Elephant Mountain Cave NAGPRA Inventory

Inventory of Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects in the

Control of the Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office and Culturally Affiliated

with the Northern Paiutes

The purpose of this inventory is to facilitate implementation of section 5 of the Native American

Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) by providing clear description of those

human remains and associated funerary objects currently in control of the Bureau of Land

Management (BLM), Nevada State Office (NSO) that are reasonably believed to be culturally

affiliated with the following Northern Paiute tribes: Alturas Indian Rancheria, Big Pine Band of

Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine Reservation, Bridgeport Paiute Indian

Colony of California, Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony, Confederated

Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, Fort Bidwell Indian Community of the Fort

Bidwell Reservation, Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians of Fort

Independence Reservation, Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt

Indian Reservation, Klamath Tribes, Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock Indian Colony,

Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community of the Bishop Colony, Paiute-Shoshone

Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony, Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Lone Pine

Community of the Lone Pine Reservation, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake

Reservation, Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Walker River Paiute Tribe of the Walker River

Reservation, and Winnemucca Indian Colony, hereafter referred to as Northern Paiute Tribes.

The human remains and associated funerary objects were illegally excavated by Mr. Jack

Harrelson between 1980 and 1985 from public lands managed by the BLM. The items were

recovered from Mr. Harrelson during the course of an investigation under the Archaeological

Resources Protection Act and other laws in 1995. Law enforcement from the State of Oregon

turned over the human remains and materials from Elephant Mountain Cave to the Nevada BLM

in 1999 and 2007. These materials were deposited in the Nevada State Museum by the BLM.

Detailed accounts of the discovery of the Elephant Mountain Cave collection are presented in

Docket No. ARPA 97-1 (US Dept. of Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals, Sacramento) and

Docket A091774 (Oregon Court of Appeals, Salem, Oregon). Since the remains were illegally

removed before the enactment of NAGPRA and returned after enactment, the BLM considers the

remains to be subject to provisions for Future Applicability in 43 CFR 10.13.

Culturally Affiliated Remains

The determination of the cultural affiliation of the human remains and associated funerary

objects listed below has been based up geographical, kinship, biological, archaeological,

linguistic, folklore, oral tradition, historic evidence, or other expert opinion or information.

Primary information sources include a review of accession and catalogue records in 2012, review

of court records in 2012, and consultation with lineal descendants, Native American tribal

officials, and traditional religious leaders on the following dates:

Elephant Mountain Cave Inventory

2

December 13, 2011: A summary letter with a request for consultation

was sent to Alturas Indian Rancheria, Big Pine Band of Owen Valley

Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine Reservation, Bridgeport

Paiute Indian Colony of California, Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns

Paiute Indian Colony, Cedarville Rancheria, Confederated Tribes of

the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, Fort Bidwell Indian

Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation, Fort Independence Indian

Community of Paiute Indians of Fort Independence Reservation, Fort

McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian

Reservation, Klamath Tribes, Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock

Indian Colony, Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community of

the Bishop Colony, Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation

and Colony, Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Lone Pine Community of

the Lone Pine Reservation, Pit River Tribe, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe

of the Pyramid Lake Reservation, Reno-Sparks Indian Colony,

Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Summit Lake

Paiute Tribe of Nevada, Susanville Indian Rancheria, Te-Moak Tribe

of Western Shoshone (Battle Mountain Band), Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute

Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, Walker River Paiute Tribe of

the Walker River Reservation, Winnemucca Indian Colony, Yerington

Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony and Campbell Ranch.

December 28, 2012: Fax from the Chairman John Glazier of the

Bridgeport Indian Colony arguing that the remains and items from

Elephant Mountain Cave are not subject to NAGPRA and should be

repatriated immediately.

January 3, 2012: Call from Marlin Thompson, NAGPRA Coordinator

of the Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony and Campbell

Ranch, notifying Mark Hall that Elephant Mountain Cave is outside

their traditional territory.

