APPENDIX 1: METRIC CONVERSION TABLE

Length

Area

Volume

Mass

Density

i inch =25.44 mm [approximately 25 mm] , then (mm!1(0) x 4 = inch

1 ft =304.8 mm (approximately 300 mm)1 yd =0.914 m (approximately 910 mm)

1 mile = 1.609 km (approximately It. km)1 m =3.281 ft = 1.094 yd (approximately 1.1 yd)

(10 m = 11 rd approximately)1 km =0.621 mile (8" mile approximately)

1 ft2 =0.093 m2

1 yd2 =0.836 m2

1 acre =0.405 ha f1 ha (hectare) = 10 000 m2]

1 mile2 = 2.590 km~1 m2 = 10.764 ft2 = 1.196 yd2 (approximately 1.2 yd2)1 ha =2.471 acres (approximately 2-}acres)

1 km2 =0.386 mile2

1 ft3 =0.028 m3

1 yd3 =0.765 m3

1 m3 =35.315 ft3 = 1.308 yd3 (approximately 1.3 yd3)

1 ft3 =28.32 titres (1000 titres = 1 m3)

1 gal =4.546 titres .1 titre =0.220 gal (approximately 4-} litres to the gallon)

1 Ib =0.454 kg (kilogram)1 cwt =50.80 kg (approximately 50 kg)1 ton = 1.016 t (1 tonne = 1000 kf = 0.984 ton]1 kg = 2.205 Ib (approximately 21" Ib)

1 Ib/ft3 = 16.019 kglm3

1 kglm3 =0.062 Ib/ft3

426

Velocity 1 ftls =0.305 mls1 mile/h = 1.609 kmlh

427

Energy 1 therm = lO5.506 MJ (megajoules)1 Btu = 1.055 kJ (kilojoules)

Thermal 1Btulft2 hOF = 5.678 W/m2°C (where W = watt)conductivity

Temperature xOF =t (x - 32tCXO C =sx + 32°FO°C = 32°F (freezing)5°C=41°F

lOoC = 50°F (rather cold)15°C = 59°F20°C = 68°F (quite warm)25°C =77°F30°C = 86°F (very hot)

Pressure 1 lbf/inch? = 0.007 N/mm2 = 6894.8 N/m2

(1 MN/m2 = 1 N/mm2)

1 Ibf/ff =47.88 N/m2 ~newtonslsquare metre)1 tonflinch2 = 15.44 MN/m (meganewtonslsquarc metre)

1 tonflft2 = 107.3 kN/m2 (kilonewtonslsquare metre)

For speedy but approximate conversions:kN/m2 .

1 Ibflft2 = -- hence 40 Ibf/ft2 = 2 kN/m2

20

and tonflft2 = kN/m2 x 10, hence 2 tonflft2 = 20 kN/m2

Floor loadings office floors - general usage: 50 Ibflft2 = 2.50 kN/m2

office floors - data-processing equipment: 70 Ibf/ft2 = 3.50 kN/m2

factory floors: 100 Ibf/ft2 = 5.00 kN/m2

Safe bearingcapacityof soil

Stressesinconcrete

1 tonflft2 = 107.25 kN/m2

2 tonflff =214.50 kN/m2

4 tonf/ft2 =429.00 kN/m2

100 Ibf/in.2 =0.70 MN/m2

lOOO Ibflin.2 =7.00 MN/m2

3000 Ibflin.2 =21.00 MN/m2

6000 Ibflin.2 =41.00 MN/m2

Costs £lIm2 = £O.0921ft2

1 shilling (5p)/ft2 = £O.538/m2

£lIft2 = ~lO.764/m2 (approximately (£11/m2)

£5/ft2 = £54 m2

428

£10/ft2 = £108/m2

£15/ft2 = £161/m2

£20/ft2 = £215/m2

£2S/ft2 = £269/m2

£30/ft2 = £333/m2

£401ft2 = £430/m2

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6).

