCHHXOMTaKHa3bIBaeMOrO HHCTO~lNWKOrO aBaHrapga", Ce- palT&fOHOBbIX 6paTbeB H T8KHX naBHO KaHOHEi3HpOBaHHbIX KJIaCCEiKOB fiBagI&aTbIx rogoB,KaK &uuAwK,~~Iw?THH M EaBenb. XOTSI OH 6bm 1i3- BeCTeHJIHUIb B y3KOMKp~,COBpeMeHHHKH,KOTOpbIe 3HaJ'IEI er0 TBOp- necTao,paccMaTp~Ba.rnieroKaKnepBocTenefnsoro aaTopa, 3acnyxsiBaIo- qeroMecToBbisipo~otinwrepaType. M3 Bcero 3Toro MO~HO 3aKnwniTb, YToK~xGEK~HoB~KE~~~~~~,~~~~~TTKIMYH~I~ AJIII pyccrc5ix nsicaTeneB ero ITOKOJleHWIcy~6yJIEiTepaTypHO~BTOpHYHOCTH.~pEiYHHbI 3TOrO 3UJIIO-

0304-3479/99/$ - see front matter 0 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: so304-3479(99)00030-7

Joost van Bask

YaIOTCII,BepOIITHO, B 3HaWfTeJIbHOfi Mepe B KyJIbTypHOM H lIOJI&iTH=IeC- KoM rIonoxe= CTpaHbI, omaK0, cBoeobpa35ie ero Tanama EI TehirIe- paMeHTa, JJOJIXHO 6bITb, TOxe CbIlJNWIM CBOIO pOJIb. BOIIpOC HeBOCIIpH- RTHJIB CBOetiCTpaHe TaKOrO aBTOpa,KaK KpSSf~aHOBCKE#$ 06CTOIlTflO- BOJIbHOCJfOlKHOMo6yCJIoBJIeHMHODiMH,BTOMYHCJIe Ii ITOJIHTEi=IeCK%iMH, +aKTOpahfEf. XOTII OH HHKorAa He 6bm apecToBaH, TeM He MeHee ero TaK~ecneAyeTcwiTaTb~epTBotitJ[onwrwiecKkM H KYJI~TY~H~IX penpec- Cm. KaK aBTOpy eMy l-IOCTOSI-II-IO He BeJJIO, - OH CaM rOBOpH.lI (B 3TOfi CBII3li)O CBOeB uHeBe3RTHHe". PeAaKTOpbI XypHaJIOB HJIH CUHTaJIEi, YTO @afrracTEfYecKsi@ maHp He r~onxojq~~ BpeMewi,tuIsi xe,~ Tex cnyYaq Korna pe,qaqsui cornamanacb ero HarIeYaTaTb EUIW Korna TeaTpanbHaR l-IOCTaHOBKa HMeJIa yCl-IeX, TO II0 BeJIeHHIO IJeH3ypbI ~1x60 XypHaJI 3a- KpbIBaJICII, m60 IIOCTaHOBKa CHHMaJIaCb C pel-IepTyapa. rOpbKOMy He HpaBZiJIaCb ero nposa. KaK nHI.IIeT llepenbbqrep, "TYT ‘YyxJ&IM' 6bmo Bce:c@nocor@siqapxwre~oHEfKa,c~WZb~(IlepenbbiyTep 1991: 7-8). Canf KpXGEKaHOBCKEd rOBOpHJI 0 CBOeti I-IpOse, YTO ee "HyMaHHeM He B03b- MeIIIb:TyTHa~OBKJIIOWiTbMbIIIL7IeHHe"(TaM~e).

B er0 TBOpgeCTBe CBOe06pa3HbIM Ei Ha pemOCTb l-IOCJIe,qOBaTeJIb- H~IM o6pasordnpo~eTca aBTop +aH-racnnecKoro ti caTsipz.iKo-@wIo- co@vIecKorocwrana. XOTS B~TOM 0THouxeHEiH OH HecobrHeHHo pyccK1#4 aBTOpOH,TeM He MeHee, BO MHOrOM OTJIEFIaWC5I OT PyCCKOti C$aHTaCTH- YecKoBTpanm,Hmefi OT poMawnfKoB H l?oronx. IIepenbbfyrep nki- IneT:

L..] OH OIIO3fiaJI. Hawmo gBa,lJJJaTbIX rO,QOB He 6JIarOIIpMRTCT- BOBaJIOTOMy, wo6bI BXOHHTb B JIHTepaTypy CTaKOfi IIp030ti,KBK yKpXWKaHOBCKOrO,BefiyIQeft IlpOHCXOmAeHHe OTCBH+Ta H no, rot$MaHa H I.IIamcco,MeftpaHKa H llepyqa, a B pycc~oti mTe- paType - OT ~eTep6yprcmx nosemeti rorOJIII, OT B. O~oeBcKoro A HeKOTOpbIX BeIIJe~~OCTOeBCKOI'O(HaIIp~Mep,‘~O6OK'). (IlepenbhfyTep 1990:15)

CaM KpXWKaHOBCKti RBHO YyBcTBo~an nwrepaTypwoe powr~o c &lYtpOMAJUIaHOM no. B 1939 r. 6ma HaIIeYaTaHa ero CTaTbII,B K~TO- poft 0~ xapaKTepx3yeT II0 KaK hfamepa zrapafioma II BocxmmeT ero, l-IOT0M.y YTO OH- eJ@iHCTBeHHbIti dtS.rIeTpHCT I-IOKOJIeHWi, CTaBHBIIIEd B CBOEM paccKa3ax +wIoco+cKHe H HaywibIe BorfpocbI (cp. IIepenbMyTep 1990: 17).CpaB1siBa~ni K~~EIXGUIOBCKOIYO cKa&Koti, KOTO~OID OH CMOr IIpOWiTaTb T0~b~0 B TpHgqaTbIX ropjax (IIepenbbfyTep), H c EopxecoM. KaMSfHOBxapaKTepH3yeT eronp03yKaKU@a~acT~ecK&ipea3ni3hf".

