American History - Chapter 16

C16 The American Civil War

Statue of Mother Bickerdyke giving care to a Civil War.

General William Sherman, stated that the worth of Mary Bickerdyke was her weight in gold. He said the only one that out ranks Mary is President Lincoln.

After the outbreak of the Civil War, she joined a field hospital at Fort Donelson, working alongside Mary J. Safford. Bickerdyke also worked closely with Eliza Emily Chappell Porter of Chicago's Northwestern branch of the United States Sanitary Commission. She later worked on the first hospital boat. During the war, she became chief of nursing under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant, and served at the Battle of Vicksburg. When his staff complained about the outspoken, insubordinate female nurse who consistently disregarded the army's red tape and military procedures, Union Gen. William T. Sherman threw up his hands and exclaimed, "She ranks me. I can't do a thing in the world."[1] Bickerdyke was a nurse who ran roughshod over anyone who stood in the way of her self-appointed duties. She was known affectionately to her "boys," the grateful enlisted men, as "Mother" Bickerdyke. When a surgeon questioned her authority to take some action, she replied, "On the authority of Lord God Almighty, have you anything that outranks that?"[2]

Mother Bickerdyke became the best known, most colorful, and probably most resourceful Civil War nurse. Widowed two years before the war began, she supported herself and her two half-grown sons by practicing as a "botanic Physician" in Galesburg, Illinois. When a young Union volunteer physician wrote home about the filthy, chaotic military hospitals at Cairo, Illinois, Galesburg's citizens collected $500 worth of supplies and selected Bickerdyke to deliver them (no one else would go).

Just before the War

A Richmond, Virginia

A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 1861–1865Departure of the 7th Regiment

Map 14.1 The Secession of Southern States, 1860-1861

Contrast North and South Pre Civil War

Causes of Civil War

Figure 14.1 Resources For War: Union Versus Confederacy

Nourished by wartime inflation and government contracts the profits of industry boomed. New England Mills worked day and night to supply the army with blankets and uniforms. Coal mines and iron workers had great production. Even with 90,000 men in Wisconsin going to war grain production and farm income continued to grow

The Government borrowed more that $2 Billion by selling interest bearing bonds, thus creating an immense national debt. It printed more than $400 million worth of paper money called greenbacks declared to be legal tender, The money was recognized. A heavy tax drove money issued by the state banks out of Greenbacks and printed money directly for the now existence. Thus their would be economic backlash.

Communities Mobilize War

Anaconda Plan

An 1860 engraving of a mass meeting in Savannah

Map of the United States Before and During the Civil War

Jefferson Davis was Supposed to Keep the Confederacy part of the United States, but he Failed.

Ft. Sumner the War Begins

Bombardment of Fort Sumter

http://youtu.be/cv-pTU99RcY

The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–14, 1861) was the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter, near Charleston, South Carolina, that started the American Civil War. Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. On December 26, 1860, U.S. Major Robert Anderson surreptitiously moved his small command from the indefensible Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson, using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West, failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area, except for Fort Sumter.

During the early months of 1861, the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege. In March, Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, the first general officer of the newly formed Confederate States of America, was placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston. Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter. Conditions in the fort grew dire as the Union soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns. Anderson was short of men, food, and supplies.

The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of President Abraham Lincoln. He notified the Governor of South Carolina, Francis W. Pickens, that he was sending supply ships, which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government: evacuate Fort Sumter immediately. Major Anderson refused to surrender. Beginning at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor. Although the Union garrison returned fire, they were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, Major Anderson agreed to evacuate. There was no loss of life on either side as a direct result of this engagement, although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused one Union death.

Cotton King diplomacy turned out to be ineffective. Large crops in 1859 and 1860 created a stockpile in English warehouse. Also England need north wheat as much as it did cotton. England also trade with India, Egypt and Russia for cotton. Davis was an inferior president he was unable to calm Georgia Governor over the draft.

The Border States in the Civil War

Delaware was loyal to the Union (less than 2% of its population were slaves) abut Maryland’s loyalty was divided as an ugly incident on Aril 19 showed. The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment marched through Baltimore a hostile crowd of 10,000 Southern sympathizers carrying Confederate flags pelted the troops with bricks, paving stones and bullets, In desperation the troops fired on the crowd killing twelve people. In retaliation Souter sympathizers burned the railroad bridges to the North and destroyed the telegraph line to Washington.

Friday, April 19, 1861

The Sixth Massachusetts was the first regiment raised that was fully armed and equipped for battle. They had rifled muskets, knapsacks, even a full brass band. The Sixth had been joined by some unarmed Pennsylvania militiamen in Philadelphia. As the 36-car train pulled into the President Street Station, a small crowd met them, throwing nothing but jeers and hisses in their direction.