APPENDIX 5: CLASSIRCAnON OF MAINTENANCE OPERAnONS AND REPAIRS

Primary code

1. External decoration2. Internal decoration3. Main structure

4. Internal construction

5. Finishes and fittings

6. Plumbing and sanitary services

7. Mechanical services including heating andventilation and gas installations

Secondary code

31. Foundations and basements32. Frame33. External walls. chimneys and flues

(excluding boiler flues)34. External windows and doors including

glazing35. Roof structure36. Roof coverings37. Roof lights and glazing38. Gutters and rainwater pipes

41. Ground floors(where not part of foundation slab)

42. Upper floors43. Staircases and steps44. Internal walls and partitions45. Doors and screens including glazing

51. Ceiling finishes52. Wall finishes53. Floor finishes54. Shelves. built-in furniture and miscel­

laneous joinery55. Ironmongery56. Cloakroom and similar miscellaneous

fittings

61. Cold water service pipes. storage tanks.cisterns and valves

62. Hot water service pipes. storage tanksand cylinders. domestic boilers, valvesand insulation

63. Sanitary fittings including taps and traps64. Waste, soil and vent pipes

71. Boilers, firing. instrumentation and auto­matic controls, flues

72. Steam and hot water distribution includ­ing heat exchangers and heating app­liances

439

440 Appendix 5

Primary code SecondJlry code

73. Workshop equipment, lifting appliancesand special industrial equipment

74. External water supply, treatment andstorage plant

75. Lifts76. Air conditioning, ventilation and refrige­

ration77. General utilities78. Gas installations and equipment (except

kitchen equipment)

8. ElectricQI services and kitchen equipment(all typeS)

9. External and civil engineering works

O. Miscellaneous and ancillary works

81. Electrical generation and prime movers82. Electrical transmission and distribution83. Electrical installations (wiring switch and

control gear)84. Electrical appliances and fittings (except

kitchen equipment)85. External lighting and airfield lighting86. Lighting protection, ELV systems and

equipment87. Kitchen equipment

91._ Roads, car parks, parade grounds,hardstandings and runways

92. Paths, playgrounds and general pavedareas

93. Fences, gates and boundary walls94. Drains and ditches95. Sewage disposal96. Water storage tanks and reservoirs97. Railway tracks, platform docks, wharves

and jetties, sea defence walls98. Horticultural and arboricultural works99. Miscellaneous external works

01. Adaptations and minor new works02. Replacement of fire damage03. Routine cleaning

Sourc«: DOE. Mainltnanc~ Manuals/or Buildings. HMSO (1970)

INDEX

Abstracting 26fr8Accounts 342-6, 392-3Advisory bodies for repair and

preservation 323Aggregates for concrete 415Agreement for Minor Building

Works 303, 306-11Agrement certificates 246-7, 250Air bricks 112,259Air conditioning 183--4Air ducts 112Air locks 180Air seasoning 99Air starvation in fires 93Alarm systems 193--4, 196-7Alkali resisting primers 170Alterations

documentation 273--4examples 211-18grants 222-6pricing- 287-9scope 208-18sequence and management 218-20

Aluminium sheeting 74Aluminium windows 146, 147Ambrosia beetles 205Analyses 357-8, 429-38Approved inspectors 320Approximate quantities

estimates 276, 277Architect 304-5Articles of agreement 302-3Asphalt floors 115Asphalt measurement 271Asphalt roofs 127-8Asphalt tanking 50Avoidable maintenance 3

Bad neighbours (building uses) 327Ball valves 175, 178, 179-80

SkevingtonIBRE 178Banwell report 301Bar chart 396Bark beetles 205Bark pocket 101Basements 49-50Bedrock costs 343, 344Billing 268-9Bills of quantities 264-9,304Bills of quantities contracts 298Birds 203Bitumen felt roofs 125-7Bituminous paints 85Blistering of paintwork 166, 422Block plan 326Bloom on paint 167Blowing of plaster 152Boilers 181-2

chimneys 94-5, 181Bonus payments 402, 403- 4, 405Boundaries 336Boundary walls 53Bread beetles 205Breakdown maintenance 346Bricks

clay 56requirements 251-2, 416specification 255-{i, 261-3types 56-7

Brickworkboundary walls 53cracks 63-5defects 5fH>7drying shrinkage 66efflorescence 58-60