Kp%i*aHOBcKH%i 06m,qa~1 pHTopwIecKHM napoM H 1xo~1b3o~a~Ic51 cpensi uHTen.rnireHqnsi cnaBoti neIcropa. OH YI~T~JI JwTepaTypwe M KyJIbTypOBeffIeCKEieJIeKUHFiB KEieBCKOMyHHBepCliTeTe. COBpeMeHHHKH

MEII) no &%ZGWIHOBCKOMy 363

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KpXWKaHOBCK&CTpOHT CBOliJIHTepaTypHbIe MHpbl,'IaCTH=IHO Ha rrono6we BHeJIl iTepaTypHOrO binpa. FiHorga B HHX npeo6nanaeT @aHTa- CTWIeCKZ@ KOMIIOHeHT, KaK, HaIIpHMep, B IIOBeCTEl ‘BocnoMsiHaHsix 0 6ynyIueM', repO# KOTOpOfi, reIi%iaJIbHbIti MaTeMaTHK EI 4UJliK Mawi LUTepep,IIyTenrecTByeT BO BpeMerm w nonanaeT B Gygyqee. B nwrepa- ~ypHbIx MupaxKp=2wi0~~~0r0 TDmHax u0meTHaa nn5i11 onpene- JI5ieTCRycJIOBEISDlHZi CJIefiCTBHSIMH OlIpeJJeJIeHHOti HapHOti KOHIJe~HH, Yme BCerO OTHOCJIIJJetiC5J K BOlIpOCaM 0 IIpOCTpaHCTBe HJIH BpeMeHH. CIOxeT MOxeT 6bITb CKOJIb yrOJ&HO @aHTaCT&iYeCKHM H IIIpHYyAJMBbIM, HO y wfTaTens TeM He MeHee B03HHKaeT BneYaTneHzfe, YTO CO6bITHs nrpo~cxo~~TcHe3bI6~IeMO~~ ~T~O~OPJIOI'HKO~ H cHeEl36e~HbxM~ POKO- BbIMH pe3yJIbTaTaMH, KaK, HaIIpHMep, B ‘BOCnOMHHaH%i%X 0 byxyqeht’, BTHM HanoM&niaB PoKoBbie xllqa H Co6asae cepme Eymartosa &m&i Me- TaMeTa~OpypOKOBOtiKyJIbT~HOtiBHTpOIIFiH3aM5ITIiHa.

B cmnmxme KP~WCII~~HOBCKOM) npeo6nagaIoT sKcnpeccmHaIe IIpHeMbI,- CIiHTaKCHYeCK& KJfHMaKC,IFiTIep6oJIa H rpoTecK,napoHoMa- 3w11, EI ocotiarr, K~K me KaxeTcx, Texmma peanmamui MeTa@op, caoero poppa -ncTmecKoe mi+omop~ecTBo. JJJLR ero &amacTmecmx HOBeJIJI XapaKTepHbI AOCTaTOnHO TpaJfmHOHHa5I pOJIb BCe3HaIOqer0, pe30HepcTByroaero paccKa3rEma H JIaKOHlFIHOCTb IIOBeCTBOBaIiSiR. 3Ta JIaKOIDFIOCTb K~~~~~HOBCKOIU KOCBeHHO HMIIIIHIJHTHO BbIpaxaeT 06- II&i MO~BPHHCTC~ TpaIWIeCK%d B3rJI5IJJ Ha xH3Hb H IiCTOpHIO H nOA- pa3yMeBaeT ~ym~ypHy10,OGueCTBem EIJ~wY~M~I~~~wI~cK~~,K~H- THKy (HaIIpHMep, B TaKHX paCCKa3aX KaK ‘~eJlTbIti yTOJIb' HJIH ‘HeyKy- IIIeHHbIti JIOKOTb').

B paccKase‘~en-rbIiyronb (1939 r.) OTpa~icaK>TCSI Ii IQeJIOMJISIOT- CII HayYHo-&amacTmecIcEIe, &nipncTETIecKsie H affImoIIkiYecK2ie

host KUI Bask

Ei9eH. PaccKa3wfK BBOW Hat B 6yAyqee, B K0T0p0~ ~zipy yrpomaeT KaTaCTpO@a. npeABEtqrr IIOCJIeACTBHSI rJIO6aJIbHOrO 3HepreTETIeCKOrO KpH3HCa Ha I-IOJIBeKa BllepeA, Kp~EKaHOBCKti OIIHCbIBaeT OTUaSiHHbIe yCWIHR BCeX rOCyAapCTB HatiTEl BbIXOa H3 CO3AaBIIIerOUI IIOJIO~eHlU. HeKdi npo&eccop JleKp rfpegnaraeT %icnonb30BaTb sHepnn0 3no6bI". ~OCTeIIeHHOWiTaTeJIby3HaeTHIIOCJIe~OBaTeJIbHOepa3BHTHe erO5IKo6bI re~anbHoti5fne5f,goBegeHkIe ee ~0 Texfzono~ecKoro coBeprueHcTsa B MEIPOB~M MacIlrra6e M ee OKomaTenbmIe, ry6wTenaHaIe nocnegcTBEur. JIeKp Hamen cr1oco6 co6IEpaTa y moneti sHeprIllo 3no6bI, menw H HC- IIOJIb30BaTb ST)' !9HepruIo, T. e. 3TOT "~KeJTTbI@ yrOnb", B IlpOMbII.UJIeH- HOCTEI,T~~HCIIOPT~ EIT.&nOCJIeT.H."3JIo6oc6opa",- B TpaMBam, B Ma- ra3swax,Hname ~~o~ax-,r~a.w

