internship works

Debre Birhan University Final internship report 2006ec 20014GC

Prepared by Asmamaw yeniealem 4th year COTM At Rediete Dagim engineering and construction plc (auditorium building project)

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Chapter one

1. Back ground of the hosting company

1.1 Introduction It is a known fact that now a days our country Ethiopia is showing some impressive progress on

building construction field. Therefore the current government has given a strong attention to improve

the quality of engineering and technology education today.

One of the plans of this program is to produce practical oriented and skillful engineers by permitting

them pass through real challenges on the real world before leaving the university to achieve practical

knowledge on their own field of study. So, theoretical knowledge is not satisfactory to overcome the

problem encountered in practical experience. Due to this fact internship practical work is the way to

achieves practical skills and it provides employers with an effective works to improve a qualified,

motivated group of students and determined the partnership which provides a meaningful learning

experiences to the students who are developing future engineers. So, the employer becomes an

important asset in the development of students who participate in the internship program and also to

depend on engineering knowledge acquired during their academic years through in the field practical

experiences that applied on the construction industry projects. And it enhances the relationship

between engineering department with the government and private industrial firms.

1.2 History

Rediete Dagim Engineering and construction plc is one of the Ethiopian well-known grad one

buildings Constructions Company owns by Ato facile Abrha who is a building engineer and the

general manager of this company. This company is established in 1997ec to engage a multifaceted

business sectors across on building construction works in our country Ethiopia.

The primary objective of Rediete Dagim engineering and construction plc is to providing

comprehensive multi-disciplinary construction services to both public and private sector agencies

engaged in the development of economic and social infrastructure. The company is presently

organized by qualified engineers specialized in various civil engineering disciplines.

1.3 Mission and vision of the company

1.3.1 Vision Our vision is to become a successful contractor participating in road construction projects, bridge

construction projects and building construction projects and to maximize company profitability.



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1.3.2 Mission • To construct quality buildings, roads, bridges and other with competency and at currently required standards. by creating strong linkage in industries to produce and supply industrial products necessary in building construction both for nationally and international markets • Through strong man power and material capacity and organization to win construction projects at international standards effectively meets all client and stakeholders need and to increase our level from building contractor to general contractor.

1.3.3 Goals • Keeping its level of growth step by step to undertake different construction activities • construct building of various standards for government, public and privet sector through passing the competition • Construct bridges and to undertake different activities in water, telephone, electricity services and high ways in larger scope before.

1.4 Head district of the company and working areas

The head district of the company is Addis Ababa and having different working area of regions capital

city of the country. From different working areas some of them are Debre Birhan town, company

name Rediete Dagim engineering and construction plc.

P.o.box 1554/1110 Addis Ababa bole K/K Woreda 07 house no new

Tel: +251-11-6-461539/40/41/42

Fax: +251-11-6-461538

E-mail: [email protected]

1.5 General information of the project

Project Auditorium building project

Client/owner Debre Birhan University

Consulted by, dynamic construction plc.

Contractor name Rediete Dagim Engineering and Construction plc.

mailto:[email protected]



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1.6Work performance in the past five years

No Name of employer Name of the

project&/location Contract amount

Completed

1 B.G.I Ethiopiaplc 500’000HI per annum capacity brewery plant

70,000,000.00 03/09/2003EC

2 Arssizone admin/office Digalu&Tijo Administration office

Dinkityhospital, secondary school meeting hall at ARSSI zone

56,432,827.00 22/11/2003EC

3 Oromiya agricultural output Wholesale Marketing Agency

Oromiya agricultural output Wholesale Marketing Agency(Burayu city)

58,215,363.00

05/05/2003EC

4 Oromiya health bureau

Jimma hospital(jimma town)

33,486,110.40 13/07/2004EC

5 Japan international cooperation system(JICS)

Construction of primary secondary school under Japan’s Grand AID(Akaki kality sub city)

9,303,982.64 10/04/2005EC

6 Agency for government houses

Roof tiles &roof treatment maintenance work

10,557,442.75 19/05/2003EC

7 Agency for government houses

Roof tiles &roof treatment maintenance work

3,263,192.16 20/03/2003EC

8 Ministry of

agriculture & rural development

Office ,liberary,gravelroad&dransage remaining works

8,935,001.13 26/12/2003EC

9 SPA service enterprise

1st class roof treatment 322,856.75 12/09/2002EC

Table1 work performance of the company for the past five years



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1.7 Equipment’s of the company

No Equipment type Quantity 1 Girder 1 2 Roller 2 3 Mixer 12 4 Excavator 2 5 Dam track 9 6 Field vehicle 10

Table2 number of equipment of the company

1.8 Main customers of the company

Rediete Dagim engineering and construction has well established organized company which the main

office found in the national capital city of Addis Ababa city at bole k/k in addition to the round areas

undertaking and working on much more construction works and his business at National level.

There are two types of main customers from this company. These are:

• Indirect users • All citizens through the growth of other activities and marketing opportunity created to local suppliers and producers like office, site engineers, and material production factories so on.

• Direct users • Low income people, Skilled and unskilled Laborers

• Working on the construction site workers and Construction contractors. • Micro and small Enterprises,



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1.9 Organization structures and work flow of the company

Rediete Dagim engineering and construction has the following general organizational structures

The chart shows the Organizational structure of the project

General Manager

Secretary

External auditor

Lawyer

Deputy Manager

Technical Director Administration & finance directors

Engineering

department Planning

&monitoring

Production

&maintenance

Head

office

Project

Manager

Garage Metal

Production

Administration

Department

Finance

Department

General

Service

Supply

purchase

&section

Human

Resource

Senior

Accountan

t

Guard Transport

Liner

Cleaner

Purchaser Store

Casher

Junior

Accountant

Clerk



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Chapter two

2. Work description of the project site

2.1 The Contractor Contractors are persons who execute the construction works by employing different workers such as

carpenters, masons, daily laborers and machine Operators etc. taking work contract from the clients.

2.2 Sub-contractors In building work there has been a long trend to pass the majority of work to sub-contractors, who

specialize in various trades, where many operations are ‘packaged up’ and sub-let to them. Thus sub-

contractors may be let for excavation, formworks, reinforcement making and erecting, plastering

masonry work, bar bending, cutting etc. . . .

The advantage of permitting the sub-contractors is reducing the staff needed on the site and reduces

capital spending on plant and equipment. The contractor retains responsibility for the quality and

correctness of the work and of course has to plan and coordinate the sub-contract inputs, and often

supply any necessary materials from the project.

2.3 Project manager The project manager is the one who manages the whole project through the project site organization.

He divides the site in to manageable units and assigns a Forman or an engineer in charge of the work

depending on type and volume of work, giving a special attention to avoid wastage of materials and

resources while allocating resources. He is also responsible for motivating individuals and teams in

the construction site by communicating and recognizing their importance in the project and making

recognition polices like certificate, cash award, dinner invitations etc. He gives special attention to

avoid wastage of materials while allocating resources.

Project management is the process of planning, organizing tracking progress, and managing tasks

and resources to accomplish defined objectives, usually within constraints on time, resources, or cost.

Planning is part of project management that helps to forecast work executed in the future in order to

allocate time, scope and budget of the project.

Another duty of project manager is preparing meetings, with different section heads for

reviewing schedules, evaluate performances, better understanding of problems and solutions, and

recollection of resources, removal of fears during work, accelerate plans etc… he also briefs to his

boss sufficiently before the meeting between the client and the company representative.

Take more rapidly monitoring is another important task of the project manager to check all

progresses of the site activity at close range possibly every day. The project manager also properly

manage his time for all those activities to be monitored by him and jobs regarding sub-contracts,



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which include selection, sub-contract agreement management, releasing declarations relating

accountabilities to his contract.

In general, the project manager acts as leader (guiding the entire resources to an efficient

activity), as planner (planning within the agreed time), as decision-maker (representing the whole site

management).

. The main functions of Project Managers are listed the following below:

• Developing the project plan

• Managing the project stakeholders

• Managing Communication

• Managing the project team

• Managing the project risk

• Managing the project schedule

• Managing the project budget

• Managing the project conflicts

• Managing the project delivery

2.4 engineers

Engineers are the main responsible person in building construction activities which includes

architects, structural engineers, sanitary engineers, geology engineers and all consultants generally.

Function of engineers

Work setting out in accordance with the drawing and specification of the designed building project.

Communicating with the project planning engineer regarding to all the construction work programs.

Checking materials and work in progress for compliance

Checking materials and work in progress for compliance with the specified requirement of the project.

Job review of subordinate or secondary staff

Observance of safety requirements

Resolving technical issues with employer‘s representatives, suppliers, subcontractors and statutory authorities.

Quality control in accordance with the clients need procedures, methods of statements, quality plans and inspections and test plans, all prepared by the project management team and by subcontractors.

Liaising with company or project purchasing department to ensure that purchase orders adequately defines the specified requirements.



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Supervising and counseling junior or trainee engineers

Measurement and valuation (in collaboration with the project quantity surveyor where appropriate)

Providing data in respect of variation orders and instructions.

Preparing record drawings, technical reports, site diary.

2.5 The Consultant

The consultant for the project is includes Architects, Engineers, and site supervisors which consulting

office and site activities. Consultants work on the side of the client have the responsibility of

conducting necessary quality control mechanisms of work to make sure that the project is being

constructed as per design and specification. The following are the main functions of consultants:

Contract administration is a major element of supervision and it has the following functions.

Quality control: is the process of making sure the quality of the work accomplished is not below the required standards. This is obtained by visual inspections before any major activity like casting of concrete is not done without performing various tests, etc.

Time control: is the process of making sure that the project is going according to schedule. Any contractor has the obligation of finishing the required work on the required time, unless so, the contractor will be penalized as per the contract agreements.

Cost control: preparation of take-off sheets help in estimating the amount of work accomplished and consequently the amount to be paid to the contractor. The consultant has the duty of checking the take-off sheets prepared by the contractor, and also it has the responsibility of making sure that the payments made are in accordance with the bill of quantities from the contract agreement.