441

442 Index

frost action 62-3fumes from cavity foam 67laminated 55lichens 66measurement 270moisture penetration 55mortars 57~, 59pricing 283-5settlement 63specification 261-3stability 63-4stains 60-1, 88sulphate attack 33,61-2supervision 416-17unsound materials . 65-{)

British Standards 242-6Budgeting 342-6Builders' accounts 289-90Bulding Conservation Trust 11Building contracts 295-301Building control 317-31, 334-5Building control officer 306Building decay 29-30Building defects 19,234-5Building incentive schemes 402-5Building lines 332Building lives 17-18Building maintenance

avoidable 3concept 1condition-based 3control 381-97corrective 2costs 2~

definition 1-2economics 28--30emergency 3feedback 12liability 8--10magnitude 5-8nature 1~, 13-17needs 10-11planned 2predictable 3preventive 2priorities 11-12resources 12-13scheduled 3significance 4-5technology 18-20unplanned 2

Building Maintenance Information

Ltd 357-8Building managers 400Building notices 320-1Building operatives 334-5, 401-2Building records 354-5, 425Building regulations 317-22

applications 317-18Building reports 233-5Building Research

Establishment 15-17,63,78, 79Building settlement 40-4Building supervisors 320, 401Building surveyors 13,400Buildings

dangerous 332-3inspection 232-3,334-5setting out 410-11supervision 411-25

Cables 185Calcium silicate bricks 57Carbonation of concrete 73-4Carpentry

supervision 419-20timbers 100, 112-13, 117-18

Carpet beetles 205Carpets 116Catalogues 247, 395-{)Categorisation of repairs 375Cavity walls 81, 133, 417Cellar fungus 104Cement 415Cement rubber latex flooring 115Central maintenance

administration 374-5Ceramic tiles 159Certificates 312Cesspools 190Chain link fences 53Chalking of paint 166Check on timber 101Chestnut pale fences 53Chimneys 90, 93-5Chipboard 113Chipped grain 101Chlorinated rubber paint 85City maintenance structure 375-6Civic Trust 323Claddings 54-6, 72-()Claims 313CLASP 43

Classification of maintenanceoperations and repairs 439-40

Clay bricks 56Clay floor tiles 114Clay soils 34-7, 40Clean Air Act 1956 333-4Cleaning

brickwork 56, 60, 66cycles 200, 350execution 199-200, 398facilities 200-1flooring 201-2graffiti 202kitchens 202sanitary appliances 202schedule 381 !

stonework 71-2windows 201

Clerk of works 306. 374, 407-9diary 408-9reports 409

Climbing plants 66Close boarded fences 52Code for the Measurement of Building

Works in Small Dwellings 269Codes of Practice 245-6Cold roofs 121Colourless stone preservatives 71Colourless water repellent liquids 70,

85-6Colourless waterproofers 85-6Committed costs 343Common furniture beetle 107, 109,

11~11

Common property 397-8Compartmentation 195Component maintenance

procedure 383, 385-7Composite price rates 276, 277Computerised maintenance

management 184, 345-6, 352-4 ,375-6,381 ,383,396-7,404

Concreteaggregates 415cancer 74cladding 73-4, 75curing 415defects 81gauging 414laying 414measurement 269-70mixes 415-16

Index 443

mixing 413-14panels 73-4pricing 282-3reinforcement 74, 81, 414repairs 74specification 255-6stools and ground beams 43supervision 413-16