II0 IIpOBOAaM B UeHTpaJlbHblft aKKyMyJUITOp, co3.na6misaIorqkit BCe 3no6bI, BeCb IIpHXOH meJIYii B eJJHHbIti XeJITbIn +OHA. [...I eCTeCTBeHHbIe3aIIaCbI MHOrOO6pa3HbIXB&i~OBJTOftSHeprHki, Ha- lIIiHaR OT6pe3rJIkiBOCTAH KOHZIaR6elLIeHCTBOM,6bIJIH j&O HeOIIpe- AeJIHMOCTIi OrpOMHbIH,IIO-BH~HMOMy,HeUCTOI+%MbI. (KpxEKaHOBCKHR 1988:lOO)

nOJIflaeTCRIIepeBOpOT IJeHHOCTHOti CHCTeMbI: rOCy~apCTB0 06~~ BJIIIeT UIbTPJ'HJM Ol-fBCHbIM, 3apa3HbIM 3a60JIeBameM. B KOme KOaOB BJTaCTEIAame Ha3HaPaIoT KOhiHCCHI0 ws “rrpopa6oncs.r BOnpoca 06 3KC- IIJ'IOaTaUHH KJIaCCOBOfi BpaxJJbI". rn6enb KyJIbTypbI OKa3bIBaeTCg HeEI3- 6emHoB - "H306peTaTeJIbHOCTb B MTipe zwIe3na BMeCTe CO 3~106ozt", H (0Kowwnie paccrcasa):

B 3TH IIpeHCMepTHbIe ee roabr cpeaH miparyei%ca SHTPOIIINH 6e33no6bnHHe MOrJIO Aaxe B03HBKHyTb CaTHpHKa,KOTOpbI# HO- CTORHO~~I ocMeanpom~eH&ie ~ru6enbsnoxki men-roroyrmi.

3~0~ paccKa3naeTxopouIHe npwepbI wocEmKpaTwfecKor0 cnosapa H Heonorkl3MoB KpmwKaHoBcKoro (Hanpsibfep, 3ewn0 TebfnepaTypkiJro, menoa6copBaTop). @I noBbInIeHu(I pearmcTswecKoti MOTEBHPOBK~I H npaBgono~o6wR (PIIKTHBHOrO MSipa OH pa3pa6aTbIBaeT IICeB,IJOHa~Hble, nceBnoTe=onorwfecK5ie, ~0 nomecKkl cB83HbIe TepMsiIionomecwle rxapmx; cp.: Beswobbe, 3~106oc6op, 3.no6onpssem, co3na6nsiBaTb BCe 3~106ar; Te, KTO CI’@aBnaeTCx C Tpe6OBaH.E~ HOBOi ~KUJHH, H83bI-

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B TBOpYeCTBe Kp%.i?KaHOBCKOrO eCTb H paCCKa3b1,MHp KOTOpbIX 6JIlDKe KpeaJIbHOMy,HCTOpEFIeCKOMyMHpy. %O He 3HaWiT,O~aKO,YTO B HHX HeT MeCTa @aHTaCTHKe. OCHOBaHbI OHEi Ha JIH¶HbIX BlIePaTJIeHHl?X II nepexHBamm aBTopa nrocne ero nepeesna B 1922 r. B MOCKBY, me B ~OMeHaAp6aTeOHnonyYaeTMaJIeHbKyIoKObfHaTyB 10 KB.~~IIIHH(T. e. npEiMepHO7M2).O~rI0Jno6EuI3~0~rOpo~,xo~~ OH ~HJ'I B OYeHb BegnIx o6mOmemc-rsax.K 3TOfi rpyTlIIe OTHOCIITCX HeKOTOpbIe Ei3 era CaMbIx HmepecwIx H opsirsn=wIb~b~x rIpozisBeneH&l, Hanpnfep, ‘KBwpaTy- pHH',‘KHH~HaB 3aKnwa',‘Co6ElpaTenb rqeneB',yEnuIpaccKa30B‘LZIBbI', OYepKHIIO~ Ha3BaHHeM 'MOCKOBCKHB BbIBeCKH'. Cpew IIOCJIeJ&EiX OCO- 6eHHomepeCHa CepEiR‘~TeMneJIb.MOCKBa (13 HExeM B lIpOBHHSIJ%iIo)'. 3THlIHCbMaCOJJep~aT Ype3BbIqatiHO HHTepeCHbIe IIOIIbITKH OCMbICJIHTb IIpOCTpaHCTBO Boo6Ise H IlpOCTpaHCTBO MOCIGGI B ocobemocm. Kpxai- >I(aHoBcKti nonBepraeT npocrpaHcTBo,BepHee, ero BocrIpswrsie, CBOWM yMCTBeHHbIM3KCIIepHMeHTaM,KOTOpbIe OH CaMHa3bIBaeT "EWpOti AyIlIIi CI=IpOCTpaIiCTBOM". B BTHX "HrpaX AyIIIEi C ITpOCTpaHCTBOM" RBHO Olqy- IIJaeTCsI er0 IIOV-lYi HaB5I3WiBbIfi EiHTepeC K BOIIpOCaM IIpOCTpaHCTBa Ii 3K3EICTe~NaJIbHbIX OTHOIIIem IIpOCTpaHCTBa N neJIOBeKa. B 3TOti rpynne paccKa3oB, noxany& 6omme, YeM B KaKtix-n&i60 npynsx, OH pas- BHBaeT CBOK)IIap~OKCaJIbHyIoMeTa~H3HKy HJIHMH~OJIOITW l-IpOCTpaH- CTBa.

