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“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
In the Name of
Allah,
the Boundlessly Merciful, the InfinitelyCompassionate. Praise be to Allah, the Lord of theworlds; and peace and blessings of Allah be uponHis Prophet
Muhammed
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Chapter 19: DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE &
SALINITY OF THE OCEANS
• “is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water.”
• “No of grams of salts dissolved in per kilo gram of sea water.”
Salinity
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Which ocean is the biggest?OCEAN SURFACE AREA [km2] OF ALL
OCEANS…
Atlantic 90,818,000 27.1%
Indian 68,556,000 20.4%
Pacific 155,557,000 46.4%
Southern 20,327,000 6.1%
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Which ocean has the most coastline?
OCEAN COASTLINE LENGTH [km]
Atlantic 111,866
Indian 66,526
Pacific 135,663
Southern 17,968
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
QUESTION:Is saltwater the same everywhere?
ANSWER:Nope.
In general, the Atlantic Ocean is the “saltiest.”
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Please Pass the Salt…
• “Run-of-the-mill” concentration?• 3.5 grams/liter
• Like weather, there are areas of • HIGH salinity• LOW salinity
So, where are these “highs” and “lows”?
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Please Pass the Salt…
H
H
H
H
H
L
L
L
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Mmmmm…Salty!DEAD SEA FACTS:• Really a large lake• Water gets in, but not out!
• Fed by River Jordan• Evaporation only way out
• Has nearly 10 times the salinity of the oceans!
• Leads to increased density
Dead Sea was named
because it had no life!
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
So??The increased density means just about anythingwill float!
We can see this through the use of eggs!
HOW SALTY IS THE OCEAN?
MEASURINGSALINITY
THE SALTIESTWATER
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FORDISTRIBUTION OF SALINITY IN THE SEAS /
OCEANS1. Supply of Freshwater
2. Temperature
3. Rainfall
4. Melting of Ice
DISTRIBUTION OF SALTS IN OCEANS(LATITUDE-WISE)
1.On Equator
2.On Tropics
3.On Poles
4.Tendency from
East to West
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Where did the salt come from, in Ocean.?
• From land
• Over millions of years, rain, rivers, and streams have washed over rocks containing the compound sodium chloride (NaCl), and carried it into the sea.
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Average Ocean Salinity
• The average ocean salinity is 35 ppt.• Rainfall, evaporation, river runoff, and ice
formation cause the variations.
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Distribution of Salinity
• In Fresh water – less than 1,000 ppm• Salighty Saline Water – From 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm• Moderately saline water – From 3,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm• Highly saline water – From 10,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
• Determines the distribution of plants and animals that live in the ocean.
Affects other properties of seawater, such as its density and the amount of dissolved oxygen.
Importance of Salinity
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
Interesting Facts about Salinity• Most marine creatures keep the salinity inside their bodies at about
the same concentration as the water outside their bodies becausewater likes a balance. If an animal that usually lives in salt water wereplaced in fresh water, the fresh water would flow into the animalthrough its skin. If a fresh water animal found itself in the salty ocean,the water inside of it would rush out.
• Human beings cannot drink sea water because of Salinity
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
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