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A C OM PARAT IV E VO CAB U LARY
FO R T Y - E I GHT L ANGU A GE S ,
C OM P RISING
O NE HUNDR E D AND FORTY SIX
C O M M O N ENGL SH W0 S,
WITH
T HE IR C O GNA T E S IN T HE O T HE R L ANGU AGE S,
SHOWING
THEIR AFFINITIES WITH THE ENGLISH AND HEBREW.
B Y T HE
R E V . J . T O M L I N,B . A . ,
A U THOR O F“M ISSIONARY J OU RNAL S AND L ETTERS DURING E L EVEN Y EARS R ESIDENC E IN THE E AST ;“SHIN v. SHANGTE, OR IN"U IRY RESP EC TING THE P ROP ER TE RM IN C HINESE FO R RENDERINGE L OHIM AND 9 soe ;
”AND“C RITIC AL R EM ARKS ON DR . M E DHU R ST
’
S C HINESET RANSLATION O F THE NEW T ESTAM ENT ; &c.
L I V E R P O O L
ARTHU R NEWL ING,2 7
,B OLD ST REE T .
1 865.
NO TE — T il e German or C ontinental pronuncia tion
in tbis Vocabulary, or,at as far as practicable .
indicated by
or Afatation is
P R E L IM INA R Y O B SE R V A T IONS.
T HE English words , forming the basis of this Comparat ive Vocabulary, wereselect ed as most suit able for the purpose from the pure Anglo -Saxon part of our
language ; they relat e to the most familiar and important obj ect s, and such as weremost likely t o be found in the various languages of the earth
,and range over
fourteen di st inct department s ofhuman knowledge . Their simple and pure Saxoncharacter is obvious from the fact of there being no less than one hundred andninet een Saxon words placed Opposit e to them as their natural correlat ives . Andtheir suitableness for an ext ensive comparison is also obvious from the fact that innearly all the other languages
,corresponding and indigenous words are found.
There are,indeed
,a few except ions for instance
,in the Tahit ian and Esquimaux ,
where the want ofnative t erms is supplied either from the English language or
from the Hebrew or Greek,the foreign subst itut es being modified so as t o suit the
genius'
ofthe language int o which they are introduced ; these foreign words areindicat ed by a annexed t o each . Of course such words are neglect ed inour comparison.
The affinit ies which the several languages bear t o the Hebrew and Englishrespect ively are indicated by the let t ers H and E
,prefixed t o the words
,and the
number ofsuch affinit ies is summed up at the bot t om ofeach column ; and, finally,
the t ot al for each is given at the end of the Vocabulary,followed by a Table of
A ffinit ies, exhibit ing the approximate rat io which each language bears t o the
Hebrew and English .
In tracing out and ascertaining the affinit ies subsist ing amongst the variouslanguages, the Author has conscient iously endeavoured t o maintain an impart ial andequit able judgment , guided by the established principles ofsound and comprehensivephilology. These principles regard the various mutat ions and modificat ions whichany given word may undergo by t ransfusion int o different languages. Themutat ions arise from interchange oflet ters and syllables
,according t o the genius of
the language . Elision of consonant s also frequent ly occurs,especially in such
languages as the Chinese and Polynesian t ongues,which abound in vowels
,and
with which they usually t erminat e their words . Some,however
,as the Esquimaux
,
are par t ial t o harsh gut tural sounds,and modify new and foreign words accordingly .
I have frequent ly been struck with the similarity of the changes andmutat ions of let ters , &c .
, running through almost all the languages that have comeunder my no t ice ; resulting evident ly from corresponding changes made in the
iv .PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS .
organs ofSpeech by the divine power and wisdom at the dispersion ofBabel . ThusJ E H O V AH
,by very simple means
,brings about great changes, as He is wont , by His
infinit e power and wisdom. By slight ly changing their t ongues He divides themint o separat e families or nat ions , and scat t ers them abroad over the face of the
earth .I will give some illustrat ions in proof of this, and begin with ourselves.
The hard prounciat ion of fit,init ial and medial
,is a remarkable peculiarity of the
English,and is as great a stumbling block t o our cont inental neighbours as Skibole tfi
was t o the Ephraimit es , who could not frame t o pronounce it aright , although theirlives depended upon it
,but inst ead thereof called it Siboletlz . Thus , t ake for
instance the word Fatlier, and observe the orthography ofit s cognates through the
whole Saxon,or Teut onic family
Saxon,
Dut ch,
German,
Swedish,
Danish and IcelandicFader. Vader . Vat er. Fader. Fader .
Either cl or t is subst ituted for the English tit throughout these languages . A nd
the same is observable in the Persian, Hindostani, and Turkish, which retain the
same wordPersian
,Hindostanl
,T urkl sh
,
Pader. P edur . Peder .Also
,in the Greek and Lat in Family we have a similar orthography of the same
wordGreek
,Lat in
,Italian
,Spanish
,French ,
Pat er. Pater. Padre . Padre . Pere .The Irish and Gaelic
,however
,seem to retain the English pronunciat ion , or, at
least,the orthography ofthe word
Irish,
Gaelic,
A ithair . A ithair.
The init ial F being dropped in these languages . The Gothic also,I think
,has
the same sound : thus in At ta,Father
,we have the double t corresponding t o th .
The double (1 in the Welsh language,especially when final
,has the hard sound of
tn,as in nefoedd
,heaven ; bedd, a grave. The kindred words, Mother and Brother,
undergo precisely similar changes in the above languages. The Saxon,Gothic
,Irish
,
and Gaelic retain the English sound of tli,or at least the orthography. The
French are prone t o shorten their words ; thus we have Pere, mere, frere, in theabove instances .
The Dutch usually change s t o z,thus son becomes zoon ; sun, z on ; sister,
zust er ; sea, zee. They also lengthen their vowels , or give them an open , broad sound .
DIALECT OF DALECARLIA .
The Dalcarls are Swedish Highlanders,and have preserved comparat ively
unchanged the manners,cust oms
,and language of their Gothic forefathers ; they
are the only remains ofthe Ancient Gothic stock that aspirat e the let ters I and w ;an infallible charact erist ic ofthe Meso-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and Icelandic.“Also these peculiarit ies prevail in Western Dalecarlia
,viz . 1
, prefixing v to
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS . V .
all monosyllables,beginning with a vowel
,as
,vom
,for ; om ,
if ; (Hebrew my id.)v ord for ord
,a word . 2
,Transposit ion ofsyllables : as jasel for selja, t o sell ; lat a
for t ala,t o Speak . Thus they say
,
‘kan du lata tae korba,so kimi du lavi"Kan
du t ala t ee baka,so miki du Vila"’ Canst thou speak backwards
,as much as thou
wilt" The affinity ofthis dialect t o the English is prov ed by the fact of ‘ a boyfrom Dalecarlia who was t aken by a Swedish Ambassador t o England
,and who
easily underst ood the language ofthe peasant s of the Northern Count ies . ’
The above peculiarity of the Dalecarlians,in t ransposing syllables
,may
account for similar transposit ions in many English words in passing from the
original Hebrew int o the English t ongue.
REM ARKS ON THE DANISH.
a,e,i z j
,o,u,like the German .
e some times pronoun ced like i,and i somet imes like e .
o frequent ly like the German 0 .
a a,e e
,like a
,6 . I init ial like Y ;
The consonant s have generally an easy,soft pronunciat ion.
b oft en like p,and p somet imes as b .
d Av t and is oft en writ t en 8.
g init ial and final oft en Av y.
gh usually soft ened down and lost as in English.
r is usually faint ly heard and oft en w n .
ou and ow like 00 inpoor.
ON THE GAELIC.
The Gaelic language i s peculiar in it s orthography,and is difficult of
acquisit ion t o strangers . The let ter 7c is not used in it , it s place is supplied by c,
which always has the hard sound as in cearc,a hen ; g is always hard as in gealaclz,
moon ; geadli , goose . A principal difficulty arises from the number of consonant sin combinat ion , many ofwhich are silent in the pronunciat ion , as B reitkeamlz, ajudge
,pronounced B reho . The double consonant tit is never sounded
,it merely
indicat es a sudden aspirat ion , as B etti,a R am . fi t in the beginning ofwords is
never sounded as anpkeasgar, the evening ; anflt ion, the wine, pronounced an esgar,
an een. bit and mk sound like 7) in English, as craobh, a t ree ; freumli , a root ,pronounced oraov
,freno . onis gut tural,like the Greek x, as lockran, lamp , oiclclt e ,
night,pronounced loxran, oix.
ao is supposed t o be peculiar to this language ; having no correspondingsound in English
,it nearly resembles the sound emit ted by a young calf, as in
aodaan, face ; aodaclz, cloth ; caora, a sheep ; aon, one .
db and git are very faintly audible, if at all heard as in sliglt e , a way ; tiglic,a house
,pronounced slic
,ti. cltd may be expressed nearly by joining the Greek X
e final is usually Silent as in English , and merely lengthens the preceding vowel.
vi. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
and k as in bochd, poor, pronounced boxlc, cruictlzneaclzcl, wheat , pronounced
cruinaxlc, clrziclzd, dew, pronounced drilxk.