Concrete beams 414Concrete beds 113Concrete flags 51-2Concrete foundations 38-9, 413-14Concrete frames 76-7Concrete paving 42, 51-2Concrete roof tiles 119Condensation 86-90,91, 118, 121Condition-based maintenance 3Conditions of contract 303Conditions of contract for minor

works 306-11Condominium maintenance

management 397-9Conduits 185Coniophora puteana 104Construction Industry Training

Board 399-400Contingency sum 255Contract

approximate quantities 298bill of quantities 298conditions 303cost plus 296-7design and build 299determination 31~11

form 292-5JCf Conditions 303lump sum 298maintenance 299-301national schedules 300-1parties 304-Qremedies for breach 294-5schedule 297-8target cost 297term 299-300types 296-301validity 293-4

Contract documents 302-4Contract drawings 304Contract for minor works 303,

306-11Contract labour 369-71Contract procedures 311-15

444 Index

Contractor 305Control card 382Controlling cost 34~

Conversionsgrants 222-6scope 216, 217

Copper roofs 128,418Cork tiles 115Corrective maintenance 2Corrosion of metals 66, 74, 76, 77,

81,145-7Cost analyses 357-8, 429-38Cost classification 355-7Cost control 342-6, 392-3Cost discounting 24-7Cost in use 24-8, 365Cost plus contracts 296-7Cost records 354-8Cost yardsticks 20-1Cost-benefit analysis 229-30Covenants to repair 231,232Cowls 94Cracks

asphalt 127brick walls 63-5causes 19concrete and calcium silicate

bricks 57external renderings 153, 157, 158plaster 148, 150reinforced concrete 76shrinkable clay 34, 35, 37wall claddings 41, 75

Critical path 396Cube estimates 275Cupboards 259Curtain walling 72-3Cycles

cleaning 200, 350, 381inspection 347-8maintenance 376,379-81painting 160-1, 162-3,349-50services 350, 352

Damages 294Dampness

causes 80-3, 141, 143treatment 83-6

Damp-proof courses 81, 112,417Damp-proofing

methods 83-5, 113

specification 256, 262-3Dangerous buildings 332-3Data dissemination 354-8Daywork · 312- 13Dead shores 45-7Deadwood 101Death watch beetle 108, 109, 110,

111Decorations 159-71Decorative laminates 159Defective Premises Act 1973 9,334Defects notification 383-4Dehumidifier 90Demolition work 289,332,333,

411-12Departmental structures 373-6Depots 376-8Design and build contracts 299Design of buildings 20-2Determination of contracts 310-11Development 324Development plans 325-6Dew point 87Dilapidations 231-2Dilapidations schedules 232-3, 238-9Dimensions paper 265-6Direct labour organisations 369-73,

·375Disabled people, needs 220-2Discoloration of paint 167Discounting costs 24-7Doors

defects 143-5, 203, 420security 192-3specification 259

Doorway, pricing 287-9Dormers 215Dote in timber 102Double glazed windows 131, 133-4,

171Double vacuum method of timber

preservation 99Dovecote 94Drainage

defects 189-90easements 336French 84inspection 190inspection chambers 190,261,

424-5land 49,84manholes 190, 424-5

Drainage cont'dmeasurement 273sealing old drains 411setting out 423specification 260-1supervision 423testing 424

Drawings 304Dry linings 49, 84Dry rot 102-4, 105, 106, 112, 117,

139

Earwigs 204Easements 335-6Economic life 18Efflorescence 58-60, 151Electrical installations

disconnecting old services 411fire risk 185lighting 186measurement 272prime cost item 260regulations 185,334requirements 184-6

Electrolytic action 177Electro-osmosis damp-proofing 84Elemental classification 439- 40Emergency maintenance 3Employer 304Empty cell timber preservation

process 99Emulsion paint 169Energy cost analysis 437-8Enforcement notices 335Engineered costs 343Engineers 305Environmental works 155Enzymes 102Epoxy resin grouting 74Escape routes 196-7Estimates

approximate 274-7approximate quantities 276, 277arrangements 2n-80cube 275floor area 274-5preparation 274-89schedule of claim 238-9storey enclosure 2nunit zn

