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8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/occupational-environment-at-formal-sector 1/21
Occupational Environmentat Formal Sector
Azis Kemal Fauzie
proudly present
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/occupational-environment-at-formal-sector 2/21
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSAT FORMAL SECTOR
Occupational hazards
y Occupational accidents (injuries and fatalities)
y Occupational diseases
Employment type
y Factory
y Mining
y Construction*y Sales & Warehouse*
y Transportation*
y Government
y Other official jobs
Formal sector
y fixed hours
y regular wages
y contractsy employment rights
y employment benefits
y official figures
y taxed income
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/occupational-environment-at-formal-sector 3/21
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSAT FORMAL SECTOR
Occupational Accidents
± Self-accidents
± Equipment-related accidents
Musculoskeletal Disoders
± Ergonomics at workplace
Disruption of Biological Clock ± Effects of shift-work
Computer Radiation
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
Self-accidents
± Slips
±
Trips ± Falls from seat
± Falls from height
± Struck down by objects
± Fire accidents
± Road accidents
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
Equipment-related accidents
± Crushing
±
Cutting & Grinding ± Drilling
± Welding
± Electrocution
± Hit by tools
± Pulled-out by machines
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in US, 2006
Construction
Transportation & Warehousing
Agriculture, forestry,fishing, & hunting
Government
Professional & business services
Manufacturing
Retail trade
Leisure & hospitality
Wholesale trade
Mining
Other services (eg. public admin)
Educational & health services
Financial activities
Information
Utilities
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in US, 2006
Fishers & related
fishing workers
Aircraft pilots & flightengineers
Logging workers
Structural iron & steelworkers
Reuse & Recyclable
material collectors
Farmers & ranchers
Electrical power-lineinstallers & repairers
Roofers
Drivers¶ sales workers& truck drivers
Miscellaneousagricultural workers
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
Causes
± Unsafe working conditions
± Lack of supervision and training
±Use of old machinery and equipment
± Lack of sufficient maintenance
± Bad house-keeping practices
± Violation of safety rules
± Over crowded production units
with very congested space
Prevention
± Diminish all these causes
± Safety first
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/occupational-environment-at-formal-sector 9/21
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER
Contributing Factors
± Poor posture of back, neck, arms, leg, etc.
(unergonomic work position)
± Repetitive nature of task, lack of variety
± Prolonged position: standing or sitting
± Absence of adequate breaks
±
Weight and awkwardness of load ± Unsufficient space for body movements
± Unergonomically-designed equipments
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER
Effect of Poor Posture
± back pain
± head and neck discomfort
± shoulder, arm, hand and wrist discomfort ± leg and foot discomfort
± circulation problems
± headaches
Effect of Prolonged Position
± musculoskeletal injury
± occupational overuse syndrome
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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ERGONOMICS AT WORKPLACE
Whoops, wrong picture. That's the wrong position.
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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HUMAN BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
Contributing Factors
± using night light during sleeping
± eating in midnight or too close to bedtime
± travelling across time zones (jet lag)
± consuming drugs e.g. cocaine
± consuming melatonin
± SHIFT-WORK
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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SHIFT-WORK PATTERNS
Week Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
I Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Off Shift 3
II Shift 3 Shift 3 Shift 3 Shift 3 Off Off Shift 2
III Shift 2 Shift 2 Shift 2 Shift 2 Off Off Shift 1
IV Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Off Shift 3 Shift 3
Week Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
I Day Day Day Day Off Off Off
II Off Night Night Night Night Off Off
III Off Off Day Day Day Day Off
IV Off Off Off Night Night Night Night
3 Shifts: Shift 1 (06:00 to 14:00), Shift 2 (14:00 to 22:00), Shift 3 (22:00 to 06:00)
2 Shifts: Day Shift (06:00 to 18:00), Night Shift (18:00 to 06:00)
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
Effects
± Sleep Disorder:
SWSDsleepiness during day time
insomnia during night time DSPS ASPS Non-24 SWS Irregular sleep-wake pattern
± Mood Disorder:
Bipolar Disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder
± Long term effects: cardiovascular disease, cancer
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
Treatment
± Behavior Therapy
± Light Therapy
± Chronotherapy
± Medications:
Melatonin
Modafinil (Provigil)
Tasimelteon
Vitamin D and B12
± Strict schedule and good sleep hygiene
Day 1: sleep 4 A.M. to noon
Day 2: sleep 7 A.M. to 3 P.M.
Day 3: sleep 10 A.M. to 6 P.M.
Day 4: sleep 1 P.M. to 9 P.M.
Day 5: sleep 4 P.M. to midnightDay 6: sleep 7 P.M. to 3 A.M.
Day 7>: sleep 10 P.M. to 6 A.M.
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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COMPUTER RADIATION
Type of Radiationy ELF electromagnetic radiation
Source of Radiationy Desktop PC
y CRT Monitor
y LCD Monitor
y Laptop
y UPSy Printer, Photocopier
y Sub-woofer
y Wi-fi networks, modem
1 mG (2 ft)
3 mG front, 4 mG side
0.3 mG front/back, 0 side
1 mG (1 ft)
20 mG (1 ft), 1 mG (3 ft)0.5 mG stand-by, 1 mG printing
3 mG (1 ft), 0.5 mG (2 ft)
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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COMPUTER RADIATION
Health Effects
y eye fatigue, dry eye, iritation, dull, eye aging
y skin burns, wrinkles, dry skin, skin aging
y headaches, anxietyy sleep interference, insomnia
y allergic reactions
y heart disease
y cancer, tumors
y Alzheimer's disease
y blood disorders
y miscarriage, birth defects
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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COMPUTER RADIATION
Preventiony put potted cactus
y adjust brightness
y clean screen regularly
y attach radiation filter
y positioning of computer
y use corded not wireless
y change old model, use LCD
y use ventilation, fan or coolery rest your eyes, do something else
y drink green tea, spirulina, etc.
y consume more vit. A, C & potassium
y apply skincare & facial treatment
8/8/2019 Occupational Environment at Formal Sector
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References
1. Umesh Upadhyaya, OHSE in the Construction Sector , 2002
2. http://en.wikipedia.org
3. http:// www.agius.com
4. http:// www.csu.edu.au5. http:// ttmtan.myplace.nie.edu.sg
6. http:// www.healthmad.com
7. http:// www.ehow.com
8. http:// www.emwatch.com