Gaelic scholars divide the vowels int o broad and slender ; a, o , u, being broad ,and i
,e,slender vowels . And the rule they give for the format ion of syllables is ,
when a broad vowel ends a syllable,a broad vowel must ' begin the next syllable ;
and when a slender vowel concludes a syllable,a slender vowel must begin the
next . This account s for the number of silent vowels , which, with the peculiarcombinat ion of consonant s
,make many words appear uncouth ; as coimkearsnack,
neighbour,pronounced coiersnax, gaineamk, sand, pronounced ganiv, deasgazn,
yeast,pronounced desgin, ceileiricllt , to chirp, pronounced ce liri, saigkeacl, pronounced
said,an arrow .
ON THE WELSH.
Mutat ions and permutat ions of consonant s abound more in this language thanany other I am acquaint ed with. Changes of single and double consonant s for others
,
according to their varied posit ion, are const antly occurring, and are made , not at
random,but in a most syst emat ic manner, and according t o strict grammat ical
rules . Many derivat ives are thus formed from a Single root,which Welsh scholars
consider as giving peculiar beauty,richness
,and regularity t o their language
,and
,
as affording strong proofs ofit s purity and originality . Although this we willinglyconcede
,bu t when some go fur ther, and lay claim t o it s being the primit ive language
spoken in Paradise,we at once demur
,knowing
,on the best evidence, that it , as
well as all other languages,must yield the palm t o the Hebrew
,for purity
,int egrity
,
and originality.
The following are examples ofthe mutat ions ofinit ial consonant s in Welsh,
according t o their varied posit ion. Thus c is suscept ible ofthree mutat ions :Radical. Light. Aspirate .
As O . cfir A v g . gar A v ngh . nghfirA v
P . priod A v B . briod Av mh . mhriod A v
T . tad A v D . dad Av nh . mhad A
v
’
B . brawd Av F . frawd Av M . mrawd
D . dyn A v Dd. ddynA
v N. nyu
G . gwr wr Av ng. ngwr
Ll . llaw A v L. lawM . mab A v F . fabRh . rhan R . ran
The wordpriod (English, bride)gives rise t o the following derivat ivesPriod
,proper
,peculiar
,one ’ s own, a married person, man or woman .
Priodi,to marry.
P riodas, marriage .Priod vab
,bridegroom .
verch,bride .
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS .
P riodal,proper
,one ’ s own
,married
,&c .
P riodawr,a propriet or
,especially ofland.
P riodoldeb,property.
P riodoledd, (Armorica,)wedlock .
P riodor,a nat ive
,Ex . xii . 49 .
qu . English : B rother .
B rodorion, nat ives, those who have been born and bred in the same country .
The sound of Oh corresponding t o x in Greek, properly pronounced, and beingradical
,is ever at t ended with w .
D el as ih in the English this, thou, though ; but never as in theme, thought .Ll has a sound probably peculiar t o the Welsh
,which a stranger to the language
can only acquire from a nat iv e Cambrian : the Spanish ll approaches it,but the
It alian gl comes much nearer .
ON THE Sm IA C,ARAM AIC, O R CHA LDEE .
The Syriac (as will be apparent in this Vocabulary)is more closely alliedt o the Hebrew than any other language . There are
,however
,several mutat ions and
transposit ions of let t ers,which const itut e a marked dialect ical. difference. These
mutat ions,or int erchanges of let ters
,t ransposit ions
,&c .
,are similar t o those
occurring in almost all other languages,and are account ed for on the principles
before advert ed t o,relat ing t o the organs ofspeech .
1 . A marked peculiarity in the Syriac is,that a great many words
,which
end in a consonant in Hebrew,t erminat e in a or 6 .
Thus Hebrew nun,a fish
,becomes nuno in Syriac .
esh,fire
,eshtho
zahah, gold, dahho
2 . z and d are int erchangeable in Hebrew and Syriac, as in the last instance,zahal) becomes clahho in Syriac .
3 . b in Hebrew is changed int o p ; as Hebrew, harzel, iron ; Syriac,parcel.4. 3 A v y , as arete
,earth
,becomes aro. The reader may find other
mutations oflet t ers in a Chaldee or Syriac Grammar.
ON THE CHINESE AND HO KKE E N (usually writ ten Fok'
I'
en)DIALECT .
The Chinese language is very limit ed in words and vocal sounds ; the Courtor M anderin dialect not having above 600or 700 dist inct words . They generallyt erminat e in vowels or dipthongs ; many of their sounds are peculiar and difficultof enunciat ion
,and ofexpression in writ ing
,by Europeans . For instance
,a child
,
or philosopher,is,according t o Dr. Morrison’ s orthography, tsze . The Hokkéen
dialect is more energet ic,and
,although it abounds in gut turals , is more easily
at tainable by an European . Thus tsze,a son, or child, is pronoun ced choo in
Hokke en . This dialect has be en denominat ed the Y orkshire of China, and differsindeed as much
,or even more
,from the Court dialect than that ofY orkshire from
viii. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
the Cockney . I t is also subdivided into the reading and colloquial dialect s . Thesedifferences may be observed in this Comparat ive Vocabulary, where I have givenboth the writ ten and colloquial sounds in many of the words in Hokke en
,as well
as in the Court language.The following are some ofthe principal mut at ions oflet ters,&c .
,which occur
in the Hokkeen
1 . M anderin ch initial is changed in Hokke en t o s,t,or lo
,as
chan,produce Av San .
chang, long Av t iang.
ché,a wheel A v ki.
chi,
t o know Av t i.2 . M anderin words ending in h almost invariably end in k or t in the
Hokkeen
Thus chih,a cubit , Av ehelc.
choh,a t able
,Av tolc.
3 . fis usually changed to h, as
foo, father, Av hoo .
fa’
h,a rule or law
,Av hwat .
4. m is frequent ly changed t o b, asmoo
’
,mother,
mz’
,rice,
n some th es t o l,as
nctn,south
,lam .
5 . The vowels also undergo frequent changes,thus
,
P ih King (the Capital City)Av pek keng.
Nan King (the City) Av lam keng.
N.B .—The former signifies Northern Capital
,the lat ter
,Southern Capital .
ON THE J APANESE .
Powers .a
‘ in father.e inai in high .
i in machine.0 in so (never as in Lord).1 1 in rul e .dj in judge .j in j amais (French).6 is a very lengthened minim of0 ; nothing like it in any language I have
ever known ; it is not a drawl, but more like the difference between the o in not
and not e, ye t a longer sound than the last , though otherwise just like it . The o
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS . ix .
must never be sounded short : otto (husband) is nothing like otto ofroses, but like
oat- to.
g as in guinea .
The above remarks are by Dr. Williams,ofCanton
,an American Missionary
,
who kindly procured this language for me .
O N T HE P OLYNESIAN O R SOU TH SE A ISLAND DIALECTS.
The Sandwich Islanders make the following changes from the Tahit iant (Tahit ian)A v k
,r A v l
,h A v f.
The Austral Islanders,including several islands 400 miles south ofTahit i
,
read fluent ly the Tahit ian Scriptures,but reject f and h, without supplying a
subst itute,which makes an amazing difference in their pronunciat ion.
Harvey and Rarot onga Islanders often insert to between two vowels of the
Tahit ian,and put gu before a vowel . With the Samoas h A v s .
The Samoan dialect is the only one in which the sibilant is used .
The T onga alone uses j . /A
The South Sea island dialect s have the dual number .That a language spoken by Savages should be supposed t o be defect ive, in
many respect s,could not creat e surprise
,but the fact is contrary t o all we might
have ant icipat ed,that the Polynesian dialect s are remarkably rich
,admit of a great
variety of phraseology, abound in t erms of pecul iar nicety, and are spoken withstrict conformity t o the most precise grammat ical principles . Of this we shallfurnish a few examples . In the first place the Polynesians employ three numbers
,
the singular,the dual , and the plural ,with which the inflect ions oftheir verbs agree .
Singular . Dual . Plural .To speak
,paran
,pararan
, paraparan .
To do,
rave, rarav e,
raverave .There are but 14 or 1 5 let ters in any of the dialect s of this language ; and
as we spell the word precisely as it is pronounced,no difficulty is experienced in
t eaching the children spelling . All we have to do is t o inst ruct them in the soundsof the let t ers
,and when these are acquired they spell the longest words with ease.
As the nat ives are never at a loss t o express their thought s or emot ions, we havebeen obliged
,in effect ing our t ranslat ions
,to introduce but few t erms . These are
principally religious t erms,or relat e to art icles and ideas unknown prior to their
int ercourse with Europeans . Before admit ting a new word we have generallyconsidered whether it could be P olyne sianiz ed ; that is , whether vowels could beinsert ed between every two consonant s without destroying it s ident ity ; and, secondly,whether any t erms exist in the nat ive t ongue with which it was likely t o beconfounded . When we could adopt English words we preferred doing so ; butthese cannot be accommodat ed to the South Sea dialect s so easily as words fromthe Greek. Of this the t erm horse may afford an illustrat ion . This, by the
introduct ion of vowels,so ent irely loses its ident ity that horse would become horete .
2
X . PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
B ut as the omission of one p and the s from the Greek word hippos gives us hipo,we adopt that word because it harmonizes with the language , can easily bepronounced by the nat ives
,and retains a sufficient resemblance t o the original t o
preserve it s ident ity .
The following are specimens ofthe changes made in European names by theNew"ealanders
Apollos is pronounced AporoJohn Fisher Hoani Pika .