Excavationmeasurement 269

Index 445

pricing 281-2supervision 413support 413

External renderings 153-7Extractor fans 89Extraordinary traffic 332

Factories Acts 1-2, 10, 191,323Failures 17,19,76-7,78-80, 120-1Fair wear and tear 231Feedback 12,21 ,358-60,386Fencing

maintenance 52-3measurement 273

Filters (air conditioning) 183-4Final account 315Finishings 159Fire alarms 196-7Fire extinguishers 197Fire fighting arrangements 198-9Fire fighting equipment 196-8Fire hazards 78-9, 195-6Fire insurance 366Fire precautions 195-9Fire Precautions Act 1971 334Fire resisting construction 194-5Fire spread 194Fire stopping' 195Fireplace, closing openings 95Flanking transmission of

sound 129-30Flashings 118Flat roofs 119-29Flood damage 205-6Floor

boarding 112, 113floating 131hardwood strip 115solid 113sound insulation 131specification 258suspended timber 11 1-13, 419thermal insulation 132-3wood block 115

Floor area estimates 274-5Floor cleaning 201-2Floor coverings 113-16Floor levels 411Floor noises 112Floor seals 116Floor strutting 48Floor tiles 114-16

446 Index

Flour beetles 205Fluctuations 313-15Flue linings 94-5Flues 93-5, 181, 187Fluorescent tubes 186Flying shores 47, 48Food cupboards 259Food Hygiene Regulations 334Foreman 305Formwork 414Foundations

concrete 38-9inspection 38levels 411modification 39narrow strip 36, 37pedatified 44problems 34-8short bored pile 36, 37

French drains 84Frost heave 37Frost precautions

brickwork 62-3concrete 39plumbing 176-7

Full cell timber preservationprocess 99

Fumes from cavity foam 66Fungal attack 101-6, 138Fungicidal treatment of timber 141-2Furniture beetle 107, 109, 110-11Furring 180

Gantries 412Gas installations 187General development order 324Glass 171Glass fibre reinforced cement

(GRC) 76Glazing

measurement 272pricing 286requirements 171supervision 422

Good tenantable repair 231Graffiti 202Granolithic floors 113-14Grants

buildings and plant 365-6improvement 222-6payment 226

Grass cutting 52

Gravel 50Grit blasting 71Ground beams 43Grouting 49Gutters 118,419Gypsum plasters 149

Hand pumps 198Health and Safety at Work Act

1974 10, 191,333Heating requirements 89Heating systems 181-2High alumina cement 77Highways Act 1980 331-2Hoardings 412Hospitals 6Hot water supply 180-3House insulation grants 225House longhorn beetle 107, 109Housing 5-6

Association maintenancestructure 376

condition survey 5timber framed 78-80

Hygrometer 88

Improvementenvironmental works 225grants 222-6lines 332scope 208-18

Incentive schemes 402-5Incinerators 189Information systems 354Injunction 295Insect attack to wood 106-11Insecticides 110-11Inspection chambers 190,261,424-5Inspection cycles 347-8, 379Insulation

sound 129-32thermal 89,132-4

Insurance 310, 365-6Intermediate grants 222, 223-4Internal finishings 159Interstitial condensation 86, 90Interwoven fencing 52Inverted roofs 122Iron 147Ironmonger 145Ivy 66

Jacking 44Job order form 388-9Joinery

defects 138-45measurement 271pricing 285, 288supervison 420

Joint Contracts Tribunal 303

Kiln seasoning 99Kitchen cleaning 202Kitchen improvements 210,258-9Knots 100-1Knotting 164, 421

Labourdirect 369-73oncosts 281

Land costs 27Land drains 49, 84Larder beetles 205Lead roofs 128, 129, 418Leaking roofs 80 ,Liability for maintenance 8-10, 379Lichens 66-7, 85Life cycle costs 20-8, 365Lifts 187-9Lighting 186Lime plaster 149Linoleum 115Local Government Operational

Research Unit 11-12, 348Local Government Planning and Land

Act 1980 371-3, 378Local plans 326Loft conversions 215-16,217Luminaires 149Lump sum contracts 298Lyctus power post beetle 108, 109