An even bloodier division occurred in Missouri where the south and the north had already had great tension with “Bleeding Kansas” who faced off. The proslavery governor and most of the legislature fled to Arkansas where they declared a Confederate state government in exile, while Unionist remained in control in St. Louis. Missouri was plagued by guerrilla battles throughout the war. In Kentucky division took the form of a huge illegal trade with the Confederacy through neighboring Tennessee, to which Lincoln determined to keep Kentucky in the Union turned a blind eye.

Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky chose to stay in the Union was a severe blow to the Confederacy. Among them the four states could have added 45% to the white population and military manpower of the confederacy and 80 percent to its manufacturing capacity. The decision of four slave states in the Union punched a huge hole in the Confederate argument that the Southern states were forced to seed to protect their right to own slaves.

Battle of Bull Run

The Union was very confident of an easy victory the Union army ried out “On to Richmond”. So lighthearted an unprepared was the Union Army that the troops accompanied not only by journalist but also by a crowd of politicians and sight seers. At first the Union troops held their ground against the 25,000 Confederate troops commanded by general P.G.T. Beauregard. When a fresh Confederate troops arrived as reinforcements, the untrained Northern troops broke ranks in an uncontrolled retreat that swept up the frightened sight seers.

Relative Strengths between the North and the South Civil War

The Governments Organize for War

Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase a stanch abolitionist opposed any concession to the south before the war started. He would not compromise

Treasure Secretary Samuel Chase would work closely with the Congress to develop new ways of finance.

Lincoln was the firs president to act as commander in chief in both a practical and a symbolic way. He actively directed military policy because he realized that a civil war was different from a foreign war. Lincoln will also gain more presidential powers.

Expanding the Power of the Federal Government

Lincoln had to feed cloth and arm over 700,000 soldiers. The task was insurmountable.

Philadelphia financier Jay Cooke, the treasury used patriotic appeals to sell war bonds to ordinary people I amounts as small as $50 Cooke sold $400 million in bonds taking for himself what was fair. The United States had a $2.6 Billion debt for the war effort.

Lincoln also initiated paper money (treasury notes). There was a true sense of unified money. Before this the money in circulation had been a mixture of coins and state bank notes issued by 1,500 different state bans. The Legal Tender Act of February 1862 created a national currency called “greenbacks”.

Centralizing of economic power in the hands of the federal government with especially the Legal Tender Act showed the increased powers of the president. Such a measure would have been unthinkable if Southern Democrats had still been part of the national government

It was named for its sponsor, Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont, who drafted it with the advice of Pennsylvania economist Henry Charles Carey. The passage of the tariff was possible because many tariff-averse Southerners had resigned from Congress after their states declared their secession. The Morrill Tariff raised rates to encourage industry and to foster high wages for industrial workers.[1] It replaced the low Tariff of 1857, which was written to benefit the South. Two additional tariffs sponsored by Morrill, each one higher, were passed during Abraham Lincoln's administration to raise urgently needed revenue during the Civil War.Justin Smith MorrillThe Morrill tariff inaugurated a period of continuous trade protection in the United States, a policy that remained until the adoption of the Revenue Act of 1913 (the Underwood tariff). The schedule of the Morrill Tariff and its two successor bills were retained long after the end of the Civil War.

Congressman Justin Morrill of Vermont

Morrill-Land-grant collegesMorrill Hall, on the campus of the University of Maryland, College Park (a land-grant university), is named for Senator Justin Morrill, in honor of the act he sponsored.The purpose of the land-grant colleges was:without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactic, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.

Under the act, each eligible state received a total of 30,000 acres (120 km2) of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries, for each member of congress the state had as of the census of 1860. This land, or the proceeds from its sale, was to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions described above. Under provision six of the Act, "No State while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States shall be entitled to the benefit of this act," in reference to the recent secession of several Southern states and the currently raging American Civil War.USPS commemorative stamp showing the first federal land-grant collegesBeaumont Tower at Michigan State University marks the site of College Hall which is the first building in the United States to teach agricultural science.After the war, however, the 1862 Act was extended to the former Confederate states; it was eventually extended to every state and territory, including those created after 1862. If the federal land within a state was insufficient to meet that state's land grant, the state was issued "scrip" which authorized the state to select federal lands in other states to fund its institution.[7] For example, New York carefully selected valuable timber land in Wisconsin to fund Cornell University.[8]p. 9 The resulting management of this scrip by the university yielded one third of the total grant revenues generated by all the states, even though New York received only one-tenth of the 1862 land grant.[8]p. 10 Overall, the 1862 Morrill Act allocated 17,400,000 acres (70,000 km2) of land, which when sold yielded a collective endowment of $7.55 million.[8]p. 8On September 11, 1862, the state of Iowa was the first to accept the terms of the Morrill Act which provided the funding boost needed for the fledgling State Agricultural College and Model Farm (eventually renamed Iowa State University of Science and Technology).[9]With a few exceptions (including Cornell University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), nearly all of the Land-Grant Colleges are public. (Cornell University, while private, administers several state-supported contract colleges that fulfill its public land-grant mission to the state of New York.)To maintain their status as land-grant colleges, a number of programs are required to be maintained by the college. These include programs in agriculture and engineering, as well a Reserve Officers' Training Corps program.