George Morley77
Hori Mori .Mr. Whit eley
77Mr. Whi- t e - ley .
Mr . Wat erhouse Wa- t e -hou- si.Love t o you" J io loo fu.
The above remarks on the languages of the South Sea Islanders were madeby the Rev . W. Ellis
,formerly a Missionary at Tahit i
,and Hawaii
,and more
recently in Madagascar,and the author ofseveral excellent works . He also kindly
furnished me with the Tahit ian dialect for this Vocabulary .
This work has cost the Author many years oflaborious research , and correspondence with Missionary Brethren in various part s of the world
,and has been
carefully writ t en out and re -writ t en from the aut ographs of his friends . Few,
indeed,except such as have engaged in similar invest igat ions, can conceive the
labour of research required in accumulat ing the mat erials,arranging them
,and
then carefully observing and tracing out the affinit ies of all the languages to the
Hebrew and English . The lat ter process , especially, demanded much patientthought and the exercise of a sound and impart ial judgment
,guided by the
ascertained principles of philology. Besides cost of t ime and mental labour,he
has willingly borne considerable expense in remunerat ing some of his coadjut orsfor their t rouble and expenditure in obtaining the assistance of competent nat ivet eachers for filling up the Vocabulary correctly in various languages
,and transcribing
fair copies for him .
Notwithstanding all this labour and constant Vigilance in thi s work,many
imperfect ions mar it ; and errors, which may have escaped his no tice, will doub tlessbe det ect ed by able Philologist s . And
,while he would accept their candid and
judicious crit icisms in a grat eful spirit,he mus t doubt less be prepared t o encount er
severe and,perhaps
,unjust strictures from les s judicious and candid crit ics . How
ever, since the Author’ s simple and conscient ious aim has been, by fair and pat ientinvest igat ion
,t o ascertain the evidence of the affinity of languages, and so t o illus
t rat e and confirm the sure t est imony of the Divine Record on the subj ect,he can
pat ient ly bear man ’ s severe and part ial j udgment , being fully sat isfied with the
reward ofGod ’s approval,and blessing upon his humble work , throughout which
he has conscient iously sought His glory.
The import ance of these philological enquiries , when prosecuted in a rightSpirit , and with a single eye to the glory ofGod
,is right ly appreciat ed and well
stated in the following quot at ion from the C hurch Alissionarg Intelligencer .
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.
“O N T HE VALU E or COM P ARATIV E PHILOLOGY .
This study may appear t o be remot e from pract ical result s . We are persuadedthat it is not so . I ts successful prosecut ion lies at the root ofmany great quest ions,involving the foundat ions of our faith ; it is the real key, t oo , t o the underst andingofa nat ion’ s hist ory
,and a valuable auxiliary t o syst emat ic Missionary work .
”
C hureh M issionary I nte lligencer, Vol. X .
,p . 1 1 .
I t only now remains for the Author, before concluding this preliminary not ice ,t o present his grat eful acknowledgment s t o his various friends and brotherMissionaries
,who have kindly aided him in procuring many of the languages
comprised in this Vocabulary .
1 . The HEBREW part was supplied by his friend the Rev . M. M argoliouth,
an eminent Hebraist and Rabbinical scholar .2 . The SYRIAC by the Rev . Dr. Etheridge
,the author of an excellent
t ranslat ion of the Syriac N. T . from the P e schito ; and Horse A ramaicae ; &c .
3. The ARABIC,P ERSIAN
,M ODERN GREEK
,and TURKISH (in part) were
promptly and kindly sent me by the well known Assaad y Kayat,the Brit ish
Consul at J affa .
4 . The GOTH IC and A NGL o SAXON were gathered by me from the celebratedCodex A rgent eus,
” edit ed by the learned F . Junius,and accompanied with the
four Gospels in Anglo Saxon,and a G lossary or Dict ionary t o the whole : in two
vols . vellum,published at Amst erdam .
5 . The GERMAN by my friend and t eacher,Mr. Bernst ein
,an accurat e
German and Hebrew scholar.6 . The SWE D I SHfi
‘ DANISH,and DUTCH were procured through a friend in
London,from compet ent persons well acquaint ed with those languages .
7 . The ICELAND IC has been kindly supplied by a Nat ive of Iceland, J. C .
Hansen,E sq ,
ofLiverpool .8 . The ITALIAN
,P ORTUGUESE
,SPANISH
,and FR ENCH were supplied me
through a friend, by well qualified t eachers in these several languages .9 . The WEL SH I wrot e down from the dictat ion of my Welsh t eacher
,Mr .
Fowkes,of Bangor
,Nor th Wales .
10. The IRISH . I regret that I cannot now recollect the friend who kindlyprocured me this Celt ic language
,but it was evident ly supplied by a well qualified
Irish linguist,and writ t en ou t in the nat ive character in a beaut iful hand. I think
the friend who procured it for me was Col . Lewis,of Dublin
,the well known
founder and patron ofIrish schools for the poor .1 1 . The M ANxwas very kindly supplied me by Archdeacon Drury
,Isle ofMan .
1 2 . The GAEL IC was got through my friend the Rev . Mr. Leechman, formerlyMissionary at Serampore
,and writ t en out carefully by a learned nat ive of the
Highlands . I have already quot ed his remarks on the language .
In revising and completing the Swedish I was kindly and ably assisted by Professor Georgu ,ofL ondon.
x ii. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS .1 3 . HUNGARIAN and B OHEMIAN
, by the lat e Rev . Dr. Pinkerton, the well knownand highly est eemed Agent of the B . and F . Bible Society, for many years inRussia and Germany.
14. The RUSSIAN and P OLISH were supplied by two ofmy fri ends , Chris tianJews
,nat ives ofRussia and Poland
,and well acquaint ed with the languages . The
former was the lat e Mr. J . G. Lazarus,Superint endent ofthe Liverpool Inst itut ion
for inquiring Jews ; the lat t er was Mr. Epst ein , who passed through the sameInst itut ion .
1 5 . The SANSCR IT and B E NGA L L I by the lat e Rev . A . F . Lacroix,an eminent
and well known Missionary of the London Missionary Society,in Bengal
,above
thirty years . He had few equals in his knowledge ofB engalli and Sanscrit .1 6 . The M AL AY by my friend the Rev. Mr. Werth
,a German Missionary
at Malacca .
1 7 . The SIAMESE by my friend the Rev. J . T. Jones, American Bapt istMissionary
,at Bankok
,the Capital ofSiam . He succeeded Dr. Gutz laffand myself
at that stat ion .
1 8 . The CH INESE was supplied by my friend the lat e Dr. Bridgman,
American Missionary at Cant on,and edit or of“The Chinese Reposit ory
,in 20vols . ”
The Hokkeen dialect was filled up by myself.1 9 . The J APANESE by my friend Dr. Williams
,American M issionary at
Canton, (author ofseveral works on the Chinese language,)through the help of a
nat ive of Japan .
20. The TAH ITIAN by the Rev. W . Ellis,as previously stat ed
,whose
int erest ing remarks on the South Sea Island dialect s I have already quoted .
21 . The SIX AFRICAN LANGUAGES I t ook in part from a Vocabulary of SixEast African languages
,by Dr. J . L . Krapf
,Mis sionary ofthe Church Missionary
Society ; and also from P olyglot ta Africana,” by the Rev. S . W . Koelle
,
Missionary of the same Society .
22 . The ES"U IMAUX was procured for me by the Rev . Mr. Mallalieu , of
Fairfield,from a Moravian Mis sionary
,amongst the Esquimaux.
23 . The CHOCTAW was furnished by an American Missionary t o the ChoctawIndians
,through the kindness of a friend .
While this work was passing through the press the Author was prompt lyand effi cient ly assist ed by M r. Salter
,of the“Asiat ic Strangers ’ Home
,London
,
in filling up sev eral of the languages,part icularly the Turkish
,Russian
,Cop tic
,
and Hindostani .
I .
-G O T H | C ‘ A ND "S AXO N ‘ F A M I L Y .
Gothic.
E Goth
E diavol daimOn
H Satan satanas gsatanasH Heaven heafen Ehimins
E : Hell hell,helle Ehalje
IL—DomesticR e lat ions.
Eman EmannaWoman cwino
,wif cwino
H Chi ld Ee l ld barnFather E feeder E at taMother E moder E aithei
E Sunu E sunusDaught er E doht er E dauht erBrother E brother E brotharSist er E Sweoster E swistar
—Government ,L aw, &0.
E cyng,cynig T hudans
Judge dema stanaH Law filaza, lah
PaperIV.
—Heavenly
Rain reegen, renThunder thunderLightningLight E liht
,leoht linath
Darkness
V .—E arth and
HThe EarthEeard, eorthgairthaA Hill E hill bairgSea E see mareiRiver aguO
Wat er E wat oFish E fisk
H 5 . E 2 1 . H 3 . E 28 . H 5 . E 29 .H 4 . E 24. H 4 . E 24.
Dutch.
E God'
E engel
Ehemelen
Ekoning
EGot t
E t eufelEsatan
Ehimmel
1ilvt lle
E konig
richter
H
HE
E konung
H
himmelhelvet e
domarelag
Ehimmel
E kongedommerH
E Vind
E dundren
E linsz
giorden
E SO C
Ehregg, rigu
E lioos
I I .
—S H E M I T I C F A M I L Y .