January 21, 2012: Consultation meeting with the Summit Lake Paiute

Tribe (SLPT) Council and Chairman (Warner Barlese). BLM

participants: Rolando Mendez (BRFO FM) and Mark Hall (WD

NAC/Archaeologist). The repatriation process was explained to them

and questions were asked if the tribe’s resolution SL-41-2008 is still in

effect or not (which assigns the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe to act on

behalf of SLPT on repatriation of the human remains and items from

Elephant Mountain Cave). There was no response to the BLM’s


3

enquiry.

January 23, 2012: Consultation meeting with Chairman Billy Bell of

the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt

Indian Reservation (FMPST) and Council member Dale Barr. BLM

attendees: Mark Hall and Rolando Mendez (BRFO FM). Overview of

the human remains and associated funerary objects presented.

February 6, 2012: Letter from Morning Star Gali, THPO Assistant for

the Pit River Tribe, expressing interest in consulting on the Elephant

Mountain Cave remains.

February 7, 2012: Meeting at the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe

headquarters to discuss the collection from Elephant Mountain Cave.

Participants from the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake

Reservation (PLPT) included: Chairman Wayne Burke, Ben Aleck

(Cultural Officer), Dean Barlese (Spiritual Leader), Oliver Barlese

(Spiritual Leader), and Mr. Ralph Burns (Spiritual Leader).

February 8-10, 2012: Phone calls made by Mark Hall (BLM) to the

remaining tribes to see if they were interested in consulting on

Elephant Mountain Cave remains. Ms. Melinda Dollarhide (NAGPRA

Coordinator) of the Cedarville Rancheria said they would defer to the

Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. Ms. Melany Johnson (NAGPRA

Coordinator, Susanville Rancheria) said they would defer to the

Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. Receptionist at the Klamath Tribal

headquarters said the tribal council would be in contact if they felt it

was in their area of interest.

February 9, 2012: Letter from Chairman Billy Bell (FMPST)

requesting consultation and copies of all documents relating to

Elephant Mountain Cave. (The consultation meeting with FMPST,

with a presentation of relevant documents, occurred on March 19,

2012.)

February 18, 2012: Consultation meeting with SLPT council. BLM

attendees: Mark Hall and Gene Seidlitz. Tribal concerns were

expressed about confidentiality of information given in NAGPRA

consultations. BLM asked if resolution SL-41-2008 still in effect.

Tribe gave no clear cut answer. Tribe believes the human remains are

ancestors to the Summit Lake Tribe. The cave is in SLPT territory.


4

March 5, 2012: Email message from Mr. Ted Howard (Cultural

Officer) of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation

that they will not be in attendance at the March 27th

meeting and that

all items from the cave are sacred and should be repatriated. He noted

that the tribes closer to the cave should be in charge of the repatriation.

March 19, 2012: Consultation with FMPST tribal council. BLM

attendees: Mark Hall and Gene Seidlitz. A series of questions were

asked to the council (do they have ties to the area, do they feel the

remains are ancestral, etc.). The council noted they would get back to

us with their answers. Tribal concerns expressed over looting other

sites in the district.

March 27, 2012: Consultation meeting at the Nevada State Museum to

view the human remains and associated funerary objects with tribal

leaders from the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of California, the Pit

River Tribe of California, and the. Participants included from the

Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony: Chairman John Glazier and Mr. Ron

Johnny (Tribal Administrator); from the Pit River Tribe: Laura Martin

Crecy (Pit River Cultural Officer), Mary Pedee (Hammawi Elder),

Rosa Martinez (Hammawi Elder); and from the Pyramid Lake Paiute

Tribe: Ben Aleck (Cultural Officer), Dean Barlese (Spiritual Leader),

Oliver Barlese (Spiritual Leader), and Vice-Chairman Mervin Wright.

Representatives from the BLM: Dr. Tom Burke (NSO), Dr. Mark Hall

(Winnemucca District BLM), and Dr. Bryan Hockett (NSO).

