2010 Macromolecules

8/8/2019 2010 Macromolecules

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MacromoleculesMacromolecules


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Carbon (C)Carbon (C) CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in outershell.

CarbonCarbon can form covalent bondscovalent bondswith as many as 44 other atoms(elements).

Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

Example:Example: CHCH44 (Methane)(Methane)


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Answer:Answer: Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

Also called condensation reactioncondensation reaction

Forms polymerspolymers by combining

monomersmonomers by removing waterremoving water.

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O


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Question:Question:How areHow are

MacromoleculesMacromoleculesseparated orseparated or

digested?digested?


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Answer:Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis

Separates monomersmonomers by addingadding

waterwater

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O


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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates


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Characteristics of Carbohydrates

Carbs consist of carbon, hydrogen, &oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio

Energy containing molecules Some provide structure

The MONOMER of a carbohydrate is

a monosaccharide (CH2O)n


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Carbs range in size from small, simplesugar molecules to large, complexlarge, complex

molecules that res

ult when many simplemolec

ules that res

ult when many simplesugars are bonded togethersugars are bonded together.

Three categories of carbohydrate:Three categories of carbohydrate:

A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide


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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharides: Single loop, simpleMonosaccharides: Single loop, simplesugars. These are the MONOMER ofsugars. These are the MONOMER of

all carbohydrates.all carbohydrates.

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

glucoseglucose


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Disaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit

Examples:Examples:

Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)

Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose


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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsExamples:Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)starch (bread, potatoes)

glycogen (beef muscle)glycogen (beef muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, corn)cellulose (lettuce, corn)





cellulosecellulose


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Important Polysaccharides:Cellulose

Composed ofglucose subunits

Structuralcomponent in plants

Cannot be digested

by humans


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Important

Polysaccharides: Chitin Glucose subunits Composes

exoskeletons ofinsects


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LipidsLipids


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LipidsLipids

General term for compoundswhich are not soluble in waternot soluble in water.They are hydrophobic.

Remember:Remember: store the moststore the mostenergyenergy

Composed ofCarbon,Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Greaterthan 2:1ratio ofH:O


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LipidsLipids

Triglycerides:Triglycerides:The MONOMER of lipids:The MONOMER of lipids:mademade of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 33

fatty acidsfatty acids.

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

fattyacids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH


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LipidsLipids

Examples of lipids:a. fats

b. phospholipids

c. oils

d. waxes

e. steroid hormones


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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:1.1. Long termLong term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat lossProtection against heat loss

(insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss

5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranesMajor component of membranes

(phospholipids)(phospholipids)


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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acidsyou may see

these on food labels:

1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bondsno double bonds

(bad ~ solid at room temperature)(bad ~ solid at room temperature)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bondsdouble bonds

(good ~ liquid at room temperature)(good ~ liquid at room temperature)

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3saturatedsaturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHunsaturated


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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides) THE MONOMERS of proteins are Aminoacids.

There are 20 different kinds of aminoacids. Depending on what order they bondin, different types of proteins are made.

The amino acids are bonded together by

peptide bonds. So, sometimes proteins arepeptide bonds. So, sometimes proteins arecalled polypeptide chains.called polypeptide chains.


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ProteinsProteins

Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)

2.2. Transport:Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin

3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones

4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles

5.5. Structural:Structural: hair, nailshair, nails

6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions


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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded togetherby peptide bonds (straightpeptide bonds (straightchains)chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)


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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure

3-dimensional folding arrangement of aprimary structureprimary structure into coilscoils and pleatspleatsheld together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.

Two examples:Two examples:

AlphaHelixAlphaHelix

BetaPleated SheetBetaPleated Sheet

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds


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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure

Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and foldedfoldedinto a more complex 3more complex 3--D arrangementD arrangementof linked polypeptides

Bonds: HBonds: H--bonds, ionic, disulfidebonds, ionic, disulfidebridges (Sbridges (S--S)S)

Call a subunit.subunit.

AlphaHelixAlphaHelix

BetaPleated SheetBetaPleated Sheet


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Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure

Composed of 2 or moresubunits Globular in shape

Form in Aqueous environments Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)

subunitssubunits


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NucleicNucleicAcidsAcids


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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids The MONOMER of a Nucleic acid isThe MONOMER of a Nucleic acid isa NUCLEOTIDE.a NUCLEOTIDE.

Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

A phosphate groupA phosphate group

A pentose sugar (5A pentose sugar (5--carbon)carbon)A nitrogen bases:A nitrogen bases:

adenine (A)adenine (A)

thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)


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NucleotideNucleotide

O

O=P-OO

PhosphatePhosphate

GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base

(A, G, C, orT)(A, G, C, orT)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar

(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)


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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids There are two types of nucleic acids:There are two types of nucleic acids:

a.a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)--Gives hereditary information to

chromosomes, which is then passedfrom parent to offspring.

b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-- Directs

the amino-acid sequence for makingcertain proteins.


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DNA vs RNA DNA

1- Deoxyribose sugar2- Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine,

Guanine

3- Double-stranded helix arrangement

RNA1- Ribose sugar2- Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine,

Guanine3- Single stranded


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DNADNA -- double helixdouble helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

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2010 Macromolecules