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Abstract:
Cette ëtude traite la notion de « l'État défailtant », ainsi que les principales raisons qui ontcontribué à mettre certain pqts africains à la tête du classement des Etats en déliquescence dansle monde. Elle aborde également les raisons qui poussent les pays occidentatn à classer laplupart des pays africains comme étant des pays en défaillance, sans prendre en compte lesdifférences qui existent entre ces pays. En dernier lieu, cette étude aura donc pour but, deprouÿer que ce terme ne peut en aucun cas être utilisé comme un critère fiable pour évaluer laréalité dont ces paysfontface.
Mots clés : États défaillants- Afrique- Ëtats-Unis- Europe.
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48
: ufulJdl
David Hannay' çELÀ +ip " qriU-JIl §r.,l.jiJl ;;,É .s ,r.6 tt)
Stewart Patrick. « Failed states are mainly a thrcat to their own inhabitants. We should help them anyway. »Foreign Policy, Jul/Aug 2011,Issue 187, p. 55. Available at:
http ://www. forei gnpoli cy. com / articles I 20 I l/0 6/20lthe_brutal_truthcrlol r* d+.n $i .ctJt c,. éJÂl étq riJE (J.Llt ![j *f lLili]l J trJ-..rl cLJl çj drtÊljÊlJ L;Éll :.il,silt r,É
p)
4+ilLi .1.V cll§3 r!-": ,fJJt J! siJi i-I*.À ,s L ç15.1f .r: *i é*+j-rl h*4-,ut._il1 .rf d+-l ,,3l &+ +t tSt êtÊlj'ill ql-É * ÊuJU !iô Êi- (Jl. .rlj L .lsa313 L-.Ja;;l rgll,»- .lsl33 rYf k&to *rtt ûLÊljil!
C 1989 êÊ ri. l++.J ,1J. lJl 6j*Jl qê c!-rJl i»* ç-r.ll s C e+-.ËULJI ,:, §ll ,l.iî -,p!t +L OS L ""sp
âi!.Jlcjdl clil.l .rlÊlJi) ql3"ül q§l.r lgl j;32 elEa gl§ ,+Jli ,.1. Lr+$xl ,Je 4iU .û:'$l ôcqljÉ dJrI üÉi LiLÊlJjll Jre rriii*.àll ùJl rjilr çâJ l:*Il .i+:t gt-p-ll 6l sjs L tiÀ3 .2006 rL" # (l*_lti fr.j&r jt-* # t- t+tt; él-r
:LltJ"^ ufu e.J.àJ.Jl til cjr 1-r.ll .dr.ll ..13, uJj i."T,Ëll3
Arthur. A Goldsmith. <<Foreign aid and statehood in Africa. » International Organization, 55, l, winter 2001, pp.123-148.
(3) Vanessa Pupavac. "Therapeutic Governance: Psychosocial Intervention and Trauma Risk Management",Disæters 25. No4, 2001, p. 368. In: Caglar Dolek. « The Mÿh of "Failed State' in Africa: A Question onAtomistic Social Ontology? ». Turkish Weekly. Api129,2008, p. 1.
http://www.turkishweekly.n et/op-ed12360/th+myth-oÊfailed-state-8217-in-afica-a-question-on-atomistic-social-ontology.html (2012 ,r&t+ 12 q'i 4-i--r
13)
: .,lÀii f^.. -ltSt Ll+Jl Âl+. j Gerald Helman & Steven Ratner JslJ iliJ:-r ul-IÀ sllJ*;, ô-lS àÉ cJtü *p (-)
Gerald B. Helman & Steven R. Ratner. «Saving Failed States». Foreign Policy. No. 89, Winter 1992-93.(n) Martin Griffiths, Terry O'Callaghan and §ieven C. Roach. « Iniemational relations, the Key Concepts. ».
._. Second Edition, Routledge, 2008,p.221.("' Branwen GruSdd Jones. «The Global Political Economy of Social Crisis: Towards a Critique of the 'Failed,,. State" Ideology. », Review oflnternational Political Economy. Volume 15, Issue 2,2008,p. 180.("'Mwangi
S. Kimenyi, John Mukum Mbaku, and Nelipher Moyo. Op.cit, p, 1344.Y L.r:e uuT .. :,Jl .*-rJl cl",:*IJ 's:*ll arg at .,.i1 l!.rJl ol a"r:.tr tra clr Max !ÿeber "-:# crsu Jj, tzl
ll.di.iÂll J l"i!'t ço.i
l-ü- iuS- ÇU.d[--Jl j rCt {-I-J g ll ,*ii*]l c!.UJ.:-_/l §:ull3 ulltJl iJ3,:11 6§(,,srua.tE
Eizensrat; r"*iË1,1#§I;#1,#,f.Hi#:i[:T,i;lllffifffi,i":iJ;,#ffi*,JanÆeb 2005, Vol. 84, Issue l, pp. 134-137.