April 21, 2012: Consultation meeting with the SLPT chair (Warner

Barlese) and tribal council. BLM participants: Gene Seidlitz (WDM)

and Mark Hall. The tribe was asked if their resolution was still in

effect and if they had any oral traditions relating to Elephant Mountain

Cave. While the tribe admitted they had stories about the cave, they

felt they could not share them.

May 21, 2012: Letter from Vice-Chair Saulque of the Utu Utu Gwaitu

Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation notifying the BLM

Elephant Mountain Cave is outside their homeland.

June 27, 2012: Consultation meeting with PLPT at the Reservation.

PLPT members in attendance: Dean Barlese, Oliver Barlese, and

Mervin Wright. Mark Hall was BLM representative. Some outlines

of stories linked to the Elephant Mountain Cave area were presented;

Cane Springs (near the cave) is a traditional use area for seasonal plant


5

gathering; spiritual leaders note a spiritual tie to the two children

buried in the cave since they are Paiute, the spirits are hurt by having

the remains sitting on a museum shelf, need to be returned to the

Earth.

July 6th

, 2012: Phone call from Mark Hall to Chairman Billy Bell of

FMPST asking if they wanted to further consult on Elephant Mountain

Cave. No response received.

January 19, 2013: Update to the SLPT on the status of inventory preparation. Tribal council

confirmed resolution SL-41-2008 is still in force.

The following documentation has been included for each set of remains and funerary object in

the inventory:

1) Accession and catalogue entries, including the accession/catalogue entries

of human remains with which each funerary object is associated;

2) A description of each set of human remains or associated funerary objects,

including dimensions, materials, and photographic documentation, if

appropriate, and the antiquity of such human remains or associated

funerary objects, if known;

3) the geographical location from which each object was excavated,

removed, or collected, i.e., name or number of site, county, State, and

Federal agency administrative unit, if known (the most specific

provenience information should be provided);

4) Information related to the acquisition of each set of human remains or

known object, including:

(i) the name of the person or organization from whom the object was

obtained, if known;

(ii) the date of acquisition;

(iii) the means of acquisition;

5) A summary of the results of consultation with representatives of the

culturally affiliated Indian tribes related specifically to the remains.

6) A summary of the evidence used to determine the cultural affiliation of the

human remains or associated funerary objects, including references to

published materials, if appropriate.

7) Name of the culturally affiliated Indian tribe(s).

This inventory includes all human remains and associated funerary objects that are being

culturally affiliated with the Northern Paiute Tribes (see above). Copies of this inventory are

being sent to the above-listed tribes.


6

Culturally Unidentifiable Remains

No culturally unidentifiable remains or associated funerary objects for which no culturally

affiliated present-day Indian tribe can be determined have been identified.

AHUR 6009

Item: Human remains

Accession #: Nevada State Museum did not assign an accession

number.

Catalogue #: AHUR 6009

Description: Human remains of a child aged 6-8 years of age based

on the fusion of pubis, sternum and vertebrae. Un-

sexed. Nearly complete skeleton. Burial basket (18-

619-2) containing this set of human remains

radiocarbon dated to 2060 ± 60 bp (Beta 83487).

Geographical

Location:

Elephant Mountain Cave (26-Hu-3557) is located in

Humboldt Co., Nevada.

Collection

History:

Detailed accounts of the discovery of the Elephant

Mountain Cave collection are detailed in Docket No.

ARPA 97-1 (US Dept. of Interior, Office of Hearings

and Appeals, Sacramento) and Docket A091774

(Oregon Court of Appeals, Salem, Oregon). The

human remains and associated funerary objects were

illegally excavated by Mr. Jack Harrelson between

1980 and 1985. The items were recovered from Mr.

Harrelson during the course of an investigation in 1995.

Oregon law enforcement turned the human remains and

materials from the cave over to the Nevada BLM in

1999 and 2007. These materials were deposited in the

Nevada State Museum by the BLM.

Consultation: A meeting with the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony’s

chairman and administrator was held on March 27,

2012.

