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NPRA Spring National March 2006
New Electrostatic Technology for Desalting Crude Oil
• Gary W. Sams PE–Director Research & Development
• Kenneth Warren PhD–Chief Process Consultant - Electrostatics
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Desalter Performance Issues
• Opportunity Crudes• Heavy crude oils• Increased temperatures• Increased oil conductivity• Soluble Water
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Oil Desalting
• Critical Variables include:– Flow, Temperature, – Water Content, Solids– Mix Water Injection Points– Mixing Energy Requirements– Recycle Water Schemes– Electrostatic Field Type
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Process StagesChemicals – Electrostatic Fields – Hydraulics
• Coagulation– Requires Chemical Reaction
• Flocculation– Assisted by Electrostatic Forces
• Sedimentation– Depends Upon Vessel Flow Regime, Drop
Size & Viscosity
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Partnership for Drop Growth
Chemicals Remove the Barriers…
Electrostatics Provide the Muscle…
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Selection of Electrostatic Fields
• AC – Conventional & Deep-field• DC (Only with refined products)• Combination AC/DC• Modulated AC/DC Fields• Bi-Modal Modulation
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Electrostatic Forces• Dipolar Attraction: Electrical
force produced by positive and negative centers on induced dipoles of water drops.
• Electrophoresis: Electrically induced movement of polar bodies in a uniform field toward closest electrode.
• Dielectrophoresis: Movement of polar bodies induced by a divergent electric field toward increasing gradient.
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ +
+
+
- -
-
-
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Critical Voltage Gradient
x
y
y/x>1.9
• Polarized by the electrostatic field
• Deforms to a prolate spheroid
• Splits when ratio of axes becomes too large
or
Maximum Voltage at which Specified Drop Size Can Exist
2/1)/( dEc γε<
( - )
( + )
NPRA Spring National March 2006
AC Electrostatic Dehydrators
Viscous Drag
Weight
Dipolar Attraction
+ +- -
Dielectrophoretic Force ** Only Exists with Divergent Field
-+
Electrophoretic Force
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Dipolar Attractive ForceBetween Equal Sized Drops
2
4
66 EKd
rF ε=F = Force of Attraction
e = Dielectric Constant
E = Electric Field Strength
r = Drop Radius
d = Interdrop Distance
Notice the Limitations:
• Very Sensitive to Drop Size
• Operates Over Short Range
• Critical Voltage Gradient Cannot Be Exceeded
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Drop Forces in Uniform DC Field
Viscous Drag
Weight
Dipolar AttractionElectrophoretic
Force
++ --+
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Drop Forces in Non-Uniform Field
Viscous Drag
Weight
Dipolar Attraction
Electrophoretic Force+
Dielectrophoretic Force:
+-+-
Holds Drops in Field Until Weight Overcomes Suspending Force
NPRA Spring National March 2006
} Bulk Water Removal
AC/DC Electrostatic Field
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Coalescence in an AC/DC Field
+
Residual Drops from AC Field
- + - +
+ --+
Electrical Ground Reference
NPRA Spring National March 2006
AC/DC Electrostatic Dehydrator• Separation via Stokes’ Law Sedimentation• Multiple Coalescing Forces Grow Drops
– Brownian Collisions– Dipolar Attraction– Electrophoretic Movement– Dielectrophoretic Movement (Only in Divergent Fields)
• Drop Size “Cut Point” Defined by Balance of Dragand Weight
• Larger Mean Drop Size Than Previous Dehydrators
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Electrostatic Field Terminology• Threshold Voltage Gradient
– Voltage Gradient Necessary to Initiate Coalescence
• Critical Voltage Gradient– Maximum Voltage Gradient at which a Specific
Diameter Drop Can Exist
• Modulation Frequency Affects– Drop Transport as function of oil conductivity– Drop Distortion as function of interfacial tension– Field Strength as function of applied voltage
NPRA Spring National March 2006
• Electrophoretic Force = 53 dynes• Drag = Weight = 0.01 dynes• Dipolar Force = 0.004 dynes• Dielectrophoretic Force = 0.002 dynes
Process ConditionsLow Oil Conductivity
750 Micron “Cut Point” Droplet5 kV / in Peak Voltage Gradient0.5% BS&W - Homogeneous
Magnitude of Electrostatic Forces
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Conductivity in Crude OilsSources of Conductivity• Excess water in the electrode zone• Polar compounds in the oil• Solids-Stabilized dispersions
Effects of Conductivity – Performance Loss• Excessive arcing• Parasitic electric currents to the Interface• Loss of electrostatic field
NPRA Spring National March 2006
AC/DC Field Decay in Conductive Oils
Increasing Conductivity
Vol
tage
+
-
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Conductivity Tolerant Designs
• Current-limiting Composite Electrodes• Electrostatic Field Modifications• Solids Removal Systems
– Mud-wash Systems (Sand Jets)– Interface Sludge Drains
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Composite Electrode Array
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Laboratory Pilot Tests
0.430.65805Diluted Bitumen
0.29NA
(Current Limit Exceeded)
6031Arabian Heavy
0.72 – 0.921.2 – 1.56015Maya
Outlet BS&W%
Composite Electrode
Outlet BS&W %
Steel Electrode
Flux (BPD/ft2)
Inlet BS&W
%Crude
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Pilot Testing Facility
NPRA Spring National March 2006
High Reactance TransformerConventional Transformer Protection
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Voltage, % of Full Scale
Cur
ren
t, %
of F
ull
Sca
le
Operating Range
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Low Reactance TransformerPermits Voltage Modulation
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Voltage, % of Full Scale
Cur
ren
t, %
of F
ull
Sca
le
Operating Range
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Modulated AC/DC Benefits
Modulation Improvements:• Added Coalescing Power• More Effective on Smaller Drops• Enhanced Drop Growth• Higher Water Tolerance• Tolerant of Conductive Oils
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Advanced Electrostatic Field ModulationEstablished Technology• Slow Speed Modulation (as in EDD®)
– Shifts Size Distribution to Larger Drops
Latest Technology• Pulse Modulation (1 to 20 Hz)
– Oscillates Drop Surfaces• Base Frequency (800 to 1600 Hz)
– Used to Limit Field Decay
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Benefits of Bi-Modal Dehydration Pulse & Base Frequency
• Energizes Drops at Resonant Frequency• Deformed Drops Coalesce More Readily• Allows Adjustment for Physical Parameters
• Pulse Modulation - Interfacial Tension,Density, Viscosity
• Base Frequency - Oil Conductivity
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Resonant Frequency Oscillation
• Electrophoretic movement becomes oscillatory and deforms drops• Surface free energy counters interfacial tension• Drop surface becomes highly reactive• Coalescence enhanced by reduced energy barrier
• High frequency electrostatic field applied• Marangoni Effect produces localized circulation in drop
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Dual Frequency® Field Results
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
Dual Pola
rity (A
C/DC) w/ C
ompo
site
Dual Frequency (Bi -M
odal) w/ C
omposite
Capacity (BOPD)
Out
let B
S&
W (
%)
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Dual Frequency Technology
• Sustains electrostatic field• Optimizes frequencies based on crude• Improves droplet mobility• Increases droplet coalescence• Achieves reduced water content
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Dual Frequency® Advantages
• Reduced outlet BS&W by 30 to 95%• Tested on oils between 17 & 40 API.
• Reduces outlet salt by similar amounts• Easy retrofit to existing AC/DC dehydrators
or desalters• Easily optimized to process conditions.
NPRA Spring National March 2006
Leadership in Electrostatic Technology
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