There were over 76 different colleges that received land grants from the Morrill Land Grant Bill: Ohio Colleges that were given this land were Central State and Ohio State University. Southern states received grants after the war.

The Pacific Railroad Acts were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. Although the War Department under then Secretary of Way Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress in 1853 to conduct surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi ranging from north to south and submitted a massive twelve volume report to Congress with the results in early 1855, no route or bill could be agreed upon and passed authorizing the Government's financial support and land grants until the secession of the Southern states removed their opposition to a central route. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 (12 Stat. 489) was the original act. Some of its provisions were subsequently modified, expanded, or repealed by four additional amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (12 Stat. 807), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (13 Stat. 356), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 (13 Stat. 504), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 (14 Stat. 66).

The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 began federal government grant of lands directly to corporations; before that act, the land grants were made to the states, for the benefit of corporations

Railroads during the Civil War

The period from 1843 when prosperity returned to 1857 when another economic down turn hit, witnessed explosive economic growth, especially in the North. The catalyst was the completion of the railroad network. From 5,000 miles in 1848 when prosperity returned to 11857, when another economic downturn hit, witnessed explosive economic growth, especially in the North. The catalyst was the completion of the railroad network. From 5,000 miles in 1848 railroad track mileage grew to 30,000 by 1860 with most of the construction occurring in Ohio, Illinois and other states of the Old North west. Four great trunks railroads now linked eastern cities with western farming and commercial centers

http://youtu.be/r6tRp-zRUJs

By 1860 60 million bushels of wheat were passing though Buffalo on their way to market in the eastern cities consolidating Republican Political Alliance.

An 1853 broadside for one section of theIllinois Central Railroad.

The Lackawanna Valley

The railroad network, 1850s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8s2TyffKwzk 2:50-4:50

Minority workers built the railroads and were given dangerous jobs such as handling nitroglycerin (an explosive).

National Bank Act

The National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864 were two United States federal banking acts that established a system of national banks for banks, and created the United States National Banking System. They encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the United States Department of the Treasury and authorized the Comptroller to examine and regulate nationally chartered banks. The Act shaped today's national banking system and its support of a uniform U.S. banking policy.

For most of the nineteenth century, the American banking system consisted of state-chartered banks. The paper currency issued by state-chartered banks had to be redeemable. Depending on the state, the capital requirements for banks, set forth in the bank charter, differed. If a bank could not redeem its bank notes for money (gold or silver), the bank had committed fraud and was subject to prosecution. Most of the state-chartered banks in the North and East created redeemable currency against Bills of Exchange (Real Bills) under the real bills doctrine set forth by Adam Smith. (See "The Wealth of Nations", 1776 by Adam Smith). Real Bills were negotiable instruments, payable in 90 days, which banks discounted. Real Bills were a means of financing production of consumer items moving to market. Banks created uniformly denominated redeemable bank notes against the value of the Real Bills in their inventory.

If redemption demands exhausted their gold or silver reserves, these banks could rediscount the Real Bills to obtain gold or silver. The discounting of Real Bills by banks was particularly suited to the banking business in the industrial states of the north and the east of the country. As to the state-chartered banks, predominantly located in the West and South, many practiced fractional reserve lending for lack of availability of Real Bills to discount. Fractional reserve lending depended on low demand to redeem the paper currency. Fractional reserve lending amounted to the issuance of multiple demand receipts for the same amount of gold and silver held by the banks. Holders of this kind of paper currency could redeem it only at the bank's branch office.

The union made Nevada a state since Nevada had a great deal of silver to help pay for the war.

Diplomatic Objectives

Britain found new ways of obtaining cotton 1) Egypt 2) India3) Saved cotton from SouthBritain made six battle ships for the Confederates. But Britain did not make two ironclad ships for the South since, the North threatened war.