(') Torres, M., & ivI. Anderson. <<Fragile States: Defining Difficult Enüronments for Poverty Reduction. » PolicyDivision, Department for Intemational Development @FID), London, 2004, p.5. IN: Jonathan Di John.«Failed States' in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the Literature. >r ARI 5/2011 - l4lll2}ll consulted in 22December 2011. Available in:
http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_enÿContent?IVCM_GlOBAl_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_inlari5-2011,(2012 çrit+ 0l qj r.i.{t é)('o)Francis
Fukuyama. «state Èuildin!». Londlon, Profiie, 2004,p.125. In: caglarDolek. op.cit.("'Rachel Stohl and Michael Stohl. <<Failing the Failed, the Bush Administration and Failed States. ». IlarvardIntemational Reüew. Winter 2008, p. 57.
:ùL-»l_r ür+ rss u 3:*d tie d_n glt (tzl
John Wiseman. «Democracy in Black Africal survival and rsvival. » New York: Paràgon House Publishers.1990.
(13) Gordon Ruth. «Saving Failed States: Sometimes a Neocolonialist Notion.» American University.. . International Law Review Vol 12, no, 6, 1997, p. 920.('o)
Ibid, p. 920(tt)
Ibid. o. 921('o)
mia, p. lzt('D Michael Bratton. <<Beyond the State: civil society and associational life in Atica. » World Politics. Vol 41,
issue 3, April 1989, p. 409(t')
Robett Jackson and Georg §orensen. «Introduction to International Relations, theories and approaches»Oxford University Press, fourth edition, New york, 2010,p.267.
49
G@(t')
Job. B (Ed). « The Insecurity Dilemma; National Security of Third World. » Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
._.. 1992,p.29.[n: Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen. Op.Cit, p.268.
f]o)Job. B (Ed). Ibid. In: Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen. OpCit, p.269.("'Robert Jackson. Op.Cit, p. 169.
@') Robert Jackson urà C"oig Sorensen. Op.Cit, p.267.@t) Daüd Moore. <Neoliberal globalization ana ine triple crisis of 'modernisation' in Atica: Zimbabwe, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Aûica. » Third World Quarterly. Vol no 22, No 6,2001,pp. 910-911. http://sanhati.com/wp-content/uploadsl2007/03/neoliberalisminafrica.pdf ( 03 ..j r-i- p2012 ét-.)
@o) Jean-Loup Samaan. op.cit, p.25.('")
Condoleezza Rice. «Transformational diplomacy», speech delivered at Georgetown University, 16 January2006, at http://www.state.gov/secretarylmrl2006/59306.htm, (2009 .,c-ÉJ 09 q'i Ài.-: é).
u:-rJl: ,ic+ ,-r. ,r-ri!lr rJrJl ,.,,,i Jl ts+ !fo-Él *r .rfuL5' :2002 d.J eCl irlt 1r+"61JÉ{t si cÇ ,'.J- (20)
lliJl k3.ri. qtj ârâ3"I ôl.JJl t{,,ê ils ":tr
it-l-Yl fiill (J. x ,*l c:lr ria :}"É qî ü. ir.lt JiiIr uJJlr
(,,, « The na,ea statesîll;ïfil,,iî,iiffi ffiil] rffi:Ëlf:lli,H":ffiïi;Tdr*'-, r.26.(") John Yoo. « Fixing Failed States. » Califomia Law Reüew. Vol. 99, no 95, 2011, p. 104.
.-^. http://w\^,vr.californialawreview.orÿassets/pdfs/99-lAtoo.FlNAl.pdf(2011 ,;*;r 14 ,,'r &i.é: é)(2e) François Gaulme. Op.Cit, p. l8
oo) Pinai Bilgin and Aàam Iiaüd Morton. «Historicizing Representations of Failed States': Beyond the Cold\Var Annexation of the Social Sciences? » Third World Ouarterlv. Vol. 23. No. l.- 2002- o. 66
(31) Jean-Bernard Véron. « La Somalie : Cas d'École des Éiats Dits'« Faillis'». » pôlitiqur'Ét"*gOrr. 2lllll -Printemos. o. 45.
(t') Jean-Bernara ve.n. Ibid., p. 46
p: âJ.iLi iJ-e.r t14 1.y ç,j4 L clüe gls ,trLiLill tj:.ül d-9= cJ-ll \EJ.;.J 2OOO ij- uF Jr. .s§ 30 j ;r.- -»,rül tir, (')
eterl çl Ji ql, 3 rL-*a,e § l_.pr}ll .,J.+ ki jrr 6:_1Çl u-,;o.lt :J{j a:Li t- 133}.199g: 1g55 ,,frc, ,-»l !l3l*t.üilj -!"1 3l "âLilill il5Jf f36i" rJ3. ';'ill ,:Si,6') Derick W. Brinkerhoff. « Capaciÿ Development in Fragile States. » @iscussion Paper 58D). Maaskicht:
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