In addition to this, the design and consulting office has the responsibility of preparing shop drawings

(working drawings) for the contractor. Shop drawings show design modifications and details in

drawings. The structural engineer also shows up regularly at the site to give of any structural advices

and limitations concerning the project, for example for this project case masonry and retaining wall

were approved after the building work was going in some progresses.

2.6. Site engineer Site engineer is a person who has a responsibility to make sure that the work is implemented based

on the design, specifications, drawings and agreement contract documents of the project. He

communicates with the office engineers and construction engineer if the design has to be modified

and orders the general Forman to make it implemented. He visits the site on day to day basis for the

purpose of making sure that the work is flowing as a planned. But in this project site all site engineer

responsibilities were worked by general Forman. He makes necessary reports to the Project Manager

all activities on the site, and strictly follows the given time schedules to avoid any delay on the project

completion time.



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2.7. Office engineer

Collect data by the supervisor or data collector, from the site, then assemble and analyze these data to

prepare payments and take off sheets. He also makes reports to the project engineer and makes detail

drawings to be easy for construction and provide it to surveyor, Forman or any concerned section

workers.

2.8 Quantity surveyor Prepares all the quantities using the drawing or plan given and site executed works and he also

compared both works how they going in cost and time effectively.

2.9 Forman The Forman in construction is a person controls distribution of Masons, Carpenters and daily

labors. He also gives guidance on how the work is to be done and gives correction if there is any

mistake done. Forman and general Forman have the same responsibility. The Forman has the power

to give allowance to the workers to stop work and go home at the time of sickness or any other

occasions in the project site.

2.10 Trade Forman Controls most of the skilled (masons, carpenters, plumber…) and unskilled (gang leaders) labors by

giving directions that he receive from the general manager or the site engineer.

Mason; a production worker responsible for production of masonry. He is the main construction worker for the structural shell.

Carpenter; is a craft responsible for making wood structures for supporting different structural components like beams and columns, formworks, and chip wood works.

Machine operators; operate, fix and maintain different machineries on the site like, vibrator, mixer, gene

Metal workers; fabricate, assemble, install and repair sheet metal products and equipment.

Gang leaders; controls the distribution of labor forces throughout by taking orders from the trade Forman. He controls the number of laborers at each work place, transfer labor workers from one site to other, and check whether laborers are performing their job properly.

2.11 Administrator Administer the workers (employees), takes care of the employment of new workers and checks the

working performance and punctuality of the workers with the time keeper.

2.12 Finance

The finance takes care of monthly salary (fee) of the employees; finance the purchasing of requested

materials.



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2.13 Store and time keeper

Store and time keeper controls the attendance of the workers and the amount and type of material of

the construction Entering and leaving from the store by preparing paper formats.

2.14 Data collectors Collect data which work is done per day like the type and amount of material used on the work, the

type and number of workers participated on the work with their professionalisms.

Quantity surveyor

Prepares all the quantities using the drawing or plan given and site executed works and he also

compared both works how they going in cost and time effectively.

2.15 project accountant

A project accountant is a person who interfaces with clients, contractors and project personnel in

order to ensuring the accurate and timely submittal of monthly requests and cost reports in

accordance with the contract as well as the corporate policy and procedures for the project.

Main functions of accountant

Reviewing approved contractor requisitions and vender involves, identify and correct items without sufficient or proper backup documentations and ether information into the computerized system to generate monthly requisitions for the client and contractor.

Reviews and administer the project with regarded to the terms of contract. Monitor and analysis the project profitability or risk for projects with savings components and granted maximum prices.

Reviewing and analyzes post cost as well as the project future costs.

Prepare monthly bank, revolving funds and petty cash reconciliations of the cash balances for all items of works in the project.

Review the contractor’s insurance certifications and requests for a rate increase to ensure that they are incompliance with the terms of the contract.

Prepare field payroll worksheets based on the payroll worked hours obtained from the project superintendent. It used to that the payroll checks can be processed.

Manage the disbursal of funds from the clients revolving funded account in addition to making payments after the monthly equations has been funded

Process and complete the monthly, quarterly and year-end closing process. • Complete and perform monthly account reconciliations.

• Assist with the implementation strategies for changes in accounting standards/policies.

• Complete, update and maintain accounting policy manual.

• Resolve accounting issues, with a specific focus on revenue recognition, deferred expenses and consolidations.

• File credit card statements from stores



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2.16 Construction Site Clerk

A site clerk is a person who working in the construction site office directly responsible for

coordinating all administrative work for the construction management team on site. This requires an

organized individual with excellent verbal communication skills, attention to detail, and a high level

of computer literacy and also be assisting the site supervisory staff in a multitude of functions in office

and on site. Site Clerk has the following functions at construction site

Companies in almost all industries have site clerks to perform ordinary, mundane tasks that are

essential for the continuation of the organizations work progress effectively. These tasks include

typing, answering phones, filing and running every day jobs or errands.

Phones and Customers: a site clerk is normally responsible for answering phones. Included in this is

taking messages and directing calls to the appropriate employees. Site clerks also fax documents and

sort through faxes a company receives. A site clerk also checks a company’s emails. She sorts them,

forwards them and responds to them, if possible. She also greets customers and answers any

questions they may have.

Computer Duties: Site clerks are often asked to type documents and letters for the company, or enter

data into the company’s computer system. Enter accounting transactions into the computer and

bookkeeping activities, such as payroll or calculating payroll taxes.

2.17 secretaries

Secretaries are a person who responsible for ensuring that an organization complies with standard

financial and legal practice and maintains standards of corporate governance of the company that are

not strictly required to provide legal advice; company secretaries must have a thorough

understanding of the laws that affect their areas of work. They act as Point of communication between

the board of directors and company shareholders and reporting in a timely and accurate manner on

company procedures and developments.

.Typical tasks include company secretaries are:

• Taking a role in share issues, and takeovers.

• Monitor the administration of the company's boarding house formats.

• overseeing and renewing insurance cover for employees, equipment and property;

• managing office space and property as well as dealing with personnel administration;

.

Arrangements site documentations, research duties and composing correspondence and reports. Stabilizing work procedures schedules managing projects and supervising other personnel including clerical staff

The duties of clerk and secretary personnel significantly overlap, because both jobs involve clerical

duties. The two primary distinctions involve skill level and degree of responsibility



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1.18 Casher

Cashiers handle customers' payments in retail stores, restaurants and offices on the project. Usually

cashiers scan or type the price of items into a computer that calculates a total and collect payment for

goods and services, make change, and hand out receipts. Cashiers may also issue cash refunds and

credit slips to customers or cash checks for customers and employees. At the end of their shift, they

must balance the amount of money they have taken in with the total works and sales recorded without

made any mistakes on each works.

Function of casher at construction site work

• The first duty of cashier is to greet the customers entering into organization

• Handling all the cash operation of an organization

• Receive payment by cash, checks, credit card etc.

• Checking daily cash accounts in the project

• Guiding and solving queries of customer in the project

• Providing training and assistance to new joined cashier in the project

• Maintaining monthly, weekly and daily report connections

Finance: it is a management, creation and study of money, banking, credit, investments, assets and

liabilities of the project businesses.



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Chapter three

3. Overall internship experience

3.1 How I get the company Only few universities have a time for internship program for their engineering technology students in

Ethiopia now. Among those Debre Birhan University is one of them.

Previously Debre Birhan University is given permeation for his engineering students to search their

own internship hosting company by expecting the students need to work they selected company. So, I

have tried to search some companies but they have not a positive response to accept me because of

respond to me, they have accepted over number of interns they sated a plan and I also again start to

find a place and I went to one project at Debre Marcos town this project manager deal about the

program with me. He was so interested and gave me a warm respond. But at the end of August they

told to me that they finish their project, they have other new site in the city for the coming year but it

could be late and they tolled to me to find other place. Due to this reason my hope was on the

university industry linkage (UIL) which founded for the interest on having sound and fruit full

relationship between the industry and university.

Now when the internship program which aimed to the student have a practical knowledge about what

they learn and how really look like the real world beside the theory they knows before is officially

launched everything for the program was prepared by this staff.

Thanks to the university industry linkage (UIL) office they keep my primary selected and announce

the hosting company that I have choice from they announced from the company lists.

I began my internship at Monday 11/02/2006ec, simply going to the company and I was got the time

and store keeper tolled for her I am a practice student on their own company, showing her the

document I took from my university and she has message from the general Forman to accept the

coming students up to he come back .therefore she took my rogue book and registered my name on

the prepared attendance form and she invite me to visited the current activities in the site. In the next

day the general Forman introduce me all about the general rule, regulation of the site and what is

safety at site. He also, tolled the contract agreement between the company and this university to give

them a free service for four months, after this I being the member of the company staff and with our

supervisor we introduce all sites.



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3.2 Work tasks that I have executed in the company

During my four month internship program, I have been working in both site and office works. I have

worked as quantity surveyor, data collector and Forman. When I reach the site, setting out and site

clearance of the auditorium building finished .it was unfortunate that I was unable to see the setting

out and site clearance works.

I was totally working in the site and office by assisting the quantities of each activity and collecting

data for projects.

Most of the time I was watching the procedure for every works in the site, which briefly described

below in the next in addition to the theoretical knowledge I have grasped in the school of my study.

In these two months my primary task was preparing tack off sheet and controlling the site materials

used for each tasks, by taking orders from the quantity surveyor. Since he has a great experience, I

fulfill my task according to his order. Mostly we share ideas to take measures when problems happen

in the site with my relatives also.

The first two months were the core of my internship program. I observed and managed different

operations directly relating to my theoretical knowledge and gave me a great experience about almost

all the site works (except super structure works). Other important thing I have acquired during my

first two months was how to manage problems which existing at site. For example how to workshop

drawings approved at site (masonry wall) and how to ask cost for the executed activities from the

client/owner.

In the third month, this project spent some days without execution according to the schedule sated

on the contract document because most site workers were go to their own families to celebrate

different holly days (epiphany, cries mass). But after they back the project they also worked overtime

work taking sub contract from general Forman for each items of work. The main activates worked in

this month were ground floor column construction, grade beam and scaffold erection.