A meeting with the Pit River tribe’s designated

representatives occurred on March 27, 2012.

Meetings with the tribal council of the Fort McDermitt

Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt

Indian Reservation on January 23, 2012 and March 19,

2012.

Meetings with the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe’s

designated representatives were on: February 7, 2012;

March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.

Meetings with the Summit Lake Paiute Tribe council

were on: January 21, 2012; February 18, 2012; April

21, 2012; January 19, 2013.

Basis of

Determination:

No lineal descendant has been identified. The human

remains came from Elephant Mountain Cave (26-Hu-

3557) which is located in the traditional tribal territory

of the Northern Paiutes (as determined by the Indian

AHUR 6009


8

Claims Commission). The Northern Paiutes have their

own name for this mountain, but due to its sacredness,

refused to provide its Northern Paiute name.

In consultation with the Summit Lake Paiute Tribe on

February 18, 2012, the tribal council asserted that the

cave is in their traditional territory and that their tribe is

descended from the family/families who buried the

children in the cave. At June 27, 2012, meeting with

the Pyramid Lake Paiute NAGPRA Committee, they

noted that their tribal members also use the area around

the cave to gather seasonal plants, and shared some

stories about subsistence activities . The Pyramid Lake

elders commented that this child and the other buried at

the cave are Paiutes since they feel a spiritual

connection to them.

Mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that these

remains are haplogroup D (Eshelman and Malhi 2008).

Depending on the study cited, this haplogroup is found

in 37% to 48% of the Northern Paiutes tested (Kaestle

1998:51; Kaestle and Smith 2001:4; Kennett, et. al.

2007:544).

While most archaeologists accept Bettinger and

Baumhoff’s (1982) model for the Numic migration into

the Great Basin approximately 1000 years ago, there are

other schools of thought. Grayson (1994) has

questioned the chronology of the Numic expansion and

posits a date as early as 5000 years ago for the entry of

the Numic speakers into the Great Basin (1994).

Thomas (1994) sees the Numic migration into the Great

Basin occuring anywhere between the circa 1300 BC

and AD 1300. Simms (1994; 2008:248-255) argues for

much more time depth in the Numic expansion and a

population admixture instead of a population

replacement. From consultation with the Pyramid Lake

Paiute Tribe and the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony

on March 27, 2012, and again with the Pyramid Lake

Paiute Tribe on June 27, 2012, based on oral tradition, it

was countered that the Northern Paiutes have always

lived in the Great Basin and there was no Numic

migration. With these alternative views and hypotheses

in mind, the radiocarbon date of the human remains

does not rule out them being ancestral to the Northern

Paiute population.

AHUR 6009


9

Bibliography

Barker, James P. (2002) Declaration. Docket Number ARPA 97-1. United States Department

of Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals, Sacramento, California.

Bettinger, Robert L. and Martin A. Baumhoff. (1982) The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures

in Competition. American Antiquity 47(3): 485-503.

Eshelman, Jason A. and Ripan S. Malhi. (2008) BLM Report 0233900038: Report on the DNA

Analysis from Skeletal Remains from Native American Children, 13 March 2003. Report on file

with the Winnemucca District BLM office.

Grayson, Donald. (1994) “Chronology, Glottochronology and Numic Expansion,” in David

Madsen and David Rhode (editors), Across the West: Human Population Movement and the

Expansion of the Numa. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 20-23.

Kaestle, Fredricka Ann. (1998) Molecular Evidence for Prehistoric Native AMerican

Population Movement: The Numic Expansion. Doctoral Dissertation. Davis: University of

California.

Kaestle, Fredricka Ann and David Glenn Smith. (2001) “Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Evidence

Cultural

Affiliation

Alturas Indian Rancheria, Big Pine Band of Owen

Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine

Reservation, Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony of

California, Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute

Indian Colony, Confederated Tribes of the Warm

Springs Reservation of Oregon, Fort Bidwell Indian

Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation, Fort

Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians of

Fort Independence Reservation, Fort McDermitt Paiute

and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian

Reservation, Klamath Tribes, Lovelock Paiute Tribe of

the Lovelock Indian Colony, Paiute-Shoshone Indians

of the Bishop Community of the Bishop Colony,

Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and

Colony, Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Lone Pine

Community of the Lone Pine Reservation, Pyramid

Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation,

Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Walker River Paiute Tribe

of the Walker River Reservation, and Winnemucca

Indian Colony.

