Occupational Environment at Formal Sector

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Occupational Environmentat Formal Sector

Azis Kemal Fauzie

 proudly present 

8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector

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OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSAT FORMAL SECTOR

Occupational hazards

y Occupational accidents (injuries and fatalities)

y Occupational diseases

Employment type

y Factory

y Mining

y Construction*y Sales & Warehouse*

y Transportation*

y Government

y Other official jobs

Formal sector

y fixed hours

y regular wages

y contractsy employment rights

y employment benefits

y official figures

y taxed income

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OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSAT FORMAL SECTOR

Occupational Accidents

 ± Self-accidents

 ± Equipment-related accidents

Musculoskeletal Disoders

 ± Ergonomics at workplace

Disruption of Biological Clock ± Effects of shift-work

Computer Radiation

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OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS

Self-accidents

 ± Slips

 ±

Trips ± Falls from seat

 ± Falls from height

 ± Struck down by objects

 ± Fire accidents

 ± Road accidents

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OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS

Equipment-related accidents

 ± Crushing

 ±

Cutting & Grinding ± Drilling

 ± Welding

 ± Electrocution

 ± Hit by tools

 ± Pulled-out by machines

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Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in US, 2006

Construction

Transportation & Warehousing

 Agriculture, forestry,fishing, & hunting

Government

Professional & business services

Manufacturing

Retail trade

Leisure & hospitality

Wholesale trade

Mining

Other services (eg. public admin)

Educational & health services

Financial activities

Information

Utilities

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Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in US, 2006

Fishers & related

fishing workers

 Aircraft pilots & flightengineers

Logging workers

Structural iron & steelworkers

Reuse & Recyclable

material collectors

Farmers & ranchers

Electrical power-lineinstallers & repairers

Roofers

Drivers¶ sales workers& truck drivers

Miscellaneousagricultural workers

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OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS

Causes

 ± Unsafe working conditions

 ± Lack of supervision and training

 ±Use of old machinery and equipment

 ± Lack of sufficient maintenance

 ± Bad house-keeping practices

 ± Violation of safety rules

 ± Over crowded production units

with very congested space

Prevention

 ± Diminish all these causes

 ± Safety first

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MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER

Contributing Factors

 ± Poor posture of back, neck, arms, leg, etc.

(unergonomic work position)

 ± Repetitive nature of task, lack of variety

 ± Prolonged position: standing or sitting

 ± Absence of adequate breaks

 ±

Weight and awkwardness of load ± Unsufficient space for body movements

 ± Unergonomically-designed equipments

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MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER

Effect of Poor Posture

 ± back pain

 ± head and neck discomfort

 ± shoulder, arm, hand and wrist discomfort ± leg and foot discomfort

 ± circulation problems

 ± headaches

Effect of Prolonged Position

 ± musculoskeletal injury

 ± occupational overuse syndrome

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ERGONOMICS AT WORKPLACE

Whoops, wrong picture. That's the wrong position.

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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

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DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

Contributing Factors

 ± using night light during sleeping

 ± eating in midnight or too close to bedtime

 ± travelling across time zones (jet lag)

 ± consuming drugs e.g. cocaine

 ± consuming melatonin

 ± SHIFT-WORK

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SHIFT-WORK PATTERNS

Week Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

I Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Off Shift 3

II Shift 3 Shift 3 Shift 3 Shift 3 Off Off Shift 2

III Shift 2 Shift 2 Shift 2 Shift 2 Off Off Shift 1

IV Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Off Shift 3 Shift 3

Week Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

I Day Day Day Day Off Off Off  

II Off Night Night Night Night Off Off  

III Off Off Day Day Day Day Off  

IV Off Off Off Night Night Night Night

3 Shifts: Shift 1 (06:00 to 14:00), Shift 2 (14:00 to 22:00), Shift 3 (22:00 to 06:00)

2 Shifts: Day Shift (06:00 to 18:00), Night Shift (18:00 to 06:00)

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DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

Effects

 ± Sleep Disorder:

SWSDsleepiness during day time

insomnia during night time DSPS ASPS Non-24 SWS Irregular sleep-wake pattern

 ± Mood Disorder:

Bipolar Disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder

 ± Long term effects: cardiovascular disease, cancer

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DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

Treatment

 ± Behavior Therapy

 ± Light Therapy

 ± Chronotherapy

 ± Medications:

Melatonin

Modafinil (Provigil)

Tasimelteon

Vitamin D and B12

 ± Strict schedule and good sleep hygiene

Day 1: sleep 4 A.M. to noon

Day 2: sleep 7 A.M. to 3 P.M.

Day 3: sleep 10 A.M. to 6 P.M.

Day 4: sleep 1 P.M. to 9 P.M.

Day 5: sleep 4 P.M. to midnightDay 6: sleep 7 P.M. to 3 A.M.

Day 7>: sleep 10 P.M. to 6 A.M.

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COMPUTER RADIATION

Type of Radiationy ELF electromagnetic radiation

Source of Radiationy Desktop PC

y CRT Monitor

y LCD Monitor

y Laptop

y UPSy Printer, Photocopier

y Sub-woofer

y Wi-fi networks, modem

1 mG (2 ft)

3 mG front, 4 mG side

0.3 mG front/back, 0 side

1 mG (1 ft)

20 mG (1 ft), 1 mG (3 ft)0.5 mG stand-by, 1 mG printing

3 mG (1 ft), 0.5 mG (2 ft)

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COMPUTER RADIATION

Health Effects

y eye fatigue, dry eye, iritation, dull, eye aging

y skin burns, wrinkles, dry skin, skin aging

y headaches, anxietyy sleep interference, insomnia

y allergic reactions

y heart disease

y cancer, tumors

y Alzheimer's disease

y blood disorders

y miscarriage, birth defects

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COMPUTER RADIATION

Preventiony put potted cactus

y adjust brightness

y clean screen regularly

y attach radiation filter

y positioning of computer

y use corded not wireless

y change old model, use LCD

y use ventilation, fan or coolery rest your eyes, do something else

y drink green tea, spirulina, etc.

y consume more vit. A, C & potassium

y apply skincare & facial treatment

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References

1. Umesh Upadhyaya, OHSE in the Construction Sector , 2002

2. http://en.wikipedia.org

3. http:// www.agius.com

4. http:// www.csu.edu.au5. http:// ttmtan.myplace.nie.edu.sg

6. http:// www.healthmad.com

7. http:// www.ehow.com

8. http:// www.emwatch.com