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Macromolecules

SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and

primary functions of the four major categories of biological

macromolecules.

FOUR MAJOR BIOLOGICAL

MACROMOLECULES

1.Carbohydrates

2.Lipids

3.Proteins

4.Nucleic Acids

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Carbohydrates:

Composed of hexagonal rings made of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen

Form long chains

Examples of Carbohydrates:

Glucose, cellulose, sugars, flour, milk, etc

Hexagonal

Ring =

Carb!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Lipids:

Composed of triglycerides that look like the letter E

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Examples of Lipids:

Oils, butter, membranes

E Shape =

Lipid!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Proteins:

Composed of amino acids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and

sometimes sulfur

Examples of Proteins:

Meats, steroids, enzymes

Chain =

Protein!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Nucleic Acids:

Composed of nucleotides that consist of one

nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group

Examples of Nucleic Acids:

RNA, DNA

Three parts

in these

shapes =

Protein!!

2. Students will describe the primary functions of

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids

in organisms.

FUNCTIONS

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

• Main source of

energy

• Compose cell

walls in plants

• Insulate and

cushion body

• Steroid

production

• Waterproofing

• Storage of energy

• Make up cellular

membranes

• Structure

• Found in cell

membranes

• Transferring of

genetic

information

• Contain info

to make

proteins

Enzymes

SC.912.L.18.11 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that

lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.

Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their

effect on enzyme activity.

1. Students will explain how enzymes speed up the

rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the

reaction’s activation energy.

Enzymes: special proteins that speed up the rate

of a reaction

An enzyme is a CATALYST (a substance that lowers

the activation energy of a reaction)

The activation energy is the minimum amount of

energy needed for a reaction to begin.

2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of

environmental factors on enzyme activity.

Factors that affect enzymes:

Concentration

pH

Temperature

Each enzyme can speed up reactions at certain concentration levels, pH levels, and temperature. When an enzyme is exposed to higher or lower levels or temperature, it will be deactivated or “denatured” and will no longer work to speed up the reaction.

2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of

environmental factors on enzyme activity.