EKhuda Allahfirishtu peri
Easman Easman
E enush,raj ul barnosho Emard er
,R adam
amrah anat tho shimeabi Hwalad yaldogab abbagam HemmaE abn Hbar schereH abnat Hbartho
R akh HachoR akht E achotho sone
badshah padishahmunsif
kalam kulum kalemkaghed kaghur kiaghad
choshekh
are t z zamin mit t i gyardagh puhar
,giri dagh
daria bé’
thar denizrud
,Hnaha duriya t chai
pani su
samac nuno mutchli baluk
H 2 1 . E 7 . H 24. E 6 . H 5 . E 7 . H 4 . E 3 .
E 1,E lohim Theos
malachsheidsat anshemaim
gehenem
Sheol
achouth
melechshophe t
t orahcit
naiar
are t z
angelosdiabolos
E sat anouranos
R géenna
basileusdikast es
nomoskalamospapyros,khart es
skot os
oro sthalassapot amoshydOr
ikthus
Greek (mod.)
vasileos
crit is
nomoscalamoscart i
E ast eron
sco t os
gi
bounorosthalasan
pot amineropsari
Latin.
SO P O P
j udlexpennaE papyrus
,
chart a
t enebra
pennaE papiro
e scuridade
5 V .
"—S C L A V O N | C F A M I L Y .
English. Hebrew. Polish.
El,Elohim Boh
Angel malach anhelDevil sheid diavol
Satan satan shatan satanHeaven shemaim nI eb o
Hell pekla
t chelov ick czlowiekz ent shine kobiet a
bat chka
mathasyn
dot ch
bratachouth sestra
L aw, &c.
zakon
E sunt sa
baraksuiabz a
choshekh
are t z
ember cz lowek
asrsz onysjena
Jgyerm ek t e
atya ot ecanya E matkafi E synleany dcera
ferjfi t estv er Ebrater
not estver E sestra
V I .—S"ANSCR IT , I NDO - CH I N ES E , POLYN ES I AN FAM I LY .
Pali. Bengalli. Chinese.
Ishwar Allah Prah Shinmalaikat thewada shinshi
kweimo kweit ien hanarti yoh
purushah orang
E matunan t er ’
sudara phinong phuchai hing t ibhagini phinong phuyins t sr
’
mei (elder)a anu SI mai
wang,ong E nim kum
rarbibakahbickarkarka kwan t i kwan wonbidhih byabastha undang lai khwam liuh fahlekhani kalam pakai pihpat rang kadat chi
surjya mat a hari praathit jih, tH
C handra bul an prachangili
l
liil
gwattar wor
osadhi bintang dau singmek
fa lann
Edharani prithibi bumi t ta,t i
pabbat girih parbbat bukit shan,san mois
,san
jalamidhi sagarah samudra laut hai pat a,hai
nadi apaga nadi sungi kang moor,kang
udakam panuyang jal E aier moor,sya
minah mat sya ikan koki,0
H 1 . E 4. H 3 . E 5 . H 2 . E 1 .
English. Japanese. Kisuaheli. Kihiau.
M olungu
gsetaniuraku uwingu mulungu
E mundum tumke
gamao
achouth
melech t enkashophe t
walaka
mesi mesiniot a niot a
kumu kiwingo lihondembébo
mfI’
I lu
kaminari pat iri HngurI
’
Imu mahondebarak um eme
choshekh
E 11 1011 3 ;
mit i,tai
H 3 . E 2 . H 6 . E 2 . H 2 . E 3 .
Kabenda. Esquimaux. Choctaw.
C hitokaka
vba hatakSintana
satanus set onaridshenne orure
ai okpuloka
ibakala
ndshento b arkaina
dem -muso omab ere mama ndshento isawoi
angajokak E mikochv ch
WC I I IC
hoshout i
anore
umbakalluk hiloha
kaumalak mv ltubha
t ovvikeli
tart ak
okhv ta
maz ea
H 1 . E 1 . H 2 . E 1 . H 2 . E 0.
I .
—G O T H I C A ND S AXO N F A M I L Y .
Gothic. German. Swedish. Icelandic,
liuhad
EsaedH geara-yard , ort H gards-yard,E geard E aurt igards
E tun
Ebreod
milith
sceap, seep lamb Eschaaphundur
Egam ela ulband
Ehaurn
crawe
rmuu
hrichur
E VI ngen , pl . EwoengI r
E SH O O‘
bslange
slange
H 8 . E 2 7 . H 4 . E 8 . H 7 . E 25 . H I O . E 29 . H 8 . E 3 1 . H 9 . E 32 . H 4. E 21 .
vogel
Ekrahe Ekrakaadler O rn
fledermaus fladermus
E eule EuglaE eg R aggE nest E nasté
fliigel E v inge
sclange ,ormschnake
I I .
—S H E M I T I C F A M I L Y .
Persian. Hindostani. Turkish.
gemish
t ahinHbaz r
bustan ggantho
ir,or gnir madinat keritho B ab ab ar. pfim
devash
chini , sh ekker
pharosho htho.bakro bahsi
t auroemar
,nekio e sO ou
Hkalbo ouhC r
Egam elo Edgam oul
arI O oumoui
nem aro
gum erro shauShakh
amro
t sipfir,ouf takmih shagunah chiriya
H 1 1 . E 7 . H 14. E 2 . H 1 . E 1 . H 4 . E 6 . H 2 . E 6 . H 5 . E 5 .
E roti,nan ekm ek
calicheh Ekak borekraughan t el
,roughan yagh
sharab my,med sharab
Shir dfidh sfi t
anghahe em Shehd balE shackar E shekier
z a kawa, kagokab
,nissr ngab
shfiprah shub -purboom E ulfi
,abfim
murgh byz a, undanisim ghons
pursamp
Greek (mod) Latin. Italian. Portuguese.
ouro
placentaE oleumEv inum vinolac lat t emel miele
E zakari E saccharum E zucchero E azucar
cavallopara
Bull parSheep se
,t soun
Dog kelebh
Camel gamalLion ariTiger kaphir
C at chthul EgatosHorn
,qeren
,qar Ekeras,
Horns,pl . naim
,pl . kerata
Wool tsemr ercos
Bird, A
Fowl t SIpur, ouf pet emonCrow qOra, orébh EkoraxEagle nesher aetos
ataleph nict erix
kous nukt ikorax glauxb eit sa 6 0s E aughoqein Enossia folia ninho
Wings kanaph pt erux
Snake,
nachash, ophis serpent e
Serpen saraph
H 6 . E 10. H 7 . E 13 .
lanauccello
Ecorvus Ecorv oE aquila E acquI la
vespertilio pipistrello
E ululaovumE nidusalaserpens
13 V .
—S C L A V O N I C F A M I L Y .
English. Hungarian . Bohemian.
Emléko
E CHkor E cukor
krawa
owce
kutya pest eve welslan
oroz lam E lew
E t igris E tigris
machska koika
sz arvak
E volna
slimak
V I .— SANSCR I .T FAM I LY . VII.“C HINES E FAM I LY .
14
Sanscrit . Chinese. Japanese .
E pfir,hwa
suvannam
l l’ik mai
andam
t elam Hnam man
nam nom
E sakhara nam-oi
Eashwah ghonra
Egoh Egarubrishah
meshah gararkuk kurah kukurusht rah
e sharivyaggho
shringang k ’hawurna me shlom
sakuno, Pl .
PakhYI , Pakhl
muragkakdom chil
cham chika kang-khana Ché. H k
’haw-meawdim khaibass rangpakha pik
ngi'I
H 1 . E 3 .H I . E S. E 2 . H 2 . E 1 .
kin,kim
yin,gin
t I eh,t I e t SO I
shI'
I,SI na mo
kan,kin pfirhfii
kwo,ko kwa Sir
t sau,chau p
’
hfir
hwéi. kot , hwaC hung E s siEyuen t ong san
ching,sen syong
mien pau,
b in pauping
,peng st Ok
mantfi.
E yiu ki rfim
t siI’
I,chili
ji’
I, ju , len
mi ll -tang, b i tb ong
t ang
sai,tarke
kamakoi
suri
t oriEkarasuHwashi
p’
hyon pok ko muribyu, otpa
kit tu rirnar kaipai yam
fukurofi
tamago
eu
hane
1 5
I I orse
E ssNestWingsSnake
,
Serpen
Hebrew.
b e it sa
qeinkanaph
nachash,
saraph
Malay. Tahetian. Kisuaheli. Kihiau.
mot to
E raau
mbeu
mukat e
mfI'Ida mab I
’
Ida
massiwa likama
Asali yanoki
E Séki‘tri
ferasi
domba
simba
manu,
pongokt elfir
sarangsaip saiapular H liOka
H 2 . E 2 . H 1 . E 1 . H 2 . E 2 .
FAM I LY . X.
—'
N.
Mandonga. Yoruba. Kabenda. Tumbuctu.
nune
orsukwernemik ]
L
nono woara Immuk
ig ub sanb foe bilasugar mikT hopi champuli
bari kiogak isuba
malu nkombe Ehou cowamik wagtek
ako malu nkomb embakola hou har bullemik wak naknesaugak
chukveh poa.
hanshi kmg
dsada
E nz zuE Sl S1
,
HrO I I O E adi e
,eye H
u. hushI
nunI
folanerforalik os1
halamb isha
opa
gungurie oshi lobunshi
gnyoka
H 0. E 0.