In the final month the project was spending mostly worked different work items like top tie,

intimidate ,and grade beam form ,bar arrangements, including to its all supports ( making wooden

Christy), 3.95cm ground column construction , excavation, transporting back fill material from

borrowed area were executed effectively.

In general building construction work has to be divided in to two according to its location on the

building:

Substructure work

Super structure works

Substructure work is any structures that are done below the ground level are sub structure. It ranges

from a simple foundation to basement floor, or more complex structures such as subways or

underground tunnels. Sub-structure or Foundation is the lower portion of the building, usually



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located below the ground level, which transmits the loads of the super-structure to the supporting

soil.

A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the ground to which

the loads are transmitted.

Super-structure is the part of building structures which are found above ground level up to roof cover,

and which serves the purpose of its intended or planed for use.

3.3 Substructure work

3.3.1. Excavation and earth works

Earth work is the process of excavating of earth crus to reduce for the desired purpose

Before any construction begin the area to be take measurements, clearing of the site and setting out

work are done by decide the place to pile up the suitable excavated material and considering working

space outside the building perimeter during setting out.

I. Excavation

Excavation means to loosen and tack out soil materials to leaving space above or below the ground

floor level. It is done by hand or machine.

Machine excavation is a type of excavation which is takes with excavator. But hand excavation is done

with man power.

Advantage of excavation using machine or excavator

a) Work done quicker b) A void dangerous condition of work by human works during existence of ground water or

collapse of soil c) To achieve greater depth d) Use fewer manpower and work done in lower cost(for larger scale work only)

Disadvantages

a) Involving larger running and maintenance costs b) It require larger operating area c) Access provision to working area d) Less provision to working area e) Less flexible in working planning f) Idling time increasing time cost of worker

Advantages of hand excavation

a) Economical in case of small project site



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b) Low wastage (ignore extra excavation) c) Not need large operating area

Disadvantages

a) High flexible in working planning b) Requires workers training c) Sophisticated and difficult to achieve greater depth d) Larger manpower needs compare to machine excavation e) Work delaying is high

Drilling (rock excavation): drilling of rock is carried out using excavators jack hammer driven by air

compressors from the areas to excavate the rocky ground. The broken rocks were wasted/spoiled

using excavator Becket and dump trucks from the site. Rock excavation was held by moving excavator

with his chin in the whole excavated which has opened one side of the commonly excavated pit holes

to excavate more pits commonly together.

II. Types of excavation executed in this project There are different types of excavations which are done in this building construction project:

a. Bulk excavation: is excavation which is used to level the site after site clearing used to

prepare leveled site for making profile and create comfortable site movement to work any activities at

the project site. This is done before setting out of profile.

b. Pit excavation: is excavation for the base of footing column bulk to the final depth of

footing pad. This excavation reaches from 1.5m to 4m depth for this project case and with working

space of 25 cm.

Figure 0 pit and trench excavation

Pit excavation

Trench excavation



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c. Trench excavation: is excavation between two or more footings to constructed masonry

works before constructing grade beam and is the excavation of building perimeter using working

space 20cm and with depth not exceeding 1.5m.

NB Plumb bob is used to locate vertical points along the wire that forms the building layout. Earth

work for building construction work involves the following operations and procedures.

d. Excavation procedures Having, reading and understood the drawing which should be excavated pads, trenches. Select workman and equipment for the type of excavation. Prepare the plan on the profile board and fix the end points using plumb bob release down

from the rope stretched with consideration of working space 2ocm for each side. Prepare or made the equipment readiness that used to do dig (shovels, pickaxes). Remove any unwanted materials or debris near to the excavated site if any. Begin digging referring to the marked portion proposed. During this stage excavation was

done with cut layers depend on excavator power exerted on and wasted each layer segments from the hole.

Remove the rock fragments and soil particles from the site to minimize overstretching with the banks of embankment. That procedure was continued until the specified depth reached.

Materials and tools used

Tape

Hammer

Wooden/steel pegs

Rope/ strings

Nails

Barilla

Shovels

Pickaxe

Plumb bob

Excavator and dump truck

3.3.2 Formwork construction work

Formworks are temporary works used to would different shapes and sizes of concrete structures when

fresh concrete poured in to it.

• It is also supports concrete structures until the concrete hardens and stand alone.



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• It should be designed to carry its own weight, live load, weight of moving persons climbing on it and weight of concrete in its fluid condition. Material used for form work

• It can be made of steel, timber, etc. • Timber products formwork panels are built joined by carpenters working at the construction site but it fabricated at furniture or wood factories in other places.

In this project case steel & timber forms panels used to cast different concrete structures.

The differences between steel and timber forms are listed below.

Table 3 timber and steel forms

Timber form works Steel formworks

Advantage Disadvantage advantage Disadvantage

Cheaper than

steel

less durability durable High cost to purchase

Can found locally Not use

repetitively

reusable Attacked by Corrosion

It is adaptable

and can be made

any shape

Need trans to

workers

Difficult to get for

different shape

Easier to size

Lighter in weight

Water absorbent

from fresh concrete

Water in

absorbent from

fresh concrete

Had large weight

A. Procedures of formwork erection Read the plans of the structures dimension from the drawing Chick the qualitative wood supports, boards or panels had and assigned workers (which one

is used for this). Stretching rope strings on the desired profile board and fastened pegs using plumb bob. Erected form work panels with the exact dimension of the structure’s one end should be

fasten the brace to the pegs, nailed/tie it when the other end had to be fit on the ground at the right position. In this stage the position of all panels were checked with sprit level and plumb bob in addition, if to connect more formwork panels together use string lines to make sure they were align or not.

Chick all dimensions including diagonally also. Securing all panels using nails, tie wire by installing braces of wood/steel and pegs. Check the rigidity and its position Pouring concrete begin

Points bear in mind during formwork erection

The joint between form panels should be smooth and tightly attached. The dimension of forms should be correctly aligned according to the drawing.



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Checking all the alignments correctly plumbed and taped. Note the form of footing columns were developed on the crachery

Materials used for formwork works

Wood or steel boards

Pegs

Steel roads

Nails

Steel wires

Wood/steel braces

Barilla

Measuring tape

Carpentry hammer

Pencil

Square

Circular saw

Hammer

String

Penza to tie with steel wire

Fig2 pad formwork erection and lean concrete pouring

3.3.3 Reinforcement bar and its installation

Reinforcement bar: it is a construction material which is inserted to the concrete structure to increase

its tensile ability and durability by preventing cracks for this project case s-300 deformed steel grad

was used.



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Reinforcement bar arrangement according to this project case was divided in to two. Single reinforced

and double reinforced.

Single reinforced is a method of concrete structure reinforcing that steel added only the tension

side of the concrete structure (normally at the bottom).but in case of double reinforcing steel is

added at both the tension and the compression sides (both at the top and bottom side).

a. Bar cut and bends Its common practice at site according to the drawing and plans bar cut was done at site I observed

when they bent bars on wooden table material having welded steel plat on it.

b. Footing pads There are two types of footing pads used in the auditorium building .namely, combined footing and

isolated footing

Isolated footing is a type of footing which has one axial load on its single pad.

Combined footing is also a type of footing which has two axial loads is applied on a single footing pad.

It is a lower most part building structure which transmits over all building loads that comes on its

footing column to the larger ground surface. The auditorium building project has supported by the

two types of footings which are isolated footing pads and combined footing to withstand all loads the

building exerted.

Procedures of mesh reinforcement installation for pads and its construction

stretching rope or string on the setting out profile board Prepare form work for footing pads with in a given dimension by adding a concrete cover of

50mm and erect form on its normal position checking by plumb bob sprit level and tape. Prepare (cutting, bend, and arranging geometrically) reinforcement for footing pad and

footing column according to the plan drawing. Add lean concrete c-25 having ratio 1:4:6 at the bottom reduced and leveled ground surface in

the prepared formwork. Place both the footing pad mesh and main footing column reinforcements in to the form work

and connect them with steel wire, and add the spacer at the bottom of the reinforcement to create concrete cover for reinforcements.

Check all dimensions, and positions of the pad and footing column reinforcements. mix the concrete within a given mix ratio of 1:2:3(1-cement,2-sand,3-aggregate) near to

footing hole Transporting and pouring or filling of concrete at specified depth as a plan of footing

indicates. Compaction the filled plastic concrete using a needle vibrator to avoided air bubble, voids

which existed inside the poured concrete to minimize future trades of bleeding and segregation during the curing process.

Surface famishment was made and checks the levelness with sprit level.



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Quality control in the project site

Fig3 footing reinforcement erection and its arrangement

c. Footing columns

It is also the lower most part of a building structure next to footing pads which transmits over all

building loads that comes from super structures, and grade beams to its footing pad

The procedures of reinforcement installation for footing columns

Materials used for footing column construction

Ø20 bars for main bars and Ø10 for stirrups

Cement (Derba )

aggregate

sand

water

mixer

vibrator

man power

carpentry saw

Bar cuter saw

plum bob(used to check the verticality of the members)

Tie wires

barilla(used to transport fresh concrete)

timber panels

wood supports Procedures footing column construction

Prepare wood frame (crachery) on the footing pad and nailed it with nails as a plan pulse form work thickness.

Prepare for wooden formwork panels and oiled it Ting 5cm concrete spacer on the reinforcement bars for each sides of footing column Erect each side panels taking reference rectangular wooden frame on the cured pad. Nailed together all panels and stabilize it with wooden yokes



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Check the position with tape and plumbing using a suspended plumb bob If the position of formwork prepared ok, made it rigid or strengthen with wood supports at

each form sides. Mixing concrete c -25 started near to the footing column Transporting and poured concrete down to the form was done Compaction the poured concrete with vibrator All the above activates were done up to the desired height reached After 16 up to 24 hours remove all formwork panels because the concrete structure sustained

its own weight after 16 hours it casted. Spraying the casted footing column two times a day (curing with water)

Fixing control pointes using plumb bob, Wood crachery Form oiling

Fig4 Formwork erection for footing column, oiling of formworks and its bar

arrangements

3.3.4 Concrete and concrete work

1. Concrete work

Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water with a specify ratio. Different grades of

concrete were used for different purpose on site. In this site the mix is proportioned by using a gauge

box, with dimensions 50cm*40cm*18cm, varying the ratio varies the grade of concrete. For example,



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for c-25 and c-5 concrete the depth was 18cm. Using the mix ratio and the same depth, different

concrete grades which was 1:2:3 (cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate respectively) for c-25, and

1:4:6 for lean concrete produced.