Made up ground 37Magnesium oxychloride floorings 115Maintenance

avoidable 3breakdown 346budgeting 342-6computerised 184, 345-6, 352-4,

375-6,381,383,396-7,404condition-based 3definition 1-2economics 28-30elemental classification 439-40

Index 447

emergency 3execution by contractor 389-90feedback 12,21, 358-60, 386inspections 347-8, 379magnitude 1-4, 13-17organisation 373-6, 381-97planned 2, 346-54predictable 3preventive 2procedure 387-9research resources 12-13scheduled 3shut down 346significance 4-5standards 341-2supervision 411-25technology 18-20training 399-402unplanned 2

Maintenance contracts 299-301Maintenance cost records 355-7Maintenance cycles 348-54, 379-81Maintenance data 354-8Maintenance departmental

structures 373-6Maintenance depots 376-8Maintenance incentive

schemes 402-5Maintenance liability 8-10, 379Maintenance management 390-2Maintenance manuals 360-5Maintenance needs 10-11Maintenance planning 338-9,379-81Maintenance policy

formulation 339-41Maintenance programme 348-54,

378-81, 396-7Maintenance research 15-17Manholes 190, 424-5Manuals 360-5Masonry paint 85Mastic asphalt 115Measurement procedures 264-74Measurement units 269-74Metalwork

corrosion 66, 74, 76, 81, 145-7measurement 272painting 165, 168

Metrication 122-3, 426-8Micro bore heating systems 182Mining subsidence 37-8; 42-4MOATS 250Mobile depots 377-8

448 Index

Modernisation of dwellings 181,211-16,253-61

Moisture measurement 82-3Mortars 57-8, 59, 416Moulds 66-7,87,92, 151Mycelium 102, 104

National BuildingSpecification 249-50

National House-Building Council 9,80

National schedules 300-1National Trust 323Network analysis 396-7Newtonite 49Noises

floor 112hot water supply 180plumbing 132, 178

Notification of defects 383-4

Occupancy cost analyses 357-8 ,429-36

Occupational charges 24, 27Offices, Shops and Railway Premises

Act 1963 10, 334Operating costs 24, 334Organisation 373-6, 381-97Outline planning applications 327Overflows 175, 180Overheads 281Oxidation 127

Package deal contracts 299Paint primers 164, 165, 168Paint removers 164, 165Painting

blistering 166, 422cycles 160-1defects 160, 161, 162, 166-7discoloration 167maintenance practice 168-9measurement 273pricing 286-7,288,289procedures 159-71processes 164quality 160specification 257supervision 421-2

Painting asbestos cement 170Painting ceilings 169-70Painting masonry 170Painting metalwork 165, 168, 421

Painting walls 169-70, 422Painting woodwork 164-5, 422Paints

bituminous 85chlorinated rubber 85emulsion 169masonry 85

Paperhanging 422Paraffin heaters 87Partitions 131Pattern staining 170-1Pavings 50-2Payment for works 309Pebbledashing 85, 156Pedatified foundations 44Performance specifications 250-1Permitted development 325Pest infestation 202-5Petroleum storage 333Piling 36, 37, 39Pinworm beetles 205Pipes

classification 252drain 190,423-4easements 336service 174

Pitched roofs 117-19, 120Pitchmastic 115Planned corrective maintenance 2,

346-7Planned lighting maintenance 186Planned maintenance 2, 346-54Planned preventive maintenance 2,

346-7Planning

applications 326-8certificates 328control 322-31development plans 325-{)maintenance work 338-9,379-81notices 328 ..permission 323--(jpermitted development 325register 328, 329Use Classes Order 324-6

Plans 321Plant 393, 394Plasterwork

characteristics 149defects 148, 150-3, 421measurement 272painting 169-70pricing 286