AM ER ICAN FAM
Esquimaux. Choctaw.
ikkomamik luak
goldenik I 2211
23331:silb erem ik]
Lt oli hot a
kikkik toli mantobu
nappartok H it emimm ek itak shishpaunganek oni
perov inh huthuk
rosemik T na pakanlipenonsejek-sak 11 t
perorscoik osap ushiIggluka t o mahaseksu1 t
kakojam ik poskaposkachampuli
E v ilaoka hauvsko
pishukkchi
1 7 I .
- G O T H I C A ND S AXO N F A M I L Y .
Gothic.
Frog frogaBee (honey) beo
ral Implement s.
Plough E ploge
Knife E cnifAxe E aex
,eax
Saw E sagaCart E crae t
,erat
Wheel E hwe ol,
hwe ogl
IX.—M emb ers oft h e B ody , 850.
E heafodHead hefe(I haub I th
H
IE/[yaeyesgeag, S .
,eah auga
outh E muth mun ths
HFace cI z
B Hair EhaerEar E ea
fit ifiifii ’
, IH
Tongue E tungNose E nose
,nase
Lip,li s E lippa,lippe
B Hand, Hhand ho d handusHands E n
Foot,fee t E fot
E
fotus
r
o tuns
Flesh Eflaec,flaese leik
Blood Eblofl E blothBone E ban
X.—Dwellings,
Furniture, 850.
House E bus gards,hus
Door E dora dur E daurChair
HB ed Ebad,ligr
H C up
XL—T ime, &c .
Y ear E gearMonth Emonath Emenath
Week Eweoe
H 5 . E 32 . H 4. E 10.
zwaard
schild
E z aag
E wiel
E biene
beigpil
schwert E svardschild E SkC ld
E vecka
H 4. E 27 . H 4. E 28 .
aarmaaned
uge
E hoffud
E murmur
Iarmanudur
ulika
I I .
— S H E M I T I C F A M I L Y .
Hebrew. Arabic. Persian.
t sépharda ghok m enduk qurbaghahdebOra ari
camansothpef t ir
sefi shamshirshebshi supur dhal, sipm'
charash sikat korubo hobi ghabaz eh hul sapansakim
H sikin card chhfiri bichaq
qardom fass norag kelebip tarb er kulhari baltahmassur minshar nosero
Hbashour arra desterah
agala arabach m archab tho arabeh arabahaufen ajléh Egigallo charkh t ekarlek
Hankh
dudaqler
pah
ghll St gosht , luhmkhfin B Iuh fi
, khfin
astakhnan huddi , ustukhwan kemuk
Hbait Hbaitho khaneh ghurbab t
’
ra E dar E dur qapue rsi mautab
Hchuchie Hkursi iskemle
parshat ganuno ghlogd pulangh bichonna dushekH cass Ekos apho t pialeh piala
,kasu qadah
Shana Hsinat burns. sal, sun
Hsinet
chodesh shahrshevfia jemhat
Hhufta Hhaftah
H I 6 . E S. H 1 8 . E 6 . H 3 . E 2 . H 5 . E 8 . H 3 .
1 8
English. Hebrew.
FrogBee (honey) deb6ra
qe she th
Arrow cheit s
Sword cherebh
VIII —Agricul tural Implement s.
charashsakim
qardom
massur
e tsem
XL —T ime, 850.
Y ear ShanaMonth chode sh
Week shevfia
Greek (auct .)Greek (mod.) Latin . Italian. Portuguese .
batrakos
melissa
t oxon t oz on
belos velosHmachaira spathithureon aspis
Harotron E arotron B aratro B aradomachairon masheri coltello facaE axiné az imos E azza machado
pirgioni E segaHserra
amaxa Ecarret t at rochos trokos
’ ruot a
kephalé kefalosopthalmos mat instoma stom aprosOpon prosop onthrix malious O tes ot i
H
glossa
khe it e,pl
kheir manusE pous,podes
, PlE podarI
Hsarx krias
Elaima E ema sanguis
Host eon cokalon
d6ma spit i domus E casaE thura porta ost ium portakathedra kathedra cathedra H
Sédia
krabat on krevat e le ctus lét t o
pot erion Ekuppa poculum Ecoppa
eniautos kronos Hanno Hannom én Emini mesehebdomas evdom ada hebdomada set t imana somana
H 4 . E 8 . H 5 . E 10. H 4 . E 3 .
caputoculus
,i,pl . Occhi , pl .
Epes,pedes
,pl .
t esta
boccaEfacciacapelliE orecchialinguaE nasoE labbromano
,
mani
cab ega
olhosbocacaracabelloE orelhaslinguanarizbelgo,b eipos
maO,
maos , pl .Epiede
,piedi Epe , pes
carnesangueosso
carnesangueosso
21 V .
—S C L A V O N I C F A M I L Y .
English. Hebrew. Russian. Polish.
Frog t sépharda liagushk z'abaBee (h oney) deb6ra pchela psz e z ota
V IL—Weapons,
qeshe th paklon proca
Arrow cheits straita strz ata
Sword cherebh mech pat asz
Shield z asht z ita tarcz a
VIII —Agricul tural Implements .
huba,hubi gemba
ruka,i . renka
,i .
noha,i . noga
,i .
miaso skorakroff krew
e t sem kost kose
dom dom R haz dl’
Im
dv el drzwi kapu E dwerest I
’
Il krz e sto szek pawlac
pashe t ia lozna agy post elchasha filiz anka dillikom kofflj
XI . v T ime , 850.
Y ear shanah hod e sz t endO
Month chode sh m eshe ts mishent s b onapWeek shevfia nidyela t idjen he t
H 1 . E 2 .
ajak,ajkak pisk, pisky
kez,kezek ruka
,ruky
lab,labak noha
,nohy
hus masover kxew
csont koss
V I . —SANSCR IT FAM I LY.
E
Sanscrit . Bengalli.
bhekah bengsaragha
sharasa dhanuk
Shirah mathanet rang chakhyu
tundang Emukhananakeshah ChulShro trang karna
Hrasana jihwanasika
radanach
chhadahastah Ehat
prapadang E pad, orpishitang mangsshonitang raktaasthi har
abdah bat sar
masah mas
saptahah saptah
H 3 . E 3 . H 2 . E 6 .
V I I .—'CH I N ES E FAM I LY .
Siamese . Chinese. Corean. Japanese.
k’hang-k’
hék koh na kai kuri ka eyr’p’hung miehfung ha t si
t’
hanI’
I
lipa po sip Hkarasuki
siau tau,to k ’hur kogatana
k’hwan fa fu tau t o t s’
hai nataluei ki
'
I nokokian niu che
,ki sur roi 0 kuruma
lo,chak pak hoi kuruma
E uh,ok
chwang sangpei t si wan
han heisguih tar wor
at ’bi t lipai shtonanuka
E 2 . H 1 . E 3 . H 1 . E 1 .
22
English. Hebrew. Malay.
Frog kudohBee (honey) lebah
V IL—Weapons,
sheth panaA rrow eit s anak paSword cherebh padangShield prise paruru
charash
Wheel parotata
mata
muomo,s.
t angan
e tsem
mangkohKaua
XL - T ime , &c .
Shana
AM ER ICAN FAM I LY . 24
Mandonga. Yoruba. Kabenda. Tumbuctu. Esquimaux.
‘
Choctaw.
korobata
nose yonya
pit tiksit tashivata
karju uski nakisavik ushpo falai
t ilihpa
Hsavik boshpoullimuut iskifa
kiblut ist wsha
gaiviok
odshu liezu
E munua Emesu nginmbul endse hamberkutu hangalulumi deneyilu nine
enyowo mbusakokok
gqb
d
a
;kebanda
chuka
aumit
H 1 . E 2 . H 1 . E 2 . H 2 . E 3 . H 1 . E 4. H 2 . E 1 .
25
English.
DayNightTo-dayT o -morrow
Y est er
Behind
HT hou
H 8 .
I .
— S AXO N A ND
Saxon. Gothic.
E daeg, dag {E dagsE niht EnahtsP to -daeg Ihimm adaga
E
fim orgen gistra dags
E zomer
wint er wintrus
s art
H 8 . E 34. H -8 . E 22 .
G O T H I C‘F A M I L Y .
gest ern
SO ID II IC I‘
winter
eins,ein
dagnat t E nati dag E I -dagi méirgon i-morgen
i-gaarforaar
sommar E sommerhast efteraar
Vinter E vInt er
E deE ost
,ost en E ost
E vest er E ves tE nord E I I O l
'd
E soder E Syd
dagurnooti-daga-m orgain
Sumarhaust
Eblindur
H29 . E 29 . H 6 . E 27 . ;H'
8 . E 28 . H 4.E 23 .
I I .— S H E M I T I C F A M I L Y .
Coptic. Persian. Hindostani.. Turkish.
Hehoou' H
giin
ha youm H
yaumono mph'
oou
machar ghada Em e char rast i kil l"fur
e tmoul amssHe thmol ne saf diruz
ku
l
l
éciifh
Habiba hé, pshom bahar buh'ar
Hkait o maié
khizanVsathvo zamist an jara
Ewached EchadHathnein t reenEthat latha gt olthoHarbaaha H
arbho cheharHkhamsat H
cham sho
setat Hshe tho
Esabaat gshabhothamanyat H t emonyo
Htasaahat H
t e shoHaashat H
e sro
schur aswad‘
adom
cheresh
l’
achour
wuh,usne
o,or Hhi
bizsiz
anler
purub gun t oghusipuchchhum bat iut tur yildizdukhun kibleh
H 24.