B OWIOMH~JIYSIZIEM paccKa30B,'KBa~paTypHIi',y OnEiHoKoro reporr CyTyJTHHa OYeW MaJIeHbKas KOMHaTa, - %IWIeYH~ KOpObKa", %KHJI- ~eTKa".O~He3HaKo~oro~e~oBeKa0~~apoM,"~pe~aMaI",no~y~aeT TI~~HK, KoTopbti conep2wr 3aranosHbIi-4 npenapaT "KBagpaTypHI-I", "CpeJJCTBORJurpaI.lJeHliXKOMHaT":OHJJOJI~eHJIEiUIb CMa3aTb 3TOti3CCeIP qael "BHyTpeHIuie cTeHbI KomaTbI, rIpewa3HaneHHbIe K pa3pawiBa- IiHIo" &pmEEKaHOBCK& 1989: 33). CIomeT, KOTOpbti HaIIOMHHaeT KaK neTep6yprcKHe noBecT5i roronsi, TaK si 6e3brcxogIiyIo no,qawfeIiHocTb fca+KH, pa3BnBaeTca KaTacTpo4wIecKn: B Koqe paccKa3a repoti, Bep- HyBIIIHCb IIO3,JJHO BeYepOM B CBOfO KOMHaTy, KpFIHT, 3a6JIyJJHBIIIHCb B cBoeB KomaTe B Bocervfb KBanpaTHbIx apunnq~0T0p~Tenepb npespa-

host van Baak

Tmacb 130 Bee pacTyIuee, 6e36pexHoe, cosepmemo Temoe npocTpaa- CTBO. OcoBemo cmeH KoHeq paccKasa,c o6pa3oM “KOCmmecKorO" oj@i- Ho~ecTBa,o6pe~emiocTsiIi o~~amim reporr~ pa3pacTaIoru;e2fcs BceneH- Hot HJfHlQ'CTbIHe:

~ICMnbI@I KBa,!JpaTyp, IIpIineraBIIIHX K BOCbMM KBaApaTIibIM rpam8aHkIHa CyTynuHa, co cHa ii co cTpaxy He pa36Hpanucb B TeM6peki HHTOHaL(kI~Kp&iKa,pa36yJJkiBIIIero HXCpe&N HOWi H 3a- CTaBHBIUerO C6exaTbCx KlTOp0l-y CyTynHHCKOfi KJIEX’Kli: KpkiYaTb B IIycTbIHe sa6nyjvisuxertfyca &i nora6aIoIqeMy ki 6ecnone3Ho H no3xHo: HO ecnkI Bee me - BOIIpeKH CMbICnaM - OH KpWVNT, TO, HaBepHOe, TaK.

B STOM paccKa3e coYeTamTcs MOTHB~I ~3 carnIx pasmx c+ep: c omoti c~opomd, MOTE~B ~13 c+epbI &nXHMHEi HJlX BOJIEIe6CTBa: CBM IIpeIIapaT KBilJQXiTj'pEiH, XOTSI H XpaIiliTGff B YJIbTpaMOJJepHOM Tm6EfKe, IzBJIIIeTCfi Mani=IecKmfnO3ara,qOYI.IOCm,MacI.ma6yH C&TIe AeftCTBElSI(BOJIIIIe6HbIe npenapaTbInmi "mni~cqm" mpaIoT pomsi B cmKeTax~pymxpaccKa- 30B, KSUC, HalIpHMep, ‘CTpaHCTByIOWee %TpaH.HO"'); CyTyJIHH IIOJIyYaeT ero AapOM H Heominamzo, Be3 npoca61,1 H3 pyK HeW3BeCTHOrO uarewra" cyp[abbr. C ApyOB CTOpOHbI,3aTpiIYfBaH>TCs +yyqaMeHTiUIbIXbIe BOIIpO- CbICOBpeMeHIiOI#~EI3liKEiOl-@~O~eIIpOCTpaHCTBaWBpeMeHH.~pylYiM%i cnoBam,~ yHwsepcyMax K~~ICEI~~HOBCKO~O +H3ma H MeTa@H3Enca He

%Oti CTOpOHe er0 TBOpYeCTBa IIOCBSIqeHa 60~1.m1ax MOHOrP&Wi- Yeaas CTaTbg B. H. Tonoposa "'&iHyc"-IIpOCTpaHCTBO CmiSMyHHa KpXIiXaHOBCKOrO' (1995). npOI@i'TlQJnO CaMOr KpXHXaHOBCKOn, 0 TOM me M~CKOBCK~M rIpocTpaHcTse (~3 paccKa3a ‘PasroBop AB~X pasro- BOpOB';3TOTaKxe Wirpaq, CTaTbHToIIopoBa):