Plasterwork cont 'dspecification 25~7supervision 420-1

Plastic repairs to stonework 70Plastics pipes 147, 174Plastics sheeting 75-6Plastics wastes 423Plastics windows 147Plumbing

defects 81, 174-6frost precautions 176-7measurement 272modernising 181noises 132, 178, 180, 181single stack 178-9supervision 422-3

Policy formulation 339-41Polystyrene 134Popping of plaster 152Powder post beetle 108, 109Preambles 268Precast concrete cladding 73-4, 75Predictable maintenance 3Prefabricated building

extensions 216, 218Preliminaries 254-5Preservation of timber 99-100, 102,

138,141-2Price adjustment formula 313-15Price fluctuations 313-15Pricing alterations 287-9Pricing building work 2~7Pricing repairs 238-9Primers 164, 165, 168Programming

cleaning 350costs 343maintenance 348-54,396-7painting 349-50services 350, 352

Proofs of evidence 23~9

Protimeter 82, 88Ptilinus 107, 109Public inquiries 330-1Putty 171PVC tiles 114-15

Quantity surveyor 305Quantum meruit 295

Radiators 182Rainwater goods 81,88,419Raking shores 46,47,48

Index 449

Ramps 220, 221Records

building work 354-5, 425clerk of works 409cost 355-7data 354

Recreational facilities 399Rectification work 14Redevelopment 226Redwood 138Refuse chutes 189Refuse collection from flats 189Rehabilitation

advantages 22~7cost-benefit studies 229-30financing 227-8

Reinforced concrete 73-4, 7~7Reinstatement grants 225Relative humidity 8~7

Relet repairs 387Renderings 49-50,85, 153-7, 158

finishes 15~7mixes 154-5

Renovations 14-15Repairs categorisation 375Repairs grant 222, 225Replacements 14-15, 27-8Reports

clerk of works 409technical 233-5

Rescission 295Research · 15-17Resin pocket 101Retention money 309Ribbing of timber 101Rights

drainage 336light 335-6support 336way 336

Rindgall 101Ring mains 184-5Rising damp 81-5Rodents 203, 204Roofs

asphalt 127-8bitumen felt 125-7copper 128, 418flashings 118flat, construction 119-21flat, defects 122-5flat, design 120-2gutters 118

450 Index

lead 128, 129, 418measurement 271metal flat 128moisture penetration 118-19pitched, coverings 118-19pitched, timbers 117-18,419-20polymer 128pricing 285slates 118-19, 120, 418supervision 418-19thatch 119thermal insulation 134,419tiles 118-19, 418zinc 129, 418

Roughcast 85, 156-7Rubber flooring 115Running costs 24, 27

Safety 190-2, 332-3, 412Sand 415Sanitary appliances 177, 179-80,422Sapwood 138, 139Sawflies 204Schedule contracts 297-8Scheduled maintenance 3Schedules of condition 233School conversion 216-17Seasoning timber 98-9Security 192-4,398Selective tendering 301-2Self-siphonage 178SerpuJa lacrymans 102-4, 105, 106,

112, 117, 139Services

improvement 210-11maintenance 174-90, 398programming 350, 352

Servicing 14Setting out 410-11Settlement 40-8, 63Shakes in timber 101Sheeriness in paint 167Shoring 41,45-8Showers 180Shrinkable clay 34-7, 40Shrinkage

brickwork 66clay 34-7,40paint 166plaster 150, 151timber 79

Shut down maintenance 346Silicone treatment 49, 84, 85-6

Silverfish 204Single stack plumbing 178-9,423Site arrangements 278-80Site boundaries 336Site conditions 32-3Site huts 279Site investigations 32-3Site meetings 410Site plans 326SkevingtonlBRE ball valve 178Skirtings, hollow detachable 185Skirtings to flat roofs 125Slates 1l~19, 120, 418Slenderness ratio 63Small bore heating systems 182Smoke detectors 197Smoky chimneys ' 90, 93-4Socket outlets 185Soils 33-8Solar protection 121, 123Sound insulation 129-32Special grants 224Specific performance 294Specification

drafting 251-3format 247-51National Building 249-50performance 250-1pu~se 241, 303sources ·of information 241-7typical 253--63