’
E 7 . H 8 . E 2 . H 5 . E 5 . H S.
26
English. Hebrew. Greek (anct .)Greek (mod) Italian. Portuguese.
heméra,H
giorno E (IlaE nux E not t e E noit esemeron oggI
aorion Ha manha
'
a
e tmoul ekthe s heri jéri ont eamxIn ver primavera prim ev era
theros kalokerI Haestas stat e verao
fthi noperon E autumnus E autunno E out onoshImona 1nverno invierno
H oater,niger
P ronouns.
not os
H 3 . E 12 . H 2 . E 8 . H 7 . E 14. H 3 . E 1 1 . H 6 . E 1 4.
cieco cegosérdo surdodav ant e diant e
post,atergo dietro detraz
ego E 1 0
Etu Etuille e li
eIlaBnoi
v oi
illi eglin ellesoriens orient e orient eoccidens occident e poent esep tentrio t ramontana E nort e
m ez z ogI m eysdiaornom eridie s
29 V.
— S C L A V O N I C FA M I L Y.
English. Hebrew . Russian. Polish. Hungarian .
e tmoul urt sheras u t sora wsera
t arasz
t eke t i sem a
cerwena
ona
H e .
‘
E
V I. —SANSC R IT FAM ILY .
divasam
kalyang gatakali
pushpasa . basanta
grishma
HsaratHshitang shit
Hdash
bayang amrajuyang t omra
taharapfirbbah plirbba
pashchimah paschimu t taro ut tarah ut t ardakkhino dakhyinah dakhyin
H 2 . E 4.
Siamese . Chinese .
E sm , S lp, chap
mang jinmuak lfingk ’hangma t sienk
’
hanglangHhauku ngom iing
’
rh
i,ta
ngo -mun
khhau arai ta muntung
H 2 . E 1 . H 3 .
VlI.— C HINES E FAM ILY .
nar ir
kum ir
yo sut,link roku
nir, kop, tshn
‘ hichiyo tam, p
’har nachia hop
,kou
yor, sip l u
syo kyong m ekura
kui m okur t sumbo
maye
30
jib , J l t
yé
kin’
31h,kin a jitming jihbeng jitt soh j ih
myong ir
t sak ir
meyo nichi
saku J l tsu
1 IX.
—AFR | C AN
nsika
ananahi
auhuni
musim sejah P oai
sano
Esabaa
hoe ahuru
KHL—C olours.
suisui
nu1nu1Wao
mao ya jua J lrambmagribi iuyalihuire
E saheli
H 1 . E 2 . H 2 . E 3 .
Tumbuctu.
chariHbuilu kigilumbuads ho
suba
dseb eliyono
okkiok
at t e eusok
t ellimat
an end . B ut th eC hrisman Esqui
th e
chi nombekorei
H 2 . E 2 . H 1 . E 1 . H 1 . E 2 .
X.
— AM E R IC AN
Esquimaux. Choctaw.
uvlok mitakE unnuok E ninak
avlume hunaknitak
kaupe t onnaha
ikpekjah pilashash
tofi'
assi
T A B L E O F A FFINI T I E S .
The following table exhibit s the approximat e rat io of affinity which eachlanguage bears to the Hebrew and English, as indicat ed in the preceding C omparativ e Vocabul ary : the Whole number of 146 words being t aken as a commonst andard . All the languages are arranged in t en ’ i‘ di st i viz . z
I . Gothic and Saxon family. I I . Shemit ic family. III . Gre family.
IV. Celt ic family. V . Sclavonic family . VI . Sanscrit family. VII. Chinese family.
VIII . Polynesian family. IX. African family. X. North American familyHebrew14
1 8
V I I I .
T ahetian
Kisuaheli
Cornish 21 42
Welsh 25 41 EsquimauxIrish 1 5 35 Choctaw
whis/classificat ion into t en families/of languages was adopt ed after the firstt ables were/printed off/being thought preferable t o that ofeight families .x
C O NC L U D ING R E M A R KS .
I .-All the languages of this Vocabulary are eviden tly relat ed t o the Hebrew
and English,as appears by inspect ion of it
,and of the Table of Affinit ies. And
,
while the several languages of each of the t en classes,or families
,are specially
relat ed t o each other, there is an obvious mutual relat ion subsist ing amongst all thelanguages composing the t en classes .
II.— These important languages,selected from Europe
,Asia
,Africa
,and
America,may be considered as the representat ives of all the languages and dialect s
ofthe earth . Therefore we may,by fair induct ion
,founded on the fact s just st at ed
,
conclude that a mutual relat ionship subsist s amongst all the languages ofthe world,
and that all are derived from one common s t ock . We have assumed the Hebrewt o be the original parent st ock— 1 st
,because of it s simplicity and purity ; 2ndly ,
because all it s derivat ives can be t raced t o nat ive root s which have their appropriat e meaning in the language ; 3rdly , because it is the most ancient writtenlanguage we have any authent ic record of and
,4thly, because it i s the language
which God Himself chose for communicat ing His will t o man.
The faithful and int elligent Christ ian will readily admit the supreme authorityof the Bible in det ermining all quest ions in which it s voice is clear and dist inct .And therein we find it plainly recorded that all the nat ions
,scat tered over the earth
,
are of“one blood,
” and are all descended from Adam,the first man who was
creat ed. We also find it clearly stated that all his descendent s had one language,
no t only before the Deluge but down t o the t ime of the building ofBabel,when
Jehovah frustrat ed the designs of the proud and impious builders,by confounding
their language and dispersing them abroad upon the earth . Thus we have anauthent ic and divine record of the original unity ofnat ions and of language . Andthe conclusion t o which we hav e been led in the preceding inquiry
,by tracing out
the affinit ies which manifest ly exist amongst the present languages spoken by man,harmonises with the infallible t est imony ofGod . Therefore we consider all thespeculat ions ofmen
,which wilfully ignore and contradict this sure t est imony, as
idle and impious .“The following lett er on a new society which has just sprung up in London, called T HE ANT HR O
P O L O GI C A L SOC IET Y,
” addressed to the editor of the R ecord, of June 20, 1 8 64, may be here appropriat ely
quoted 111 illustration ofmy remarks aboveSir,— Among the cunning devices of our spiritual adversary, one which threatens t o exert cousi
derable influence among a large and import ant class , especially medical and chemical students, is the
xvi . CONCL UD ING REMARKS .
Nos. 32 and 31 . From this scale it also appears that about one -fourth part ofthewords in our own Saxon t ongue bears an affinity with the Hebrew
,either in a
primary or secondary degree . This, of course, can only be inferred with regard t othe pure Anglo- Saxon part ofour language , for such words alone have been selectedfor this Vocabulary . And not only in words does this close affinity exist betweenour original mother t ongu e and the Hebrew
,but in the arrangement ofideas and
the simple st ructure of sentences it has also a near agreement . And for this reasonit is comparat ively easy t o translat e the Hebrew Scriptures int o English . Thissimilarity between the two languages was not iced by Tyndal, the first t ranslat or ofthe Hebrew Bible and Greek New Testament int o English . He said
,
“The Greket ongue agreeth more with the E nglyshe than with the L atyne ; and the propert iesof the Hebrue t ongue agreeth a thousande tymes more with y9 E nglyshe thanwith the L atyne .
”
Other collat eral evidences ofour alliance with Israel have been observed andpoint ed out by different writers
,and by none more carefully
,amply
,and minut ely
than by Mr. John Wilson,the author of Our Israelit ish The Gothic and
Saxon nat ions which crossed the Danube in vast numbers,and made irrupt ions into
the Roman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries,gradually set tled within it s
boundaries,and formed the t en Gothic and Saxon kingdoms
,which st ill exist
,and
were dist inct ly foretold by the Prophet Daniel,and also by St . John in the Reve
lat ion,under the symbol of the t en -horned wild beast . Mr . Wilson has t raced up
hist orically these nat ions t o the same locality t o which the t en t ribes were t aken bythe King ofAssyria
,viz .
,on the borders of the Caspian and Black Sea. He then
adduces various point s of resemblance or ident ity between the Saxon laws,govern
ment,const itut ion
,municipal and domest ic inst itut ions
,customs
,manners
,spirit
,
and charact er of the Anglo - Saxons and those ofAncient Israel . Israel was to be“the Lord’ s measuring line
,or the m eans through which the other nat ions of the
earth were to be evangelised,and finally united under the right eous and peaceful
government of“the Prince of Peace . The Anglo-Saxon race,including our
brethren in the U ni ted St at es of America, and the northern nat ions ofEurope whichare Prot estant
,now occupy the place of Israel in fulfilling this purpose of the Divin e
mercy . And upon England especially this high honour has been conferred,of
t aking the lead to send ambassadors ofpeace to the remot est nat ions upon the earth.