L..] ~H3Hb,3acTaBneHHaS OTOBC~OW CTeHKaMU, y6HBaeT B ye- nOBeKe gyBCTB0 IIpOCTpaHCTBa, Mkipa L..] B MOCKBe IIpOCTpaH- CTBO,TaKCKa3aTb, II0 KapTOYKaM; BMeCTO He6a -IIOTOnOK,,I(anb, oTpe3aHa cTeHot n BoobLue Bee w3py6neHo cTeHawi n nepe- rOpOAKaMEi [...I Ype3BbIYatiHO Tpy&HO He yCOMHWTbCR, ST0 38 BTWM KpOIJIeBOM H3 IIpOCTpaHCTBa eCTb rfie-To n HacToauee, 38 ropn3oHTnepeX.necTb~BaKxqeenpocTparicTB0, KnaccwfecKu npo- Tll~eHHOCTb,O~HHMCJIOBOM, MHp.

Y K~XHXKBHOBCKOM) MU H&XOJQ~M He II~OCTO CT~JXT~~Y “KaHoH?i¶eCKo- IWn ABOeMHPHX(KaKB TFiIIOJIOIWIeCKOM POMiWTE13Me), - J' Her0 CKOpee

morohmpsie-, ~0 ero npeqe Bcero,kI onIioBpehfemIo,3aHmfaIoT cne- jIJ'IO~eTEIIIbI,HlIHKOMlTJIeKCbIBOIIpOCOB:

Mzip no ~JCKEXaHOBCKOMJ' 367

- HeraTnBHoe EUIR mnmoe II~OCTP~HCTBO, mm, no TOI-IO~OB~, %SiI-IyC"-IIpOCTpaHCTBO, %eT"-IIpOCTpaHCTBO; Cp. o6o3HaqeHue CaMOrO K~~E~~~HOBCKOIN “mc-MocKBa" ('IIITeMnem. MocKsa (13 mceM B r1p0~~.H~~10)'),paccKa3bI‘Co6npaTe~I~ WeJIeti' (B c6opHwKe cKa3Ka ~IJZJI ~y~epK~ig40B) HJIH‘CT~~H~ H~TOB'; c ~THM TaKxe cBx3aH ero wrepec K y~or1~3~y, K K0~0p0My OH o6paqaeTcrr He 0~ pa3 (HarIpsnfep, B c6opHEirtenzrepaTypoBeffreck~cTaTefi “CTpaEIbI,~0T0pmaeT”,a TaK- XeB paCCKa3e‘ljOKOBa5IBeTKa').

- CeMarrrw4ecKoenpocrpaHcTBo,crraqsuuni3aqwaceMaHT~ wni lIpOCTpaHCTBeHHa5I peanH3aqIlrr MeTa@op (KaK, Hanpmep, B paccrcase ‘YKpaneHHbIe 0monecTBa').

- CosHaIinesi.winwIHocTb(nn5i us" EI "wa"),Mx cogepmame, KaKMHHMOeHJIH~aKTFIeCKOeIIpOCTpaHCTBO.

XpIcEIe npssMepbI meIns 3~oro rIoIizn4aIiwI npocTpaHcTBa 0T~0- csrrcs K ero K~HCTP~KWG~ M~CK~BCKO~~ opraIIwyecKor0, nepcoI@nqw pOBaHHOr0 IIpOCTpaHCTBa ('~TeMIIeJIb. Mocrcsa (13 IIECeM B IIpOBEiH- VETO)'); K~~KEI~~HOBCKH@ 1989: 372-374. Cp. TaKme TOIIOPOB 1995: 481):

&ZK~Oe yTp0 B 9 314, 3aCTerHyB ceba B IlaJIbTO, OTIIpaBJIRIoCb ~mmxmy3a MOCKBOB. Aa-na: gas ro;qa TOM~ Hasag noe3;q, IIOM- IiH),3NI03~~BUIH~ Ha 13 YaCOB,fiOBe3 MeHRTOJIbKO A0 EijGIHCKOI'O BOK3&JIa: ~OCiUblCnaMOCKBbl OTCIoHaerqedonbruoftKOHes.MTaK, Kamnoe yTp0 R maram w3 nepeynKa B nepeynoK, no380~1~7 nepe- KpeCTKaM JIOMtiTb, KaK EiM yrOAI-IO, MOZt IIyTb, co6iparr B ce6x MOCKBY. (sbI~eneHue-Kpmw~aHoBcKoro)

3AeCb Mb1 BEiqHM oco6ym CeMaI3TWIeCKyIO CTpaTerHQ napOHOMa3HI0, cBoeropona cehfaImmy 6y~~a~~5~oc~~,~~.m1ona~1Tpaw4ioH~bIe peam- 3aqHIoMeTa~opsifiguraelymo~ogka.3Too~~ocmcs5i~cehfamEnce npy- nix o6nacreil ero TeMaTIiKz%. T~K, Hanpmep, B ‘BocnoI+siHam 0 6y- JIJ'IIJeM'lIOIIbITKIl MOJIOHOM) mTepepa OBJImeTb XOJJOM BpeMeHH HaYH- HaI0TW CKOHKpeTHbIX,MaTepHaJIbHbIX3KCIIepHMeHTOB EI MaHHlTj'JIRI.@ cTpenKamicTapbIxmBeiqapcKwxYacoB.