Split timber 101Sprinklers 198Stability of brick walls 63-4Stable conversion 216,217Stainless steel 146Stains 60-1,88,95, 152Staircases 116-17, 195Standard Method of Measurement of

Building Works 265, 269Standard times 403Standards of maintenance 341-2States of asphalt 127Statutory requirements 9-10, 309-10Steel reinforcement 74,414Steelwork

demolition 412frames 76-8measurement 272painting 165, 168, 421setting out 410treatment 145-6weathering 78, 145

Stock control 394-QStonework

cleaning 71-2colourless treatments 70-1defects 67-9measurement 270repairs 170

Stop notice 335Storage tanks 177Stores, computerised 394-QStores requisitions 395Storey enclosure estimates 277Structural frames 76-8Structural life 18Structural reports 234Structure plans 325-6Sub-contractors 305Sulphate attack 61-2, 157Supervision of maintenance

work 411-25Surface condensation 86, 87Suspended floors 111-13

Taking off 265-6Tanking 50Tanks 177Target cost contracts 297Target times 403-4Tarmacadam 50-1Taxation 29,365-6Technicalofficers 374Tell tales 41Tenants' request cards 384Tendering 301-2, 311Term contracts 299-300Terotechnology 19-20Terrazzo floors 114Testing of bricks 416Testing of cement 415Testing of drains 424Testing of sand 415Thatch roofs 119Thermal insulation 89, 132-4, 419Thermoplastic floor tiles 114-15Throat restrictor to fireplace 93Tie rods 64Tiles

external wall 86, 157-9internal wall 257roof 118-19, 418

Timberdefects 100--11, 117-18

Index 451

moisture content 99nature 98preservation 99-100, 102, 138,

141-2seasoning 98-9specification 256strength 100treatment 110-11types 98

Timber cladding 76Timber floors 111-13, 115Timber framed housing 78-80Timber roofs 117-18, 120Timber staircases 116-17Tonged and grooved boarding 113Tom grain 101Total building costs 23-8Trade catalogues 247Training, industrial 399-400Training, managers 400Training, operatives 401-2Training, supervisors 401Tree roots 34, 35, 37, 42Trench timbering 413Trussed rafters 420Tyrolean 157

Underpinning 39,40,41,43,417Unit estimates 277Unplanned maintenance 2Unvented hot water supply

systems 182-3Upstands to roofs 125Urban regeneration 8Urea formaldehyde foam 133Use classes 324-QV-value 89, 132

Valuation tables 25-7Vandalism 193Vapour barrier 78,90, 122, 123Variations 312Varnish 165Ventilation 89-90, 95Vertical tile hanging 86Vibration 134-5

Wallsboundary 53brick 56-67cavity 81, 133concrete cladding 73--4

452 Index

defects 54-6, 81-3external tiling 86, 157-9insulation 131, 132-3light clad dings 72-3rubble 270setting out 410stone 67-72ties 63-4vegetation on external faces 85waterproofing 85-6

Waney edge 101Warm roofs 121-2Warp 101Wash basins 180Waste pipes 178-9, 423Water buckets 197Water by-laws 334Water closets 179-80Water hammer 178Water spraying 71Water test 424Waterproofing basements 49-50Waterproofing walls 85-6Weatherboarding 76, 86Weathering steels 78Wet rot 104-5, 117Windows

aluminium 146, 147cleaning 201

decay 139-41defects 138-13,420double glazing 131, 133-4plastics 147security 193sound insulation 131specification 257, 259steel 145-6thermal insulation 133wood 139-43

Wiring 185Wood block flooring 115Wood boring beetles 106-11Wood lice 204Wood stains 86, 165Wood wasps 205Woodworm 107, 109, 110-11Work sections 248Work study 403Working up 266-7Wrinkling of paint 167

Yardsticks 20-1

Zinc chromate primer 168, 171Zinc roofs 129, 418