The Trent Affair was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War. On November 8, 1861, the USS San Jacinto, commanded by Union Captain Charles Wilkes, intercepted the British mail packet RMS Trent and removed, as contraband of war, two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell. The envoys were bound for Great Britain and France to press the Confederacy's case for diplomatic recognition and financial support for the Confederacy in the name of King Cotton.The initial reaction in the United States was to rally against Britain, threatening war; but President Abraham Lincoln and his top advisors did not want to risk war. In the Confederate States, the hope was that the incident would lead to a permanent rupture in Anglo-American relations and even diplomatic recognition by Britain of the Confederacy. Confederates realized their independence potentially depended on a war between Britain and the U.S. In Britain, the public expressed outrage at this violation of neutral rights and insult to their national honor. The British government demanded an apology and the release of the prisoners while it took steps to strengthen its military forces in Canada and the Atlantic.After several weeks of tension and loose talk of war, the crisis was resolved when the Lincoln administration released the envoys and disavowed Captain Wilkes's actions. No formal apology was issued. Mason and Slidell resumed their voyage to Britain but failed in their goal of achieving diplomatic recognition.

Fearing France might recognize the Confederacy or invade Texas, Seward had to content himself with refusing to recognize the new Mexican government. Although the goal of Seward's diplomacy preventing recognition of the Confederacy by the European powers.

William Seward

Jefferson Davis tries to Unify the Confederacy

This print captures the president and cabinet of the Confederate States of America, and Confederate general Robert E. Lee, shortly after the beginning of the American Civil War (1861–1865). Depicted are, from left to right: Stephen Mallory, secretary of the navy; Judah P. Benjamin, attorney general; Leroy Pope Walker, secretary of war; President Jefferson Davis; General Robert E. Lee; John Regan, postmaster; Christopher Memminger, secretary of the treasury; Vice President Alexander Stephens; and Robert Toombs, secretary of state. This print was originally published in New York shortly after the end of the war, but does not include any of the replacement appointments made during the course of the fighting.

Contradictions of Southern Nationalism

General Scott of the North place the Anaconda Plan which were blockades for Southern merchandise import or export. Cotton was difficult to trade.

General Lee

General Lee was known by his men as the “King of Spades” because he was an excellent defensive strategist.

The Fighting through 1862

The War in Northern Virginia

General Robert E. Lee boldly counterattacked catching McClellan off guard. McClellan took in many lost lives. This counter attack by Lee was called Seven Days.

The Seven Days counter attack caused 15,800 Northern lives.

Davis asked the people of Maryland to become part of the Confederates. After the request, there was a brutal battle of Antietam on September 17,1862 which claimed more than 5,000 dead and 19,000 wounded. McClellan’s army checked Lee’s advance. Lee retreated to Virginia, inflecting terrible losses on Northern troops at Fredericksburg.

The Battle of Antietam

Union army wagons crossing the RapidanRiver in Virginia in May 1864.

Shiloh and the War for the Mississippi

Map 14.2 The Civil War in the East, 1861 - 1862

The Eagle’s Nest

Grant met a 40,000 man Confederate for commanded by Albert Johnston at Shiloh Church in April 1862. Seriously outnumbered on the first Day, Grant’s forces were reinforced by the arrival of 35,000 troops under the command of General Buell. After two days of fighting the Confederates withdrew. The North lost 13,000 men and the South lost 11,000 men. Including General Johnston. The Union kept moving capturing Memphis in June and then captured Vicksburg.

Battle of Shiloh

Map 14.3 The Civil War in the East, 1861 - 1862

Memphis was captured soon after the Northern victory at Shiloh

Vicksburg was capture July 4, 1863 by the North

War in the Trans-Mississippi West

The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought from March 26 to 28, 1862 in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War. Dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West" (a term that "serves the novelist better than the historian" [6]) by some authors, it was intended as the killer blow by Confederate forces to break the Union possession of the West along the base of the Rocky Mountains. It was fought at Glorieta Pass in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in what is now New Mexico, and was an important event in the history of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War.

There was a skirmish on March 26 between advance forces from each army, with the main battle occurring on March 28. Although the Confederates were able to push the Union force back through the pass, they had to retreat when their supply train was destroyed and most of their horses and mules killed or driven off. Eventually, the Confederates had to withdraw entirely from the territory back into Confederate Arizona and then Texas. Glorieta Pass thus represented the peak of the campaign

The Long Walk of the Navajo, also called the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo (Navajo: Hwéeldi), refers to the 1864 deportation of the Navajo people by the government of the United States of America. Navajos were forced to walk up to thirteen miles a day at gunpoint from their reservation in what is now Arizona to eastern New Mexico. Some 53 different forced marches occurred between August 1864 and the end of 1866. Some anthropologists claim that the "collective trauma of the Long Walk...is critical to contemporary Navajos' sense of identity as a people