B paccKa3e ‘E0~0~a~f BeTKa' 3Ta ceMaIinnca xopo1110 npocnexsi- BaeTCILHa pa3HbIXypOBHZXlIOBeCTBOBaHH5L~pOCTp8HCTBeHHa5I OCHOBa MeToHn4ni~~oppen5iu~"cogeprna4ee"- ucogepxKwMoe" wcIIonb3yeT- CSIB3TOMpaCCKa3eHJIR pa3pa6oTKH BODpOCa 0 IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHOCTH ISH- WBEIAyaJIbHOrO CO3HaHliJ?, 0 +eHOMeHOJIOIWIeCKHx EI IICEXOJIOIWIeCKEX

rpaI-rnqax"W H 0 MecTe "II" B Mzipe. repoti paccKa3a,HeK& KBaHTm, noBpenu1I1oe3nxc~ Ha IIoe3ne rIonanaeT B ~wp CHUB. 5ro nepeMeIueHkTe MOTHBHpyeTW Ha pUJIECTIFIWKOM ypOBHe KaK COH. CaM CI0xeT IIpEi- BOJJEITKBaHTElHa B~pyrotiMHp,BHO~HOtiaHTEiMEip CH~B,~A~ HJJ‘OTOBJI~- ro~cs1cHoB~iqe~~~1Ko~apbI.CTene~b~e3op~eHTaq~~ca~ororepoa~

Joost van Baak

oKpymaIoqer0 ero npocTpaHcTsa, T. e. IIoe3ga HapacTaeT ~0 Mepe pa3- B~EIII cIO~eTa.TaKHMo6pa3oM,o6pa3yeTc~HeKoeMeToHEiMWi ecxoe OT- HonIeHkie 3KBHBaJIeHTHOCTEi MexJ.Jy noe3naMw w KyrIe, B ~0T0p~~x Ha- xo~carepol,ero~~o~o~cc~c~~s~~w~lurumo~~"II"repon.~p~Be~y TeKCTOBOtiIIpHMeppa3BHTH5I 3TO~CCeMiUiTRYeCKOti 3KBHBUIeHTHOCTEI:

napOBO3 CWIIJIbIM B CJIa60rpyAHbIM 3ByKOM B3BblJl H 06OpBaJI. UKaK 3a6JIy~WBmiEtCR",- llOJ&J'MiU KBaHTkIH H IIpEiIIOjJHRJrUI Ha JIOKTe.KO3bIpeK Ha KpIoKe IIO-IIpemHeMy,HO YyTb MefiJleHHee H pa3y(yMWiBee,paCKa%iBaJIC5ICTaKWMBHP,OM,Ka.K eCJlH 6 lIOA HHM 6bmM 3aIlpSITaHbI rJla3a. “Ems l-IpeACTaBMTb cebe CTpaHy MJIH MHp,B KOTOpOMnOATyJIbH I.IIJIRII,IIOAKO~aHbIe IlO&KJIwH HX, kiHOr,lJa,- Hy ITyCTb peAKO-pem0 -3abpeAaJiH 6bI TaK, II0 COCeA- CTBy, OKpaHHHbIe IIpWIepeIIHble MbICJIW, KaKHe-HW6yAb IIyCTFf- HbIe MbICJIWIIlKN, OTJIy4KH KOTOpbIX M3 rOJlOBb1 B IIlJIRlly COBep- UIeHHO He3aMeTHbI JIJISI MbII.UJleHUII, TO [...I - MRJYKWti TOJ-IYOK, TO~HO He 6y+epaMa 0 Byaepa, a noWIIresbHM nyxo~ 0 nyx, BApyr OCTaHOBklJICII IIOe3&-TO ~OJEKHO 6bITb CeMa+Op)... HeT, JIjWlle He BAOJIb TOti,a II0 60KOBOfi.1 Etmi IIpeAIIOnOXGiTb, YTO caMbIft Ham M03r nosepx gpyroro bf03ra, KaK wuma nosepx ro- BOBbI,YTO TOT B HaCTOiTIQ'lO ~MaIOU@i%i,IIOAKOpKOBbI& paCKJla- HWBaeTCII C MOHM MbIIIIJIeHHi2M, IIpWBeTCTBeHHO npHlTOJ&lMaeT ero npn empene c.. . (KpmwmaHormMi 1989: 42)

3neca rIpowcxoJ@iT ynBoeHHe JMYHOCTLI, cBx3aIiHoe c TeM KaTaCTpO@ =IeCKHMIIpOCTpaHCTBeHHbIM &eHOMeHOMP KOTOpbti B MHpaX KpmEIxa- HOBCKOI-0 0603HWXaeTCs K8K "KBkl,QpaTJ'pa" (Cp. BbIIUe 0 paCCKa3e ‘Ksa- LwTYP=‘).

O6araTenu~ToroaH-r~papeanH3YfOwixc~,MaTepwunf3yIoqix- CII H oBe~ecrwn0nvixca MeTa+op3 ("Sal-OTOB~HKH sEI;qeHH& KOIIJMa- po~w1 w BKcnegwropbI +~HTOMOB*) JIOBST o6naKa &?I% Ei3rOTOBJIeIiH~ CHUB, ~"nemencHa~~~mmuo~~~~ ~~KB~J~~HOMCM~I~JI~~T~TIIX~II~~X~:

neI'KtIi%COH He BbIAepmHBaeT TpeHH5I OAeeftCTBHTeJIbHOCTb. [...I Ecna He OTSIl 'YeHHbI%+ HEiSeM COH HCYe3aeT, KaK KaIIJIl B IleCKe, TOBHAeHHe CHa,HeCyqee B ce6eHeKyIo XeCTKOCTb N TBepAOCTb, HCIIap5IRCb IIOA COJIHIJ,eM,OCTaBJIReT Ha CBOAe IIpeCJlOByTOt IIJla- ~o~o~c~ofi nemepbl cBoe mecTKoe 3epHo: 0ca;qoK HapacTaeT Ha OCiSJJOK, IlOCTelIeHHO HaBBCaB CBepX)' MeqeBHAHbIMH CTaRaKTB- Tabm. (1989: 48)