AHUR 6009


10

for Prehistoric Population Movement: The Numic Expansion.” American Journal of Physical

Anthropology 115: 1-12.

Kennett, Douglas J., Brendan J. Culleton, James P. Kennett, Jon M. Erlandson, and Kevin G.

Cannariato. (2007) “Middle Holocene Climate Change and Human Population Dispersal in

Western North America,” in David G. Anderson, Kirk A. Maasch, and Daniel H. Sandweiss

(editors), Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics: A Global Perspective on Mid-Holocene

Transitions. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 531-557.

Simms, Steven R. (1994) “Unpacking the Numic Spread,” in in David Madsen and David

Rhode (editors), Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa.

Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 76-83.

Simms, Steven R. (2008) Ancient Peoples of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. Walnut

Creek, CA: Left-Coast Press.

Thomas, David Hurst. (1994) “Chronology and the Numic Expansion,” in David Madsen and

David Rhode (editors), Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the

Numa. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 56-61.

18-619-2

Item: Conical burden basket


number.

Catalogue #: 18-619-2

Description: Burden basket. Catlow twine. 74 cm high x 73.9 cm

wide. Basket radiocarbon dated to 2060 ± 60 bp (Beta

83487).

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013.

Basis of

Determination:

No lineal descendant has been identified. Found with

human remains catalogued as AHUR 6009.

Burden baskets like this were used in the contact period

by Northern Paiute bands throughout Nevada.

Cultural Alturas Indian Rancheria, Big Pine Band of Owen

18-619-2


12

Affiliation Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine


















Indian Colony.

18-619-10

Item: Shell pendant


number.


Description: Triangular shell pendant crafted from abalone, 2 holes

drilled in the pendant. 21.5 mm x 20.4 mm x 2.4 mm.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013.

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation





18-619-10


14
















Indian Colony.

18-619-13

Item: Biface


number.


Description: Biface, lanceolate bi-pointed, made from silicified

rhyolite. 24 cm x 4.8 cm x 1.3 cm

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation





18-619-13


16
















Indian Colony.

18-619-14

Item: Biface


number.


Description: Biface, squat leaf-shaped. Possibly a blank. Made of

silicified rhyolite. 8.3 cm x 6.7 cm x 1.1 cm.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation





18-619-14


18
















Indian Colony.

18-619-15

Item: Biface


number.


Description: Crescentic biface. Jasper. 10.7 cm x 2.9 cm x 0.8 cm

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation






18-619-15


20















Indian Colony.

18-619-16

Item: Biface


number.


Description: Leaf-shaped biface; potentially a blank. Made of

jasper. 8.3 cm x 4.0 cm x 1.0 cm.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation





18-619-16


22
















Indian Colony.

18-619-17

Item: Biface


number.


Description: Obsidian biface; leaf-shaped. Possibly a preform for a

knife. 10.1 cm x 3.3 cm x 0.75 cm.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation





18-619-17


24
















Indian Colony.

18-619-18

Item: Flake


number.


Description: Primary flake, side-struck with retouch. Cortex present.

Made of jasper. 5.4 cm x 7.3 cm x 1.3 cm.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation





18-619-18


26
















Indian Colony.

18-619-22

Item: Net


number.


Description: Net fragment, 0.91 m x undetermined length. Made of

dogbane.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation





18-619-22


28
















Indian Colony.

AHUR 6010

Item: Human remains


number.

Catalogue #: AHUR 6010

Description: Nearly complete skeleton of a female aged 9-

12 years of age based on fusion of sternum and

pubis. Brain matter present in the skull.