A Union soldier stands guard over a group of Indians

Hanging of 38 Indians in Mankato Minnesota on December 26, 1862. Because of an uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota in August 1862

Naval War

Battle of the Iron-clads Monitor and Merrimac

The Union ironclad Monitor, under the command of Lieutenant John Worden, arrived the same night. This 172-foot “Yankee Cheese Box on a raft,” with its water-level decks and armoured revolving gun turret, represented an entirely new concept of naval design. Thus the stage was set for the dramatic naval battle of March 9, with crowds of Union and Confederate supporters watching from the decks of nearby vessels and the shores on either side. Soon after 8:00 am the Virginia opened fire on the Minnesota, and the Monitor appeared. They passed back and forth on opposite courses. Both crews lacked training; firing was ineffective. The Monitor could fire only once in seven or eight minutes but was faster and more maneuverable than her larger opponent. After additional action and reloading, the Monitor’s pilothouse was hit, driving iron splinters into Worden’s eyes. The ship sheered into shallow water, and the Virginia, concluding that the enemy was disabled, turned again to attack the Minnesota. But her officers reported low ammunition, a leak in the bow, and difficulty in keeping up steam. At about 12:30 pm the Virginia headed for its navy yard; the battle was over.

The Virginia’s spectacular success on March 8 had not only marked an end to the day of wooden navies but had also thrilled the South and raised the false hope that the Union blockade might be broken. The subsequent battle between the two ironclads was generally interpreted as a victory for the Monitor, however, and produced feelings of combined relief and exultation in the North. While the battle was indecisive, it is difficult to exaggerate the profound effect on morale that was produced in both regions.

The two ironclads faced off once more, on April 11, 1862, but did not engage, neither being willing to fight on the other’s terms. The Union side wanted the encounter to take place in the open sea. The Virginia, on the other hand, tried unsuccessfully to lure the Monitor into another battle in Hampton Roads harbour.

Black Response

The Battle of Port Royal was one of the earliest amphibious operations of the American Civil War, in which a United States Navy fleet and United States Army expeditionary force captured Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, between Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina, on November 7, 1861. The sound was guarded by two forts on opposite sides of the entrance, Fort Walker on Hilton Head Island to the south and Fort Beauregard on Phillip's Island to the north. A small force of four gunboats supported the forts, but did not materially affect the battle.The attacking force assembled outside of the sound beginning on November 3 after being battered by a storm during their journey down the coast. Because of losses in the storm, the army was not able to land, so the battle was reduced to a contest between ship-based guns and those on shore.The fleet moved to the attack on November 7, after more delays caused by the weather during which additional troops were brought into Fort Walker. Flag Officer Du Pont ordered his ships to keep moving in an elliptical path, bombarding Fort Walker on one leg and Fort Beauregard on the other; the tactic had recently been used effectively at the Battle of Hatteras Inlet. His plan soon broke down, however, and most ships took enfilading positions that exploited a weakness in Fort Walker. The Confederate gunboats put in a token appearance, but fled up a nearby creek when challenged. Early in the afternoon, most of the guns in the fort were out of action, and the soldiers manning them fled to the rear. A landing party from the flagship took possession of the fort.When Fort Walker fell, the commander of Fort Beauregard across the sound feared that his soldiers would soon be cut off with no way to escape, so he ordered them to abandon the fort. Another landing party took possession of the fort and raised the Union flag the next day.Despite the heavy volume of fire, loss of life on both sides was low, at least by standards set later in the Civil War. Only eight were killed in the fleet and eleven on shore, with four other Southerners missing. Total casualties came to less than 100.

Robert Smalls (April 5, 1839 – February 23, 1915) was an enslaved African American who, during and after the American Civil War, became a ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician. He freed himself, his crew and their families from slavery on May 13, 1862, by commandeering a Confederate transport ship, the CSS Planter, in Charleston harbor, and sailing it to freedom beyond the Federal blockade. His example and persuasion helped convince President Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union Army.

He was born in Beaufort, South Carolina. After the American Civil War, he became a politician, elected to the South Carolina State legislature and the United States House of Representatives. As a politician, Smalls authored state legislation providing for South Carolina to have the first free and compulsory public school system in the United States, and founded the Republican Party of South Carolina. He is notable as the last Republican to represent South Carolina's 5th congressional district until 2010.