&unHeBmee nocnefloBaTemdioe pa3Bwnie 3Toro xona MbIauIeHsw npw BOJ@iTK3aKJIIO9eHHIO, YTO:

MH~ no &EiCIiXaI iOBCKOMJ’ 369

OHM BpOACTBe- IIOAyIIIKa n M03r. [...]B rOJIOBaXy KaXCROrO CIUI- IueroBcergaHa o~~~ynopy~~~~ydonbnre,ne~ on~yMaeT.

repOti OTKpbIBaeT,~TO ~SiTBJIEi 3TOrO HOYHOrO aHTHMHpa IIO~C03HaHHII rOTOBm SWOBOP, 6y1i~ CHOB IIPOTHB "@KTOB"; Cp. HeKOTOpbIe IIyHKTbI mcnporpamm:

[ . . . ]~apCTByCHOBHa&O IIepei%THB HaCTyIIJIeHne. a0 CBX IIOp Mb1 IIpnHyXCjJeHbI 6b1.m I IpnIOTnTbCSl MeZK HByX 30pb, Mex paCqeIIa HefipOHOB, B TeMHbIX WeJISIX, B KaKOfi-TO TaM UTpeTnm XCn3I-W. 3Ta TpeTb, yCTyIIJIeIiHaR HaM nX COJIHqeM, ~OCTBTOYHO TpeTEi- pyIO~a,nOWIIIKaMn rOJIOBaM~aBHOIIOpao6IvleHSITbc5I MeCTaMn. I...]EoeBaa safiaua cxeMaTu3upyeTca TaK: 3arHaTb flBb B 9xn, u OTpe3aTb ‘?In BCC ccBn, TaK CKa3aTb, OTCTpWIb COJIIiuy er0 JQ'YU Harono, npeHsapwTenbH0, pa3yhfeeTC.q ycbmnB ero, K~K B cBoe BpeMa 6bmo CAenaHo c C~MCOHOM. 0, JIIOJVIM n He rpe3mcn 0 TOM,SeM UM rpO35IT CHbI!4[...]MbI CJIOMaeM +aKTbI. [...]h21Ei"5i" BOCCTaHyTIIpOTnBMbI:BIIMbI,B KOJIO,QIJbI CKOIIIMapaMn,M03rOM 0 @IO. MbI CIIp5FieM COJIHQe IiOn YepHbIe IlRTHa, MM lIOrpy3nM BeCb Mnp B 6e3ABnmHbIt i IienpO6yjJHbIti COH. (KpXGiXCaHOBCK& 1989: 52-54)

3Ta CBOeO6pa3Hax pJImrBmmi¶ecKax MeTa@i3EiKa" EI 3Ta “CeMaHTma 6Jm%mmXm” (KaKII o603Hanm ee BbIIIIe) XapaKTepHbI EI &mI MHOrliX ApyrEIX ero paCCKa30B, Ii OHxi, KOHeYHO, HarIOMHHaIoT mfrepaTypmB CeMHO3HCTaKHXpyCCKHXaBTOpOBKaK%Ie6HHKoBEI~aTOHOB.S

B BOCII~HSITE~HMH~~EII I~OCT~~HCTB~~~~XG~W~HOBCKOIWH~T npo- THBOIIOCTaBJIeHH~Me~cAy~ByMSI&l lJJaMeHTaJIbHWHMeTO~aMHIIO3Ha- ~six, Memm Dichfung H Wahrheit, MemAy no33Iseti H +H~IIKO~~, ~o~opa51, KaK InnneT TOIIO~OB (1995: 498): “B CBOEI~ BepnnnsHb IX ~OCTEIXeHH5Ix He MeHee Dicbtung YeM W&heir.” Apyroti, CBsnaHHbIti c ~TISM, xapaicrep- HbIti acI=IeKT MIQOB KpXckImaHOBcKOrO KaCaeTCII BOJIIIIe6HOl - EiJM CKa- 3OYHOti - BOSMOXHOCTH CgBHl-OB MeXjJJ’ MaKpO- IS MHKpOMIipaMH, KaK, HaIIpHMep, B yXe Ha3BaHHOM paCCKa3e ‘CTpaHCTByIOIIJee UCTpaHHO"' (1924 r.), me repoti c I IOMOII~O %niKcEIpa IIpeBparqaeTcs B Mmpopeno- BeUKa, arIiTHpyeT KposmIe Tenbqa, wn~ B paccKa3e ‘B spanKe’, repoti KoToporo IIpomaeT B 3paqoK Bo3mobJreInioB H noIIanaeT B KoMnanzno CBOHXIIpe~II IeCTBeHHHKOB.CaM~p~WZUiOB~,BEJ.&EiMO, 06 3TOMIW BOpHJI,KOl-JJaOH3aMeTIiJI:UCOPeTaHHe ~EIOJIOIX~ CMaTeMaTHKOti , CMeCb I13MWKp00p~aHI13MOB~6eCKOHeYHO-MaJIaIX-BOTMOIIJIO~eCKaEITeMan ('3a~cHaIeTeTp~',~IIT.IIOKp~KEl~aHoBc~1991: 687-688).