The vast ext ent of England’ s dominion,and the number and variety of nat ions
subject to the sceptre of her "ueen, are unexampled in ancient or modern t imes .And for what purpose has all this power and dominion been given t o our smallisland, except for that ofbecoming a blessing t o the nat ions , by making known Hist ruth and salvat ion t o all . The obligat ions and dut ies ofEngland must be correspondent t o her superior blessings and privileges enj oyed from the Sovereign Rulerof nat ions . B ut
,like Israel of old
,she has sadly failed in fulfilling the gracious
purposes of Jehovah . Ambit ion,and thirst ofworldly gain
,have been the ruling
mot ives ofvast mult itudes ofour countrymen who have gone abroad. A few only
CONCL UD ING REMARKS . xvii .
are found faithful in the land to their gracious Lord and Saviour,who unit e heart
and hand in sending the Gospel t o the heathen .
Thus,philological and ethnological evidence concur in proving the close
c onnect ion ofthe English and Hebrew nat ion .
The English language has also a remarkable affinity with the Persian. Inthe“Table ofAffinit ie s,” the lat ter, it will be observed, ranks No . 28 in it s relat iont o the English
,and 1 7 t o the Hebrew. The Hindostani also
,which is the Hindo
Persian spoken in U pper India,comes pre tty near it
,being 26 . Many words in
these two languages are almost the same as in English, and part icularly thoserelat ing t o family kindred : as Fader, Moder or Mudar
,B rudar. I have not iced
some English words and phrases,which are evident ly from the Persian : for inst ance
,
Reynard signifies fox in Persian ; and quack (an irregular medical pract it ioner)isan appellat ive for doctor in Persian .
Many nat ional cust oms,laws
,manners
,&c .
,of the Persians
,seem to assimi
lat e them with ourselves . This coincidence is a further corroborat ive evidenceofour Oriental origin .
IV.
— The Celt ic nat ions— viz .,the Welsh
,Irish
,and Gaels
,especially the
former— in their most ancient tradit ions and annals,preserved in the T rz’
ads,point
t o the East,or Summer Country (T aprobani), as the original seat oftheir ancestors .
B ut their languages stand much lower in the Scale ofAffinity to the Hebrew thanthe English and other Saxon and Teut onic languages .
The Cornish and Manx also t ake the same rank with them ; and the Welsh of
Armorica in Normandy probably sustains the same inferior relat ion t o the Hebrew .
Our learned Cambrian brethren may differ from me on this subj ect,and
,with
some of their predecessors,men of eminent learning and research
,may st ill claim
for their ancient and refined language a closer affinity with'
the Hebrew than I haveassigned t o it in the “Table of A ffinitie s.
” I can only say that I have endeavouredt o maintain an equitable judgment in the mat t er.
V .
— As a general rule,then
,we may observe that the languages here com
pared bear a corresponding relat ion t o the Hebrew and English,
a language thatranks high in it s affinity t o the Hebrew
,also s t ands proport ionably high in relat ion
t o the English ; there are, however, some except ions t o the rule .VI.
—M y researches have not been sufficiently extensive t o enable me t o classproperly the Turkish and Hungarian . They are probably of Tartarian origin .
The Hungarians and Bohemians being near neighbours,under the Austrian rule
,
and their'languages having both been furnished by Dr . Pinkerton, they were therefore included in the same class although they differ widely in their affinity with theHebrew and English. While the Hungarian stands low in bo th respect s, theBohemian takes a third or fourth class rank with the Hebrew, and stands high inaffinity with the English .
Extract s from correspondence bearing upon the Welsh language and its affinity t o the Hebrew willbe found below.
xviii . CONCLUD ING REMARKS .
VII .
— As an evident and st riking proof of the affinity ofnat ions as well as oflanguages
,we may adduce the Chinese. In populat ion and ant iquity they rank
higher than any other known nat ion ; comprising one - third of the human family,
and having authent ic hist ory ext ending back years,showing that they have
been set t led in China from a very early period,probably soon after the general
division of t ongues and dispersion at Babel . Although from their comparat iveseclusion for many ages
,they have preserved their dist inct nat ionality— in language
,
laws,cust oms
,&c .
—ye t there are sufficient proofs of their having been member s of
the family of Noah,from the affinity of language
,ancient tradit ion Of the deluge
,
(nearly agreeing in t ime with that of the Mosaic record,) their patriarchal form
ofgovernment,priesthood
,and sacrifices
,&c .
Eleven words have been marked out in the Chinese part of this Vocabul ary,
as having an affinity with the Hebrew and English : and in some instances the sameword is evidently relat ed t o both these languages . Thus
I .
—C H INESE WORD S RELATED B OTH TO THE HEB REW A ND ENGLISH .
C hinese . Hebrew.
yen (eye), eyen,
eyes , een (North ofEngland).yuen (garden), gan
,garden .
mu (mother), eim (ema), mother .
I I .— OTHERS RELATED TO THE HEB REW.
C hinese . Hebrew.
yue (the moon), yeriah , id
shan (a hill), har,id.
I II . - O T HE R s RELATED T O T HE ENGLISH .
C hinese .
urh (ear),uh (house),yiu (Oil),fu (father),pih (pencil)hai (sea),
These words of the Chinese Vocabulary,it must be remembered
,are ent irely unde
signed and unsought - for coincidences with the Hebrew and English : as the Chineset eacher who wrot e them out had no thought or intent ion Of that sort .
In the simplicity Of it s colloquial t ongue,and also in it s construct ion
,it
resembles the Hebrew and English . M . R emusat,the eminent Parisian professor
ofChinese , remarked that in the arrangement oftheir words , or syntax of a sentence,the Chinese Observe a natural order ofideas . This is manifest t o any one acquaint edwith their most popular works
,such as the San Kwoh
,or Hist ory Of the Three
Kingdoms . Their lit erary men indeed depart from this simple and natural style,
CONCLUD ING REMARKS . xix .
and abound with inversions,which Oft en render their books obscure and unint elli
gible t o ordinary readers : difficulty and Obscurity being est eemed as special excellencie s by such learned pedant s . The colloquial language of the people also agreeswith what R emusat t erms the natural order ofideas .
In dispersing abroad copies of my Prospectus,I have had occasion t o corre
spond with a rather wide circle Of friends and clerical brethren, known andunknown . And from not a few I have received cheering let t ers of encouragement
,
expressing confident ant icipat ions of good result ing from the publicat ion of this andtwo other small works in these last perilous t imes
,when the t ruth O fGod ’ s Word is
daringly and recklessly assailed. From the lat e venerable and beloved Dr. MarshI received
,a few weeks before his death
,a short characterist ic not e
,writ ten in a
bold dist inct hand,from which I venture t o make an extract
Dear Mr. Tomlin,— Though I am overburdened at thi s t ime as to my purse, and my table withbooks
, yet I must have som e memorial ofyou— so will you put down my name as a subscriber for one copyOf Comparative V ocabulary.
’ I have heard of a war ofwords—what a warrior you have been— and whata conqueror you are
May your labours be great ly blessed, t ill the happy period arrive when our Lord shall turn t o thepeople a pure language
,and all shall serve Him with one consent .
I also here gladly avail myself of the Opportunity of recording my grat efulacknowledgment s Of very subst ant ial t okens afforded me by several kind friendsliberally subscribing for two
,seven
,and t en C opies Of each work . I venture t o give
the name of one of these kind friends,much revered and honoured for his able
,
sound,and learned works in support of the t ruth
,viz .
,the Rev . Canon Benson.
His very kind and encouraging let t er inclosed a cheque for £5,in prepayment for
t en copies ofeach work,but with the st ipulat ion that he would only take three or
fiv e copies at most from me .From some t o whom the Prospectus was sent
,and usually accompanied by an
explanat ory and friendly le tt er,I have received no reply. Several O fthese were O ld
friends,and from such I looked for some t oken Of encouragement . Perhaps they
are wait ing t o se e the works out before they venture t o purchase . I cannot blametheir prudence
,though I hoped for their confidence and early favour .
Two ofmy correspondent s have thrown out useful hint s and caut ions, whichhave induced me t o reconsider the conclusions I had come t o in Philology, and t osearch afresh the foundat ions on which they rest ed. This reconsiderat ion ofimport ant point s
,and general revision of argument s
,have confirmed me in the belief of
the st ability ofthe ground on which I have rested . I regret that I am not at libertyt o ment ion the name of one of these correspondent s , or t o publish his let t er, inwhich he doubted the correctness of my main posit ion
,respect ing Hebrew being the
mother of all languages,and thought it unwise“t o st ickle”
for the honour Of theHebrew in this respect . “Many
,
” said he,
“ge t upon their hobbies and ride them
t o death .
” The following was my let t er in reply
XX . C ONC LU D ING REMARKS .Rev . and dear Sir
,— I am glad to hear you are much interest ed in Comparat ive Philology. I
see you demur t o my primary posit ion, that the Hebrew must be considered as the parent stock Of alllanguages. I am well aware that Philologist s
,generally
,give a preference either t o the Arabic or Sanscrit
,
but without any sat isfactory reason. The sur e testimony of the Word ofGod is either ignored or slightedon thi s
,as well as on many other subj ects. It certainly appears to me a very Obvious inference from the
Inspired Record,that Hebrew was the only language spoken by men down t o the period Of the building
of Babel,and was substant ially preserved by one branch ofNoah’s family, viz , Shem, aft er that event .The fact of God’s having chosen this language, to record His will t o man
, from the beginning, isstrong evidence in its favour . I ts plainness and purity also add to this evidence for, divest ed ofthepoints
,and with the vowels properly restored, which were removed by the writers of the Masora, it is an
incomparably plain and expressive language,and bears the R oyal stamp ofits Divine origin .