The quantity of cement is measured by weight (one bag Derba cement weighed 50 kg) and each batch

of concrete use one or more whole bags and the quantity of aggregates measured by gauge box (in

volume) according to the specification ratio for each works at site.

Different grades of concrete used in for this project site;

C5 (lean concrete) - to protect the structural concrete from damage and to give level surface act as a stratum with mix ratio of 1:4:6 was made.

C25- commonly used grade of structural concrete at the site with mix ratio of 1:2:3.

There are two types of concrete used to construct different structures in this project site were plain

concrete and reinforced concrete.

a. Reinforced concrete c-25 having concrete compressive strength 25 mega Pascal used for casting

structures (footing, grade beams and shear walls).

Reinforced concrete is a type of concrete which is reinforcement bar is used for to construct

structural members (load bearing structure).

Advantages of reinforced concrete

Gives more rigidity to the structure. It is durable and fire resisting. Its maintenance cost is negligible. Impermeable to water and moisture. Crack is negligible compare to plain concrete. Disadvantage

High cost of steel

b. Plan concrete (it is c-5 concrete or lean for this project case) is a homogeneous mixture of

coarse aggregate, sand and hydrated cement without reinforcement bar used during construction.

Advantage

low cost Disadvantage

Exposed more cracks

There were two types of concrete used in the auditorium building project according to its compression

strength, lean concrete and normal grad concrete.

I. Lean concrete



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Most of the time a low grade c-5 concrete works are called lean concrete. It is mostly used under sub

structures. It is a 50 mm thick qualify of C-5 with minimum cement content of 150 kg/m3 of concrete.

It has some advantages like;

It acts like a hard stratum It protects all sub structural elements from extra moisture which had negative impact

on reinforcement bars. It prevents the soil particles under substructures from any relative movement

Normal grade concrete

These types of concrete produced at site used to the ratio of 1:2:3 with box size of 50cm x 40cm x18cm

length, width, and height respectively.

Fig5 lean concrete under footing pads and grade beam

II) Normal strength concrete This type of concrete was used the major concrete work at the site which has c-25 concrete with a

compressive strength of 25 mega Pascal with the minimum cement contents of 360kg/m3. It used for

casting for all structural works at the auditorium building project site

2. Concrete making materials (ingredients)

Concrete is produced from the mixing of ingredients which are cement, sand, aggregate, water.

a) Cement: is one of the basic raw materials used to produce concrete. Generally in mixing of concrete cement used as binding material.

Precautions on site work to ensure the specification and the strength of each structure must be use

cement in the excellent condition.

Check the date on the bag to see that it was manufactured recently; cement deteriorates over time (expiration date).

Store in the normal condition that do not rest on the ground. Check the age of cement before use (date of delivered). b) Aggregate: is the main body of mixing concrete that occupies about 60-75%in volume of

concrete and it increase the compressive strength of concrete this is because of compressive strength of concrete ensured by aggregate. In our site we use size of aggregate 0.2cm.We choose aggregate if it should be



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The aggregate used in construction must be workable or well graded. Grading is the process of proportioning, mixing aggregates according to its sieve size.

Strong durability Economical

Good aggregates should be

Clean and free from impurities (silt, mud) so that the cement can adhere to them. Strong enough to produce the final strength of concrete. Durable enough to resist extremes of heat and cold. Inert or inactive in presence of water.

Based on their size we classify aggregates in to:

Fine aggregate with sieve size <4.75mm (it is river sand). Coarse aggregate with sieve size >4.75mm (gravel or crushed rock from the quarry). The

aggregate used for the auditorium building has a good and appreciable quality the laboratory resulted shows from Addis Ababa.

c) water Water is one of the concrete making materials which are good for preventing plastic shrinkage,

cracking and it used to hydrate the mix of concrete work. Water Used to for construction for this

project was from water which used to for drinking. Water was used in concrete construction work for

the following purposes.

To flux or fluidity the cementing materials over the surface of particles of aggregate. To create chemical reaction cement and water (hydration). To make the concrete workable. To dump aggregates during construction.

3) Concrete mix design at the project site According to our internship project site gauge box is used for batching fine and coarse aggregate. In

this time the mixing ratio of grade of C-5 and C-25 for lean concrete and common work of structures

respectively.

The types of cement used for all of the structures were Derba cement.

Box size for normal structures c-30 concrete work (beams, footings and shear walls) =50*40*17cm

Box size for normal structures c-25 and c-5 concrete work (beams, footings and shear walls)

=50*40*18cm (only ratio was different)

Where Length =50cm

Width=40cm

Depth =17, 18 cm



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Fig6 shows the concrete beaching box of c-25, c-5 and c-30

Mix calculation calculated of concrete work at site was as follows

a) Volume of concrete = 1m3 and the Ratio of concrete =1:2:3 (cement, sand, aggregate) it is given for the specification of the auditorium building

b)

c)

d)

e) ( ) ( )

Note the project was used concrete ratio for normal structures c-25 1:2:3 (cement, fine aggregate,

coarse aggregate respectively

f)

g)

h)

To determine the volume of water used to the following relation

i) volume of concrete = volume of water + volume of cement + volume of aggregate 1m3 = volume of water + 0.16 + (0.5 + 0.33)

Volume of water =1—0.16—0.83

=1—0.99=0.01m3, therefore for one m3 concrete the project was used 0.01m3 water but in real works it

depends according to the mixer operator assumed for the workability of concrete at site .



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Note 1m3 water =1000litters

1m3 = 1000 litters

0.01m3 = x *1/1m3

=10literes

4. Mixing of concrete

Concrete is mixed in our site using an efficient automatic mechanical mixer of two types, with

350 lit capacities and 500 lit capacities and hand mixing for mortar.

The two types of mixing of concrete in this project site was hand mixing and machine mixing.

a. Hand mixing

It is a type of mixing for concrete mortar for small works like masonry works used to the ratio of 1:4

cement and sand respectively.

b. Machine mixing

It is the process of mixing of concrete ingredients which are cement; fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,

and water using mixer machines.

All ingredients or concrete making materials like cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water are put in to the mixing drum which is rotating.

The drum is rotating for 2 to 3minutes. To mix on batch of concrete the mixer should be washed after operation. Concrete is mixed in our site

using an efficient automatic mechanical mixer of two types, with 350 lit capacities and 500 lit

capacities.

NB during mixing we use correct proportion ingredients depending on the compressive strength or on

grade. In the auditorium building projects the following Procedures of concrete mixing was used:

Procedures of concrete mixing using machine

First set up the mixer at the optimum and stable place that was comfort for transportation of plastic concrete and then start on the mixer generator to give it a power to rotate the mixer.

Next add required water to clean an empty mixer. Add the required water to an empty clean mixer. Again add one box sand and one box aggregate in to the mixer. Then add any desired admixture to the mixer (if any) but in this project case no admixture

used. Add cement to the mixer on the mixed sand and aggregate. After this add the remaining sand and aggregate in to the mixer again. If necessary, add the remaining water to the mixer until proper consistency was achieved. Then, mix thoroughly all ingredients for three to five munities (it was vary according to the

operators). After the above activities was done laying the plastic mixed concrete on the proposed place by

rotating the mixer to it. Transport the plastic concrete to lay or pour in the desired formwork of the structure.



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Compaction by vibrator started to remove air bubbles and voids from the poured concrete. Lastly the surface finish done by fracas, trawls and the surface checked with sprite level. Note the tape measurement was taken at different layers to construct the exact height of the

casted structure and those processes were done repeatedly for all concrete works. Materials used during concrete mixing

Shovels,

Concrete (cement, water, sand and aggregate),

Barrel (it made from galvanized iron sheet),

Standard wooden box, it measures concrete ingredients.

Tools:

Safety gloves

Glasses

Cloths,

Drum mixer

Needle vibrator

Fig7 concrete drum mixer

Procedures of hand mixing

Measure quantity of sand was prepared evenly. The required quantity of cement was damped on the sand spread evenly.



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The sand and cement was then mixed well with shovel turning the mixture over and over again until it was even. The whole mass should be mixed at least three times by shoveling and turning over by twist from center to side then back to the center and again to the sides.

Three quarters of the total quantity of water required should be added while the material was turned in towards the center with shovels.

The remaining water was added by a water can fitted with rose head, slowly turning the whole mixture over and over again until a uniform consistency was obtained.

Transported the mixed mortar to use Place the mixed mortar over the masonry base of the masonry and use any work tasks. Wash and clean the equipment’s and tools used when the mixing and works were end

Fig8 hand mixing of mortar

5. General procedures of concrete structure construction at

the project site Concrete construction work consist the following basics stages at construction site:

First excavate the bases of the structure. it was taken according to the dimension given for each pads plus working space.

Then compaction the reduced ground. After prepared formwork for the structure in the excavated hole with sound support, Lean concrete c-5 compressive strength 5mpa was poured. Next reinforcement placing on the spacer assembled with longitudinal and traversal (small

direction) bars were made. If placement of bar finished, checking and approving by the site responsible persons (Forman,

site engineers). Concrete mixing and pouring in the prepared formwork is carried out but during this stag the

pad is casted, construction joint is left (development bars) for the purpose of creating interconnection between the footing pad and the footing columns (development bars).

Next vibration or compaction the poured concrete was started with vibrator. If the dimension of the structure designed ok.

Finishing work (create smooth surface finish) worked with trolls. Lastly curing of concrete takes place.

3.3.5 Transporting of concrete In our site concrete is transported using human power by barrows.

Placing of concrete is a proper distribution of concrete in the structure formwork.



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Points that will be considered during placing of concrete are:

The inside of form works should be inspected before placing of concrete. To avoid sticking of concrete form work should be oiled. There should be no segregation of concrete when it is placed. Walking on freshly laid concrete is avoided. The concrete should not be placed from large height but placed from the minimum height

possible; the maximum free fall should be from 1.5m to 2m.