370 host van z3aak

MHTepecHo,qTOsgecb, BH~WM~, CTP~HTCS~ napannenb (3KBHBaJIeHTHOCTb) Memgyxo~o~MbIrunewfa ~1Tpae~~opsieZt11oe3~a,T.e."11o6OKOBOSi". YABOeHEie PiJIklpa3ABOeHHe JIHWIOCTH TaKme EirpaeT I$eHTpaJIbHyIO pOJIb B CIOxeTe paCCKa3a 'neqepa' COBpeMeHHHKa-MOAepHHCTa 3aM5ITHHa. TaM rJlaBHbIZtrepOfi,MapTHH MapTWHbN, B CaMbIfi MOMeHT MOpaJIbHOrO U 3K3HCTeHIJHaJIbHOrO KpH3HCa IIepeXUBaeT KaTaCTpO&FieCKOe pa3ABO- eHBe. EibmO 6br HHTepeCHo donee nOnpO6HO OCTaIiOBHTbCx Ha CpaBHeHEiM CTpyKTypbI Ii ($yiiKqli$i JIHTepaTypHOrO I'IpOCTpaHCTBa y 3THX AByX aB- TOpOB. cp. IIOpa3HTeJIbHbIti IIpHMep CeMaHTHKki 6yKBaJIbHOCTEl/ f?tymOlO- &: "~OI'py3Ka KOIIIMapOB, TpaH3HT o6pa3oB, 06epHyTbIX B HOrIb L..]" (1989: 57);I 'peqecKaR"MeTa-@opa" 6yKBaJIbHOH 3HaWiT%epe-HOCn. 3Ta pesb neKTopa-araTaTopa 6oraTa ccbI.nKaMW Ha T~~,~HW~OHH~IO @Iv JIOCO&i9eCKyKl #iCKyCCHIO 06 OHTOJIOrWIeCKOM CTaTyCe PeaJibHOCTU II T. IA.; 4HTHPYeTCR naCKaJIb 0 BOl-fpOCe 06 OTrpaHkl%HHH MHpa AetiCTBH- TeJIbHOCTH OT MHpa CHOB, H 3TOT TeKCT, KSLK Ei MHOl-He ~p)'IYie TeKCTbI KpXSDKaHOBCKOl-0, Boobwe MOmHO WiTaTb A B EiAefiHOM KOHTeKCTe IIJIa- Tom3Ma (cp. Tame TO~OPOB 1995: 498). ki Aaxe B OIIpeAeJIeHHOM CMbICJIe, KaK MHe KaxeTCII, Ha6oKoB. Y Her0 npo6neMa MHWMbIX IIjJOCTpaHCTB BOCIIOMHHaHti, COIHaHHR WfH Boo6pa- meHHII TpaKTyeTCJl TaKXe KaK JWiTepaTypHO-Sl3bIKOBot &eHOMeH, T. e. Ha CJIOBICHOM, 6yKBaJIbHOM ypOBHe; Cp. OCO6eHHO er0 Speak, Memory Cqpyme depera).

JXITEPATYPA

KPMIIHOB, B. 1992 ‘KpaCHbIZt +,epsb IIOA 6oeM (CEiIW3MyHA KpmkimaHOBCKSi&

cKa3KH ,DJi% BJ'HJfePKHH~OB. ~OBeCTJf. PaCCKa3bl)‘. HoBMI MAP,

NQ 8,239-243. &EKHxaHOBCK&ifi, C. A.

1988 [spa HoBennbI] .!krepaTypIIaa yue6a, NQ 3. 1989 Bocnormmamx o Gygyxqeru: NsBpamoe ~3 newrafnroro

(COCT.,BCTYII. CT.II npallres. B. r. l lepenbMyTepa).Moc~Ba. 1990 Bosspalqeme MromrayseHa &OBeCTJi, HOBeJIJIhl, BOCUOMAHa-

HHX 0 C. K~xI~x~z~I~B~K~M). Jlemixwp~.

1991 cKa3KU JVlS BJ'HgepKliHgOB (IIOBeCTH N jMCCKll3bl). MOCKBa. 1994 BOKOBU BeTKa (JXiCCKa3bl N IIOBBCTH). MOCKsa.

371

1994 “CTpafrbl, ~o~oparx HeT* (CTaTbn 0 miTepaType R TeaTpe. 3a- HUCHbIe TCTpaAIf). MOCKsa.

nepenbMy-rep, B. 1990 ‘Korga He xBaTaeT Bosgyxa’. C. A. KpxuxaHoBcuiii%, BosBpa-

meme Mimxay3eHa (noBecm, HoBem~,Bocnom~am~ 0 C. Kpm~XaHOBCKOM).neHUHrpaA.

1991 ‘npO3eBaHHbI8 I-eHEIfi'. C. fl. KpXliXaHOBCKJi~, CKaJKH AJIff BJ'H&5pKJfH~OB(L'OBtXTHWpaCCKa3bI). MOCKBa.

TOIIO~OB, B.H. 1995 '%'fNHyC"-IIpOCTpaHCTBO CHrN3MyHJJa KpXEiXaHOBCKOrO'.

hhf&. h~yarr. CHMBOJI. 06pa3. kkG.neAosaHm B o6Jracm MH- ~OIIO~TIiW?CKOrO.kf36paHHOe, MocKsa,575.