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Macromolecules
SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and
primary functions of the four major categories of biological
macromolecules.
FOUR MAJOR BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
1.Carbohydrates
2.Lipids
3.Proteins
4.Nucleic Acids
1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic
molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Structure of Carbohydrates:
Composed of hexagonal rings made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
Form long chains
Examples of Carbohydrates:
Glucose, cellulose, sugars, flour, milk, etc
Hexagonal
Ring =
Carb!!
1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic
molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Structure of Lipids:
Composed of triglycerides that look like the letter E
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Examples of Lipids:
Oils, butter, membranes
E Shape =
Lipid!!
1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic
molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Structure of Proteins:
Composed of amino acids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur
Examples of Proteins:
Meats, steroids, enzymes
Chain =
Protein!!
1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic
molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Structure of Nucleic Acids:
Composed of nucleotides that consist of one
nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group
Examples of Nucleic Acids:
RNA, DNA
Three parts
in these
shapes =
Protein!!
2. Students will describe the primary functions of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids
in organisms.
FUNCTIONS
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
• Main source of
energy
• Compose cell
walls in plants
• Insulate and
cushion body
• Steroid
production
• Waterproofing
• Storage of energy
• Make up cellular
membranes
• Structure
• Found in cell
membranes
• Transferring of
genetic
information
• Contain info
to make
proteins
Enzymes
SC.912.L.18.11 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that
lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.
Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their
effect on enzyme activity.
1. Students will explain how enzymes speed up the
rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the
reaction’s activation energy.
Enzymes: special proteins that speed up the rate
of a reaction
An enzyme is a CATALYST (a substance that lowers
the activation energy of a reaction)
The activation energy is the minimum amount of
energy needed for a reaction to begin.
2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of
environmental factors on enzyme activity.
Factors that affect enzymes:
Concentration
pH
Temperature
Each enzyme can speed up reactions at certain concentration levels, pH levels, and temperature. When an enzyme is exposed to higher or lower levels or temperature, it will be deactivated or “denatured” and will no longer work to speed up the reaction.
2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of
environmental factors on enzyme activity.