The Death of Slavery

The Politics of Emancipation

Freed Negroes Celebrating PresidentLincoln’s Decree of Emancipation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rY9zHNOjGrs 2:15-5:00

Map 14.4 The Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation[1] issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the Executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States. It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion,[2] thus applying to 3 million of the 4 million slaves in the U.S. at the time. The Proclamation was based on the president's constitutional authority as commander in chief of the armed forces;[3] it was not a law passed by Congress. The Proclamation also ordered that suitable persons among those freed could be enrolled into the paid service of United States' forces, and ordered the Union Army (and all segments of the Executive branch) to "recognize and maintain the freedom of" the ex-slaves. The Proclamation did not compensate the owners, did not itself outlaw slavery, and did not make the ex-slaves (called freedmen) citizens. It made the eradication of slavery an explicit war goal, in addition to the goal of reuniting the Union

Black Fighting Men

Robert Fitzgerald a fee African American from Pennsylvania served the above Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry.

After two months of training Fitzgerald's company was sent on to Washington and then to battle in northern Virginia. Uncertain of the reception they would receive in Northern cities. Fitzgerald found himself well received by these Northern cities.

Nearly 200,000 African Americans one out of every five black mailes in the nation served in the Union army of navy. A fifth of them 37,000 died defending their own freedom and Union. African American soldier were nto treted equally by the union arm they were segregated in camp given the worst jobs and paid less than white soldiers $10 a month compared to $13 a month of the whites.

African American Unit

Freedom to the Slave.

This widely reprinted recruiting poster urgedAfrican-American men

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOyO75HJygI 0:00-3:30

Photographs of four anonymous blackCivil War soldiers, including a sergeant

Charlotte Forten a member of one of Philadelphia’s most prominent black families and Laura Towne a white native of Pittsburgh devoted themselves to teaching the freed blacks. Towne who in 1862 helped to establish Penn school on St. Helena Island remained there as a teacher until her death in 1901

The Front Lines and the Home Front

Toll of the War

War technology had improved. Improved weapons with modern rifles, replaced smooth-bore muskets in the Civil War. At a distance of a few hundred yards a man could fire at you all day and not hit with muskets. The new Springfield and Enfield rifles were more accurate.

Enfield Rifle

Anderson Prison Camp of the south was an open stockade which held 33,000 Northern Prisoner. The camp had around 1000 calories per day per prisoner. During the summer around 100 prisoners died of exposure each day.

Confederate prisoners of war at Camp Douglas,Chicago, in 1864.

Army Nurses

Ann Bell Nurse for the Union Army. Help origination of nurses.

Camp of Thirty-first Pennsylvania Infantry,Near Washington, D.C.

Ann Bell•First volunteered her services as a nurse in October of 1862 •Was present at: Harper's Ferry, Acquia Creek, and Gettysburg •Was matron of Hospitals 1 and 8 in Nashville until end of War

•Clara Harlowe Barton (North)•Born in Oxford, Massachusetts; December 25, 1821 •At start of War collected medical supplies and distributed them at hospitals via mule train •Was present at: Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, eight months at the siege of Charleston, Fort Wagner, Petersburg, and the Wilderness •Performed her first operation at Antietam (removed a minie ball from the cheek of a wounded soldier) •Worked at various hospitals near Richmond and Morris Island •At end of War went to identify unmarked graves at Andersonville Prison •Organized the American Red Cross throughout the 1870s, although it did not take form until 1882)

The illustration accompanying The American Flag

Whimsical potholders expressing hope for a better life foremancipated slaves were sold at the Chicago SanitaryFair of 1865

Civil War Medicine

A surgeon’s kit used in the Civil War

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6du2B10K2w

Civil War Medicine was primitive and there was a lack of hygiene in camps, which led to typhoid fever, dysentery, and measles just to

name a few illnesses.

An 1863 advertisement for a runaway domesticslave circulated by Louis Manigault

Confederate dead at Spotsylvania

War Time Politics

The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats located in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. Republicans started calling antiwar Democrats "Copperheads", likening them to the venomous snake. The Peace Democrats accepted the label, reinterpreting the copper "head" as the likeness of Liberty, which they cut from copper pennies and proudly wore as badges.[1]

They comprised the more extreme wing of the "Peace Democrats" and were often informally called "Butternuts" (for the color of the Confederate uniforms). Two of the more famous Copperheads were Democratic congressmen from Ohio: Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long. Republican prosecutors accused some leaders of treason in a series of trials in 1864.[2]

Copperheadism was a highly contentious, grassroots movement, strongest in the area just north of the Ohio River, as well as some urban ethnic wards. Some historians have argued it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party, and looked back to Jacksonian Democracy for inspiration. Weber (2006) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by fighting the draft, encouraging desertion, and forming conspiracies, but other historians say the draft was in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons. Some historians argue the Copperheads' goal of negotiating a peace and restoring the Union with slavery was naive and impractical, for the Confederates refused to consider giving up their independence.[citation needed] The copperhead beliefs were a major issue in the 1864 presidential election; its strength increased when Union armies were doing poorly, and decreased when they won great victories. After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864, military success seemed assured, and Copperheadism collapsed.