Fig9 concrete transportation work at the auditorium building project

3.3.6 Concrete Footing construction

Build concrete footings according to the layout shown on a particular set of architectural drawings

and a plan drawn by a designer, architect or engineer shows in detail the concrete footing

reinforcement and dimensions to be taken.

Depending on the structural plan reinforcement were prepared for each footings .For footing pad

work:

a. Materials used for footing construction Different diameter reinforcement bars for main and stirrups (Ø20, Ø10 bars)

mixer

vibrator

man power

saw plum bob(used to check the verticality of the members)

tie wires


spool

Timber

Leveling instrument used to check the depth referring from the natural ground level



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String or rope to fix end corners

Hammer

Shovel (square nose)

Support wooden Pliers

Wood saw

Bar cuter saw

Concrete (water, cement, fine and coarse aggregate)

Farceuse used to level the concrete surface

Plate to bend bars according to it’s the drawing specification

Hose level to fix elevation b. Procedures of footing pad construction

stretching rope or string on the setting out profile board Prepare form work for footing pads with in a given dimension by adding a concrete cover of

50mm and erect form on its normal position checking by plumb bob sprit level and tape. Prepare (cutting, bend, and arranging geometrically) reinforcement for footing pad and

footing column according to the plan drawing. Add lean concrete c-25 having ratio 1:4:6 at the bottom reduced and leveled ground surface in

the prepared formwork. Place both the footing pad mesh and main footing column reinforcements in to the form work

and connect them with steel wire, and add the spacer at the bottom of the reinforcement to create concrete cover for reinforcements.

Check all dimensions, and positions of the pad and footing column reinforcements. mix the concrete within a given mix ratio of 1:2:3(1-cement,2-sand,3-aggregate) near to

footing hole Transporting and pouring or filling of concrete at specified depth as a plan of footing

indicates. Compaction the filled plastic concrete using a needle vibrator to avoided air bubble, voids

which existed inside the poured concrete to minimize future trades of bleeding and segregation during the curing process.

Surface famishment was made and checks the levelness with sprit level.

3.3.7 Footing columns construction It is also the lower most part building structure next to footing pads which transmits over all

building loads that comes from super structures, and grade beams to its footing pad

a. The procedures of reinforcement installation for footing columns Materials used for footing column construction

Ø20 bars for main bars and Ø10 for stirrups

Cement (Derba )

aggregate

sand

water

mixer

vibrator



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man power

carpentry saw

Bar cuter saw

plum bob(used to check the verticality of the members)

Tie wires


timber panels

wood supports b. Procedures footing column construction Prepare wood frame (crachery) on the footing pad and nailed it with nails as a plan pulse

form work thickness. Prepare for wooden formwork panels and oiled it Ting 5cm concrete spacer on the reinforcement bars for each sides of footing column Erect each side panels taking reference rectangular wooden frame on the cured pad. Nailed together all panels and stabilize it with wooden yokes Check the position with tape and plumbing using a suspended plumb bob If the position of formwork prepared ok, made it rigid or strengthen with wood supports at

each form sides. Mixing concrete c -25 started near to the footing column Transporting and poured concrete down to the form was done Compaction the poured concrete with vibrator All the above activates were done up to the desired height reached After 16 up to 24 hours remove all formwork panels because the concrete structure sustained

its own weight after 16 hours it casted. Spraying the casted footing column two times a day (curing with water)

Fig10 isolated and combined footing column

3.3.8 Compaction of concrete The objective of compaction is to achieve maximum density by removing air voids from the concrete.

We compact the concrete using machineries like vibrates. It is a tube that is closed at one end forces

the concrete compactly by touching with its chose vibration movement and gets of air bubbles.

The function of Vibration concrete during pouring is to keep the following:



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Keeps the concrete mixed. Levels the top of the layer and To mixes the top layer of concrete with the layer beneath it and to fill voids with concrete.

Fig11 needle vibrator for concrete used to compaction

3.3.9 Concrete Finishing work

Concrete finishing work is one activities of concrete structure casting during pouring that the crafts

man makes the concrete surface smooth and desired using float, trowel tape, sprit level and hose level

when the required height was reached.

3.3.10 removing of form work Pouring concrete usually requires that construct a set of forms beforehand. The formwork serves as a

frame for the shape of the concrete, holding the poured material in place as it cures. Once the concrete

achieves a state of hardness that's capable of supporting its own weight could be remove the forms.

Removing forms isn't a difficult process, but it is labor-intensive.

Materials required

Hammer Stake puller Pry bar Thick strings to support large formworks

Procedures of form work removals

1 Allow the concrete to dry before removing the forms and concrete to be hard and strong so that removing the forms does not result in a sagging surface. Allow the concrete to cure overnight.

2 Remove forms starting at the top of casted structure. Use a hammer to remove nails from the stakes holding the forms in place.



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3 Remove the stakes from the ground that support the forms with a stake puller to avoid damaging the stakes or the forms.

4 Pull the forms away from the sides of the concrete structure using as little force as necessary. If a form sticks to the slab or is difficult to remove, use the pry or interface bar to pry the form upward from, loosening the form from the concrete in the process. Pull the loosened form from the concrete. Be careful not to gouge the structure with the pry or inserted bar in the process.

5 Remove forms alternatively for each sides of the structure to maintain the structural balance of the casted concrete structure. For example, with starting at the upper corner, then remove the form from the lower corner, then the upper followed by the lower one. Remove all forms in this manner and forms were reusable, clean and store them in a dry place. Otherwise dispose of the forms.

Removal time of forms for structures is different according to the specification given for this project.

Work types No of days/hours

Column, beam 16 to 24 hours

Soffit of slab and beam 21 days

Removal of props under slab 21 days

Table 4removing of forms

3.3.11 Curing It is the process in which the concrete structure after removing forms is protected from loss of

moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range. The result of this process is increased

strength and decreased permeability of the casted concrete structures. Curing is also a key player in

mitigating cracks in the concrete casting stage which severely impacts its durability. Placing,

Compacting and Curing

Concrete should be placed as close to its final position as possible. To minimize segregation, it should

not be moved over too long a distance. After concrete is placed in the formwork, it has to be

compacted to remove entrapped air. Compaction can be carried out by hand rodding or tamping, or

by the use of mechanical vibrators.

For concrete to develop strength, the chemical reactions need to proceed continuously. Curing refers

to procedures for the maintaining of a proper environment for the hydration reactions to proceed on

the concrete structure. It is therefore very important for the production of strong, durable and

watertight concrete. In concrete curing, the critical thing is to provide sufficient water to the concrete,

so the chemical reaction will not stop. Moist curing is provided by water spraying, ponding or

covering the concrete surface with wet sand, plastic sheets, burlaps or mats. Curing compounds,

which can be sprayed onto the concrete surface to form a thin continuous sheet, are also commonly

used. Loss of water to the surrounding should be minimized. If concrete is cast on soil subgrade, the



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subgrade should be wetted to prevent water absorption. In exposed areas (such as a slope),

windbreaks and sunshades are often built to reduce water evaporation. For Derba cement concrete, a

minimum period of 7 days of moist curing is generally recommended.

Under normal curing (at room temperature), it takes one week for concrete to reach about 70% of its

long-term strength.

Fig12 column formwork erection and curing with water wooden

yokes

3.4) Masonry wall and retaining wall construction

1) Retaining wall

Retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil when there

is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of response of the soil disturbed by

unbalanced load, water movement free-throw and inappropriate vibration. Retaining wall is a

solution to prevent the lateral movement of soil. Retaining walls are built to prevent soil from being

lost due to erosion or displacement down a slope and it can also be used as a beautifying feature in a

garden. Depending on the site, different types of material can be used to make a retaining wall. This

includes natural stone, wood, bricks and mock stone bricks but for this project case natural stone was

used.

Material needed for retain wall construction

Shovel Gravel Hose level Measuring tape Mortar Concrete mix String



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Procedures for construction

Identify the site where the retaining wall is to be constructed referring the drawing. List the building material to make the retaining wall and make it around the wall should

construct according to its size. Clear the building site of debris tread on the ground. Measure the length of the wall with a measuring tape. Use a hose level or a piece of string to mark the wall boundary. Scrape the marked points and footing columns using needle hammer to create good

bond between wall and footing. Spread a uniform layer of mortar on the cured lean Build a layer of natural stone blocks on the poured mortar and make sure that the stone

blocks are close fitted. When using interlocking blocks, fill concrete holes with gravel after arranging a layer and secure them with mortar.

Use stretching or string rope to align the units in place. Pour mortar on the upper surface of the first layer for the next layer construction. Add several layers until the wall is of the desired height. Pour concrete through the concrete holes of the blocks used in the topmost layer. Add further stability to the soil at the base of the retaining wall (filing).

Fig 13 Retain wall under grade beam (base=90cm, top =50cm, 1.05m height)

2) Masonry

It is a type of building construction work that made with lying up of stone, brick and other such unites

joining with mortar is called masonry work.

3) Mortar

It is a mixture of cement paste and fine aggregate used in setting stone units or filling joints between

stone units. For this project case 1:4:6 mortar ratios was used and Cement past is contains cement

plus water.



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Building a masonry wall is one of the most important works in construction work which is constructed

from dressed stone blocks in this project site. .

a) Building Stone Masonry Walls Stone masonry walls are laid with mortar for added stability of foundation. Because mortar is used

walls can be built and to join stone block unites together. The importance of stone selection is not as

grand as it is with dry stone walls because the stones are attached or bonded together. Despite this

combination each stone needs to fit together and create a desirable looking wall.

Procedures of stone masonry construction

Categorize stones by its size and placed near to the wall will constructed. Create a trench that length and width for the desired wall and set out it with steel peg for each

four corners and join with the string at least equal to the deep of the first course. Mix concrete with water. Pour the mixed concrete into the trench. Create a desired layer of concrete in the trench.

Set the first stone into the concrete at the start of the trench. Choose a flat large stone as the starting stone. Center the stone in the concrete and press down.