Remains contained in cylindrical basket (18-

619-1); this basket was radiocarbon dated to

2080 ± 60 bp (Beta 83487).

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.



Meetings with the tribal council of the Fort

McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort

McDermitt Indian Reservation on January 23, 2012

and March 19, 2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:

No lineal descendant has been identified. The human

remains came from Elephant Mountain Cave (26-Hu-

3557) which is located in the traditional tribal territory

AHUR 6010


30

of the Northern Paiutes (as determined by the Indian

Claims Commission). The Northern Paiutes have their

own name for this mountain, but due to its sacredness,

refused to provide its Northern Paiute name.

In consultation with the Summit Lake Paiute Tribe on

February 18, 2012, the tribal council asserted that the

cave is in their traditional territory and that their tribe is

descended from the family/families who buried the

children in the cave. At June 27, 2012, meeting with

the Pyramid Lake Paiute NAGPRA Committee, they

noted that their tribal members also use the area around

the cave to gather seasonal plants, and shared some

stories about subsistence activities . The Pyramid Lake

elders commented that the two children buried at the

cave are Paiutes since they feel a spiritual connection to

them.

Mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that these

remains are haplogroup D (Eshelman and Malhi 2008).

Depending on the study cited, this haplogroup is found

in 37% to 48% of the Northern Paiutes tested (Kaestle

1998:51; Kaestle and Smith 2001:4; Kennett, et. al.

2007:544).

While most archaeologists accept Bettinger and

Baumhoff’s (1982) model for the Numic migration into

the Great Basin approximately 1000 years ago, there are

other schools of thought. Grayson (1994) has

questioned the chronology of the Numic expansion and

posits a date as early as 5000 years ago for the entry of

the Numic speakers into the Great Basin (1994).

Thomas (1994) sees the Numic migration into the Great

Basin occuring anywhere between the circa 1300 BC

and AD 1300. Simms (1994; 2008:248-255) argues for

much more time depth in the Numic expansion and a

population admixture instead of a population

replacement. From consultation with the Pyramid Lake

Paiute Tribe and the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony

on March 27, 2012, and again with the Pyramid Lake

Paiute Tribe on June 27, 2012, it was countered that

based on oral traditions, the Northern Paiutes have

always lived in the Great Basin and there was no Numic

migration. With these other views and hypotheses in

mind, the radiocarbon date of the human remains does

not rule out them being ancestral to the Northern Paiute

AHUR 6010


31

Bibliography

Barker, James P. (2002) Declaration. Docket Number ARPA 97-1. United States Department

of Interior, Office of Hearings and Appeals, Sacramento, California.

Bettinger, Robert L. and Martin A. Baumhoff. (1982) The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures

in Competition. American Antiquity 47(3): 485-503.

Eshelman, Jason A. and Ripan S. Malhi. (2008) BLM Report 0233900038: Report on the DNA

Analysis from Skeletal Remains from Native American Children, 13 March 2003. Report on file

with the Winnemucca District BLM office.

Grayson, Donald. (1994) “Chronology, Glottochronology and Numic Expansion,” in David

Madsen and David Rhode (editors), Across the West: Human Population Movement and the

Expansion of the Numa. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 20-23.

Kaestle, Fredricka Ann. (1998) Molecular Evidence for Prehistoric Native AMerican

Population Movement: The Numic Expansion. Doctoral Dissertation. Davis: University of

California.

population.

Cultural

Affiliation:




















Indian Colony.

AHUR 6010


32

Kaestle, Fredricka Ann and David Glenn Smith. (2001) “Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Evidence

for Prehistoric Population Movement: The Numic Expansion.” American Journal of Physical

Anthropology 115: 1-12.

Kennett, Douglas J., Brendan J. Culleton, James P. Kennett, Jon M. Erlandson, and Kevin G.

Cannariato. (2007) “Middle Holocene Climate Change and Human Population Dispersal in

Western North America,” in David G. Anderson, Kirk A. Maasch, and Daniel H. Sandweiss

(editors), Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics: A Global Perspective on Mid-Holocene

Transitions. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 531-557.