If this first posit ion ofm ine be grant ed, then, I think, the obvious affinity subsist ing amongst alllanguages, as exhibited in my Comparat ive V ocabulary, will establish their common relat ionship t o eachother, and t o the Hebrew as their original source. It may be obj ect ed that my dat a are not sufficient t owarrant such a general conclusion : the number Of languages in my V ocabul ary, perhaps, not being morethan one -third of the known languages Of the earth ; but yet , I think, they must be considered as beingrepresentatives Of the whole family. A nd having proceeded , in my inquiry, into their relat ionship, by thesafe and caut ious method Of induct ion, I think my conclusion is fully warrant ed, and established upon themost probable grounds . I do not say that it is mathematically demonstrat ed, although I have entered intonum erical calculations. The result , however, is, I think, a near approximat ion to t ruth on the subject .“A considerable affinity has been traced, by German Philologists, between the Teut onic languagesand the Sanscrit. B ut a st ill closer affinity subsist s between the former and the Hebrew, as will beevident by an inspect ion of the V ocabulary . For inst ance the English has double the number Of wordsaffiliat ed with the Hebrew, compared with what it has with the Sanscrit .
The Sanscrit is much more remot ely connect ed with the Hebrew and Arabic, than the Gothi c andSaxon languages are with the same. Y ours, &c .
, J. T.
”
I shall now make some extract s from a correspondence with the Rev . SamuelFent on
,bearing upon the Welsh language . His int imat e knowledge Of the language
and connexion with Wales give special value t o his crit ical remarks . His zeal forthe ant iquity and honour of the language Of the Cymry will
,I doubt not
,be as
readily excused by my readers as by myself.In his first let ter he says I am glad t o hear that you know something O f
Welsh ; because it is evident from the circumstance ofit s idioms being so akin t othose of the Hebrew
,that it is a very ancient language . The languages , which
have the shortest words, may be considered primit ive languages ; and this is apeculiarity ofthe Welsh
,in which even letters are srgnIfiCafirdfiwhich the following
i s an example : E ve a a—Eve he
,a will
,a go. Termen
,a boundary
,1 s not a
Lat in,but a purely Armorican Welsh word ; while T erminus is a Lat in word
derived from it . In the Welsh language there are no such expressions asfl tom go
ap, come down,and go out ; but the expressions are, go to the mountain, go to the
ground, go to the openfi eld. The names of the four seasons are primit ive . Gwanwgn,
the Spring,is lit erally T ender lambs. Haf
,Summer
,lit erally Fa lness Hydrev , the
Autumn,literally to home ; for then the fruit s ofthe earth are led home. Ganaf (f
is sounded like a)the shut ting ofS ummer 2 Wint er . ” Having int imat ed to Mr . F.
that I found after a close scrut iny ofmy Vocabulary that the Welsh occupied an
CONCLUD ING REMARKS . xxi .
inferior posit ion in relat ion t o the Hebrew compared with the English,which
circumstance I feared would no t be acceptable t o the learned Cym ry ; my zealouscorrespondent replied I think that the Welsh Lit erat i will indeed be dissat isfiedwith the posit ion you have assigned the Brit ish language . I was t old by the lat elearned Dr . Alexander Nichol] , Oxford Professor ofHebrew
,who knew most Of
the Oriental languages , that he considered the Welsh language the nearest t o the
Hebrew,the idioms of which it expresses most exact ly . He t old me that the
circum st ance ofits having the possessive and primit ive pronoun , from which thepossessive is derived
,each side the noun substant ive
,was a sign of the Welsh
being one Of the most ancient languages of the world. In illust rat ion,
‘My Son ’
woul d be thus in Welsh, vy mab i, lit erally M y Son I .
I cannot conceive how you contrive t o place the language Of the Cymru‘ below that Of our own language in relat ion to the Hebrew,
’
the idioms ofwhichDr . Davies
,once rect or Of Mallwyd
,a very learned Hebrew scholar
,says
,the
Welsh language ‘E ccprimit ad oivum.
’ I t rust that you will reconsider thissubj ect .
”
My readers will now expect something in my own defence . The followingwas my principal reply
My dear Sir,
- I not e what you say further in your last let t er ofAugust 3 l st, regarding the similarity ofthe Welsh t o the Hebrew in its structure and idiom s, and the eminent authorit ies you adduce onthe subj ect . B ut it was not my design to ent er into the peculiar idioms or grammat ical st ructure oftheWelsh , or indeed ofany other language.
My plan was simply this—1st , t o make out a list ofabout 150English words, (pure Anglo-Saxon,)plain, simple, and important , relating t o various branches of human knowledge, and such as were likely t ohave corresponding words in almost all other languages . 2ndly, I got fri ends in various part s Of the worldto furnish me with the languages they were familiar with , aided by nat ive t eachers 5 and request ed them togive me the simplest and plainest words in the several languages.
The Welsh I got myself from a competent nat ive scholar, exactly in the s ame manner, withoutreference t o any ul timat e design ofcomparison .
3rdly, I then carefully compared all the words in the various languages with the Hebrew, markingthe degree ofaffinity which any word had t o it by No . 1 or 2
, the former figur e indicat ing a near affinity,the lat t er a more remot e one t o the Hebrew. I then t ook the sum t ot al ofaffini t ies ofeach language to theHebrew, which det ermined its relat ive posit ion t o the Hebrew as the parent stock . In the same manner Iascert ained the relat ion which all the other languages (except the Hebrew)bore t o the English . In thi scomparison I was guided principally by the well ascert ained mut at ions and int erchanges of consonants,well known t o philologist s as being common t o almost all languages.
I endeavoured to be strictly impart ial . Y et my work is doubt less very imperfect , although I haveoft en revised it .
I may just remark that the proof adduced by Dr. N10011, ofthe affinity oftheWelsh t o the Hebrew,does not st rik e me as being conclusive
, viz . : in having the possessive pronoun prefixed and the primi t ivepronoun affixed t o the noun substant ive. For, “My Son ” is in Hebrew,
B eni, and not as in Welsh,vy mab i, so in like manner my Father, my Mother, D R ”J R .
I now insert Mr. Fent on’ s last let t er up t o this t ime,dat ed Sept ember 29th
,
1 864, as it contains several int erest ing crit ical not ices on the Welsh language,
xxii . CONCL UD ING REMARKS .
which will,I think
,grat ify and interest most Of my readers as much as they have
grat ified myself. “SANDOWN PA R K, Wavert ree, 29 th Sept , 1 8 64.
My dear Sir,— In reply to your let t er of the 27th, you are at perfect liberty to insert in your
philological work my not ions on the Welsh, if you think them wort h not ice. As I know scarcely anyt hingof Hebrew, I am not compet ent t o say anything about it
,except that it cont ains very short words ; and
I, therefore, consider the language comprising the short est words, and whose single let t ers are signifi cant asverbs and auxiliaries to verbs, and whose first uncompounded tense is the Future, t o rank very near, if notthe nearest one t o the Hebrew, which I believe is the mother language ofthe world.
In addition to what I have herein and in a former let ter said to you, with reference to the Welshlanguage, I wil l ment ion some part iculars which may int erest and perhaps surprise you .
1 . TheWelsh is the easiest of all languages to be read with perfect accent when once the student ismast er of the alphabet as there is only one general rul e and only one except ion as t o where the accent isto be laid. The rule is that the accent is t o be laid on the antepenultima , except in the case O fwords endingin hau
,which syll able is to be pronounced as if it were spelt hai, the ai sounded like ai in Ka t . As in the
words, En A U t o shorten,B ywHA U to vivify, A rwgddochau to signify the double (1 in which is t o be
sounded like th soft, as in the English words T Hat, T Here, T His, T Hence, T Hem.
2 . There were, t ill lately dest royed by fire
,copies upwards ofa thousand years Old, ofMSS. which
were very old yet , so litt le has the Welsh suffered from tme and change, that the language of these MSS.
is as int ell igible as the language of the Welsh people at present,and the O rthography is that of the
present day .
3. There is no such thing as a patois of the Welsh languag e. The meanest and most illiteratepeasant never violates the rul es of grammar, but expresses himself in a correct and classical mann er 5 andif an Englishman has learnt the Welsh so as to Speak it with t olerable fluency
,and should
,in conversing
with a Welsh peasant , make a m ist ake in his grammar, however nice and delicat e the point may be, asmile will be not iced on the peasant ’s count enance .
4. I believe the exceptions t o the rules of the Welsh grammar will be found fewer than those inany other language . T here are certain consonants which undergo mutat ions, and in regard to these thereis no except ion . For instance : the consonant M is mut able. Vg mam is my mother. The init ial m inthis word is changed int o V , aft er the possessive pronoun of the second person in the singular number as:dg Vam thy mother, and such mut at ion in every substantive in the lang uage takes place, which commenceswith the let t er M ; and such is the case with all the other mutable consonants. T changes into D aft erthe second person possessive pronoun Tad a father, Dy Dad thy father and such is the mutat ion, withoutexception, every word in the language undergoes, commencing with T aft er that possessive pronoun .
SAMU EL FENTO N.“R E V . J. TOM L IN.