Set a large stone next to the first stone near its bottom. Set a second large stone next to the first stone near its top. This way the two large stones are paired head to head after the first stone. Make sure the stones are level. Set more large stones after the first pair by astounding the joints between the stones. Make sure all stones are level. Continue until the first layer is completed.

Spread mortar over the top of the first layer in small sections with a trowel. Set paired stones into the mortar alternating the joints. Make sure the stones are level during laying them. Spread mortar and set stones into it until completed the next layer of stones.

Spread mortar over the next to last layer of stones. Set large flat cap stones into the mortar horizontally so the stone ends point to the ends of the wall.

Materials used for stone masonry wall construction

Masonry stone blocks Shovel Tape measure Level Concrete Wheel barrow Mortar Trowel Stakes Mortar board Masonry stone blocks Hammer Stone chisel Tape



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Fig14 stone masonry wall construction under grade beam

3.5) Shear wall construction

Shear walls are a wall which used in construction to increase a structure's resistance to lateral loads,

which are loads that stress a structure horizontally. Common causes of lateral stress include

earthquakes and high winds.

Material used for shear wall construction

Wood supports

Steel panels

Nails

Wood saw

Reinforcement bars according to the drawing (diameter 10mm)

Steel weir

Tape

Procedures of shear wall construction

Measure the overall length and height of shear wall. Laying lean concrete c-5 under the wall base from column to column. Erected steel formwork panel for the shear wall considering concrete cover. Installing shear wall reinforcement in exact geometrical shape of it. Checking all diminutions according to the drawing. After checking, pouring plastic concrete in to the prepared formwork. Removing formwork panel. Curing with water



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Fig15 shear wall construction and its reinforcement arrangements

3.6) Back filling and cart away

In construction a back filling is a material used to refill an excavated area when after construction of

structures were executed. It is a natural material which fills the voids and air bubbles left in the

poured concrete. Back filling is a combination of stones, soils having clay behavior and other

materials that were lifted over after the main portion of the project structures was completed. It used

for protecting foundations, landscaping, and filling of voids in the site. There are two types of back

fillers in this project site. Machine back filler and hand back filer.

Machine back filler is a machine (roller) which back fills from the selective back fill material to the

excavated holes.

Hand back filler is type of back filling method using human power.

Procedures of back filling

The ground over which the filling has to be done should clean. Compacted the reduced ground which should been filled in the future. Select the refilling materials and stock it separately near to the hole. Estimate or judge the material quantity for the filling area with the availability. Place orderly any fill materials required and then engage laborers for filling. Keep all tools and equipment ready to use. Back filling was started. Filling was done in layers and compaction with wooden logs or steel

rumors and roller machine for this project site. Each layer was spraying with water and compacted thoroughly.

The process of filling in each plinth, spraying with water and compaction should be carried out until the required ground level was reached. While during compaction care was taken to protected foundation columns, retain walls, and masonry walls which were already constructed to preserve from damage. Compaction is the method of ground soil stabilization which makes it rigid.



40

Fig16 back fills material and use of water

Cart away: it is a transportation of surpluses soil materials from the project site. The main

function of cart away was to minimize the over load of the site over all from the embankment of

excavations dug out soils for footings, bulked, site clearance, trench.

3.7) Grade beam Grade beam: It is a reinforced concrete structure which usually found at ground level to form

foundation for the walls of superstructures are build is called grade beam.

Procedures of reinforcement bars of beam

Installing the rebar structure on the cured lean: There are cases in which reinforcement bars that do

not install on the proposed place such a complexity of rebar structure (in the case of constructions,

large spans of concrete and high loads to install).

First connect some rebar rod ninety degree with development bars secures with steel wire to make sure support the weight of the rebar structure.

Then connect all rebar together above the foundation of the structure (Short rode very development bars).

After connected properly the rebar structures geometrically set the whole structure on the bottom of the foundation by pull out all the rebar structure to sits on the lean until the reinforcing structure falls in the foundation of the structure.

Check one more time if the connections between the rebar structures are made properly according to the drawing, otherwise the structure should not support the weight of the house. So, that the joint is rigid and secured properly with wire. Make sure the reinforcing structures



41

are aligned properly, as the structure will be built exactly over them. During the construction of bar structures, the process must be supervised by a qualified professional in this field (supervisors, site engineers in addition to Forman).

After the above points are meet the reinforcing structure is made properly and aligned according to plans, pouring concrete started.

Note the shorter reinforcements were tied at the inward side of the longer side reinforcement bars.

Step 1 erection and arranging step 2 placing its right position step 3 casting

Fig17 grade beam and its bar arrangements

3.4 Super structure works Super-structure is the part of building structures which are found above ground level up to roof cover,

and which serves the purpose of its intended or planned for use according to the clients and

stakeholders need. According to the auditorium building project progress the following building

components were done at the north of west side of the building.

1) Ground floor columns 2) Scaffold 3) Top tie beam 4) Intermediate beam

1. Ground column construction

Ground floor columns are types of building columns which supports first floor slabs and above to it

loads. Ground columns are transmits axial loads coming to the super structure to the building

foundation or footing columns above to it.

The size of columns varies in size and shape for the auditorium building according to the design. All

columns are rectangular in shape and the columns on this project have the same diameter

reinforcement used for all columns main bars (20mm) and stirrups (10mm). Even if all column bars

used were the same in diameter their number are varies according to the size and the plan of the

columns between 4 and 16. 10mm stirrups had different center to center distance.



42

Column is a structural part of a building which transfers load that comes from superstructures like

roof, roof structures, top tie beam, intermediate beam, slabs and walls in to the foundation (footing

columns)

The formworks used for the rectangular columns they have used rectangular formwork made of

timber to the desired dimension. The formworks had to be oiled before erection to cast the desired

reinforced concrete structure in order to simplify the removal of concrete formwork panels adhering

to the form face.

Column formworks were done and arranged by the carpenters and in turn checked by the general

foreman. The following steps were observed during formwork erection for columns in the site.

2) Materials used for column construction

Ø20 bars

Ø10 bars for stirrups

Cement(Derba)

aggregate(20mm)

sand

water

vibrator

drum mixer

barilla

spool

timber for form work

plum bob

steel wire

man power

Penza

Tape

Rope

nails 3) Procedures of column construction and formwork erection

Bar cutting, bending and arranging in geometrically order according to the drawing (Ø20 and 10 mm bars) and erecting it on the development bar.

Prepare timber formwork panels for columns and tying 2.5cm concrete spacer on the bar erected reinforcement.

Crachery (form bracing on the cured grade beam) was prepared with a dimension of 2cm greater than the dimension of the columns on each side of the column.

The oiled formwork panel inserted to inside the crachery prepared and then erected correctly Insert the formwork panels prepared in to the crachery on the four sides of erected

reinforcements. Joining each four corners with nails and attached it with wooden yokes Check the verticality of the formwork using plumb bob or suspended stone and tape.



43

Mixing concrete within a given mix ratio of 1:2:3(1-cement,2-sand,3-aggregate) to prepare concrete c-25.

Transport fresh concrete with a barilla and fill in the prepared formwork. Compact and vibrate fresh concrete to avoid the void spaces inside the concrete poured. After filling the concrete within 16-24-hours remove the formwork from the casted concrete

column structure.

Lastly curing of concrete at morning and evening time per each day and covering a sack its surface to

create normal temperature for the structure. These procedures were repeatedly to build all columns in

the project site.

Fig 18 shows column work

2. Construction of Wood Scaffolding

Scaffolding is an elevated single- or multilevel working platform to help support the weight of

machines, people and various materials. Scaffolds are also known as temporary structures that

support buildings and painting in construction work. They are constructed for the purpose of

providing an above-ground support for workers who are working on buildings

Materials used for scaffolding construction

Measuring tape

Wood pads

Wood cleats

Wood planks



44

Circular saw

Wood boards

Nails

Hammer

Procedures of scaffold erection

Clean the surface for the location of scaffold structure thoroughly and make sure that it is free from any debris and there are no damp areas.

Draw a quick sketch for wood scaffold to know how and where to start building the structure. Using measuring tape measure the dimensions of the area cover with the wood scaffolding.

Place one of wood planks on the ground surface on its location and check if the ground is completely level. This will serve as one of the sills of wood scaffolding, and shall be positioned at the bottom part of the inside of your scaffold frame. Place wood pads under the slat to make it level in case it is tilted.

Position the scaffold inside posts against the walls. Tie the post to the wall using wood cleats and attach its shelf to posts, nailing it at the bottom. Place these at every 1.50cm on the scaffold length.

Place two posts at one end as the plan the layout of the rest. Cut the boards and wood posts with the circular saw to fit the scaffold’s measurements.

Nail the board at the top of the posts from the posts’ top edge. Place the outside part’s bottom shelf at the bottom of the posts. See to it that the two shelf or

sills are completely parallel. Nail these onto the post with hammer. Connect inside and outside posts, while attaching the boards to posts’ sides. Attach the board

and disassemble the scaffold later. Make sure that the boards are installed right at the same height as they will be holding platform.

Install the wood boards’ right over the boards that are used to connect the posts. Position the boards horizontally to serve as the walking platform.

Place the panels above the boards and screw them in place. Mount diagonal braces in order to add stability to the wood scaffolding and nail the wood

boards to the posts in a diagonal position.

3. Reinforced Concrete Beam construction

Reinforced concrete beams are a load bearing building structures which required steel reinforcement to

withstand the loads imposed by dead load of the structure, furniture and occupants or live loads. The



45

construction methods of all super structure beams are the same even if their position of supports and its

location are different at construction site works (top tie beams, intermediate beams).

The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to

adjacent structural compression members.