Simms, Steven R. (1994) “Unpacking the Numic Spread,” in in David Madsen and David

Rhode (editors), Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa.

Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 76-83.

Simms, Steven R. (2008) Ancient Peoples of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. Walnut

Creek, CA: Left-Coast Press.

Thomas, David Hurst. (1994) “Chronology and the Numic Expansion,” in David Madsen and

David Rhode (editors), Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the

Numa. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 56-61.

18-619-1

Item: Basket


number.


Description: Cylindrical burden basket. Catlow twine construction.

54 cm high x 57 cm wide. Basket was radiocarbon

dated to 2080 ± 60 bp (Beta 83487).

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation




18-619-1


34

















Indian Colony.

18-619-3

Item: Moccasin


number.


Description: Small leather moccasin.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation






18-619-3


36















Indian Colony.

18-619-4

Item: Moccasin


number.


Description: Leather moccasin.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation






18-619-4


38















Indian Colony.

18-619-5

Item: Moccasin


number.


Description: Leather moccasin, paired with 18-619-6.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation






18-619-5


40















Indian Colony.

18-619-8

Item: Moccasin


number.



Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation






18-619-7


42















Indian Colony.

18-619-7


43

Item: Moccasin


number.


Description: Leather moccasin.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation






18-619-7


44















Indian Colony.

18-619-8

Item: Moccasin


number.



Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation




18-619-8


46

















Indian Colony.

18-619-9

Item: Moccasin


number.



Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation






18-619-9


48















Indian Colony.

18-619-11

Item: Artiodactyl hooves rattle or charm


number.


Description: 18 hooves (deer or antelope) perforated and connected

to each other with sinew;2 of which are danglers.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Stewart (1941:366, 403, 439) notes a variety of

Northern Paiute bands using hoof rattles for antelope

hunting and as a musical instrument.

18-619-11


50

Bibliography

Stewart, Omer. (1941) “Culture Element Distributions: XIV Northern Paiute,”

Anthropological Records 4(3):361-446.

Spiritual leaders from the Pyramid Lake Paiute tribe

noted in consultation meetings on March 27 and June

27, 2012 that rattles made of hooves were still used by

the Northern Paiutes. On both occasions, spiritual

leaders had these rattles with them.

Cultural

Affiliation




















Indian Colony.

18-619-12

Item: Artiodactyl hooves rattle or charm


number.


Description: Deer or antelope hooves, perforated and connected with

sinew. 2 each.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Stewart (1941:366, 403, 439) notes a variety of

Northern Paiute bands using hoof rattles for antelope

hunting and as a musical instrument.

18-619-12


52

Bibliography

Stewart, Omer. (1941) “Culture Element Distributions: XIV Northern Paiute,”

Anthropological Records 4(3):361-446.

Spiritual leaders from the Pyramid Lake Paiute tribe

noted in consultation meetings on March 27 and June

27, 2012 that rattles made of hooves were still used by

the Northern Paiutes. On both occasions, spiritual

leaders had these rattles with them.

Cultural

Affiliation




















Indian Colony.

18-619-19

Item: Net fragment


number.


Description: Net fragment made of dogbane. Reversing weaver’s

knots. 1.02 m x 1.14 m.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation





18-619-19


54
















Indian Colony.

18-619-20

Item: Net fragment


number.


Description: Net fragment made from dogbane with some leather.

Reversing weaver’s knots. 1.39 m x indeterminate

length.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation




18-619-20


56

















Indian Colony.

18-619-21

Item: Net


number.


Description: Complete net; 1.34 m x 5.24 m.

Geographical

Location:



Collection

History:
















2012.






2012.



March 27, 2012; June 27, 2012.



21, 2012; January 19, 2013

Basis of

Determination:



Cultural

Affiliation






18-619-21


58















Indian Colony.

Documents

Elephant Mountain Cave NAGPRA Inventory