Vallandigham was an Anti-War Politician from Ohio.

Lincoln banished Vallandigham to the Confederacy.

John Merryman was in jail for anti war speeches. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ordered the president to release John Merryman but the president ignored him.

Money of the Civil War

Inauguration of Mr. Lincoln

http://youtu.be/9mVSkCOb-pI

Union Commander Benjamin Butler

Butler decided that the fugitive slave law no longer had any bearing and that slaves who fled to the North were considered contraband. Many slaves fled to his fortress and were accepted and used for building fortifications.

Sheet music for two of the best-known patriotic songswritten during the Civil War.

Lincoln and the Female Slave

Abe Lincoln’s Last Card

Life of the Civil War Warrior

Filling Cartridges at the U. S. Arsenal of Watertown

Sergeant James W. Travis, Thirty-eighthIllinois Infantry

Business Made Money off of the Civil War: Rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.

Fortunes were made during the Civil War among them iron and steel entrepreneur, Andre Carnegie, oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, financiers Jay Gould and JP Morgan and Philip D. Armour who earned millions supplying beef to the Union. “Captains of industry escaped military service

J.P. Morgan made over $100,000 at age 23 when he purchased obsolete/ damaged rifles from the military for $3.50 each and resold the same rifles back to the military for $22.00 each when the civil war broke out and the government was desperate for weapons.

The McCormick Brothers grew rich from sales of their reapers in pat because women left to tend the family farm while men went to war, could manage the demanding task of harvesting if they had mechanized equipment.

By the end of the war government contracts had exceeded $1 Billion. Not all of this business was free from corruption. New wealth was evident in every north city. $ 3million raided by female volunteers went to the United States Sanitary Commission.

The United States Sanitary Commission was a private relief agency created by federal legislation on June 18, 1861, to support sick and wounded soldiers of the U.S. Army during the American Civil War. It operated across the North, raised an estimated $25 million in Civil War era revenue and in-kind contributions,[1] to support the cause, and enlisted thousands of volunteers. The president was Henry Whitney Bellows, and Frederick Law Olmsted acted as executive secretary. It was modeled on the British Sanitary Commission, set up during the Crimean War

If you had a substitute for the war you did not have to go. Exemptions ranged from $300-$1,000 in the North

An unpopular law was when the Union introduced a draft in Mach ,1863. There was unpopular provision allow a fee of $300 to exempt you from fighting the Civil War.

New York City Riots

Between July 13-16 In New York City 105 people were killed through lynching and fighting. The rioting the worst up to that time in American history was only stopped when five unites of the United States Amy came to New York City.

On July,1863 the introduction of the draft provoked four days of rioting in New York City. The mob composed largely of Irish immigrants assaulted symbols of the new order over 105 people died.

The Riots in New York:

The Failure of Southern Nationalism

This women in Atlanta Georgia is apart of food riots in her city. People were starving to death.

Blacks meeting with Civil War Confederates. Both parties outraged with rising food prices.

Richmond the federal capital almost tripled to 70,000 people. Because of the need for military manpower, a good part of the Confederate bureaucracy consisted of women who were referred to as government girls. There was tremendous government control, much of which was not welcomed, especially with the laissez-faire attitude of pre Civil War South. Taxes increased control was used.

Upper class southern at least 50,000 avoided military service by paying $5,000 for substitutes. The average southern farmer did not like “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”.

Alexander Stephan wanted in 1864 a peace settlement. Showing the division of the Southern people.

Alexander Hamilton Stephens (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883) was an American politician from Georgia and Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883. He was an old Whig Party friend and ally of Abraham Lincoln; they met in the closing days of the Civil War but could not come to terms

Women in the Civil War

Sanitary fairs were held throughout the country to sell items to raise money for the war. In New York one fair raised more than $1 million with a crowd of 30,000

A female nurse photographed between twowounded Union soldiers

Mary Livermore the wife of a Chicago minister toured military hospital to assess their needs. She also ran two sanitary fairs. Mary went on to campaign for women’s rights

After the war her movement help initiate what is now the Geneva Conventions. Laws of humanity on the battle field

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZODFBm3Sds

Convinced her father to release slaves before war. She gave money and supplies to POW of the north.She also became a spy for the North during the Civil War.She lived in Richmond and helped prisoners in Libby Prison.