Material need during construction

4) Steel rods to reinforce concrete and increase its tensile behavior when load imposed over it (Ø14 bars and Ø10)

5) Concrete (water, cement, fine and coarse aggregate) 6) Formwork panels to prepare beam formwork 7) Tape measure to measure different dimensions 8) Hammer or small sledge hammer 9) Metal cutting blade to cut metal bars in the desired length 10) Tie wire used to tie reinforcement bars 11) Wood post used to support beam formwork 12) Sangallo(a cut plastic container which used to transport concrete and water)

Barilla used to transport concrete

water

drum mixer

timber (wood)

plum bob

man power(super visor engineer , Forman labor (servant))

gas (kerosene )for mixer

vibrator

barilla (used to transport fresh concrete )

sack (to cover the casted concrete)

nail (to connect the timber)

water level

rope string

wood or steel peg

Procedures beam construction

Fix the rods of steel to the tensile machinery, which will stretch them. Arrange the rods in two layers of an equal number, such as three rods above, three rods beneath.

Build formwork around the steel rods, ensuring that the rods will run through the center of the concrete beam.

Pour concrete into the formwork, ensuring all the steel is covered (concrete cover). Removing formworks after 16 hours and allow the concrete with water to cure for a few days. Release the supports from the soffit of beams, and transport it to the desired location place.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder



46

3.5 Work quality control at the project site

1. Quality Control

Quality control starts with matching expectations about quality levels with budget, time, and scope

during planning and design reviews and continues through construction delivery with a program of

inspections, tests, and certifications. It requires a coordinated performance among the entire project

team in order to completed all building program to fully satisfy a client's and the building users'

expectations. Having a process implemented at the beginning of the project will help define the goals

as well as provide a continuous measurement system over time to make sure the objectives are being

met. From visioning to post occupancy, a good quality control system like the Design Quality

Indicator helps eliminate errors, reduces cost, and improves overall building quality it also by site

tests according to the project specification. The following tests were taken at site during construction

stage

i. Concrete Slump Test The slump test is done to make sure that a concrete mix of the auditorium project was consistence

and workable. The measured slump must be within a range or tolerance from the specified slump.

Tools Standard slump cone (100mm top diameter, 200mmbottom diameter, 300mm height)

Small scoop (spoon), steel float

Bullet noise rod 600mm long, 16mm diameter

Ruler

Slump plate base General procedures for slump test,

Sample cone arrangement ------ fresh concrete transporting ---------filling and Tampering procedure--

-----Removing con -----Height measurement

Procedures slump test

Clean the cone dumped with water and places the cone on the slump plate. the slump plate should be clean, firm, level and non-absorbable.

Collect a sample ( fresh concrete ) Stand the slump tube firmly on the foot pieces and fill one third the volume of the cone

with a sample, compacted the concrete with by rodding 25times. Rodding means to push a steel rod in and out of the concrete to compact it in to the slump cone

Fill to two third concrete in to the cone and compact again 25 times just in to the first layer



47

Fill to overfilling, rodding again this time just in to the second layer. Top up the con until it overflows.

Level of the surface with the steel rod using the rolling action. Clean any concrete from around the base and top of the cone, push down on the handle and stop of the foot pieces

Carefully left the cone straight up making sure not move the sample Turn the sample upside down and place the rod across the natural cone Take several measurement and report the average distance to the top of the sample The slump of the concrete = height of the cone (normal) – height of the subsided

concrete (molded).the result must be in the laboratory slump range (3.5-4mm)

If the sample fails by being outside the tolerance (the slump is too high or too low) another sample

must be taken. If this also fails the remainder mix reject

Fig19 standard slump cone its measurement

ii. Compaction test It is one type of construction concrete quality controlling methods at construction site which is done

for knowing the compression strength of hardened concrete. For this purpose concrete cube test was

done in laboratory. But concrete cube for testing is done or made on site to check the compression

strength of concrete. Minimum three specimens are made at a time on site. The average test result is

taken to determine the compressive strength of concrete. It depends on the mix design of concrete but

it affected by mixing of concrete, curing of concrete and quality of concrete ingredients at site work.

Apparatus for making concrete cube:

Cube mold ( 150mm X 150mm X 150mm)

Bulled-nosed rod (16mm diameter & 600mm long)

Small scoop (spoon), steel float

Bullet noise rod 600mm long, 16mm diameter

Slump plate base



48

Procedures of making concrete cube Clean the cube mold properly and apply a coat of form oil on the inner surface of mold. But no

excess oil should be visible on inner surface. Fix the nuts & bolts tightly with base plate and no gaps should be within the parts of cube

mold. It is necessary that the cube mold should be placed on a clean, level & firm surface. Concrete for specimen should be collected from three or four random mixes. Place concrete into the mold in each layer of maximum 50 mm thick & compact each layer at

least 25 blows of 16 mm rod. Level off the top with the steel float and clean any concrete from around the mold and leave

the mold undisturbed for 24 hours. Give number and casting date of the specimens on the top surface. After 8–10 hours the mold was covered with damp hessian cloth (jute cloth) but no water

should fall on the surface of the specimen. Surface can be covered with sake. After 24 hours the specimen was uncovered and removed from the mold. The concrete is still

weak at this stage. So, should be handled carefully. To remove specimen from mold - loosen all bolts & nuts, side off the base plate and then top

the mold gently to free the specimen. Just after removal from mold the specimen should be put straight into a tank of clean water.

The specimen should be fully submerged under water. After7, 14, and 21 days, send the specimen to the testing laboratory to determine the

compressive strength of concrete three specimens together per each three days.



49

Chapter four

4.1 Office works Office works are a construction work activities that worked in office. The following activities were

done in the office during this internship duration.

1. Bill of Quantities and take off sheet

The Bill of Quantities is defined as a list of brief descriptions and estimated quantities of for each

work at site. The objective of preparing the Bill of Quantities is to contribution payments for the work

executed in the site to produce an accurate work efficiently and to assist the post contract

administration to be carried out in an efficient time, quality and cost-effective manner. It should be

noted that the quality of the drawings plays a major part in achieving theses aims by qualifying the

taker-off to produce an accurate bill and also by allowing making sound engineering judgments on

methods of working and amounts of work.

Quantity take off sheet was required both office information of drawings and site record data to carry

out the assignment each works done at site and to compare it with the true field work according to

the contracted agreed documents in the project. All dimensions were taken from the measurements of

the site executed dimensions from the real works, the following table formats was vital to prepare tack

off and bill of quantity.

Formulas

Works expressed by square meters

Area =Length * width (site clearance, lean concrete)

Volume =Area * height (pit, trench, reinforced concrete works)

Volume for retaining wall=area * length but

( ( ))

Where h=height, L

B1 top thickness,

B2 bottom base B1

B2

( ( ( )

))



50

Fig 20 Retain shaped figure

Project: auditorium……………………………………………………peg -1

Title: take off…………………………………………………………..date 2/04/06ec

NO X(M) Total unite Description

iii. Substructure work

1) Excavation and earth work

1 59

57

3363

M2

1.1) Removal of top soil up to 200mm depth

57

55

3135

M3

1.2) Bulk excavation average depth up to 200mm

1.3) Pit excavation

a) Pit excavation for weathered rock from 1.5m to 4m

1

32.92

3.5

2.11

243.05

M3

Pit excavation for weathered rock from 1,5 up to 4m depth F1@ axis 13 (N-F)

1 12.87

2.4

1

30.9

M3

Ditto but f2,f3,f4 at axis 7 (N-K)

2) Concrete work

6 3.1

3.1

0.7

3136.2

M3

2.1) Concrete for pad

Total

Fig5 the table format of works other than reinforcement bar



51

a) Preparation of takeoff sheet for reinforcement bars It is clear that the reinforcement bar is one of the essential units of in building structural elements.

Determine the type and amount of steel or reinforcement required for the structures ware the other

main issue of the project quantity surveyors. During bar quantity determination proper spacing

between adjacent bars and to make sure the appropriate elevation difference is kept between negative

(top) and positive (bottom) bars .After identifying the type of bars present needed to take the

necessary dimensional measures, which was number, diameter, spacing, length of a particular

reinforcement and the distance which they were placed on. The bar schedule included the bar type,

diameter, spacing, length, a representative figure of the shape with dimensions and the number of

bars with its full, readable dimensions.

.

During preparation of takeoff sheet for bar reinforcement required was used the following take off

formats could be determined it in the following forms

Project: auditorium page: 2

Title: take off date: 2/04/2006ec

NO

location Shape of Bending (mm)

Length (m)

Diameter (mm)

Number of bars

Number of members

Total length(m) description Diameters(mm)

10 12 14 16 18

20 22

Axis grid A

2.7 0.3

3 20 4

48 Main footing column bar for F1 axis 3 (A)

Total length(m)

48

Weight factor(kg/L)

0.617

0.888

1.209

1.58 2 2.4691 2.987

Total weight (kg)

118.5168



52

Table 6: reinforcement takes off sheet format. The other types of bar also calculated

like this manner.

Formulas

No of bars = [(length edge to edge) / (c/c spacing)] + 1 (for odd number of bars)

No of bars = [(length edge to edge) / (c/c spacing)] (for even number of bars)

Total no of bars = no of bars * no of elements

Total length of bar for a given diameter = length * total no of bars

Total weight = unit weight * total length * total no of bars calculated for a known diameter

unit weight a bar =0.00617d2

b) Preparation of the amount of concrete and formwork required Takeoff sheet for the amount concrete and the formwork required necessary carried out the

construction effectively of the project.

Formwork is a temporary structure that is required to support and form concrete members

False work is the complete structure erected to support the wet concrete

Scaffolds are steel or timber structures build to give access to different parts of a building, mainly to

external walls

c) Measurements taken at construction site of the project There are various approaches to measurement for bills of quantities for the auditorium building

project and these are as follows:

- Area (Square meter): lean concrete, formwork, site clearance.

- Volume (Cubic meter): masonry walls retain walls, Excavation, Backfilling, Reinforced Concrete, etc.

- Weight (kg): Metallic works, Reinforcement steel, etc.

Site leveling:

- Measured in m2 (area) if thickness less than 30 cm.

- Measured in m3 (volume) if thickness more than 30 cm.

Soil transportation:

- Transported soil = total volume excavated soil – (volume of backfilling + concrete works)

Concrete works:

Concrete works includes of both plain concrete and reinforced concrete.

Plain concrete

- Measured in m2 (area) if thickness < 20 cm.



53

- Measured in m3 (volume) if thickness ≥ 20 cm.

- Average thickness should be mentioned when measurement is done by area.

Reinforced concrete:

- All reinforced concrete elements measured by volume (m3)

Working space

Working space is to be measured in circumstances where workmen have to operate in

Situations that require them to work in trenches below ground level,

2. Cost escalation

It is the determination of payment certificates depend on the agreed unit price.it has the following

table format. The format is also used for payment asking from the client.

No Work executed item quantity Unit price Total price 1 Excavation work total 2 Concrete works total

3 Reinforcement bar used

total

4 Formwork and false work

total

Gross total

Table 7 cost escalation format

Note the above work executed was approved by site supervisors before to ask cost from the client

3. Challenges faced and measures taken

Challenge Involuntariness to supply most drawings to see for each work sections There was no office given to do the tasks given for us intern students. The site doesn’t give specific task or responsibility for intern students

Measures taken

Showing good approach for each member and helped them whatever any works they work.

Asking questions after giving services and supportive works

By stipulating engineering prospective ideas for any activities

By showing the voluntariness to do any work activates and asking to do work

Shure with their own workloads to simplify it



54

Chapter five

5.1 Over all benefits gained from the internship program

a. Practical Skills

This program gave me many opportunities to test and refine my skills. All in my learning years my knowledge has been theoretical. This program has changed this and now developed my practical knowledge which helped to build and improve my confidence on the work area.

I was practically able to see how construction materials are managed and controlled in a way that is efficient and wastage reducing( understood about the effective management effects)at construction site . Controlling construction materials starting from the time it is taken out of store up to the time it is implemented on the work . Take off and quantity works can be mentioned among such controlling methods.

Some of the things that help me to improve my practical skill are Procedures and Laboratory tests are performed that I have learned in theoretical

classes greatly helped me to know practically. The theoretical lessons helped me to understand the activities easily at real works. My motivation and needs for new ideas and things to know.

b. Theoretical Knowledge

In addition to the practical skill this program helps me to strengthen my theoretical knowledge and gain meaningful engineering experience about different construction works. The courses taken before focused on theory. Since the practice depends first on theory, it was easy to work and correlate the activities and enhance my understanding of constructing a building. Theoretical knowledge is dependable on principles, logic and calculations of reality.

c. Interpersonal Communication Skills

Since construction work is a team work by its nature you will face different individuals with different professions and personality come up together and communicate with each other to solve different problems and run the whole work.

Through time I believed that good relation and communication skill is the key for getting the experience and knowledge require for the internship program .Based on this I tried to change my approach to the people at the work place. As the time progresses I was able to see improvement on myself. I can say that I have got good lesson regarding communication skill while my stay in the company for the internship program.



55

d. Team Playing Skills I learnt that as part of a team, an engineer should have to works with a positive attitude within

a group for the success of the project objectives. When called upon to lead, an engineer must have good managerial and organizational skills. Confident and enthusiastic engineers are able to succeed by gaining the trust of co-workers.

Good team player possesses the following skill Communicates constructively Attends actively Functions as an active participant Shares openly and willingly Cooperates and grounds in to help Displays suppleness Shows commitment to the team Works as a problem-solver Treats others in a respectful and in supportive manner Effective completion of tasks according to the specification. Increasing productivity (work task faster). Shure work knowledge for different tasks.

e. Leadership Skills I have seen how each work was controlled and organized to perform its day to day activities.

Among all other managements I have seen that human resource management is the most important one at construction site.

I have actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan (payment was taken with work hours executed).

Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples, resources, time and budget according to the agreed contract document.

For effective leadership I understood that personal values like confidence, effective communication, idea creation, decision maker and commitment are very important on every work progresses.

Know yourself and seek self-improvement.

Be technically skillful.

Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.

Listen ideas of others and timely decisions.

Know your people and look out for their well-being.

Keep workers up-to-date.

Ensure that tasks are agreed, supervised, and skilled.

Proper responsible use and understood the full competences of the organization.

f. Work Ethics Issues



56

I have been guided and obeyed by the rule and regulation of the company. Some of the work ethics

include;

Punctuality: - means keeping the companies work beginning and ending time and to complete a given task within the given period (gating permeation was vital if any).

Office disciplines: - in work place participate without disturb the working atmosphere. For example abstain from opening loud voice, loud music, songs and things which disturb others workers working frame of mind.

Reliability: - The worker should be qualified for the part he is supposed to be performing . He/she must have appropriate skill and knowledge for the task assigned .

Honesty: - Regarding this value being honest for each members of the site. The status should abstain from bad behaviors such as false , partiality , corruption undesired talking etc.

Cooperation: - Each worker should interact and cooperate with each other to do more work tasks . That is because the problems could be easily solved.

Generally, I can say I have gained the potential benefits by taking the Engineering Internship

Program

5.2 Conclusion The objective of the internship is to upgrade my theoretical knowledge’s that learnt before, changing

it to practical skill and this internship program gave me more knowledge, confidential to the

theoretical knowledge’s by observing those practical works.

Therefore, the company has a big role in the development of our country by giving services to

different aspects, by constructing many engineering works all over the country, and it plays a great

role in succeeding the transformation plan. In addition, this internship has met all the objectives and

its success has exceeded my hopes. It has opened my eyes to working life educated me socially and

matured me as an adult. It has strengthened my technical base and enabled me to integrate theory

with engineering practice.

Generally this internship gave more knowledge for me on the different activities that are done in this

project mostly on the sub structure works of the building.

5.3 Recommendation Recommendation for our university

o I strongly feel about the goals of the practical attachment of this internship program. It prepares the students effective on the real working environment and the program is significant to producing competent engineers due to this reason this program must be taken on time, unlimited, and continuity to meet its objectives effectively.

o Organizations and companies hosting the students don’t pay much attention to students. This carelessness affects the motivation and work habit of the students, I recommended the universities and concerned bodies to make strict follow up on students by working in close relationship with hosting organizations.

o Another matter that needs change is the teaching system, in my opinion it was only focuses on the theoretical aspects of the subject. It shall be include the practical knowledge during the



57

educational process and I don’t think that only four months practical work enough to supply students with sufficient practical knowledge. A practice has to be all year long process and has to go hand in hand with the theoretical learning. It will help students to easily visualize what is being told in class with practically.

o Field trips and educational exhibitions should be arranged more frequently. In our department there was no any program arranging a site visit to develop the students’ background before the internship program. Therefore all the concerned bodies should be coordinate together and more think on such programs are good in my perspective.

o As you all know our university not focused more on different software like: AutoCAD, MS, sap and other technology software before I recommended to you on such programs worked more in the future and create the students back ground near to the technology on their own field of study by fulfilling technological facilities (minimizing scarcities) with arranging different programs before for each year.

o I also recommended the company to be effective key persons turn over he must be minimize (example managers were changing timely I observed)

o The other I recommended our university some courses should be supplied before the internship program (report writing , scheduling)

Recommendation for the company

• Employ office and site engineer for fasting the work.. • Increasing subcontracting of the work to fasten more. Material storage in the site

The quality of material is the major to fulfill the design strength. So, the material needed by the

construction should store well so that we can have better quality. But in the site this was the basic

problem that should be recommended (especially for the reinforcement)

• Steel reinforcement is not stored on the wood bed prepared so that moisture and soil content is avoided • Management problem: the time to time change of site managers leads the project site suffered with management problems(example mixers and vibrators were un-functional at site)

Services for employers

Same facilities were not available in the site and this not enables to have enough site office and every

employer have not working cloths and helmet for the safety of health and to fast the work. But this

makes for employers uncomfortable. So I recommended this project the above



58

5. 4 References Main references

Concrete basics a guide to concrete practice

Teacher supplied handout

Direct interviewing from the site

Contract document of the project

Secondary references

https://turner.ats.hrsmart.com/cgi

-bin/a/highlightjob.cgi?jobid=6094&site_id=148

http://skygrid.ca/construction-site-clerk/

http://www.ehow.com/info_8291277_duties-clerk.html#ixzz2qU6bs5JA

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5981031_difference-between-clerical-_amp_-

secretarial.html#ixzz2qUCYN000

.http://www.bestsampleresume.com/job-descriptions/cashier.html

http://www.ehow.com/how_6596424_build-concrete-footings.html#ixzz2rliPH8xP


http://www.ehow.com/how_7309362_make-reinforced-concrete-beam.html#ixzz2rcE1Dayg


http://www.ehow.com/how_7994064_build-stone-masonry-walls.html#ixzz2rc5RniJ5


http://www.ehow.com/how_12225546_build-shear-wall.html#ixzz2qfdtmyfq


https://turner.ats.hrsmart.com/cgi-bin/a/highlightjob.cgi?jobid=6094HYPERLINK%20%22https://turner.ats.hrsmart.com/cgi-bin/a/highlightjob.cgi?jobid=6094&site_id=148%22&HYPERLINK%20%22https://turner.ats.hrsmart.com/cgi-bin/a/highlightjob.cgi?jobid=6094&site_id=148%22site_id=148

https://turner.ats.hrsmart.com/cgi-bin/a/highlightjob.cgi?jobid=6094HYPERLINK%20%22https://turner.ats.hrsmart.com/cgi-bin/a/highlightjob.cgi?jobid=6094&site_id=148%22&HYPERLINK%20%22https://turner.ats.hrsmart.com/cgi-bin/a/highlightjob.cgi?jobid=6094&site_id=148%22site_id=148

http://skygrid.ca/construction-site-clerk/

http://www.ehow.com/info_8291277_duties-clerk.html

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5981031_difference-between-clerical-_amp_-secretarial.html

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5981031_difference-between-clerical-_amp_-secretarial.html

http://www.bestsampleresume.com/job-descriptions/cashier.html







http://www.ehow.com/how_12225546_build-shear-wall.html




59

Appendix

• Crachery…. used to erect and stand on formwork columns. • Tumby ….Plumb bob it is used for checking vertical alignment and location of lines on ground. • Soffit ………beams bottom form work. • Creasty ….it is used to prop or support for floor beam. • Grilla…...reinforcement mesh bar for pads • Staffa- stirrups • Modino – profile board

Balankilo…….a bar rod used to re-nail joints

Wuhalk……..hand sprit level

Documents

internship works