Rose O’Neal Greenhow was a spy for the southern soldier. She was caught and exiled to the south were Davis gave her $2,500. Above was her code.

The centrality of slavery to the Confederacy

The Twenty Negro Law was the popular name given to a section of the Second Conscription Act passed by the Congress of the Confederate States of America on 11 October 1862, during the American Civil War. This particular portion of that statute specifically exempted from military service one white male for every twenty slaves on a Southern plantation, or for two or more plantations within five miles of each other that collectively had twenty or more slaves.[1] A reaction to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation issued barely three weeks earlier, the law addressed Southern fears of a slave rebellion due to so many white males being absent with the Confederate Army. It would prove extremely unpopular with poorer white Southerners, many of whom did not own slaves at all, and would contribute to the oft-repeated adage of the war being "a rich man's war, but a poor man's fight.

A drawing by Langdon Cheves III

An engraving in the New York

The Tide Turns

The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War, and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville Campaign.[4] It was fought from April 30 to May 6, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, near the village of Chancellorsville. Two related battles were fought nearby on May 3 in the vicinity of Fredericksburg. The campaign pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac against an army less than half its size, Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Chancellorsville is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory. The victory, a product of Lee's audacity and Hooker's timid decision making, was tempered by heavy casualties and the mortal wounding of Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson to friendly fire, a loss that Lee likened to "losing my right arm."

Gettysburg Grave Site.

On July 3, Confederate forces led by Major General Pickett crack division marched across an open field toward Union Forces. Most of Pickett's soldiers never reached Union lines. Only half returned. This was Lee’s greatest blunder. Lee’s army retreated to Virginia never again to set foot on northern soil again.

With 165,000 soldiers involved Gettysburg remains the largest battle ever fought on the North American continent.

In May, 1864 the 115,000 man Army of the Potomac crossed the Ripan River to do battle with Lee’s forces in Virginia, At the end of six weeks of fighting Grant’s casualties stood at 60,000 almost the size of the entire Lee’s army Lee had lost 30,000 men. The sustained fighting in Virginia was a turning point in modern warfare. With daily combat and a fearsome casualty toll it had far more in common with the trench warfare of World War I

July 4, 1863 Grant was able to take over Vicksburg, Mississippi. The North was able to gain momentum. Britain and France did not recognized the south as a nation because of its victories of Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

Grant and Sherman

Both Grant and Sherman aimed to inflict maximum damage on the land of Southern people. Hoping that the South would choose to surrender rather than face total destruction. This new military strategy effected civilians.

This is a picture of Atlanta after Sherman’s army destroyed the city. Overall Sherman’s Army created over $100 million dollars of damage.

Map 14.6 The Civil War, Late 1864-1865

The Evacuation of Richmond

General William T. Sherman photographed in 1864.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvD0abNnomY 1:50-3:50

The ruins of Richmond, in an 1865 photograph byAlexander Gardner.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exM2YuGoWIE

Ironclad Warships were used in the Civil War

Confederate Soldiers

Over 100,000 soldiers of the south went AWOL or disserted. Cannot be expected to fight for the government that permits their wives and children to starve

Blacks actually for the south. The planters gave confidenceIn allowing the slaves to hold weapons, yet, the blacks fought against the north.

Generals Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant

1864 Election

The United States presidential election of 1864 was the 20th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1864. Abraham Lincoln ran as the Republican (National Union Party) nominee against Democratic candidate George B. McClellan, who ran as the "peace candidate" without personally believing in his party's platform.

Lincoln was re-elected president. Electoral College votes were counted from 25 states. Since the election of 1860, the Electoral College had expanded with the admission of Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada as free-soil states. As the American Civil War was still raging, no electoral votes were counted from any of the eleven Southern states.[1] Lincoln won by more than 400,000 popular votes on the strength of the soldier vote and military successes such as the Battle of Atlanta.[2] Lincoln was the first president to be re-elected since Andrew Jackson in 1832.

Long Abraham Lincoln a Little Longer

Appomattox Court House Lee surrenders to Union and General Grant

From U.S. Grant To R.E. Lee

Appomattox Court-House, Virginia April 9, 1865.

General: In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th instant, I propose to receive the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to be given to an officer to be designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States until properly exchanged; and each company or regimental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery, and public property to be parked and stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside.

U.S. Grant, Lieutenant-General. General R. E. Lee.

From R.E. Lee To U.S. Grant

Head-Quarters, Army of Northern Virginia April 9, 1865.

General: I received your letter of this date containing the terms of the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect.

R. E. Lee, General. Lieutenant-General U.S. Grant.

The Assassination of President Lincoln

A redesign of the American flag proposed in 1863